,

A GENERAL HAND METHOD OF ANALYSIS FOR TALL BUILDING STRUCTURES

.'

SUBJECT TO LATERAL LOADS

by

J.C.D. Hoenderkamp

A Thesis Submitted to th Faculty of,Graduate Studies and

Research in

ReqU~ements

for the

~egree of

. Mc~anics

Department of Civil Engineering and App1ied

McGill University

."

Montreal, Quebec

May

Fu1filment of the

Doctor of Philosophy

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Par~ia1

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1983

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A GENERAL HAND METHOD QF ANALVSIS FOR TALL BUILDING STRUCTURES

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FACULTE DES ETlIDES ~vtN~E)::S ET DE LA RECHERCHE

Date:

Nml DE L'AUTEUR:
DEPARTEill:NT:
TITRE DE LA

THESE~

. .
1 .. Par la prsente, l' auteur ac~ l'universit }lcGtll 1" autorisation de mettre cette
thse la disposition des lecte~ns une bibliothque de McGill ou une autre
bibliothque, soit sous sa forme actuelle, soit sous forme d'une reproduction. L'auteur.
dtient cependant les autres droits de publications. Il est entendu, par ailleurs, que _
ni la thse, ni les longs extrnits de cette thse ne pourront-tre imprims ou
reproduits par d'autres moyens sans l'autorisation crite de l'auteur.
2. :~~ prsente autorisation entre en higueur la date indique ci-dessus' moins que le
. C~te excutif du conseil n'ait vot de diffrer cette date.
Dans ce cas~ la date
diffre sera le

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Signature de l'aut~r

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Adresse permanente:

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'(English on reverse)
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A dEt~ERAL HAND II>METHOD OF ANALYSIS FOR TALL

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BUILDING STRUCTU~ES SUBJECT TO LA:ERIAL LOADS

,
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b,Yo J,C.D. ,Hoenderkamp

Departmen~ of C1V:11 ~ng1neering'

and Appl ied Mchari1cs
\
McG111 University
,

Ph. D. T~esis
May:1983

ABSTRACT
r

~A

generalized approximate hand method of analysis 1s presented

for detennining the 1ateral deflections and interna1 forces in complex

,

"mujti-storey
building structures subject
,
....
. to lateral loading.
build1ngs'may

incl~e

jQf load resisting

bending~

The

symmetric or asymmetric combinations of many types

b~nts.

The defonnations ta,ken into account ;n,1 ude

axi'al, shear and torsion.'

The analysis is based on the continuous medium technique in wft1ch

b~t, ~aced

by an ideal ized assembly representing its character-

istic modes of behaviour.

The proposed method is restricted to structures

with un1form geometry up the height and~linear elast1c behaviour of the

structural

me~bers.
p

Design equations are developed for three conventional lateral

...

loading cases.

The simplicity of the parametric representation allows

graphieal solutions of the sway characteristics.

The generalized hand

,. method provides a simpl emans of ecmparing the efficienci es of different.....'1

,

,~

structural alternatives in the preliminary design of talJ building

structures.

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, \ UNE fETHODE GENERALE ET MANUELLE

..

o GRANDS

POUR DE

BATlMENTS SOUMIS A DES CHARGES LATRALES

~\,

1#,

ri' ANAL YSE

par J.C:O. Hoenderkamp

Qfpartement dei G!nie C~vil

et de'Mcanique Applique
Uni versit McG111
,

Ph.D.
rnai 1983

.
, RESUME

,('

Une m!thode manuelle et approximative a'ana1yse est propost!e pour

d!terminer les dplacements latraux et les forces internes des structures
complexes qui sont utilises pour rsister aux forces latrales auquel1es
sont soumi~ de g~nds b3timents.

Cette mthode s'applique

des

'6atiments qui contiennent des combinaisons symmtriques et asymm!triques

de plusieurs structures de contreventement.

Les dformations considres

dans cette tude comprennent la fl exi on, le cisa ill ement, la torsi on et
~la

dformation axiale.
L'analyse est base sur la technique de raccordement continue

selon laquelle chaque partie de la structure qui rsiste aux charges

latrales est 'remplace par une structure simplifi!e qui reprsente son
mode de dformation caractristique.

La mthode

des structures qui ont la mme gomtrie en plan

rl~

prop~,e

se limite

chaque tage et dont

les lments individuel s se comportent de faon lastique.

Des formules. pour calculer les dplacements horizontaux et les

~w

~~

rho

forces internes sont prsentes pour trois cas de chargement latrale.

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La simpl icit de la prsentation param!trique

""_"""-b.~~ -:h""~-----.:i-''''' ....._""~ ........

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p~rmet

des sol utions

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------.-------.,--

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graphiques pour obtenir les

d~placements
..
.

il'

du .b&timent. la mthode

manuelle offre un moyen de comparer de faon prl!l1mina1re lleff1cac1t~

de diff!rentes structures pouvant !tre utilis~es dans de~grands
b&timents.

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'ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

1 wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr. B. Stafford Smith ?':

whose help, guidance and encouragement have assisted me in the pursuit

and completion of this work.

The financial support of the Natural

Sciences and Engineering.Research Council 1s gratefully, acknowledged.

Part1cular thanks are due to Mr. J. Salim for his assistance with theregression analyses.

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vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

c
C~PTER

PAGE

.. ... . ... ... .... . ..

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1

NECESSITY OF APPROXIMATE METHODS OF ANALYSIS

..
.
.

1.4 BASIS OF ANALYSIS .

..

. '. . . . .
SCOPE OF THESIS . . .
1.5 HISTORY

2.1

"

. . '. . . .
RESEARCH
..

AREAS OF RESEARCH

2:2 OBJECTIVES OF
,

IDEALlZATION OF STRUCTURES .

3.

3. 1

SELECTING AN IDEALIZED STRUCTURE

3.2 ASSUMPTIONS FOR ANALYSIS .

3.3 CLASSIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM
4.

ANALYSIS OF COUPLED WALL STRUCTURES

4.1

1.2 REQUIREMENTS FOR RAPID HAND METHODS OF ANALYSIS

l.3 NECESSITY OF IMPROVED METHODS

2.

-.

. .

-
.. ..
,. . . . . . . . .
. .
..,. . . , . . . .
---- -

--

--.,.

8-

8
9

------ - -

-~-~

14

CONTINUOUS MEDIUM ANALYSIS ..

4.3 CHARACTERISTIC PARAMETERS . . . . . .

14
19

. . . ..

-20

~..

4.4 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION FOR DEFLECTION

4.5 DESIGN EQUATIONS FOR COUPLED WALL STRUCTURES
5.

GENERALIZED METHOD OF ANALYSIS . . .

"

,,'t..~ '-

~--

10

'

4.2 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION FOR AXIAL FORCES \.

22

23

.. .

25

."
~

5.1 ANALYSrS OF ONE BAY RIGID FRAME.

25

,?'

L
' .. __ .. _ ..

_.~-,

_ _ ,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

,-'.~,_,,,

._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ " .. _. ___

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_ _ _ _ ._.

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vi i

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5.2

PAGE

INDIRECT SHEAR' DEFORMATIONS.

fi'

5.3 A SIMPLIFIED METHOD OF ANALYSIS

6.

29

..

STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS OF PLANAR BENTS

6. l

6.2 BASIC ~TRUCTURAL PARAMETERS

6.4 COUPLED WALLS

.
. ... . . ..

6.5

RIGID FRAMES

6.6

RIGID FRAME WITH CENTRAL

WA~L

. ..

6.7 BRACED FRAMES :

6.7.1

6-: 8
';;1

7.
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32

.
.
.
. ...

. ..
...

33
35
42

. ..

7.1

METHOO OF ANALYSIS

'7.2

DEFLECTIQNS. ...

7.3 FORCE.S IN THE BENT

FORCES IN THE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

ft'

50

~.

....

DEFLECTION OF'PLAN SYMMETRIC STRUCTURES

8. 1 MUL TI-BENT STRUCTURES .'

46

sr

..
. .. .

. ... .

44

48 ..

il

. . . ..
... ..

..

"

Ind;vidua1 Co1urnn Forces

*~'oii
Individua1 Bearn Forces
.
f~. ~
.7 4 3 Bra ced Frames . .
8.

..
.

.. .
..
.. ... . , ..
., . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.4.1
7.4.2

-,

32

ANALYSIS OF SINGLE PLANAR BENTS (CATEGORY 1)

7.4

..

.- .

7.3.1 Bending Manents

7.3.2 Shear Forces . .

Multi-Storey Bracing Systems

SINGLE SHEAR WALLS

','

INCLUDING OTHER TYPES OF BENTS

6.3 WALL-FRAMES .

26

... .. .

..
...
.,..
...
(1

53
-53

53
56
56
59

60
60
62

63
66
66

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8.2

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8.2.1

8.3.1
2.~

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74

1)

TWO LINKED BENTS~ Bl ; ~2

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9.

DEFLE'TION.

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10. '. ROTATION OF PLAN SYMMETRIC STRUCTURES

10.1
b

~ORSIONAL

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10:3 ROTATION EQUATioN

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ACTION

81

'84
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10.2 CHARACTERISTIC ROTATIONAl PARAMETERS

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:-78

. ... . . . . . . . .. 84
. ',' ',' ~86

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9 ~ 2. 1 Bendi ng M9"1ents and Shea r Forces in the Structure

9.2.2 Bending Moments ;,n 'Bent, "jll"

9.2.3 Shear Forces, in Sent, IIjll '.
~ . .

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9.2' FORCES. '.

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. . . . . . . ,.

. 76

ANAlYSIS OF PlAN SYMMETRIC STRUCTURES StJBJE.cT TO SYMMETRIC

LTERAl lOADING (CATEGORY 2)
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86~"

87

90

92
92
-94

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96

ANAL YSIS OF PLAN SYMMETRIC STRUCTURES SUBJECT 'TO TORSIONAL

LOADING (CATEGORY 3)
','

98

. . . .. . . . . .

98

'r

11 . l

DEFLECTIONS AND ROTATIONS

11 .2 FORCES.
,

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100

11.2.1 Bi-Moments and Torsion in the Structure

11 .2.2 Bending Moments in Bent "j"
11.2.3 Shear Forces in Sent "j"
.....
,

- --- -

~--.,."..

......

--_- - -

_.........,...,~~,_.
---~~

....

l,

76

t.

AccurIXcy of Generalized Method of Analysis

8.6 ADDITIONAl RESEARCH

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EQUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
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Mu1tipl e linked Bents

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8.5 rXTENDING APPLICABILITY 'OF FOURTH OROER DIFFERENTIAl

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66

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Multiple Shear Wal1s linked""to a Bent

8.3 TWO LINKED BENTS

..

ONE BENT LINKED TO ONE SHEAR WAll

PAGE

..

100
102
105

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ix '

12.

DEFLECT10N A~D ROTATION OF UNI-SYMMETRIC STRUCTURES SUBJECT TO

LATERAL LOADING . . . . . . .
. . . .
.'

107

12.1

107

UNI-SYMMETRIC STRUCTURES

."

12.2 COUPLED DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS .

12.2.1
12.2.2
12.2.3
12.2.4

108

. . . . . ..... . .

Loading . . . .
Def1ection Equatio~
Rotation Equation .
Characteristic
Parameters,
.

108 '
110
111
112

.' .

12.3 UNCOUPLING OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS .

114

13. ANALYSIS OF UNI-SYMMETRIC STRUCTURES SUBJECT TO LATERAL

LOAD ING (CATEGORY ~) . . " . . . .
. . .
13.1

DEFLECTIONS AND ROTATIONS

119

.'. .

119

13'~ 1.1 ~l Deflections in Sent ,lIj"

,

174

121

. .

13.2 FORCES

124

13.2.1 Bending Moments and Shear Forces in Ortho9.ona 1

Structures

13.2.2 Bending Moments in Sent "j"

.

.... ..

13.3 ACCUru.\

y .).

13.4 NON-PLANAR SHEAR WALLS

14.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

... .

~.
.1

ti

129

'l

130
131
133

.t, .

.. ..

14.1 /CONCLUSIONS

14.2 SUMMARY OF CHARACTERISTIC "PARAMETERS .

14.3 SUMMARY OF GENERAL DE,SIGN EQUATIONS

133

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....'.
',.

135 "

1'36

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13.2.,3; Shear Forces in Sent "j"

124
126

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APPENDIX

A.

PAGE

DESIGN EQUATIONS FOR ALTERNATE LOADING CASES. . .

A.1

. . .. .

LOADING. . .

A.2 DEFLECTIONS.

. .. . . .. .
. . . . .

...

~.

A.2.1 Concentrated Horizontal Load P at the Top

A.2.2 Triangu1arly distributed load w1 (1 - x/H)
A.3 FORCES

142

A.3.1 Concentrated Horizontal Load P at the TQ.P ..

A.3.2 Triangu1arly Distributed ,Load w1 (l - x/H)
.....

142
144

DIAGRAMS FOR ALTERNATE LOADING CASES ..

149

.. .....

149

B.2 .DIAGRAMS

\
\.

... . . .

150

C.- MODIFICATION OF MOMENT OF INERTIA DUE TO EfFECT OF

...

EXAMPLES.
O. 1 CATEGORY 2

. ... . ..

0.2 CATEGORY 4

.~EFERENCES

, 140
141

. . . . . . . . . . .

B.l EQUIVAhENT VARIABLES

D.

139

. .' 140

B.

139

156

. ...

158

..
. . . .. . . . . .
. . . . . . ., . . . . . . .
'

...

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SHEA~

158
162

166

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xi
NOTATlON

1
a

Distance

A,Ac

Cross-sectional area of column

Ab

Effective shear area of beam

Ae
A'5

Equivalent effective shear area of

Effective shear area of column

ASW

Effective shear area of widened ends on column

At

Cross-sectional area of brace

Effectiv shear area of wall

,b

Clear span length of beam

Distance from neutral axis of column to common centroid of bent

Column stiffness

Distance from centroid of bending

Eccentricity of lateral load

Modulus of elasticity

Ratio of characteristic parameters

Shear force, used to calculate racking shear parameter

Length. of rigid end on structural member

Shear modulus of elasticity

. GA
GA'

-"1~1

fr~

centroid of sher system to y-axis

floo~o

~ystem

n"

to y-axis

Parameter indicating racking shear rigidity

Racking shear rigidity modified for shear deformattons

Shear stiffness of continuous medium

GAp

Shear stiffness parameter for Nertical

GA r -

Shear ,stiffness parameter for vertical members

GAv

Shear stiffness of vertical members; associated with single

curvature behaviour '

Stdrey' height
'

floor column

me~bers

..
111Ft

mM la

-:--

xii
H

Total he1ght of

l, le

Moment of inertia for column

lb

Moment of inertia for beam

Ig

Gross moment of inertia

lw

Moment of inertia for wall

10)

Warping constant

T~rsional

Characteri sti c nOA-d imns i pna 1 parame,ter

Bearn stiffness

KS

Max~mum

Kt

Total sway factor

R.

Distance between neutral axes of adjacent vertical rnembers

Length ratio, R.;/1

Load factor

Mb

Bending moment in beam

Mci
Msi

Total
bending moment in column
1

Mj

Total bending moment jn'bent j

-M(x}

structur~

constant

storey sway factor

Bending moment

i~

columns due to single

c~ryature

Applj ed bending moment

Number of bents

Transformation matrix

NA

Neutral axis of vertical member

p2
1,2

Eigenvectors

Concentrated horizontal load at top of structure

General horizontal load

/

Ratio of structural

Rotational stiffness of column-beam jOlnt

Length of column between widened ends

,
1.1~.fli"ijUf~ ~. ' . ,:..

'l

paramet~rs

,"

_.-_ ..,-_._--------;-".. .. , -.
~

..

._-

....... _........ _ ......... _ ..~ ..... .-,.....-............~.......,. .. ...... iIi4lS(4:I,Ii'<\,.J!108p.t:fifi..,... /f'r

xiii .
t

Length of brace.

Axial force in vertical member

TI

Shear force per unit height in

TJt

Bending moment due to axial forces in vertical members

TuR.

Bending moment due ta axial forces in vertical members of

norma11zed structure

TvR.

Bending moment due to axial forces in vertical members of

normalized structure

TeR.

Bi-moment due to axial forces in vertical members \

....

.
continuo~s

medium

flection of normalized structure

Strain energy due to bending and axial forces in vertical members

Uc
Um

Strain energy in conti'nuous medium

Us

Strain energy due to shear in vertical members

u't .

Total stra;n energy

Deflection of normalized structure

Vb
Vc

'Shear force in beam

Vsi
Vt

Shea~

Horizontal shear force complementary ta shear'force 1n continuous

medium
.

V(x)

Appl ited shear force

w.

Uniformly distributed horizontal load of intensity w

Total shear force in column

w1
x

force in columns due ta single curvature

)

Triangularly distributed horizontal load with maximum intens1ty

w1 at the top and zero at the base

1

Distance measured from top of structure

x,u,v

Generalized coordinate system

Horizontal deflection of structure

Horizontal distance measured from point of contraflexure 1n beam

Horizontal deflection of bent
\

Horizontal deflection at top of structure

xiv

Characteristic parameter
Characteristic parameter

Yl,2

Displacement coefficients
Storey deflection due to rotation of column-beam joints
Storey deflection due to bending in columns

Storey deflection due to racking

Gharacteristic parameter

Rotation of structure in horizontal plane

Length
~

1.1

ratio,~,

Jl./b

Characteri sti c parameter

Characteristic parameter

-Length ratio, h/s

Length ratio, 9/b

1jJ

Rotation of column-beam joint in plane of bent .

1

..,

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_ _----.--~.-,

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H ... "

"'1111 JI' L

CHAPTER 1
1NT RODUCTI ON

1.1

NECESSITY OF APPROXlMATE METHODS OF ANALYSIS

.,

The highly redundant nature of ta1l building structures makes

, their ana1ysis a very complex procedur.
design before the

In the pre1 iminary stages of

form and basic dimensions have been settled

struc~ural

a computer analysis is, in general, not appropriate.

The necessary

iterative process will ul timat.e.ly arrive at a set of members but there

...

"

is no assurance that this procedure will converge ta the optimum design.

This would on1y occur if the very specifie information for the initial
selection of structural system is close ta the optimum.
The considerable effort and cast required in preparing the
computer

i~put

data for several different structural systems

wi~h

a,large

. number of storeys and bays, combined with the cast of a time consuming
"

iteration pracess for member selection calls for an ecanomica1 and rapid
preliminary method of analysis.

. ,

An appraximate rapid hand methad of

analysis will cut bath cast and time.

It must be useful in choosing

the basic design that is best from the standpoint of ecanomics and
other structural factors such as lateral def1ections and maximum
stresses.

The final analysis of the tall building structure will be

done with the aid of a computer.

1.2

REQUIREMENTS FOR RAPID HAND METHODS OF ANALYSIS

ln order for the approximate method of analysis to

the pre1iminary stages of the design it must be able to provide two

ts

of information.

These are;
'il

1) Estimates of latera1 deflections in the structure.

l

2) Estimates of forces in,'the structural menbers

.\
'
This data will provide a ~asis for various aspects in the
initial design of the structure, such as
,1) A relative eval~ion of the structural systems under
consideration.\\" '::
2) Sizing of individual structural members which can be used
for the computer iteration process.
3) A check on

reasonableness of the final computer analysis.

L

1.3

NECESSITY OF IMPROVED METHODS OF ANALYSIS

In buildings of up to approximately 30 storeys the structural

system

~y

cons;st of a series of identica1 bents, usua1ly rigid frames,

'that are arrang,ed in a syrrmetric floor plan.

In such cases the applied

lateral load can be distributed equally between,the structural bents

which can then be analyzed by using an approximate method. There exists
in the

liter~ture

more than one hand method of analysis for each of many

different types,of bents.

10

'

Sorne of these techniques are tao cumbersome

to be c1assified as rapid while others make gros$ simplifications and

consequently yield' unacceptably inaccurate predi ctions of behaviour.

'.

In buildings of more than 30 storeys rigid frames are not

suitab1e for prav;ding the necessary lateral rigidity.

In such cases

the very large bending moments in the girders may require an increase in
storey height ta accommodate the extra beam depth. This can have ser;ous

consequences on the economic viabil ity of the structure.

. lateral resistance must be provided in a different way.

_4' ."1t<"

'-

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Additional'
This can be

I~

done by repJacing-some of the rigid frames by ether structural bents

such as

singl~

of a structure

shear walls, coupled walls or braced frames.

,

th~

In this type

lateral load cannot be distributed proportionally

between the individual bents due to complicated interactions among them.

, The present'approximate methods of analysis taking this interaction
into account are limited to a few specifie combinations. ,Additional
assumpt ions in these methods can ~ 1~o 1ead to mi,srepresentati
ons ; n
,
the overall structural behaviour.
on two major ,prablems.

In this thesis the author will focus

Restating them: there exists

1) A profusion of different methods of analysis for single bents.

2) A li~ted number of methods for multi-bent structures.
It

wil~e

shown that a single method of analysis is sufficient

\ for the prel iminary design of a majority of the different types of moment
resisting bents.

It will also be shown that the same method is suitable

./

for the analysis of combinations of these different bents.

.;'

be arranged in a symmetric or an asymmetric floor plan.

These may

The approximate

hand method will be presented also in a graphical form making the

analysis a very rapid procedure.

,/

This will make it particularly suitable

for the practiising engineer in a design office.

BASIS OF ANALYSIS
"

The suggested method is based on the continuous medium analysis.

This theory has been demonstrated in a number of papers for the solution
of two coupled shear walls subjected to laterl loading.

A coupled shear

'wall structure consists of two in-plane cantilever shear walls which are

joined by a series bf beams connected rigidly in bending to"each wall ..

I~

the analysis these

connecting~beams

are replaced by a continuous medium

---------------~-

---

--

---

of equiva1ent stiffness.

The coupled
walls can then be ana1yzed as a
,

mu1ti-layered cantilever beam

s~bject

ta a

horiz~ntl

load.

This 50-

called "sandwich" structure will yield equations for defiection and

-internal forces.

The generality of this theory will 'be demonstrated,

:al10wing an extrapolation of its use beyond coupled wall structures to

other

co~p1ed

systems which contain two or more vertical members.

Although 'mathematically not strictly correct in all cases, if irregu1arities are accounted for when calculating the sa1ient parameters of the"
structure, the method al10ws the approximate ana1ysis of very complex
~

[7

structures to be reduced to a simple procedure.

1.5

H1STORY
The convenience of replacing a series of discrete structural

components by an equiva1ent continuous system was

as in
. used as ear1y
'
1891 by Engesser [1]. In analyzing the buc~1ing of built-up col umns
the resistance of two rows of lacing bars and battens was replaced by'
an equivalent uniform1y distributed shear stiffness.

This concept, as

aRP1ied to the ana1ysis of tal1 building structures, first appeared in

a paper by Chitty and Wen-Yuh Wan [2] in 1948'. Additional contributions
by Beck [3] in 1959, Rosman [4] as we11 as Albiges and Goulet [5] in
1960 fo11owed by Eriksson and
b

Ma1mstr~m

[6] in 1861 and fina11y Coull and

Choudhury [7] in 1967 have led to an effective approximate method of

analysis for coup1ed wall structures that is rational, consistently and
~eaSOnably

accurate

as~ell

as simple and rapid to perform.

Subsequent

developments of the continuous medium theory have mainly concentrated on

different aspects of coupled wall bents.

The method of analysis was

".

adapted to handle bents with variable thickness [8,9] as we1l as changing

,?-1~M;~...~. . ...l!j",,,,,,,, ...._p,,~ ____ _

cross-section up the height of the structure [10,11,12].

It was aiso

adapted to include e1astic foundations [13,14] and to take into account

genera1 suppo'rt condions [15,16]. Repl acing 1intel beams in cores by
a continuous medium has a1so been used in torsional analyses of such

--t

structures [17,18]. The theory ; s furth,er bei ng app1; ed to the dynamic,

inelastic and stability aspects of coup1ed wall bents.
The deve10pment of hand methods of analysis for multi-bent
structures has taken different directions depending on the types of

defo~tion that are allowed in the individual ~uctural members. In

methods dveloped by Heidebrecht and

Staffor~;th

(1973) [19] and

Rutenberg and Heidebrecnt (1975) [20] for the ana1ysis of combinations of

rigtd frames and single shear walls, the columns are assumed to have
infinite axial rigidity.

Thus the lateral def1ections in the structure

due to axial deformations in the vertical members are ignored.

In a

method suggested by Coull and Khachatoorian (1982) [21] for mu1ti-bent

structures consisting of identical sets of coup1ed wa1ls combined

wi~h

rigid frames the structural bents are treated in different ways.

In

the~

coup1ed wall structures axial deformations in the wa11s are al10wed

whilst these type of deformations are prevented in the columns of the
rigid frames.

It was shawn ':~tlrCoull (1973)

~22]

that single shear wa11s

can be cmbind with identical sets of coupled wa11s by expanding the

continuous medium theory for a single coupled wall bent, thus taking
f

a11 axial deformation in the wa11s into account.

c'

'

l'

"h

.'

,
'

'

/'

G.,, _

,,
_ "",~ __ ~",_"_"",. __ ~,,,,.V_,I>~_~,,"l'':

CHAPTER II

SCOPE OF THESIS

,1

2.:1

AREAS OF RESEARCH

The search for a ,general approximate. method of analysis for tall

building structures subjected to lateral loading is concentrated in
three areas:
1) Expanding the basic continuous medium theory for coupled wall structures .

As it stands this theory includes the following defonnations: ;

a) Deflections due to bending in all horizontal and vertical
members in the bnt.
b) Deflections due to axial forces in the vertical members only .
. In sorne cases it might be required to incl ude the shear deformations in
the hor',zontal and verticalmembers.
indi~ectly

It is possible to include this

in the girders by introducing a reduced moment of inertia.

An investjgation is made into the possibiT ity of fncl uding these modes
of behaviour airectly)n all beams and coTumns without complicating
1

the procedure of anaTysis to a great extent.

2) Analysis of single bents other than coupled walls.
This can be subtitled; gerieralizing the

~pproach

to the method of anaTys;s

for coupled waTTs. A real structure ;5 replaced by a f;ctitious sandwich

structure which can then be analyzed by considering its principal modes
of behaviour.

lt is proposed te inclu'de ether types of structural bents

by considering their maj'or modes of behavieur so that they also .n be

, '

'."',
''j.

{ : ...

-:'~

.-,

('
__

~.

~w_

...._ _

~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ....~.

represented by an equivalent sandwich structure and thus analyzed by

1

~he

continuous medium method.

of equations

th~t

3) Analysis

An attempt is made ta form a single set

is able to represent the modes of behaviour for a .

series of different types

o~'

bent.

0,

6f---multi-bent structures

6l

al

At this stage the possibilities of analyzing a total three-dimension!l

,
u
structure consisting of. a combination of different
This is

~one

bent~

can-be investigated.

by simply adding the various characteristic structural

(j1

fI}

parameters for each bent in an attempt nat to

-""

the ana1ysis
,
- of
"
the tata l structure' beyond that of a single bent.. The process i s presented
compli~te
,

"0>

in stages and i s thereby able to show the i nher'ent 1 imi tat i ons of th
general method.

OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH

, 2.2

The search is concerned primrily with analyses that are' sufta6'-e

for preliminary design, i.e. it' is purs~ed as far as it will ~ield
"{/f'

'solutions within the framework of certain objectives. These incll2de tbat

the method must be simple and rapid in giving reasonably accurate results
for deflections and internal forces.

It must also.emp)oy a single

o

unified theory that can be applied to a wfde range of structural forms.~

tt~

The resulting design equations will be in closed form which

,

~f

a~lows

simple graphical presentation. This will off.e~"Oa helpf~l tool ta thG

des i gn ,eng i neer
/

.,
~

"

~'

..

~-

4 .. j\Ifit;\iA{!!IiM4S'&~-

..

"

~
~

.,'

~~

,',

_.. ;.- ':--:--*'----_.. -' ~-'--','t)o

11'

,,

'

'

CHAPTER III

, "aVT

IDEALlZATION OF STRUCTURES

..
,

3.1

SELECTING AN 'lDEALIZED STRUCTURE

The structural. fonn of a building i s

inher~ntly

three-dimensiona)',.:

The developmnt of a rapid hand method of analysis fpr tall structures

,

'"

is possible only if the usual complex cofubination of Many difrerent

types of structural members can be drastically reduced or simplified

,
.
whi1st still representing with reasonable accuracy the overall gehaviour

of

th~

structure.

A necessary first step .is therefore

~h~

selection of

an idealized structure that {nc1udes only the sign~ficant structural

elements

~<

'their dominant?modes of

b,eh~viour.

Achievlng any kind of approximate analys is' is based on three'

'major considerations.
1) Relative importance of individual structural.members contributing ta'
the solution.

This allows a member stiffness to be taken as infin1ty

if the associted mode of behaviour is expected ta yield a negligible

'deformation relative to that of other members in the

struct~re.

It

also allows e1ements of minor influence to the final results to be

~

given
a zero stiffness.
,
,

2) Rel'ative importance of modes of behaviour in a

~ent.r-

a) Bending deformations due to single and double curvature.

b) Shear deformations due to racking of. th~ bent and shear'forces in

...

the individual elements ..

c) Axial deformations in all members of the structure due to a net

tension or compression.

..

'.

"
__

:"'~fi~~

.. "",...

_~~

__ ,

"

.-/

d) Local deformations. due t~~diSontfnuit;es such as c~lumn-beam

connections and foundations.

'

3) Generality of problem.

"'

"

To what type of structure can the approximate

hand method be applied. The assumptions made here will disqualify

,

the method far use with certain types

'r

L
f
l,

l'

r
.,
l'

~'practical

structures.

>

L,

3.2

..

ASSUMPTIONS FOR ANALYSIS

The following are general assumptions that apply throughout this

thesis.

Additional simplifications app1ying to

spe~ific

cases are

stated where first required .

1) The stiffnesses of the vertical and horizontal.members are constant
throughout the he; ght of the structure.

The beams at roof 1e"e1 have-

one-half of the stiffness of tne other beams.

...

2) Floor slabs are considered te be fully rigid within their own plane
ConS'equently, a11 vertical elements at any level, are subject to the
[1

5ame compenents of transl ation and rotation in the tirlzonta l plane.

3) The bases of structures are assumed to' be fixed.
4) All members behave linearly elastic

,
)

50

that loads and displacements

are proportional and the principle of superposition applies.

.'
,

,~

5) Contributions fram out-of-plane stiffnesses of

'

)10'

floo~

slabs and

structural bents are neglecteq)

6) Additional stiffness effects from masonry walls, fire-proofing,
cladding and other non-structural' components are disregarded in the
analysis.

------- - - - -

-------------------

.._-----------"--------:

7.} The indiv;dual torsional stiffnesses of beams, columns and planar

watls are neglected

..- - ....-.~-~----------------'''-------_...

. 10
, ~

8} Member-to-member connections are taken either as hinged or fu11y -

'C

moment resisting.
9) The method of ana1ysis is 'limited to first-order effects.

10) Lateral loading is assumed to be either uniform1y distributed up the

height, triangularly distributed with ,a maximum ;ntensity at the top,
or a concentrated load at the top of the structure.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM

3.3

The analys;s of a ta1l structure is pasically a three-dimenS;0"fl .

problem.

In many cases however it ;s possible to simp1.ify the analysis,

1

...

for example by considering only'a part of the structure and then analyzing
ft as a two-dimensiona1 element.
the problem can be applied to many
degree of

red~tion

This type of reduction in the osize of

d1f~erent

that can be achieved

kinds of structures.

depen~s

mainly on

t~e

The

1ayout of

the stru~ floor plan and the location in plan of the lateral' 10ad
resultant.

The analyses of tall building structures as presented in this

thesis are divided into four categories. The structural mode1s used 1n
each category will allow good approx;mate analyses of the deflections
and internal forces.
,

category la: Symmetric structural floor plan with identical parallel

bents, subjected ta a symmetrica11y app1ied lateral lo;d
q,Fig.', .

.'

Fi;lIr. 1: Symmetric multl- bent structure

"_

A'~""~~""'''':f_._.__

.....___' ___'''''.

"

''-'~'''''''_'t'''''

________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - _ -_ _ _ _

......

._Ii~

ifiII!iEo~~,

11
In'this structure all b.nt's
deflect identically and the analysis
. will
.
..
of one only is sufficient.
~

Category lb:

"

Symmetric

structu~al

flQor plan with ldentical parallel

bents, subject to torsion, qe., Fig. 2.

FiQur. 2! Tortionol 100dinQ on symme"lc

st~-lturl

'"
, The twisting
mOment is replaced by a lateral lod at each bent in
proportion to its distance from 'the entre of rotation. The ana,lysis
of such' structures can be achieved by considering each

be~t

Symmtric'structural floor plan with

Category 2:

separately.

non-ide~tjcal

bents,

subject ta a symmetric lateral load, Fig. 3a.

,'

,~'

Co

~ ~
(a)

tq

FiQuri 3:

---

--

I~
.

c::::I

c::J
CJ

c::::I
CJ
CJ
c::J

2 _
~-

--

c::I

c::J

CJ
c:::J
c::J

CJ
CJ
c::J

c::J

,,\

(b)

Dimenslonol reduction of multi-bent structure

._----~ ~

-----

~------'-.

-,-----:------~:------

This form of structure can also be ana1yzed as a plane system by assembling

e '('. ha1f the'number of bents in series with axially rigid pinned-end links'
,

- ' - - .. -

------------

-,

--

....,

12

conriectir:tg them at each floor, Fi,g. 3b.'"' This in-line structure is then

(.

subjected to one-half the lateral load.

'

The links simulate,the effect

of the floor slabs causing identical deflection profiles in'all bents.

Category 3: Symmetric structural floor plan with non-identical bents,
subject to a torsional load, Fig. 4.

..
~

,~.
~

Figur. 4: Non-Identltol b.nt. subj.cf fa forsion

l'.

,
~

Due to the different nature of the bents the

repl'ted by individua 1 loads at each bent in proportion to their di stances

moment cannot be

,,~

t~isting

from the center of rotation.

Instead q simple three-dimensional .analysis

is reguired that is . able to take the location of the bents and their
"

rigid1ties into account.

Categ~ry

4: Non-symmetric structural'floor" plan with non-identical bents,

subject to a lateral load, Fig. 5.

-'.

"
~

'.

,,;'

,
,

~ 1

"

~ . ; '~'.,.,..
,
'1

'.'

"

C') ,

'.

;
'

Figur. S: Non-symmetrlc mufti - bent structur

--

----------------~----------:

This form of structure will rota te regardless of the location of the

-----~

,
1

~.

l.,., ,

. , 1 "H.~~,

.---------.........---- ..
13

horizontal load.

It cannot be simp11fied and a complete three-dimensional

~'

analysis is required.
,

The'p'r~posed unlfled'~ethod of ~n~ted to

those structures

that fall, in any of the four categories out11ned above provided that

each individual bent can be replaced by an equivalent sandwich structure .

.,

..

"

'

f., .

, ,.
~; "

,~
"r"

"

~~~:I~;',
(

'"
< ..
~_~

.o!

..

"-

.,.~ ~

... ,

'u

,
o

{,

"

'""

,
,

,', '

','

"

1 ....

.'

~ .f~

,lj/
'1

t",

J,.:.,
\

.',

..

...

1:

.,

14
,.'

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS OF COUPLED WALL STRUCTURES

4.1

CONTINUOUS MEDIUM ANAlYSIS

The coupled wall structure shown in Fig. 6 consists of two shear

.walls, placed in line with uniform geometry up the height.

At each'floor

level the wal1s are rigidly connected by beams of equal size with the
e~tion

'that the girder at the top has one-half the stiffness of the

--

~~/

--

A, c::J A2

Fiour. 6:

others.

12

c::J
-- Ib-B
-- c:J
'-

CJ
c::::J
I,
CJ

COU pied

woll strucfure

The lateral load is represented by q and the wal1s are assumed

to be rigidly connected to a solid foundation.

,

..

The many

re~undants

in

this structure make the analysis unsuitabfe for a rapid hand procedure .
.Reducing the number of redundant forces would th us be a first requirement

for a simple method of analysis.

f'

uniform structure of this nature the horizontal members be replaced

Chitty [23] f.,irst suggested that for a

~,

b~

continuous medium with an equivalent bending stiffness of EIb/h per unit

-

height.

. - - - - - . - - - - - --------ti:;

The basic ;dea of this procedure cons;sts of combining all

redundant shear forces in the discrete connecting members into a single

L

,~-..".

.----

-~--

---------------------

'-

,.

,-,..

.\

------

15

unknown function TI, Fig. 7. The

analysi~

included the bending deformations in the

of this continuous structure

wall~ a~d'beams

axial deformations in the vertical members.

as well as the

For the purpose of a]so

taking the, shear defonnations in the girders into account, it is

~uggested

that the equivalent shear stiffness of the-continuum be taken

"

Figur. 7:

as

'~b/h

Contlnuous medium structure

per unit height, Ab being the effective shear area of a beam.

It should be noted that the centinuous medium is net connected te the

foundation, i.e. all forces in it must first be transferred to the walls.
Figure 8 shows a unit height segment of the multi-layered cantilever cut

- Fi9urt. a !-_S.gmellt of - continuoui s tructurl

"

---------

--

- -

'.

1'1

F
~

J'"
r
~

;'

t'l'

16
at the points of contraflexure in t,he beams'.

(;

Subjected to lateral

loading the walls will assume identical deflection profiles.

Their equal

rotations at each leve1 will cause the points of contraflexure in the

~,

t,

t.\;l

f
i

beams ta occur at mid span.

The bending moment per unit height in the

continuulI] is

The shear force per unit height

'.

v ::

'\ b

:( 2)

TI dx

The strain energy in the medium due to

bendin~

and shear can be expressed as

(3)

where H is the total height of the structure and b the length of the beams.
Substituting Eqs. 1 and 2 into Eq. 3 and

simplify~ng

yields

b 3h
bh}
J(rH(T) 2 { 24E1b
+ 2GA
dx
b

(4)

Um ::

'

The actions in the wall s due te bending and axia1 fQrces are shown in
Fig. 9.

In here

T::

fo TI

(5)

dx

The bending moment eqation for the structure is

+ - - - - - - - - - - - --

---- - - -

M{x) = MS1 + MS2 +

(6)

T~

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' - - - - - ------- -

---- - - - - -

"",'
_ _1.-.,
.. _

........... '\l'_t>~t't't.,'t~'""''i<.,..-~$f.I

17

"

\\

o."

,\

9, 8endlng moments and aXial forcIS in the wall.

where M(x) is'the applied bending mOment andM S1 and MS2 are the wa11
bending moments due to
'"

USingl~

urvature" in the deflection profile of the

bent, i. e.

M
si

= El.1 y"

= { M( k)
\

El.

TR. } ~

'/;" which y" is the sec'bnd

( 7)

r.l

der~vative

Of the deflection and 1

= ~l

+ 12!

The strrn energy in. the vertical members due to bending and axial
forces can be expressed as

l {;Jt

u =

cOl

.'

!~"

;Jf 2~~ 2~~

2

(8)

} dx

in wh;ch Ai is the cross sectional area of the wall .

'..,-"'
,

~~'

It is suggested that the deformations in the vertical members

.
'

'f

~~

due to shear forces also be included in the analysis.

'

, ....... -

,.

Figure la shows

a unit height segment of the bent eut off at the point of contraflexure
in the connecting medium.

Vt1 represents the complementary shear force.

s~-

tsl-,--,-----l-Tak-i-n9-tnOmen-ts-a-bout--PO-lR-t--ILy-ia1.u.:d

,.

r1
~~

(9)
--- -

- - - - ---- --- ----- -- --------:-c------

,
_

~\~ __ ~~ __ ~~_----.-._

--.+_

.....,.. ......:,' ....

~_ ~..,_~"""' ~~.\t4'f"1. .'l"a~~..~'>t..."' ...

...

...

18

tTldX
Figur. 10: Sh.ar forc. tron"er to wall

where 11 is the distance from the neutral axis of the wall to the point
of contraf1exure in the ,continuum. The shear force equation for' the bent ;s

= VS!

V(x)
wher~

+ VS2 + TIR,

(10)

V(x) ;s the applied shear force and VSl and YS2 are the shear forces

in the wa11s due ta single curvature in the deflection profile of the

structure, i.6.
, (11 )
The total shear for,ce in each vertical member 15

. <,
,

The strain energy due ta these shear forces can be

-,

, ..

~xpressed

(12) "

as

..... '

U ::

------

H{VCl

2GA
O Sl

V2c2 } dx

2G

(13)

S2--

in which A is the effective shear area of the walls.

--~~~------------

Adding Eqs. 4, 8

and 13 and substituting for Eqs. 7 and 12. the total strain energy if'! the

._----------~--~--

.~...;..-----~~_.-.~--

---_._-_._-------

_._._-

_._-

----~--_._-

-_._-_.

--~~----

19

structure due to bending and shear in all members as well as axial forces

in the wa1Js will be

o

(El ylll+T",R,)2
1

4.2

2GAS1

(El y"I+T1Jl, )2]

2
2
d+
2GAS2 _
x

(14) .'

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION FOR AXIAL FORCES

"At this stage it is required to fine a curve such that the function

.i

in Eq. 14
H

Ut

lo

(15)

F( x , T , TI) dx

has a stationary value. The ooly necessary condition for the requ1red,
curve to be an extrema 1 is that
.,',-,
aF

aT -

d (3F)

dx

.-'

.(16)
,

This is called Euler's equation.

Substituting for F into Eq. 16 leads

to a second arder differential equation for T,

~

.'

~r~'

r ...

'.

\,

",

'

T"'E1{12~:> ~>+ Glr } --T-{ EAl~;:> q}-------

-~~----_._--,;

11-

(17)

20

te)

where
(18)

and
(19)

in which' li = R.i/R..

Fot the special case where Al = A2 and Il

GAp = GA S1 + GAS2 and l/GAr = O.

4.3

= 1 ;

CHARACTERISnC PARAMETERS

The terms in
structural

Eq~

parameter~.

17 can be simp1ified by combining sorne of the'

Considering the coefficient for Til, it is

suggesta9 that it be rep1aced by a single parameter such that

a

(20)

1
1
1"'(
El {GA + G1[' + GA }
-

The term inside the brackets is a summation of the various shear

fl exibil i ti es hi the structure. They are defi ned as-"ftH.-1ows:

(21)

This represents the racklng shear rigidity, of a single storey

height
.
!n a general form this rigidity c~

segment in the bent, Fig. 11.

expressed as
GA
,

,-

= Fh

" (22)

-:r . . . .

~::'.:i"'~~-~"-

-~M

--------_.-

.u _
,.

,\ ./': .' ...~;, ,,\

,

,,,-

~~ ........ ~

_; ,t ~

------

- - -

"

--._-- -----~~
v

d>
-1

21

'0)

Since the continuous -structure does not allow for double curvature in

c:

the f100r to floor columns, their flexural stiffnesses are assumed to

f>

'i>

/ have an infinite yalue in this ~rtic~~ar calculat10n of the racking shear

Q

rigidity.

This stiffness 1s due only'o the double curvature"behaviour of the

Figure ,,: O,f'actlon of sforey-hlioht slgmant of coupltd' woU ttru.;ture

'connecting beams tak1ng into account the wiade colwnn behaviour of the wal1s.
@'1

(23)

which represents the shear stiffness of the c0ntinuous medium also taking
the wide columo behaviaur of the vertical members into account.

shea:r st i ffness of the wa 11 s cannat be represented by a si ng1 e term j':J

rJ

The
'

"

because the two types' of shear forces are di stributed to the vertical
members in different ways as shawn in Eq. 12.

The coefficient for T

in.' Eq. 17 can be rewri tten as fol 1ows

':

simpl~fied

This can further be

--.~--~

----~

--

--

.>.

by taking

- - - - - - ---- - - - - -

..

"

_
_ - -- - - - -_ - -

v
--~"---

-----

-----~--

---._- -

---

t __

, ,

-_.
l

.~~ ~

f"

~~~~,....

:~(~..;

~.~-' ~- -

. --- ..:~_.::~...-

____,

~--"-----r<--:---'_._ _ _4 _
.. _ _ _

EA EA R- 2

:<

:,.<

"~

I,

()
\

'

,'

"~

_I_J'...-iJl.liIl11!!i!!l."~~'IfM_' ',-,<':r\

,"

"

,. - .
(25)

which represents the second moment of' area of the

, vertical members abou:t

'"

.,. ..... ,,\

the canmon centroidal axis of the bent "and c. is the distance' from the

>

neutral axis of the w~J 1 to the centroid. Substuting Eq.

25

int9

Eq. '24 yields

,\

, (26) .

l'
~

:....

where Ig is the gross moment .of inertia and deffned,' as follows

,~,
~

El

:: El + EAc 2

~'

The sunmation signs have

~e~n

omitted for simplicitY. Ah additional

simpliflcation
can be obtained for the .last term in Eq.'17 by taking a
third characteristic parameter as

'<

t>

),

Substituting the simppfied parameters in Eq. 17 yields

'U

Tilt _ (ka)2U

f
r

0.

'

2 {q(x)~2 - M(x}} ,

''.{2B)

\,

4.4

"

\DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION FOR DEFLECTION

l

From the bending moment equation, Eq. 7, the moment due to axial
fores in thewalls can be expressed as
.

_.

---

---~----

TR-

- - -- -

- ---*"-.:...

----

-----

M(x) - El yU
-

,
______

--

--~-

_____,

"
-~

--

--

___

-..L-~

_m_ _ _ _ _ _
. __

~'

-----

__

- - - - - - ~-- -~

'~e~\---

(29 )
- - -- ,--

..

-----;;,.---.----------~-~---~--~----

~(;ib,

>_

[_ '1.

"

:~-_.-'\\;, ~i25~~:;~:~L~~.I~~~: -r~

'"

()

'.
------._,

--

~---~

...-

'

'

After differentiating twice and taking

d2 :'

'

~ M(x)

..

dx

=,

q(x)

(30)
.

.,

:the equation for load intensity becomes

Tilt

q( x) - Ely IV

(31)

Substituting' Eqs. 31 and 29 into Eq. 28 yields a fourth order differential

equation for the deflection.
(32)
,",'

This is the generic equation ,for deflection of a I?air of coupled shear

. walls subjected to an arbitrary lateral load.

_i

It is a funetion of three

characteristic parameters a, k and ~ which are obtained from six' specifie

."~

structural rigidities, i.e. EI"EAc , GA, GAm, GAr.and GAp'

'-".

4.5

DESIGN EQUATIONS FOR COUPLED WALL STRUCTURES

/

For a uniformly distributed load w, Eq. 32 changes to a slightly

d1fferent fonn
/

;'

"",

,J.

!;

'

The solution of this equati.on

y( H)

(33)

;-

r~quires

four boundary conditions . These 1re

=0

(34 )

(;

'. zero deflections at the base, fixed

.j

foundatio~

. !

') .

/'

,',
r'

~~l

,~~~l!
,)

).,.\

<;:,

, ---c)

3"\:

t?

y' (H)

=0

zero slope at base

El yll(O)

(35)"

of

structure-

=0

~ (36)

zero bending manient at the top of the bent ' '

El y"l (H).= wH

" (37)

total shear force at the base taken by the columns.

"

A solution to fA,! ,33

,

"

yielding the deflections up the height of the s'tructure in closed fom

is given by
/

'.

.,
2

n cosh( kaH)(l [

+'

.i

~)-n2-kciH [sinh(k~H)-S i nh( kax)]

" (38)

(kaHy4rdsh(kaH)

..

..

in ,'which

"'" '

..

(39)
,

,.

<

.'

Substituting for y into Eq. 29 yields an equation for the moments caused

"

I,'fl

by the axial forces in the walls

sinh(kax) - n2cosh(kax) + (k X)2 + 'n2]

1-

(40)
Equations 38 and 40 are the basic design equations.

They allow further

analysis for the internal forces in the discrete members of the structure.
,-

t.

,~1.f

.: _ .'. .

'

"~"..\-.0)"

-"

- ."
"

,"

~,,', ..

1'_+"

:.'~ I~:,': ;:~<'

'-

-*_
, ..

~~r~;1I~s:*

l"

,.

," ,

""-<,<-. ... "

. ~,
!t-~, ~

~1~_

25

".~

~{

CHAPTER V

~.

GENERALIZED METHOD OF ANALYSIS

,"of
/

'cCf

,~~

t~'

..

:;,~ ~

5.1

~-~ "
,,"

;t~,

ANALYSIS OF ONE-BAY RIGID FRAME

~~

~
..

The replacement of the discrete system of connecting beams by

~"

a continuous medium will automatically ignore the double curvature

l~

~~

behaviour of the f100r to floor co1umns that exists in the real structure, .'
Fig. 12. The calcu1ation of the racking shear rigidity GA, for coupled
~walls, Eq. 21, assumes the vertical members'to be rigid in bending.
'0

In order to

1
i
"

'"-

'. \

,,

<'

.,

"

//

~
1
1
1
1
1

Ib

,.

.. ' j
FIQurt /2:

;
{~'

the applicability of the method, i.e. make it

suitab1e for the analysis of other types of bents such as a single bay

"

r,,~

gener~lize

,,

.,

'J.

Ao

I~

d
,,

- ....

~-~--

S'orly segment of on. boy riQld frame

rigid frame,.it is suggested that to account for the bending flexibility

of the columns the;r moments of inertia be included in the calculation
of GA.

Assuming equal t'btation of the beam-column joints and points of

contraflexure in the columns at mid-storey height, it was shawn by

Goldberg [24] that the racking shear rigidity of a storey height segment
in a one-bay rigid frame, Fig. 12, can be taken as
(41) ;.

---_._--_._.

--_. -_

...... __.... .....

~

---

>t './' '-:, -

,""-

\~,,'_-r :

..

26

in Which C,= tEIc/h and K = Elb/b.

ha~e

shear parameter

The assumptions for the racking

no Turther implications on the calcu1ations of the

structural rigidities El and EAc 2 .

INDIRECT SHEAR DEFORMATIONS

d5.2

-lt

-,'

Equation 41 wilJ allow a.partial inclusio.n of the shear

"

deformations in the columns and a complete inclusion of these deformations

,l,

in -the

D~ams.

It is suggested that the deformations in the vertical

j
.l<

- members caused by the single curvature shear force El ylll~ be taken' into
acco'unt directly if) the energy equation.

The defonnations il). the beams

and columns due'-to TI can be dealt with by including 1them in the

1

calcu\ation of the racking shear rigidity of the bent.

Simi1ar to

Fig. 10, the shear forces in a storey segment of a one-bay frame are
shawn in Fig. 13. The segment is cut at the point of contraf1exur in

-- Itv

T'b

T'b

T-

,
,\

'
1

1y2

.0.

2 -

,
"

-,
Figure 13:

the beam.

Shear forces

ln

..

rlOid frame

If this point can be assumed ta occur at mid-span then the

shapes of the shear force and bending moment- diagrams due to the forces
shown in Fig. 13 will ,al1ow the shear deformation in the individual

S.
t

members ta be inc1uded by using reduced moments of inertia for the beam

and columns, Appendix C.
..-

~-----.I_,

_ _ _ _----,,---_ _ _ _ _ _ _ . __ . __ ....

w.

__

." , <'

';,

OT

-,'"

"'~

~~

'"t

~ ~-~~~ ~--'~-~~...

",

-._

__.._,....:.;.;,,~. ..

..

'f,

'

27

-l+v

Il _" 1

(~

(42)

wl1re

.,
1

li

,"

~,~

12EI
Ge{l ength) 2

in which Ae is the effective

~hear

area of the member, 1 and l' are 'the

atual
and modified moments
of inertia, respectively.
,
1

~11,

Using Eqs. 10 and

'

the single curvature shear force in each wall can be written'as

(44) .

,
,f
/

1
.~

The strain energy in the columns due ta these forces is

.

US =

H. v2sl

{2GA S1

2}

V52
+ -----

2GAS2

dx

~"f

':
1

-The strain energy in the continuous medium of a coupled wall structure,

.
Eq. 4, can now be simplified by using the modified moment of inertia
for the beams.
(46)

The term in the braekets represents the racking shear flexibility,

ear1ier defined by Eq. 21, modified for shear deformations due to shear
force.T'~.

In this specifie case for eoupled walls, Eq. 46 only includes

a reduced moment of inertia for the connecting beams. ,Rep1acing the

equation by a more general expression yields

,
,<.\,

' 0

-!II\!lI!l! .........._.
__
_ _

AI UP"'"

~~~~~""::

28
H

C'

U =
m

"rJO (T' ~ ) 2 { GAT1 }

dx'

(47)

in which GA' is the racking shear rigidity'modified for shar deformations

due ta shear force

T'~.

be obtained from Eq. 41.

For a one-bay rigid frame this expression can

In this form modified moments of inertia for

beams and co1umns can easi.ly be included.' Adding Eqs. 8,45 and 47 gives
-

the total strain. energy which will yield a second-order differential

equation for the axial forces in the co1umns
Til. El {GAl 1 + GAl

v} - T{ EA EA'EAEl.t
,1

+ 1} = _
.

~ + sW..
t

9..

El

GAv

(48)

in whkh

(49)

where GA v represents a shear rigidity for the vertical members that is

associated with single curvature deformations on1y and GA si are th~
effective shear areas of the co1umns. The indirect inclusion of partial
shear deformations has caused a small simplification of the characteristic parameters.

El

GA1

<

(50)

+ 'G1}
1L"

:,

...

'/..-

2
l.l

El

=G:

--

The parameters k2 and n2 remain unchanged whi1e the shear rigidities

'Ui

(51 )

29
1

GAm, GAp and GA r have been eliminated. The generic faurth arder
differential equation, Eq. 32 and thus the design equations remain
unaltered.

The continuous medium 'method has now been generalized by

expanding its applicability to double curvature behaviour in the columns.

It still requires the calculatian of three characteristic parameters,
al, k2 and ~2 which must be obtained fram four structural rigidities,

Er, GAI, GAv and EAc 2 .

5.3

A SIMR.LIFIED METHOD OF ANALYSIS

A graphical presentation of the results for deflection requires

that the three characteristic parameters be reduced ta a maximum of two.

For this reason it is suggested that the shear rigidity of the vertical
members be given an infinite value, i.e. GA S1.

=~.

The result is that the

term GAv will be infinity also and, more important, tHe value of ~2 is
reduced ta zero.

The parameter n2 will then be unity.

The simplification

means that the shear deformations in the columns will be ignored.

It

leads to a set of simple design equations for a one-bay rigid frame.

Now only three structural parameters are required, Er, GA and EAc 2 from
which two characteristic parameters are obtained, a 2 and k2 .

The

adjusted generic equation for this simplified analysis and-a uniformly

distributed lateral load w, becomes

y IV

ka) 2il

= J!..
{l
El

Cl

2 (k 2 - 1 ) . -..r
x2 }

(52)

L.

The equation for the defl ections up the height of the s-tructure is

Cl

30

+ cosh( kaH)( 1 - H-) -1- (kaH) [sinh( k.H)-s ;nh (kax)] }]

(53)

(kaH)4cos h(kaH)
and the equation for the moments caused by the axial forces in the
columns ;5

2]

_ cosh(kax} + (k~X) + 1

(54)

the structural parameters for t~e frame are

"

,. .

(55)

'.'
1

This is the sum of the flexural rigidities of the columns in the bent.
It remains unchanged fram the coupled wall analysis.
'!

{56}

2)

In this equation it is aptional ta take the shear deformations in the

"-.r',

'beams into account by taking K = Elb/b.

S'ince the shear deformations

are ignored in the columns the moments. of inertia of these members should
not be modified, i.e. C = EEIc/h.
(57)
/

This term also remains unchartged fram the coupled wall analysis. The
gross moment of inertia for the bent can be obtained as before

..
i .. -.

'"

l,',

'\

, '\

.-

31

~',
(

El

= El

EAc 2

(58)

The structural rigidities are comb1ned to yield two characteristic

parameters
(59)
and

(601.

Equations 59 and 60 will allow a graphical representation of the

deflections in the structures for the purpose of a rapid hand method of
analysis.

Equations s;m;lar to Eqs. 53 and 54 for other types of loading

are given in Appendix A.

The method of analysis in this, form was

presented earlier by Stafford Smith, Kuster and Hoenderkamp [25].

"

",
'JF~ ~~:

",

"

"

'"

32,

CHAPTER VI

("
STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS OF p'LANAR BENTS
6.1

INCLUDING OTHER TYPES OF BENTS

It has been shown in Chapter V that for a complete continuous

medium analysis of a one-bay rigid frame it 15 required ta obtain four

characteristic structural parameters.

In the ana1ysis the horizontal ,

members connecting the co1umns are replaced-by a continuum with equivalent

~

>

bending stiffness.

The vertical members together with the contin~ous/~

medi'um resemble a sandwich structure as shown in Fig. 14, i.e. two

. _ cantilever beams, fixed at the base, connected

by a soft'medium.
,

1
1

, '

,t,

Figur. 14: Sandwich structur.

Reversing the order of the statements above, it may be said that if a

structural bent, of any type, can be reduced to an equiva1ent single
bay sandwich structure that is able to represent the four characteristic
structural parameters of the original bent, it may be analyzed by the
continuous medium method of analysis.

In other words; if the four

structural parameters can represent a p1anar bent with sufficient accuracy

(/

. --

---~_.-

... - ..

" ..

-~_

..

33'

the continuous medium theory may be applied

..

6.2

"
BASIC'STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS
The structural rigidities for bents can be,obtained by

some

guide1in~s.

follo~ing

The descriptions of the characteristic parameters have

already been given .in Chapter IV for coupled wall structures aOJ,f in

Chapter V for a one-bay rigid frame.

,

They are defined here in a more

general form so that they can be applied ta other types of bents.

1) El

This term expresses the flexural rigidity of al) vertical

members in the bent which are cantinu?us alang the total height
of the structure.

It is abtained by assuming that all

horizontal members and bracing systems are eut

. 2) GA

This represents the racking shear rigidity of

, the bent.

It is

a measure of the ability of the structure to carry vertical

shear forces within the bent and corresponding complementary
shear forces across the bent.

The racking

shea~

rigidity is

obtained by app1ying a ,shear force to a single storey height

segment, one-half storey height above and below the f1oor, Fig. 1.5.
~

'.

V.-.. ----11 1:
--F

Figuri le:

Rocklng sheor d,formation.

Assuming 'the point of contraf1exure in the vertical memher's to

occur at

mid~storey

height, the racking shear rigidity can be

0,

'

,.

.,

'i

34'

defined as the shear force to cause unit average slope 1n the"

"

~
t

(~

storey height segment.

'1.

<,

J<

(61J

f,
~.

It has to

includ~

the double curvature and

~he

wide member

"

effects of all beaffis and columns as well as the axial

deformations in the bracing systems.

3) EAc

A flexural stiffness parameter expressing the contribution

from the' axial stiffness of the vertical members to the total

moment resist3nce.

,,

the horizontal members and bracing systems are rigid, i.e.

"~
,

In this calculation it is assumed that

,.

the vertical strain distribution across the bent is taken

&

ta be 1inear .

t
f

The above structural parameters will be derived or given for various

other types of bents separately .. The shear deformations in the beams and

columns resulting fram shear force Tli can be taken into account in the

calculation of the racking shear parameter GA, using reduced moments

"
of inertia for horizontal and vertical members,
Eq. 42.

There are sorne

limitations to the use of the modified moments of inertia. These will

b~

,
~.,.,,'

stated for the bents in question.

The

s~ea~

stiffness GAv for the

vertica) members i s represented by the sa me formu l a for a11 pl anar

~

bents.

The reason for this ;$ that the shear

is associated

paramet~r

with single curvature shear which is distributed to each column in

Similar to Eq. 49, this shear

proportion to its flexural stiffness.

flexiillty parameter 1s the same for any type of bent.

,,
J

C,)
..
.,
,,'1

.:

'

. .. _ _-_ .. _--------.

.,,-... ...... ~

...

,.

--- --,

'

------~

----

"

-~"'-:, ~

"

35

-- ,

4)

GAv

'

.
(EI)2

{(EI)2,_ '}
I~--

GAsi

For shear deformations in the vertica1 members this parameter must be

.~

applied in combination wtth the reduced moment of inertia for the column
" in the calculation of the racking shear rigidity.

...
WALL-FRAMES

6.3

As referred ta in this thesis a wall-frame is defined as a

multi-bay rigid frame with closely spaced colum~s and deep girderS; or a
.-/

shear wall with multiple openings on a horizontal and vertical grid.

When the columns and deep bea'ms are rplaced by wa11s and

shallo~

bgams'

these structures may be called multiple coupled walls.

l,

The structure shown in Fig. 16 contains wide walls and deep beams.
NA,

"

"

l'

'j

"

.., .

,
~

! o! o!
,ID ,lot,
101
, , DI,
JO 1 0

,l,

'

~~

"

NA 3

1. 'c, .1. C3 .1
1 0 1 0/ 1
'0 ' 0'
1
1
1
'D'O'

NA 2

1
,(".,

1~~,_b_L~~~COMMON
~

"

Figure '6:

_,

.
CENTROIOAL
AXIS
"

Wall - froml
~

(;1
_~c

______

~~~_

." _

~_._

..............

_~

__

~.

___

.~.

struct~rt

61

~f

l'

:"t, ,

,.

36 "
6-

Bcause Qf the l~rge depth of the beams ~he floor,to 'floor column~ are
assumed to hayeJrigid ends extending over half the beam depth.
..

The beams

'1

are also taken to behave as members with flexurally rigid ends

c,

1
1

wh~ch

extend over ha
1f the w; dth of the wa 11 s. An equiva 1ent frame wi,th rigi d
" ..,
end members i5 shawn in Fig. 17. The ass~medo equal rotations of all
column-beam joints at a
"

~art;cular~floor

level will cause the points of

contraf'1exure ta occur' at the clear span centres, but if the walls

NA,

1.

~1

,,

c,

NA 2

NA3

.1,

C3

l,

..

f
i!

(1

t
!

f
.1

,
"

t
)

1,
\""

1
(1'/.

"

, ....

1) ,.

'"

/7! !PJ'

..?:!PJ'

IgJ b gr I......o.--COMMON
"
~

"1' .1-'

"

CENTROIOAI.

,_ .l,..j
Figure '7:

Equlval'nt

AXIS

rJQld

frame

d~velop

'are of unequal ,width these points will be forced to

or below the floor
para~eters

level~".

either apove

The drivation of the major structural

"

was presented earlier

by~Stafford

Smith and Hoenderkamp [26].

,1

The structural par.ameter representing

the flexural
.'

'1 ,.

vertical members in the str.ucture

cannot be taken as a simple summation
.'

of the column moments of inertia.

o .~

behavi~ur

of the

The rigid ends of a cantilever column

as shown in Fig. 18 must be taken into account ,in evaluating the effective
D

~ -~-~

.....

----...........

.....,..."~.", .. _-.,.,, .....~~~-----~------....,.....~'

_~.-

,
.f"

0 '

l-

,
~.:.['~
JliMtl\ll"!JMlIld!!l!ll&


!

""""'

~ l~i,t,

li.

____--..::.:.c.'.-,,:.
37
-flexural r1gidity' parameter. -" This can be achieved by replacing the non,

Rrismatic column by an equivalent prismati-c member, Fig. 18b.

COt]sidering

9u
, ..!,

(b)

(a)

~iqure

the

rotatio~al

f8: Storey-he'Vh1

_columna

stiffness at the t,op which is freto translate, it can

be shown that for equivalent rotational stiffness the rigid-ended

column may be replaced by an equivalent prismatic member with a moment
of inertia of PIc where p = h/s, s vbeing thEl length of the flexural
region of the floor to floor column.

The total flexural rigidity of

the Wq ll-frame structure

~

""

1)

El =

pEEl

(63)

The prisrnatic member with rigid ends, Fig. 19a, represents a beam
"

connecting two wall s.

The wide column rotation shown in Fig. 19b causes.

c

the ends of the flexible beam to rotate and def1ect.

It can be shown

\"il"

that the rotational stiffness at end l ;s given by

D

RI

KI{1j!1(4+12<Pl+124l) + W2(2+6<Pl-+6<Pz+124l1<P2)}

,.

"

(64)

.
,J'

~\

",
", i __

~,

~ ._._,_~ /:::"f "",..:~.' ~,~_.'":'~~:___~

-\~~'

-!,~~

__

..

.~~r;{~~~ r 1_'~\.

"
J

::~~:!~
".

38 "
'.'
<

...

NA 2

NA,

'1

lbl

1 g,

bl

,.

...e,

1- -1-

(G)

9 1

-,-

~I

-,

(\

Cb)
Figur. /9:

Glrd.r wlth

da'd

6rm.

,/

As it is assumed that Wf and 1P 2 are equal.' Eq.64 can be s;impl ified to .-

,.

(65)

which represents the rotational stiffness at an exterior joint for a

'FigUr~

beam with rigid ends.

IJ

2<1' shows a,

storeY-hig~gment

of the '.

wali-frame structure. At the interior joint both beams will contribute

h..z

('

~~

;
-

.'

1_

I-

..

9,

ri_

J.

F3 '

b,

t1

:'~\

~Io/2

-b z

92III03_1

l,

Io/~

b2

F
2

F,

'"
h

F2

lb'

h1!

lJ

F,

''',

.l2

-,--

,l

-1. 04-1
.. 1

Flgur. 20: StOrlY- h."~ht Slgm.nt of wa'i - frame

.... to the rotational

stiff~

the

Equation 65 may be used to

joint.

~,."

.(,"

"

"

show the st1ffness of the j01nt to be

R2

= Kl1}I{6+18~~+12\f>~+12\f>1~2+6<Pl}

K21JJ{6+.18\f>3+12\f>;+12\f>3~4.+6;4}
,
(66)

~9

'9

g4

where <P3 = -b3 and <p = -

Ct.

b;l \

( The rotationa1 stiffness for the girder at the exterior: join't ori the
'.-[-

right side of the structure can quickly be verified as

}t

'.,."

'.

. (67)

~.

'

"

"

If;:.

&

case of ~. two-bay frame as shown in Fig. 17 the expressions i~

....

:.

the

In

Eqs ~ 65, 66 {ind 67

'\ ..

-.

.4tt

of the jo.ints.
,.

\'

,0

can be added to obta i n the tota ~ rdtati ona 1 st; ffness

01 ,

ot

, '.

~ . .,
-

"

~.
~

~4

.'

,,

, J ...

,_.

J'.,~'"

.' :',: + K2 ,tp ...{12 + 24<p3 + 12<p 3 + 24<P3<P4+ 12<p4 + 2~<P4}

(68)
'.

"
.'

~.
f-

Replacing moment~ R ~y FH and ~imp'l;fying yie~ds

\'

,\

\~

wHer~

= ~/b

(69 )

~lI.

which represents the ratio of the distance between the

neutral axes of the walls to the clear span length of the beam. The
,.

rotation of the coloumn-girder joints can now be expressed as

1/J

(71 )

....

_---_ ...._---.."..,. ..-,-

',j

-- -~~~; ~~ --, ~.

40
Th~

rotation of a Joint fOf'l1led by the rigid end of both col umn

a~d

beam

will cause a horizontal defleftion at the mid-storey height level, Fig. 21

r

1-

Fiour. ~J: ,sfor.y-II.'0hf

For half
the storey height this ;s
,J,

.' f

(72)

.The total deflection of the columns due ta racking shear is a combination

of deflection 81 and a deflection 62 , due to bending~in.the flexible
region of the column. The half-storey d~lecttl'- due to bending of the
...------------------

co 1umns ca n be shawn ta Y-e.. --

..---------

.~

-----

(73)

in which C

El.

= -s ' and

the rigid' ends.

= -s

where s is the length of the co1umn between

The horizontal deflection of a full storey height is

therefore, Fig. 21,

(}

f:::.

EFh

- --rr2 { r. p2

1
E10. 2

}-

(74 )

. z:., .

~~

----I-l).....

.._,~~r

---~---_

."

.......... _ - - . _

.. -.-.-...-..

--.,.~'""'.-~~~'S~

~.t...~,~.ff~-::r>7,.:-~._~~'f".-

'; -

'.

41

c ,

Th~

~s

racking shear stiffness of a planar bent is ,expressed symbolical1y

GA = EFh

Substituting Eq. 74 intoEq. 75, the racking shear stiffness\ of a planar

wall-frame

.
structure

,t.
2)

GA

"

3)

h{

rCp2

'

is

12

1 +

'

(76)

1}

rK 2

EAc 2 = EEA(C 2i

(77)

.'
where Ai is the column'cross-sectional

~rea,

being taken at the f1exural

region of the member.

,The single curvature shear in the floor to floor columns is

(78)
8

J,

In the calculation of the shear parameter GA v' it is necessary ta use

the increased flexural stiffness for the columns pEl i , in arder to take
effects of, the rigid ends into account.

Although these arms are assumed

,

rigid in bendfrig-, their shear deformations can yet be included in the

,

analysis.

In a similar procedure as for the Equivalent bending stiffness

for a column, Eq. 63, the member May be replaced by an Equivalent

column for shear taking the effect of the wider ends into account, Fig. 22.
Considering the translation at the top it can be shown that, for
equivalent shear stiffness, the rigid-ended column can be replaced by
an Equivalent,

prisma~ic

member with an effective snear area

(79)
1.1

"

;, ~
,

7-

__

.::..-...~

,_-""_~h<'~-~~~~~~fF~~

_ _ _ ... _ _ _ _ _

42

F ~
.......

.J-t
1

FilJure 22: Shear alumns

where A,s w is the effective shear area of the wide ends.

This modified

shear- area Ae s~ould

be used ,in Eq. 62 for the calculation of GAv' The
\
reduced moments of inertia for beams and columns can be used in the

calculation of a modified racking shear rigidity GA', because it was

".
assumed that all beam-column joint rotations are equal for a particular
floor level.

It should be noted that in the calculation of the reduced

moment of inertia of the column Eq. 42, its effective shear area be
taken as Ae from Eq. 79.

This means that the shear deformations in the

"rigid" ends are accounted for by the floor to floor columns.

6.4

COUPlED WALLS
A coupled wall structure, Fig. 23, can be considered as a special

case of a wall-frame .

Here there are only two walls and one row of beams.

The structural parameters are basically the same as for a wall-frame.

1)

=.

El

(80)

pL: El i

If the connecting
the value of

beam~have

a small depth compared to the storey height,

will approach unity, thus

,.
(81)

,.,

.'_ .. '--

~~

..-

.._..

_________

~."n......","'.",_

~i'\""~~~,,",~, ,,,._:... ___ _

43
,

'

'.

'

~""".w COMMON

Flqur. 23: Coup/.d woU .'ructur.

(82)

2)

Thi s equat ion a11 ows the use of reduced moments of i neft'ia for beams
and walls.

If the flexural stiffness of the walls is much larger with

respect to that of the beams, the term 1/~Cp2 may be taken as zero.
Combining this with the omission of the shear deformations in the walls
leads ta the earlier defined racking shear parameter for the coupled walls

2)

. (83)

This equation can still include the shear deformations in the beams by
using a reduced moment of inertia for lb'
3)

The shear parameter GA v ' can be ootained from Eq. 62.

'(84 )

44
,.

'"

Il

Y,

i~

,t

6.5

RIGIO FRAMES

.C,)
A multi-bay rigid frame, Fig. 24, is a1so a special case of a
~

"

wall-frame structure.

The ratios for column widtl1tO-- bay width and

beam depth to storey height are much smaller in the rigid,frames.

The

<

, . , - - COMMON
CENTRO/DAL
AXIS

DCJ'
Cl
CJ
D
CJ
Cl
CJ Ih
DCTICJ
ClCDCJ
DGJCJ
Cl
CJ

,
!

~..-

-,

.,'

..

F";Jure 24: MU/fi - boy rlg.d frame

very short rigid ends of the structural members will have an in$ignificant
impact on the overall a9a1ysis.

The length ratios p and

may be given

unit values.

The structural parameters for rigid 0 frames are similar

to those for a wall-frame.

l)

El

GA

(85)

EEIi

~.

2)

12

{86}

h {I:C + I:K}
.

~f;.<r.

.,,,,/l

3)

EAc

= LEAi'c
i

(87)

The shear deformations in the beams and columns for th; s type of structure .
'f]

': ~-------------------------~
. --~-.-,~~~~.~,~~.~k,~},'

45

are usually considered to be insignificant. They may be inc1uded

according to Eq. 62 combined with the reduced moments of inertia for
F

the racking shear rigidity in Eq. 86.

If the widths of the bays and/or

the sizes of the beams and columns are unequal to such an extent that
an "assumption of equal beam-co1umn joint rotations across the floor
would lead to large errors in the analysis, the racking shear rigidity
o.an be calculated separately for each beam-column joint, Fig. 25, and
summed over a particular floor level.

Taking the points of contraflexure

,I~

br

b"

I~

FiQur. 25:

Beam - column jOint

in the beams to occur at mid-span and at floor level, the racking shear
rigidity of a single joint may be expressed as
GA

12

,
h {C +

K +K }
g,. r

"
'.

EIbg,.

in which KR. = -b-' Kr

~

(88)

EIb

=T'
r

bR. and br are the distances from the neutral

axis of the column to the points of contraflexure in the beams.

exterior beam-column joint either

.i

L-.

K~

or Kr becomes zero.

For an

The unequal

rotations at the ends of each beam disqualifies the use of its rduced

,:~t'>~'"
""

~,_':-:.'

,
~

1~

46

,'"
U

moment of inertia. The shear defonnations in the beams thus cannat

-.,

accurately be accounted for.

RIGID FRAME WITH CENTRAL WALL

6.6

Except for the racking shear rigidity, the structural paramet~rs

for a rigid frame with a central wall, shown in Fig. 26, are the same as
for a

rigid_fra~

Tbe wide column behaviour of the wall requires the

.l

,---COMMON
CENTROIOAL
AXIS:

DD,DO

8B'BB
DOIwDO Ih

l'l,

DD',DD
DD DO
DD'DD
DDIDD

I~

Figur.26:

~I

Rigid frame wlth cintrai wall

racking shear parameter to be calculated in stages.

This was shown

,earl1er by Stafford Smith, Hoenderkamp and Kuster [27].

The structural

ri gidities are
1)

El

/,

= HI. + El
1

(89)

In the first stage of the GA calculation the wall is assumed

to be'
,//
flexurally rigid.

As in the ..wall-frame analysis the bea~s connecteei to

the wall are considered to have rigid ends extending over half the width
\

'---

' . ' ,\ .. ,l . ~oM'61. ~ 'lOti J

. . l'Y 1 .n

F _ _'1

1''''1__ [ li! 1111111 1 1

. 1

USd'.:

47
This represents the wide column

~ehaviour.

" Figure 27 shows

one si de 'of the wa ll-co 1unin module.

..

1
,

~
h/2

1
1

..
,-

h/2

.t.
"1

."

..

FI9ure 27:

-1

b~

-,

Wall - column module

,t

The racking shear for this part of th~ structure 1s

(90)

where r l = bR,-b

(90a)

(90b)

(99c)

_ 61 c b

. (90d)

r 4 - 1b' h

A GA value must also be obta1ned for the

other side of the wall and added.

column~wal1

connection on the

If only one column is connected on

each side of the wall, r 3 will be zero.' In the case of more than one

\:
,,

-----------------------------

----

--

48 '

Il

column on either side the

ra~king ~hear

W
rigidity for the bent must

augment~d for each additiona1 beam-cqlumn joint.

~e

These additional

rigidities are obtained from Eq. 88.

i:EA.c.2

3)

(91 )

It should be noted that the centre of area for the wall coincides with
the common centroidal axis of the bent.
axial force in the wall.

This will result in a zero net

Since the rotations of the beam-column (wall)

connections are not identica1 across the floor, the reduced moments of .

inertia for the beams cannot be used.

The assumed rigidity for the wall

in the ca1culation of the GA parameter a1so

reduced moment of inertia of the wall.

prev~nts

the use of the

The shear defonnation thus cannot

CI

be included in this type of bent.

1
6.7

BRACED FRAMES

';>

The structural parameters for the four single storey bracing

,>

.. systems shown in Fig. 28 were presented earl ier by Stafford Smith, Kuster
and Hoenderkamp [25].

The rigidities of the braced bents are given

for the particular case where hinges are assumed ta exist at each joint
in the structure, i.e. the bent is treated as a truss.

This will cause

the flexura1 stiffness of the bent to have an effective value of zera.

1)

El

(92)

Single X-bracing, Fig. 28a

Cl

2a)

GA

(93)

'.

';"

~\

.- -

-~-

,'.
,

"\
..,~

-,-._~,---'---,

C>

---,~--

49

1
f

in which t is the,length of the brace.

.,

GA =,

20)

Double X-bracing, Fig. 28b,

. 2h9. 2'E

.(94)

h3

tP
1 + At

,K-braci ng 1 Fig. 28c

'"

2c}

GA

O.5ht 2E
h3

(95)

t3

1+

1
\
.

Full storey-height knee bracing, Fig.

2d)

GA =

h2~

2hE
h3

m2Ac

t3
or;-+ - +2-

28d

(96)
li

m At

~--

Jl

where m is the distance from the column to the brace connection with the

'girder.
-

f'

(0)

(c)

Fivur. 28: Typ.. of braclnv

(,

50
t

,
t~,
~~

c~

I~

The resulting values 'for

ri

and k2, infinit'yand Uftity respectively,

are unsuitab1e for use in the deflection equation.

It 1S suggested

therefore that~ in these cases only. El be assigned a ficticious smaJl

val~~ equa~ te 0.001 EAct2/2.

This gives a value for k2 of 1.001 'and

a large but consistent value for a 2 , which ~llows the deflection

!'.

equation to operate whi1 c~lUsing

a negligible additional

final result.

cont~nuous

If the columns are

\'

error in the-

along the height of the

structure ~ the bendi ng stiffness of these membe'rs must be taken i nta

account.

The first parame~er only wi 11 ch'ange

c)

l )

El

(98)

= , 2EI c

tfIf in addition, the column to girder connections in the X and K braced

frames are also moment resistant, the racking shear rigidities must be
augmented by an amount obtained for a rigid

frame~

Eq. 86. 4he shear

. deformations in the beams and columns for this typ 'of steel structure
treated as a truss do not exist.

6.7.1

Multi-Storey Bracing Systems

The'" structura 1 parameters for a bemt with a mul ti -storey bracing

system as shown in Fig. 29 are basicaHy the sa me as for single-storey

braced bents.
must be

Only the equati ons for the racking shear rigidity

modified~

GA~

e.g. for a n-storey K-bracingEq. ,95 changes to

2)

..

(99)

,
..

~"':.,}'flr~'\'"-*" ,'"j,.~~-........,. _.,.,...._~

---. ..,. ..

~! ~

...... _ .............. O><~_

, ,
1
... _

" ' _ . . _ _...........

.._ ......

---_._~

- -----...

-~

...

_~

,"

..

' ,
,

51

)
t

",

...
)

FiQur. 29:

Mu Ut - Sfor.y brac

(')

where t is the total length, of a single orac.

Identical changes applY'

ta Eqs. 93 and ,94 for the X-bracing systems where h is replaced by

,,
i

J)

(nh) and the length of the n-storey brace, t, must be taken into account

also.

/'

It is understood that the in-plane rigidity of the floor slabs

>,

in the structure will provide sufficiaent stability to the linked' columns'.

Alternatively, this could be taken care of by multi-stotey columns w;th

a height of nh.

Due to decreased accuracy in the continuous medium

..

analysis'with fewer storeys [28] the structure should have a minimum.

r~

,
1.'

t
1

height of 8 n'h, i.e. eight braced bays vertfcally.

.6.8

SINGLE SHEAR WALLS

Although this type of

mem~er

cannat singularly be analyzed us)ng

continuous medium theory, it can be used in combinations wit,h other bents.

1)
(~!

. El

= El

wa11

(100)

(i01 )

,,'

2)

GA

:;

D.
~~

... :!'
,'~

.,

/'"

-....
;

1.

52
( 102)

A series of single shear walls or co1umlls can make up a plan'e frame,

Jl

i.e. the co1umns, positioned in a single

~lane,

are connected at each

"t

floor by beams which are attached to the vertical members

non-moment resisting connections.

by

means of

The f1exura1 rigidity of such a

bent ;s

1
(103)

1
\

The other parameters rema i n uncha nged.

t

... .,:.:.

,, '

..

.'

"

...

'

11
,l'
1

~,

,
"

l,

L,

.:

,,

, ,

53

CHAPTER VII

1
'1.

t
,

1
~

"

ANAlYSIS OF SINGLE PlANAR BENTS

.'

(CATEGORY 1)
METHOD OF ANAL YSIS

7. '1

The analysis of single planar bents as desribed in this chapter

1s focused on the

rap~d

methods which allow graphical solutions.

This

means that only the simplified design equations, Eqs. 53 and 54 are
considered. The necessary structural rigidities, El, GA and EAc 2 , which,
are given for a variety of bents in Chapter VI will yield two characteristic parameters a2 and k2 from Eqs. 59 and 60 respectivelY.

7.2

DEFLECTIONS
Restating the defle2tion equation for a one-bay rigid frame

~ubjected

to a :,uniformly distributed lateral 'oad, Eq. 53

,

[1_ ~!)
EIg 8 6 H

Y = WH

;. ,

+ _,(!)4 + _,_ { ' -

24 H

k2_l

<M

2(kaH)2

,,

+"COSh'(kC1H)(l - H)-l-(kaH) [sinh(kaH)-sinh(kax)] }]

(l04)

(~aH)4cosh(kaH)
"

This equation is written in terms of two

characte~istic

non-dimensional

parameters aH and k that completely govern the deflected shape of

~he

structure. This shape consists partly of a bending mode, i.e. with

conavity downwind in the lower region, and a shear mode, i.e. with
concavity upwind in the upper region. The relative magnitude of the two
mod~

and hence, the overall configuration, of the structure, depend on

- -_ _
II _ _
lr
____
~_rt

._____r___q_,_,_fq_t______

_____

-------------~~

--- . -

'i
-

54

the values of aH and k.

The total sway index is defined as the deflection

at the top of the structure div;ded by the total height and may be faund
fram Eq. 104 by setting x = 0 and dividing through by H.
Ytop =

[1

wH
+ _,_ {
1 + COSh(kaH)-l-(kaH)Sinh(kaH)}]
2
E1g 8 k -1
2~aH)2
(kaH) 4cos h(kaH)

(105)

\
This can be rewritten as
<

f,

:.!QE.
H

wH
E1g

{K}

(l06)

!'

where Kt is a function of aH and k.

For practica1 ranges of aH and k

Kt has been p10tted in Fig. 30 on page 55. Th storey sway index is

the def1ection in a single storey divided by the storey height.
may be represented

by

This

the slope in the deflectian profile of the

structure, i.e. the first derivative of Eq. 104.

wH 3 [1 1 x 3
1 {-X/H
-sinh(kaH)(l -H)+(kaH)COSh(kaX)}j
- - + 7:(tr) + - + ------::~----EIg
6
6
k2_l
(kaH)2
~kaH)3cosh(kaH)
.

yi = -

( 107)
The location of the maximum slope in the deflection.Rrofi1e is found by
setting the second derivative of Eq. 104 equal ta zero. The solution
of x/H for particular values of aH and k determines the e1evation in
the structure where the maximum storey drift occurs.
value into'Eq. 107, the expression for the

max;m~m

Substituting this

storey drift index

becomes

(108)

. 55

,,
,

!'"

~~~~~--~-r.r---~~--~~-T~~~ 0o
,

~__+-~~____~~~~~__~

t,

0Cl)

rt')

,
!'

~l

C\I

"

10

...

:c

cri

cD

1
f-

rO

N
10

q
-

en
d

.....,

~
0

(\J

10

/
Figure 30

Toto 1 sway factor Kt, uniformly distributed load

..'

';

56

i'

where Ks is a funcqon 'of aH and k.

ha~

Ks

2
For practica1 ranges of aH and k ,

been p10tted in Fig. 31 on page 57.

The second derivative of

Eq. 104 set equal to zero becomes

il

1 x2

=,0 = .;..(-)
[2 H

!
f

1 {-1
cosh(kaH)(l - ~)+(kaH)sinh(kax) }]
+
----+------k2_1
(kaH)2
(kaH)2cos h(kaH)

(109 )

j,

+-

wnere x/H is a function of aH and k.

\

1
1

For practica1 ranges of aH and k2 ,

x/H has been p10tted in Fig. 32 on page 58.

Equations similar to Eqs.

104-109 for other types of 10ading are given in Appendix A.

Diagrams

simi1ar ta Figs. 30, 31 and 32 for other types of 10ading are shown in
Appendix B.

7.3

FORCES IN THE BENT

The equations for the interna1 forces in the equivalent one-bay

sandwich structure are expressed in closed form, i.e. as continuous

functions over the height of the bent.

From these it is possible

ta

estimate individua1 forces in the discrete members of the actual

structure.

7.3. l

Bend i,09 Moments

The equation for the bending moments in t,he structure subject ta

,. a uniformly distributed lateral load w, can be obtained fl"0111

wx 2

El y" + n.

Eq~ 6

-(110)

\,

'""

--------------------------------------------------~

----

~~

57

'l'.
t.

tt

(~)

~__----~~--~--~,_----._~__----~o
o

t
.,f

~~~---.~~~~----~o
Cl)

*
l'
1

ir

0
ro
\

'1-

Il.t;')

i1

10
'.'

0-

:r:
l5

Cl)

c.O

q
~

!ri

CX)

(
)Figure

31

Maximum storey sway factor Ks, uniformly di stributed load

,l ,~

58

>
1

t (J

nn~~~~~~~~~--~--~r-~--~~ aa
~-I----4

a
00

'r
1
J

~-+--I-II-_-I

If')

'JIir---+l-H----I 0
(\J

a
a

:::c
lS

ID
:.

(()'

1
1

i[
1
t

0
~

f~

If')

6'

C\.I
1)

,t)

C\.I

xl:::c

(D

..-

Figure 32: Location of maximum storey sway ~ ,uniformly distributed Joad

---

~~~----

'i

59

1
~

in which El y" represents the bending moment in the structure due to

}
\

single curvature.

From Eq. 104

<1

yJl

WH 2 [1 x 2
1 {-l
cosh(kaH)(f - ~)+(kaH)Sinh(kaX)/}]
'2"(-) + + -----~-----Elg
H
k2_1
(kaH)2
(kaH)2cos h(kaH)

=-

The bending moment in the bent resulting from the axial forces in the

columns is given by Eq. 54. This

mom~nt

(111 )

is a summation of the products

of the axial forces and their distances between the neutral axes of the

columns and the common centroidal axis of the bent,

this term will be referred to as

T2

~Tc.

For s;mpl;city

regardless of the number of columns

in the structure.

s i nh (kax) - cos h ( kax) +

(k~X)

+1

J(

112)

7.3.2

Shear Forces

The equation for the shear forces in the bent is

D

wx

= El y"l

+ TI Q,

(113)

in whi ch El ylll represents the shear force ; n the coJ'umns 'due to si n91 e
curvature in the structure.

y"l

wH

fx

Elg ~ + k2_1

Frpm Eq. 104

{-Sinh(kaH)(l -

H) + (kaH)cosh(kax) }]

(kaH)c~Sh(kaH)

(114 )

The shear force in the' continuous medium ;5 obtained by differentiating

Eq. 112 once.

(:
/

.
0

---:1.1

60

s.; nh ( kax) + kax ]

(115 )

El y", P y"l , n and T ~ represent the four cont i nuous functi ons of the
1

i
1 -

forces

33~,

up

the height of the idealized structure and are shawn in Figs.

b, c and d respectively.

f
H

\
(a)

(b)

E l yU
Figure 33:

Equati9ns similar
,

(c)

T -2

(d)

TI"

Conflnuous fune, ions for the forcIS ln 'he ben'

t~Eqs.
u

El ylll

110-115 for other types of loading are given

in Appendix A.

7.4

., ,

FORCES IN THE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

f.,

Individua1 Column Forces

f
r

;\
!

..once the "continuous" forces in a bent have been obtained they

f

'

~t
,
,

must be distributed to the individual members in the structure.

The

procedure for this i5 shown for the structure shawn in Fig. 34.

It

represents the left half of a multi-bay bent'with the horizontal members

replaced by continuous media.

The following method can be app1ied ta

wall-frmes, rigid frames, coupled walls,as we11 as rigid frames with

. central wa11s. The assumed linear strain di'stribution for the vertial
(-"

members yields an equation for the axial forces in the columns.

. ,

\~'r

,
~

'.

T.
l

i1
1
.1

()

~~

~_.~

......

'

..

,."

___

~~J~_~~

....

.
(Ac) i
TJI.
=
AC 2

_~

..".~

...... _

........ _

......

61
(116 )

.l"Il .lr

).

,1

17

_ _ ....

I-COMMON
CENTRO/OAL
1
AXIS

,"

c
1

Figur. 34: Multl- bey cantlnuaus media structure

\
where TJI. is obtained from Eq. 112 and A represents the cross-sectional
area of the column. The shear force T I2 is distributed between the
individua1~continua

..

of the bays according to a procedure similar to

distributing the shear stress across the depth of a beam.

~hear

These individual

forces are uniform across the widths of the bays.

TI.

(117)

ml

where T'JI. is obtained from Eq. 115 and (Ac)ex is a summation of the
pl:oducts of the excluded areas and their distances to the cOll1l1on
centroidal axis of the bent.

The shear forces in the continuous media

must be transferred to the vertical members according to Eq. 9.

the second co1umn in Fig. 34 as an example

= TI.
JI, ,

.\

JI,

JI,

+ TI.JI.
r r

(118)

This represents the shears on both sides of the o1umn mu1tiplied by

1
1

.1

Using

"

-.-._--------

... _---------------~----~

62

their respective distances from points of contraf1exure in the media to

the neutra1 axis of the vertical member.

The total shear force in a

column or wall is the sum of the shear force from Eq. 118 and a shear
force due to single curvature'behaviour of the member as shawn in

Eq. 11, thus

v '

Cl

'E l ,ylll + V

(119) -

ti

For wall-frame structures the flexural st;ffness of the co1umn must be

replaced by the equ;va1ent stiffness, PEli'

The total bending moment

in a f100r ta floor column ;s a combination of single and double

curvature moments.

At the top'of the column

"

M ,(top) = EI.yll
Cl

,1

h Vci
2"'

(lZOa)

At the bottom of the column

MC l'

(bottom) = El 1,i' + !!.2 . VCl'

It is assumed that the forces in the storey-height

(' Zab)
olu~hS

are best

represented by the mid-storey values from the cntinuous functions.

The actual shear force and bending
for a single column
. .moment diagrams
'
along the height of a bent are shown in Figs. 35a and b respective1y.

7.4.2

Individual Bearn Forces

The shear force in a beam at 1eve1 x can be expressed as
x+h/2

(:

'f'

x-h/2

.:

TI. dx
ml

(121 )

~.-....",,., {"~ __rr~_~l""''-''''':: ~"'~''''

......

,'t"'~"""_ 1"'4ji:''>i"t-,"~'*'-',"",,~' ..J:''> ,+,'11 4 "....... "~ ..iO, ........,f, '>,

1,
SHEAA

'FO~CES

BENOING MOMENTS

Fiour.",35:

1t

Column

forces

where T~i' is the shear in the c'ontinuous medium in the bay in question
and is obtained from Eq. 1,17.

Alternative1y, the shear force in the

'C

girder may be obtained with accuracy as fo11ows

V .
bl

= T'.
ml

( 122 )

For the ca1cu1ation of ~he beam shear in this way it is suggested tha~

the value of T' be obyained at f100r level.

in the ,girder

m~y~\ approxim~ted

The maximum bending moment

as

,(123)
,

In this equation it is

assu~ed

that the point of

contrafl~xure

occurs

tf

- at mid-span.

This fs on1y correct if the bea~-colmn jOlt rotations

are equal across a floor leve1.

For other 'cases the bending

~oments

in

the beams may be estimated' by distributing. the difference in column

moments above-- and below the f1oo'r 1evel.

" 7.4.3

Braced Frames

l '

.~

Since the. flexura1 stiffnesses of the columns in a braced frame

'~.""",,~";'--'-

"

l
-'

'

. ,. _-.,- _.-

"

64

are effectively zero the single curvature bending moments and shear
forces do not exist.

For a structure consisting of a single braced bent

the bending moment equation is Eiven DY

2wi - Tn

(124 )

or,

The applied moment Tt ;s carried by the columns and the axial force Tt
car'! easily be detennined frOO1 Eq. 124. The shear force equation for the

+'

bent is expressed as

(125 )

The shear force T 9, is arried by the continuous medium in the form of axial
I

.,
Til

T~

CONTINI/I/M

..
Figure 38:

storey level.
"

single storey segment of the continuum. TI is to be evaluated at mid-

Figure 36 shows the shear forces in a

" forces in the braci n9 system.

..

{\

..
~Ih Ih

T ..2
Single - storey continuum

The shear force T1h and comp1ementary sheat force TI9"

represenf the incremental axial forces in the columns

. and the storey
\

shear at mid-storey elevation t respectively. The forces in the X- and

',' K-bracings' can be approximated by treating' the braced bayas a truss
in wh;ch Tlh and T 9, are vertical and
I

hor~ontal

components of.the axial

,

forces in the braces.

. _-------

. ~ ..

, ,,
"

..,'

Note:

'.

In the analysis of lIlulti-'bay bents it has been assumed that the

distribution of the axial strain in the columns
is linear across the
"
,
bent.

1.

This;s strictly correct only for one-bay bents and symmetric

two-bay bents.

The assumption becomes progress ively 1es's correct with

"

an increas;ng number of bays

bec~use

is not taken into account in

th~s

the shear lag across the structure

'

method of analysis. An improvement

,

could be made by assuming a quadratic distribution of the strain in the

columns across the bent. The equation for the 'axial forc~s in the
,\
ver:t i ca l members wou'l d change to
,

T.1

(126)

and the expr-esSion for the'shear force in a GOntinuous medium is adjusted to

( 127')
IQ

Th1s, type of dist~;bution is still based 6n an assumption but it will

\ give more realistic results for structures with multiple bays .
.;

L
,

,
fi.

..

CHAPTER v III
J

DEFLECTION OF PLAN SYMMETRIC STRUCTURES

MULTI-BENT STRUCTURES

8. l

"'

The continuous medium method of analysis is applicable to

1.-

struct~re

'structurs consisting of combinations'of bents, provided the

1
f '

; does not twist under lateral loading., Such structures include".J1fan

symmetriG arrangements of parallel bents subjected to symmetric loading

;....
j

as shown in Fig. 37.

In these cases, the in-plane rigidity of the slabs

,
~-

.'

,,.
.....

"

Figure 37:

Plan -'symmetrlc structure

"-~/ f

"

constrains the

'

level.

translatio~

of the bents to be identical at each floor

The reduction from the three-dimensional structure to a two-

dimensional system is achieved by putting the lateral load resisting

bents in line and connecting them'by xial1y rigid hinge connected beams
at each floor level.

The linking

be~ms ~'ubstitute

floor slabs.

the function of the

The analysis of such strutures can be further simplified

by considering only half the number of

bents'subjec~

to half the

'lateral load, Fig. 38.

ONE BENT LINKED TO ONE SHEAR WALL

8.2

~e par1:icUlr problem of ~UPled wall

structur~

l1nked to

----------

67

'

CJ
CJ
c:::J
c:::J
CJ
CJ
CJ

'1

1
...
~

'

CJ

FiQure 38: Equlvolent IInk.d

le,

structure

1
1
i
1

single shear wall as

-.

in Fig. 38 has been solved earlier [22].

~hown

It

! ..

will be shown here that the generalized method of analysis for single

1
t

bents can also be applied to structures consisting of a bent, of any

type, 1 inked to a single shear wall.

The IIgeneral" bent is represented

in Fig. 39 byo a one-bay rigid frame.

The applied lateral load q, is

----

1
1
1
1

hl

"

1
1
1

'Jw

,J,"

FiQure 39:

On. - bay

r, gid trG",. I,nk.a to sh.ar wall

J
distributed to each bent in such a way as to cause qual deflection
profiles. The load attracted

C'
I-

E1w" IV

~~ulting

1n bend1ng moments

by

the shear wall is

(128)

68
( 129)

The load resisted by the frame, ql' can be expressed as

q

( 130)

q - q

1
1

J;

and its total bending moment is

1f

1
!

(131 )

'1

where M is the applied bending moment due to q.

The basic differentia1

equation for the bent is

El y'V

,( 132)

Substituting Eqs. 128-131 into Eq. 132 yields an equation for the linked
structure
(133)

Dividing through by EEI and simplifying leads ta

-,

"

( 134)
0"

in which '

(ka)2

(135)

For single shear walls the moment of inertia and the gross moment of
inertia are the same. Substituting'for a 2 and k2 , Eqs. 59 and 60, the

____________._.. ________ ____

~_a_~~

..

.-_t

69

,
1

in Eq. 135 can be rewritten as

expres~ion

1i

,
\J_"l

GAl

(ka}2 =

(EAc

EEI

'ui
)l

(136)

Taking
JI

a2

GAl

(137)

rEl

1eads to

ID

,"

l"
"

k2 =

rEl
9
2
(EAc }1

(138)
...

These parameters for a 1inked, structure are the same as for a single
bent with the exception that the denominator of Eq. 137 and the numerator
of Eq. 138 have been augmented by an amount equal to the f1exural
stiffness of the wall, EIw'

It sho~ld be noted that GAw

= EAC~ = 0

and thus cannot alter the other structural parameters in the equations.
Verifying the coefficient for Mon the'right-hand side'of Eq. 134

Substituing in Eq. 134 yields a

d;~ferential

equation for a bent linked

to a shear wa 11
(140)

ingicating that the generic differential equation for this l1nked

structure is identical to the differential equation for a single bent.

-~-

,,'

0,

70

Multiple Shear Wal1s Linked to a Bent

8.2.1

In the case of n shear walls being linked to a single bent, the

loads carried by the wa11s can be expressed as

rQ

,'WJ '

l: El. YIV
WJ

(141 )

and the sum of their bending moments i5

rM . = LEI .yU
wJ
WJ

( 142)

The load and bending moments in the bent are

Il

ql = q - Eq .
WJ

(143)
0

'\

Ml = M- EMWJ.

Substituting Eqs. 141-144 into the generic equation for the bent in

(144)
~n

identical procedure, as before, the expression for a bent 1inked to

multiple shear walls becomes
o

{El

+ rEl.}' y'v
~

- {k 2GA +(i(k 2-l)EEI'.} yI!

1 III
~

=.q - M<i(k 2-l) ,

(145)

Simi1ar to Eq. 135, setting

(ka)2

(146)

and taking as before

(147)

leads to
,"
"

'

li

:ij
\,

71
1:E1

( 148)

The parameters ~2 and k2 are identical to Eqs. 137 and 138. The
denominator of Eq.

147

and the numerator of Eq.

148

now include the

bending stiffnesses of all single shear walls. The generic differential

ft

equation for an arbitrary bent linked to n walls can be expressed as

(149)

which is still the same as for a single bent.

,!

l,

8.3

i,

TWO LINKED BENTS

A structure may consist of a combination of two different

types of bents.

Figure 40 shows a

s~ructure ~omprising

rigid frames with

\-1
"t--J'

ott

t
Figure 40:"

Multi - ben' .tructur.

cen~rar~walls and coupled wa,lls-which are syrnnetrically arran~ed on a

floor 'plan.

The equivalent in-plane 1inked bents representing ha1f the

structure are shown in Fig. 41.

!

The axial1y rigid links will cause

J

\l

identica1 defl&ction protjJes in eactf}bent.

c'

"

G)

In the analysis the frame

and coupled wa1ls are rep1aced by equivalent one-bay bents to genera1ize

"

"

72

'.

------

CJ
CJ
0
CJ
CJ
CJ
0
CJ
CJ

..

c=r

CJ
CJ
c=J

.o
0
0

CJ
c::J
c::J
CJ
CJ
CJ

c:J
CJ
CJ
CJ

0
0
0
CJ
CJ

1"1'

H~

<,

Fi;ur. 41:

the problem.

Llnked b.nts

The lateral loads carried by each individual bent will cause

identical deflectian~ alang th~ height, Fig. 42.

---

\l

-----

--

1
1

-q2

- E5 ----1

q2 -

q-

1
1

"

'Fiour. 42:

,
\ ,

(2)

"

(1 )

Equlval.nt on. - bay

<l

The differential
equation for bent
l, ...

blnls

subject ta lateral lading q-q2

"

~an

~) "

be expressed as
0

El 1y'V

k1GA1

2
q-q 2 - (M-M 2 )6 1

(llo>
o

in which for simplicity

~~ ( ~

131

(l~( ki-l)

2
GA/ (EAc )1

1
" 1

(151)

/1' ""-,, .,

'-",,,~

,,

!
73

1!
l

'l

The differential equation for bent 2 subject to load Q2" is

1.

(152)

As y" and ylV 'are the same for each bent, Eqs. 150 and 152 can be added

1
I,t

to give an express ion for the total structure

G~

{El + El } ylV
12

- {k 2G + k2GA .} y"
rI22

q -

2 + M (a 2 _a 2 )
Me1
212

(153)

The last tenn on the R.H.S. 'causes an additional proolem because the
distribution of the bending moment M2 along the height ;s unknown. This
equation cannot b ~olved. A special case exists however, if al = a2. ,
If,

"

The physical meaning of this restriction is described later in this

chapter.

~,

Equation 153 can now be simplified to

1
(154)
,~

in which S =
structure.

f\

= 13 2 where

f3

is a

~parameter

representing the total 1inked

and sinae the values for the individual S's are equal
O( 156)1

Then setting
(157)

i
i

"(155)

i
i

The coefficient for y" in Eq. 153 can be expressed as

"

1
t

------.--------------------

74
leads ta two simple expressions for the characteristic parameters

(
(158)
\

and

rEl

(159)

These parameters -af'e obtained by simply surrm1ng the rigidities for the
different modes of behaviour in the bents. Verifying the coefficient
for the appl ied moment M, in Eq. 154
.,
.....

(160)

Substit~ting

in Eq. 154, the gener;c differentia1 equation for two

linked bents with identica1 values for S, is given by

.J

122
~ El { (q - Ma (k - 1) }

(161)

which is similar to the equation for a single bent.

")

8.3.1

Multiple Linked Bents

Adaing a third bent ta the planar structure shown in Fig. 41 will not

alter the simplicity of the genera1ized method of ana1ysis.

.

The fourth

arder differential equation for bents 1 and 2 can be obtained from Eq. 153

~,

'-,

=
';

q-q3 - (M-M 3)8 12 + M2(B12 -B 22 )

(162)

75

/.

The equation for bent 3 is similar c1:o Eq. 152

(
( 163)

Adding Eqs. 162 and 163 gives an equation for the total structure
(164)

TheA for the special case where Bl = 62

3 bents becomes

= B3

B, the expression for

,

= EEI

'2
{q -

Me }

(165)

('<

Sinc'e this is the same as the equation for two bents, Eq. 154, it can
be stated that the differential equation for n 1 inked bents is given by
-

- <

(166)

FOllowing

th~ sa~e

procedure as before, the expressions for the

characteristic parameters <x 2 and k2 for n bents are the same as for
two bents.
(167)
o

.t

'

and

{16B}

(",

in which the structural rigidities are

SlIImIed

for all bents.

..

(,

1",

76

8.4
(
'-

TWO LINKED BENTS,

Bl~2

Equation 153 representing the differential equation for two

1inked bents cannat be solved as is because it has two unknowns.

The

two separate fourth order differential equations for the bents must be
solved simu1taneously.

From Eq. 153

. (169)

't
\

,
,

differentiating twice
;

"

,(170)

!l
1

subst i tuti ng Eq. 1.69 and 170 ; nto Eq. 152 and tak'1 n9

1
Q

(171 )
the generic equ?tion for two linked bents becomes
c"

EEI Y VI

..

(172)
This sixth order differentia1 equation was solved ear1ier by Abergel
~291.

It does'not yie1d a simple solution suitable for-a hand method

,of analysis.

8.5

Th'is plaes the meth6d outside th~ 'scope of the thesis.

EXTENDING APPLICABILITY OF FOURTH OROER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

The generalized continuous medium method of analysis as it is.
:

- --

. l

..

fT" preset1,;I;ed by Eqs.

(

... 77

166-168 cannot'be applied to combi~ations of linked

bents withldifferent'values for 13.

The method can'be used for structures

,j

consisting of groups of bent!:i with equal values for B, combined with

shear walls and/or cores arranged on symmetric f100r plans.

A rigorous

'a'nalysis of tWQ bents having non-identical S-val,ues is represented by

~the verY"~omplex

for y

IV

solution of Eq. 172.

The cross-tenns in the coefficient

1
1J

in thi s fonnula ma,ke ar'l extension to general mu1 ti ... bent structures

even more

;,

ai fficul t.

The basic problem with the analysis of two bents was first

identified
by Eq. 153. This equation shows the addition of two differential
,
"

equations for the bents,.

Restating in a slightly different form

q - {M

For the special case where

"

be replaced by MS

or MS ,
2

2
+ M~ 8 2 }
l 1
2 2

al = 13 2 ,

t~e

(173)

tenn inside the brackets can

It is suggested that for nan-identical

values for 13, the term inside the brackets be replaced such 'that

(174 )

A value, for 13, representi ng the tata 1 mu l t i -bent structure, cannot be

(

An additiana 1

obtained from this equation because Ml' and M2 ,are unknown.

'-assumption has "to be made before this equatiol'l can be solved. It is

suggested that the values' for f3 are assumed to be equal, The physical
meaning of this asstJmption i5 that the rotations in the planes of tire
bent,s at a particular floor level are constrained ta be the same for all
bents~

(J

"

i.e. the slope of the floor, as a result of axial defonnations

in the columns, at each bent ls the same.

It'shauld be noted that th1s

....

'

78

(:

is not identica1 to the slope of the def1 ectio~ profile.

,
166-168 can now be,app1ied to all combinations of

Equations

a~'un1imit,;d ~er

of link~d be~ts.; The cqlculation o( the charateristic pa,rameters

2

. and k

ri

remain snmations of str~ctura1 rigidities, i.e. the differences

l'

in the B-va 1ues are' i gnored

..i
..1

,
t

, 8.5.1

t~

1
~

The i mposed res ira i nt, cau 5 i ng

Accuracy of Gen;ral ized Method, of Ana'l,xsis

vert i ca 1 sir .,.1 n d1s tri bu ns "

"

across each

be~.t

to be

th~

same ha s a st i ffening effect 011 the 1atera 1

flexibil ity of the multi-bent structu;e.

deflections that are smaller than those

This will resul t in horizontal

obtain~d from the mor~ iigor?us

sixth order differential equation because that method does not include
#

the restraints on the column behaviour.

tl

The upper bound to the deflection

results from the general fourth order generic equation ls thus establ ished.

'"
,For equal values of B the sixth and fourth order differential equations
yield the sarne r;esults.
Taking
S(min) as the smaller of the individual a-values in a
r
c

structure and 1etting it represent the 13 for the

tot~l'

structure, ii 'can

/",/-

be shown that the re'sj,lltl;ng def~ection from, t.h gene~al ized analysis is
sma 11er than the def1 ection obtainecf from the si'Xth order differentia 1
equatin.
! /

The reverse holds for us i ng

l3{rna~).

'

..

Equation 160 gi ves a

B-value for the total structure that is somewhere between the minimum
and maximum l3-value in the structure.

',.

It has been , found that this' will

, -

yield a deflectlon profile between the curves for !3{max)

.
and l3(min) as

1
-

shown in Fig. 43.

The absolute miJni~ val~e fr 8, zero, represents the case that , (;
does not take the axial defonnations in

t~e

col un:m~ jnto acount.

Thus

,
\ ~
,"
Il

t.

79

l,

the a(min) curve is located

()

betwe~

and fonns the lower bound to the

the axially rigid and rigorous analysis,

defleC\~lon

'results of the general ized

method of analysis.
'It was establ ished arlier [29] that a computer stiffness matrix
analysis of two bents yields deflections' that are slightly larger than
those/obtained fram the sixth-order differential equation.

li

'/

~.

,/

<-

~./

(3 (max.)

computer

D.E.
DEFLECTION
FICJure

4~:

Analyt.cal

. accuracy

The deflection resul t's fram the general ized continuous medium method of
analysis will occur in a region 1ndicated by th shaded area in Fig. 43.
The upper bound is well defined but the lower bound,
a(min) cannot be
,
placed accurately on the graphe

A statistical approach was used in order

to obta in a better defi niti on' of the lower 1imit of acuray for the
Ygeneralized method of analysis.

In a test of many multi-bent structures

- consisting of two bents with different values f~r a the deflection ~t

the top of each structure was cal culated in

ways: one

thr~e qifferen~

each according to the fourth and sixth order differential equations and
one for the special case where
'"

r'
"!

a = al = a2

0, i.e. no axial defonnations

/'

'"

"1

80

ove~ one

in the columns.

thousand combinations of bents with practica 1

structural dimensions were tested.

The vales of their characteristic

parameters _spanned over

64.0, k

a wide

range.

For aH this varied between 2.0 and

ranged from 1.0002 and 2.0 and the ratios for the racki ng shear
,
rigidities hanged btween 1.0 and ~-resu1ts ind~cate that the

differences in the individual a-values may be'ignored with the following

restri ctions on
a)

accu~cy

B(max)/8(min)
the analysis is

in the ana 1ysis of multi -bent structures.

If
( 175)

1.0

rigor~us

and all axial deformations are.taken

i nto account,
b)

( 176)
...

B(max)/a(min).s. 3.0
at }east 80% of the additional

d~flection

d~formations

ta~~

1n the col umns ,is

as a result of axial

into account.

It has been

found that a majority of structures with practical dimensions fall

in this category,
c)

For- all other practical multi-bent structures it was found that a

minrimum of 50% of the additional df1ection due to axial deformations
in .the vertical members is included in the general method of

analysis.
The deflections from the suggested general ized analysis for multi-bent
structures will fall within the shaded area

s~own

in Fig. 44.

For

cqmbinat10ns of bents of the same type, e.g. six non-identical rigid

'1

frames, the a-ratio will be small, i.e. less than two, which leads to
accurate resul ts.

The 8-ratio can be large' for combinat ions of different

,

types of bents, e.g. rig1d frames linked to coupled walls, but'\~hiS is

not necessar11y so as 1s shown by Example 1

...

81

()

,Iower bound

6th order O.E.

upper bond

OEFl..EC,TION

Figur. 44: Upper and

lor

bOllnda

An unlimited number of bents can be added in this method of

ana1ysis provided the structure remains plan synmetric.

The reason for

this is that any two bents in the structure can be replaced by a single
bent representing the sum of the structural, rigidities of the twp

individua1 bents.

This process is then repeated for a11 the assmb1ies

<in the structure.

The characteristic parameters

ci

and k2 , Eqs. 167

and 168, take this summation process into account thus a110wing a11 multibent structures to be ana1yzed by the generic fourth-order differential
equation, Eq. 166.

8.6

ADDITIONAL RESEARCH

A regression ana1ysis ,was attempted to determine a resultant

value for

a,

in terms of the individual f3-values for the bents, that

cou1d represent a multi-bent structure in the genera1ized method of analysis .

.The ranges of the necessary structural and non-dimensional parameters
were set in the previous test.

The number of multi-bent structures was

.'

82

1
\
f

increased to over ten thousand s all consisting of two different bents.

The increase was obtained by includi~g a larger variety of bents within
,

the ranges.

,~i

'

This was thought to be necessary in order to increase the

accuracy of the expected polynomial s.

The "correct" a-value for the general method of analysis was
1

obtained as follows.

calculated using the'rigorous sixth-order differential equation.

value was

First the deflection at

the top of a structure was
,

subsequentlysub~ituted

This

into the fourth-order differential

equation in order to obtain a value for f3 that could represent the total
structure.
Us ing the characteristi-c and structural parameters of the bents
as the independent var1abl es' and 6 as the dependent variabl e a regression
analysis was

~ttempted

to generate an approximate equation.

rea 1 ized that it woul d not be

to represent
1)

e.

pos~ibl

It was saon

e for a simpl e polynomial expression

This .was mainly caused by two problems.

.'

A minimum of five independent variables are required to define the

two bents in the structure.

The complexity of the data (a-values)

made it necessary to include addit10nal variables.

2)

The ava 11 abl e computer program for regression ana lyses provided space
for on 1y 1200 da ta po; nts :

these are def; ned by the number of

structures mul tipl ied by the number of variabl es.

These restraints allowed only a very limited regression
analysis.
-,
was observed

how~ver

It

that a singl e term for a was abl e to increase the

ccuracy of the general method of analysis.

Th~ suggested value for k2

that applies directly to the analysis of the structure is

(177)

83
4

where

( )

--

{el} 1,.

{s 2 } 2

(178) ,
\

in wh1ch
....
'

GAi

Pi

f'

= fGA

(179)

On1y structures consisting of t'wc d1fferent bents were invest1gated.

It

was found that the new k2 value works e~pecial1y well for combinations
of

~ifferent

types of bents.

If the ratio of the racking shear

rigidities is larger than four, the error in deflection will be less

than 10% as canpared to the sixth-order differential equation.

In this

alternate method a value for B was obtained without the use of an

additional assumptibn concerning the structural behaviour of the bents.
In the previous method the assumpt10n 6
lower bound to be estab l i shed.

= 1\ = 62

,allowed an upper and

Th i s advantage i 5 now absent.

in the deflection resu1ts can be negat1ve as we1J as positive.

,.

~'The

errors

84

CHAPTER IX

()
ANAlYSIS OF PLAN

S~ETRIC

STRUCTURES SUBJECT TO

SYMMETRIC LATERAL LOAOING

(CATEGORY 2)'
DEFlECTIONS'

9. l

The deflection analysis of multi-bent structures that can be

represented by a combination of in-plane 1 inked bents is similar ta
the analys;s of a single bent. The deflection equat;on for
,v

synmetric

~tructures

as

d~riVed

from Eq. 166 for a

unifOrmly~tributed

lteral load w, ;s expressed as

+ :OSh(kaH)(i - H)-l-(kaH) [sinh(kaH)-sinh{kax)] }]

(lao)

(kaH)4cos h ( kali)
in

whic~ EI~ re~resents

a stiffness for the total structure.

The tenn

inside the brackets is identical to the defl'ection equation for a single

bent,

E~q.

104.

This allows

~he

deflection diagrams for single

bents~

Figs. 30-32, to be used for 'multi-Qent structures as well, provided

that the characteristic parameters a~ and k2 are obta1ned from Eqs. 167_
and 168 . The tO'tal.':~f and maximum storey sway indices in ~dditian to
the elevation of ~at. ~torey sway for the multi-bent structure ar~
calculated in the same way as for a single bent in Chapter VII.
(~)

-sway index for the s1:ructure is

The total

(181 )

in which
(182)

For pra ct i ca l ranges of aH and k , Kt can al 50 be obta i ned fram the graph ,
in Fig. 30.

The

~imum

..

\.

storey sway index for a

"

mu~ti-bent

structure

i S' expressed as

*
d

(max)

wH

rr {Ks}
9

where

(184)

which must be eva1uatect for the val,ue of x/H corresponding to the

el evat10n of the maximum storey sway.

This height can be obtained by

0

sett1ng the second derivat1ve of Eq. 180 equa-l to zero.

~

Alternatively

.. .,0).......\ -

Ks can be obtainef"d1rectly fram the diagram in Fig. 31 where it i 5

plotted as a function of the non-dimens1on~1 parameters aH and k2 The

locat1on of maximum storey sway is obta ined by inspection.

, \...,,7
y"

=0

1 ){ 2

i<H) + - 2
k _1

{-1
.

(kaH)2

cosh{kaH}(l - ~r+(kaH)sinh(kax) }
-----:r-----'(kaA)2cos h (kaH)
(laS)

. .
,

'

1'1

\~\
1

For practica1 -ranges of aH, and k2 , x/H can be found direct1y fram the
graph ln Fig. 32.

'EqUat1o~

simi1ar to Eqs. 180-185 for other types of

10ading are given in AppendJx A.

~\

Diagrams simi1ar to Figs. 30, 31 and

'

32 for other types of 10ading are shown in Appendlx B.

the method of analysis as

ap~lied

An examp1e of

to a plan symmetric structure consisting

of rigid frames, braced frames and cou pl ed wa 11 s ls given in Appendix O.

"

9.2

FORCES

9.2.1

Bending Moments and Shear Forces in the Total Structure

The bending moment and shear force equations for the I1lIlti-bent

structure are
,

1
1

..

~;.,

...

wx 2
T

1
1

El y" +

n.

(186)

and

1.
,

wx

El yUI + Tlt

(187)

in which El is the total f1exural'.rigidity for the structure.

'"

The

single. curv~ture bending moments El y", and shear forces El y"l can be
obtained fr~the second and third der1vatives of the deflection eqU'ation s
Eq. 180 .

yU . ' wtt2 [1 x)2 +' --L.:. {

Elg

!{'"R'

k2_1

-1

+ cosh(kaH){l- H)+(kaH)Sinh(kax)}]

(kaH)2

(kaH)2cos h(kaH)
"

and

~i

(188)

..

87

y"l

wH
l {-Sinh(kaH)(l -~) + (kaH)cosh(kax) }]
EIg H + k2_1
(kaRTcosh(kH)'

[X

(189)

The equation fnr, the moments due to the axial forces in al1 the co1umns
of the structure is identica1 to the expression for a single bent.
[sinh(kaH&H kaH <!sinh(kax) -' cosh(kax) +
k4a2
cosh(k).
.'

= .2!-

Tt

(k'2x )2 + 1]

(190)

-------

The sum of the shear forces in the continuous media of the bents in the /
structure Tlt, is given by the'f1rst derivative of 6q. 190.

At this

point El y", El y'" , n and TIR, represent the four continuous functions
for the forces fn the total structure that must be distributed to the
ind1vidual bents.

9.2. 2 ' Bend i ng Moments ; n Sent

Il

j"
\

The bend1ng moment equation for a single bent in the structure is

"j

::

(191 )

EI.yU + T ~t
J

'~

in wh1ch El jyll represents the bencling moments in the

ver~ical

members

rO-f the bent as a resu1t of sing1e curvature beha.viour in fthe structure

~

and- y" 1s the second derivative_ of Eq. 180. The 'total bending moment

applied to the bent Mj' is unknown and thus Tjt must be calcu1ated,
separate1y.

The generic fourth-order differentia1 equation for a bent

in the structure 1s

1
1

l'
1

y IV

(ka) ~y'1

ri:

(192)
..:

{q j - Mj Bj }

It should be noted here that the deflections for a sin9le bent are the
"

,
"

o "

88
sa me as for the multi-bent structure.
(

The 1ateral load carried by the

bent is
q.
J

EI.Y'" + T'!R.

(193 )

SUbstituting Eqs. 191 and 193 into Eq. 192 and simplifying yields

l,

T'!R.
- Q~. i.R.
J . PJ J

='

-GAJ.y"

(194)

$ubstituting for the curvature y", 1eads to a second order differentia1

equation for T.
2

'~j

. Til R. - B.' T.R. = ..

j
J J

Ig

wH

2[1

-2<!.)
H

cosh(kaH}(l - ~\)+(kaH)Sinh(kaX)-COSh(kaH)J
+ -----:-:..:..--~-------(k2-1~(kaH)2cosh(kaH)
,

0,

(195)
The boundary conditions are
TjR.(O).= 0; the axial forces in the co1umns at the top
are zero

,
\

~f

the structure

_1

TjR.(H} = 0; the shear force in the continuous medium at t\he base is zero
because the' slope of the structure at the base is assumed zero.
The sol ution of Eq. 195 yields an expression for the moments in bent j
that are caused by the axial forces in its vertical members

-{ cosh(kaH}(l -~) + (kaH)sinh( kax) }]

+ 83 + B4
.
cosh(kaH)
.
in wh1ch

(196)

89

(B +B )tanh( ajH)
3 4

B2

::

l + B C,aH)2
4
(jH)cosh( BjH)

B3

s:

84

BI

( )

. (196a)

( 196b)

(l96c)

(SjH)2 - (k 2_1)(kaH)2

(SJH)2

( 196d)

(k 2-1)CkaH)2{CBj H)2_(kaH)2}

In the special case for which Bj

= S,

i.e. a11 bents have'identical

va1ues for S, then

(197a)
1

(l97b)

Equation 196 can now be s1mp11f1ed ta

(198)
in which-TR, is g1venby Eq,.190. -Equation 198 demonstrates that the axial
bending moment, Tt, 1s distributed to the ind1vidual bents in proprotion
,

ta their axial bend1ng stiffness, (EAc )j.

<

This corresponds ta the

rotations of the bents, as a result of axial defonmations in the columns,

ta be identical on a particular floor leve1.
~

This was assumed earlier

for the genera1ized method of analysis in Chapter VIII.

~,

()

9~2.3

90.,

Shear Forces in Sent "j"

The shear Jorce equation for a single bent i ri' the structure is
V.
J

=' ELy'" + T'R.

in wh'ich EIjY'"

(199)

represents the shear forces in the vertical members of

th,e bent due to si'i)gle curvature behaviour of the structure and yll' iS.('"'~
the third derivatiwe of Eq. 180.

The shear force carried by the

continuous medium is g1 ven by the first derivative of Eq. 196.

~

(EAc 2 )

EIg

" TjR.. =

['
j .

.<

wH (Bl-8 2HSjH)cosh( Sjx)-( BJ+6 4)( ajH)si nh( 8j X)

x
{ -sinh(kaH)(l -~) + (kaH)cosh(kax) }]
+ li + 8 4- (katH
cosh{kiH)

(ZOO)

For the special case where all~ents have identical values for S, the
equation for this shear force simplifies to

{201 }

in which TIR. 1s the sum of the shear forces in the cont1nuous medi a of

the bents in .the structure and is given by the fir"st derivative of

Eq. 190.

The components of bend; ng, El jyll and Tj'~ togeth~r. wi th the

~.~ponents

for shear, El jyll' and Tj1 represent the four

<jI'

cont~nuous

functions of the forces .for bent "j" and must be d1stributed to the

0,

,indiv1dual horizontal and vertical members as well as the bracing systems

ln that bent. The detai 1 s for this procedure were described ear11er

"

.
91 .
o

()

of load1ng are g1ven in Appendix A.

..

o
o

'i)

Of

(j

Equations si~f1ar to Eqs.o 186-190 aod '196 for other ttYpe~

in Section 7.4.
/1

'

"

.\

C
()

&).

6'

4'

II''!
~

!iG'

.'
"P

,0

'.

..

"

..

'

'.

',-

,'"

"

1'"

\.

".

'.

"

"

"

"

,;,

~
,c;.

.'.'

"
"
\

"

~ ~'

.,.',

.'

" '

,',"

'(;"\
~J

.. '-;" >:f:!
~.

....

("

.) ~.--: jJ/,<~ ~"_

t'\

"

"

-'

'.

"

.~

"

"

": . . "

"

~J
\",

",-

~"'''' l'

92
CHAPTER X

( ,)
ROTATION OF PLAN SYMMETRIC STRUC,\YRESr

TORSIONAL ACTION

10. l

The lateral load q, shown in Fig. 45~wtl1 cause the plan synmetr;c
structure to deflect and rotate along the' height.

In the artalysis of this

structure th asymmetric load can ~e repl aced by a ,lo,ad q, appl ied at'
the axis of symmetry in the structure, and an additional twisting
moment qe, about this axis.
1's a

later~l

The result of these two different actions

deflection in the y direction and a rotation about the x-axis.

,

yt

,.
FiQure 45; Structure wifh asymmtfric 'ocrdino

The ana11sis of plan

~~tric

structures subject to lateral loads was

treated in Chapter VIII and IX.

,,

The torsional action on the

structu~e

will- now be investigated further.

L--

The tWistlng '!JOII1ent about the x-axis can again be repl aced by

/.
\.'

/,

~individual lateral loads located at each tient in the structure, Fig. 46.

----

such that

.!
1

(202) .
(
/

0, ',"
'"

,where e 1s the eccentricity of the ilPplied load.

\

..

,!

..

-----~- ~
.'

93

()

Figure 46: Structure sul)ject to torsion

Applying the generic differential equation for deflection to each bent yields
El 1.y!V
- k~GAiy'!
1 ~
1
1

(203)

q.1 - MI3.
1 1

The in-plane rigidity of the floor slabs will cause the deflections in
the individual bents to be proportional to thei~ distances from the
centre of

rotation~

the x-axis. Thus

(204)

Zi' 9

:\

.-

where e is the- rotation about the x-axis.

Subst1tuting for y in Eq.

multiplying through by Z and sumrning for all bents.gives

~EI(Z~}9IV

{Ek~~A(Z~}ell

Eqi'z; -

203~

-" ....

EMia~'zi

(20S)

~~,

Thii~' ~s

fourt~-order

the

differential equation for the total structure.

,- \,...~~nnot De solved as presented here. .An additional as~ump'tion is

requir~

as before 1t is suggested .that the individual values for

e are

assumed to be .,equa l , i.6.

Bi

...

v"

:(206')

' Siml1ar to Eq. 202

'EMi"z i

= M'e

where M 1s the app11ed bend1ng

(207)
momen~

due to load q.

S~S~itut.ing
.

~ ~.~

94

Eqs. 202'ahd 207 into Eq. 205, the generic equation for rotation in

( )

plan symmetric multi-bent structures can be expressed as

(208)
which is of a similar form to the differential equation for a single bent.
10.2
..,

CHARACTERISTIC ROTATIONAL PARAMETERS

The rotational rigidities and characteristic parameters for plan

symmetric

s~ructures

are obtained in an identical way to that for the

deflection analysis. The coefficient for

9U

in Eq. 208 can be re.written as

(209)

Substituting Eq. 206 ,into Eq. 209 gives

tGA

EEAc2

:tEI

gi

z~

(210)

in which the summation term

"

..

<:

has been selected for the purpose of presenting universal formulae for
~e

characteristfc .parameters in the analysis of" structures subject ta

torsional loads. _>Sett1ng

(212)

wh1ch represents the warping stiffness of the

struc~ure,

.
~

---~---~-

~~---~--~

----~---

~ividing

and

-~~-

-~~---

-'

95

Eq. 208 through by E1w gives

a'V - (ka)~ a" = E~

{q -

Ma~}

(213)

where
'1

l:EI 91./. Zi ...

(2l4)

El,
w

Because of symmetry in the s*ructure and equa1 a-values for all bents

(215)

After substituting Eq. 215 into Eq. 214 the latter expression can be
split up into two characterist1c rotational parameters. Taking
a 2e =

GJ
;rr-

(216)

r..l w

where
(217)

whlch represents the torsiona1 stiffness of the structure. The second

pa rameter i s

" (218)

.0

'.

,,'
.... ':,..

-.

',':.r"; "
..~ , .... --=':- ,
'.J>

,,'

96
and 168, which are used in the def1ection ana1ysis of multi-bent

( )

st~uctures.

Single shear wa11s can a1so be inc1uded in the rotation

analysis by adding to the denominator of Eq. 216 and the numerator of

Eq. 218 an amount equa1 to El W.z2w for each wall.

Verifying the

>

coefflcient for the app

~(k~-1)

bending moment Mon the R.H.S. in Eq. 213

(219)
w

a in

Substituting for
o

1ed

q. 213 yie1ds the

d;fferen~ia1

rotation of mu1ti-bent plan symmetric structures.

equation for

For a uniform load

this cn"be expressed as

a'V - (ka)~ ail

(220)

which is ana1ogous to the def1ection equation for a single bent.

ROTATION EQUATION

10.3

The solution ta the differentia1 equation for rotations is of

A'

an identica1 forro to

that.f~r

the def1ection equation because the

boundary condftlons are ana1ogous a1so

a(H)

0 ; fixity ; assumed at the base. ,thus also

6 1 (H)

=0

6"(0)

=0

; no' bl-flI()ment' at the top of the structure

B'"

(Hl'

}221 )
(222)

--

~ ; applled torsion 15 ~anpletely take~ the" couple

w

(223)

(22!fl

resu1tlng fram single curvature sh~ar in the vertical

members.
:

97

The equation for rotation of a plan symmetric strucfure subject to a

()

uniform torsion up the height is

cosh(kaH) e(1 - ~)-1-( kaH)a [sinh(kaH)e- s inh( kax) al }]

(kaH)~cosh(kaH)e

(225)

in which
(226)

and represents the gross warping

be used
for

fo~

stiffnes~.

The rotation equation can

structures that consist of bents ,with non-identical values

provided the structural floor plan is still symmetric.

a~

The l1m1ts

to the accuracy of such an analysis are described. in Section 8.5.

,'t

ll'-

).

<4,'
,

,\

f-

r/'
.

, .

98
"

CHAPTER XI

()
ANALYSIS OF PLAN SYMMETRIC StRUCTURES SUBJECT
,

TO TORSIONAL LOADING
(CATEGORY

11.1

3~

DEFLECTIONS AND ROTATIONS

The sway indices for plan symmetric structures subjected to

torsiona1 loads are obtained similar1y to thog for 1atera1 symmetric

loads.

The rotations up the height of a structure are g1ven by Eq. 225.

The deflections in a particular bent

"j"

as a result of these rotations

can be found by substituting Eq. 204 into Eq. 225

t>
j [

.
{ 1 _ (!.)2
+ l !.)4 _ _
l_
H
6 H
N<H

l\_~!)

"8

"yi~lding

k~-l 2(k(lH)~

+ COSh(k~).a(1-H-)-l-(kaH)e[Sjnh(kaHJa-Sinh(k(lX)a]}J .

(227)

(kaH) :COSh (kali) e

i '

in which

Zj

1s the z-coordinate of bent, "jll. The terms inside the

/

brackets are similar to those in the deflection equation with the

exception that the characteristic parameters are now a function of

th~

rotational rigidities of the structure. This makes it possible.to use

the 'diagrams in Figs. 30-32 to obtain the total sway index, the maximum'.
storey sway index and its location up the height of the bent as a
resul t of the torsiona l l oads.

The total sway index for bent

"j"

due

to rotation is expressed as
,

(
[ ,

"

.,.1.

99

( ,1'

(228)

,
in which

For practical ranges of aeH and k~, Kt can be obtained directly from
the graph in Fig. 30.
la~era1

If the structure is a1so subject to a symmetric

load, the two sway indices for deflection and rotation can be

combined by simply adding them algebraically.

The maximum storey sway

index for bent IIj" is given by

..

(230)

where
1

1 x3

K = - - + i{-)
S
6
6 H

+-

k~-l

*.

(kaH)~

-sinh(kaH)e(1 - ~) + (kaH)eCOSh(k<lX)e}
+ ------:'--------

(k<lH)~Co~h(k<lH)a

.-e

'(231~)

which must.be evaluated for the value of x/H corresponding to the

e1evation of the maximum storey sway.

This he1ght is obtained from the

second derivative of Eq. 225.

.

A1ternative1y Ks can be found d1rect1y from the diagram in Fig.

31 ,where it is plotted as a function of <leH and k~.

The maximum storey

sway indices obtained separately from deflection and rotation analyses

cannot be added together ta get the total maximum storey sway index.

100

The two indices are not likely to occur at the same storey,level because,

( )'

ae

a anq, ka

k.

Storey sway indices for both deflect10n and

rotatio~

at a range of levels must be calculated separately and added to find a

~

ma'ximum total value

rH _..r1 (232)
where (dy/dx)y is the storey sway index from the deflection

~nalysis

of

the structure and can be obtained from Eq. 180. This index is the same
\

for all bents in the structure; (dy/dx)e is th storey sway index fram
the rotation ana1ysis and is given QY the first derivative of Eq. 227.
Ttie location of the maximum storey drift

il)

bent "j" as a resu1t of

torsiona1 loading is obtained from the second derivative of Eq. 225 by

setting it equal to zero and solving by trial and error for x.

e"

= 0 = 7r{-)

1 {-l,

+ --

,2 H

k~-l

(kaH)~

cosh{kaH)a{1 - H) + (kaH)eSinh{kaX)e}

------=-------(kaH)~cOSh,{kaH)e .

(233)
For practical ranges of CteH and k;, x/H can be found direct1y fram
the diagram in

Fi~.

32.

Equations similar to Eqs. 227-231 and 233 for

other types of loading are g1ven in 'Appendix A.

Diagrams

simila~

to

Figs. 30, 31 and 32 for other types of loading are shown in Appendix B.

<=>

11.2

FORCES

11.2.1

Bi-Moments and Torsion in the Structure

The equations for the bi-moments and torsion in the multi-bent

",

101

structure as a result of a uniformly applied torque are

respect~vely\

. \

(234)

and
wex

= El wa'"

+' 8
T'R..

(235)

where El wa" and Elwa'" are the single curvature bi-moment and torsion
that can be obtained fran "the second and third derivatives of the rotation
equation, q. 225.

"

[1

1 {-1

weH2
x 2
=- - ~-) + Elwg 2 H ,k~-l

(kaH)~

coSh(kClH)e(l-~) + (kClH)8 Sinh (kClX)}]

-----'*2------(kaH)acos (kClH)a

(236)
l

and

(237)

The bi-moments due ~o th~ axial forces 'in the vertical members of the
structure, Tal, are obtained by substituting Eq. 236 into Eq. 234.

The torsion in the structure as a result of the shear forces Jcomplementary)

()

1n the continuous media of the bents, Tai, is 91ven by the fi~st

derivative of Eq. 238.

'.

"

The four continuous functions, Elw8", Elwan' , Tel

102

( ),

and Tet represent the forces in the total structure that must be
distributed to' the individual bents.
11.2.2

snli n9

Moments in Bent "j

Il

The bending moment equation for a single bent in a structure

Subject to torsion is

in wMch Elj.ZjSII represents the single curvature bending moment in

the vertical members of bent "j". The total bending moment carried by
the bent, Mj' is unknown and thus Tjt must be calculated separately .

The generic fourth arder differential equation for bent "j" is

y'.V
J'

(240)

"\

The def1ections in the bent can be expressed as

l
(241 )

'.

which allows the bend1ng moment and Toad equation for the bent to be
written, as
l

M.J

El .yU

j.j

Tj t

(242)

and~

(243)

0,
.'

"

./'

Su~st1tuting

Eqs: 242 and 243 into Eq. 240 and simplifying'yields

_4L

.. _ ........

__ .-....

_ .............. _ ...

"""".. ~"..,

r~_

~,.,.

.................. ~""'..

...... _~W>_~

....

103

T"n
j~

Bj2 'TjN

/1

GA'

yll

(244)

j j

The curvature in the bent is

yi!

z.' ail

(245)

and substituting this into Eq. 244 yields a second-order differential

equat10n for T.

/~~~-

This equat10n is similar to the one obtained in the deflection ana1ysis,

Eq. 195. The boundary conditions for bent

"jll

are the same as before;

.J,

zero

~xial

1.

forces in the columns at the top and zero shear force in the

cont1nuous medium at the base of the structure. The solution to Eq. 246
yields an equat10n for the moments in the beht caused by the axial
forces 1n the vert; ca l rnembers.

COSh(kaH)e(1- ~) + (kaH)e S1nh (kaX)e}]

+ C + C { - -----.;----.~------3
4
cosh(kaH)

in which

,,-

"

. , ..

t, -. "
.-

(24?) .

104
w

(,'

()

C1 '

(C 3+C 4}tanh( SjH)

l + C4 (katOa2
( SjH)Cosh(SjH)

(247a)

"

"

C2

C3

0
(il

Gl

1
,
.
l

1
(k~~l }(k'aH)~

(SjH)2

4;

(247b)
~

<Jlil

~o

('24.7c)
,

n~i

\iil

'

/i)

(SJH)'
C4 =
(k~,:, 1.) (kaH)~{ (SjH)2 -( kaH)~}

(247d)
11'
"

G>

For the special case in which a11 bents have identica1 values for S, then
Cl = C2

=
=

C3 = -C 4

(248a )

2
(kaH)e .

'

li'

'p

1\\

f248b)

'.

"

and Eq. 247 can be simplified to

-'

Tl'

Z{ (EAc 2).
'
=
J n:eR.}
2
2
Z{EAc )i"Zi
\

~0'

~(249.)

in which TaR. is given by Eq. 238 . I-t is' shown by Eq. 249 that the bio
qt;,

moment is distributed to the. individual 'bents in .propotion to their axial

~
dl
2
stiffness parameters, EAc and distances fram the centre of rota~on.

<1,""'"

The result of this is that the floor rotations in !he vertical planes ~
of the bents, due ta axial deformations in the columns,
are proportional
~_
'g'illl
J

to the distanes from the axis of synmetry in the structure, Fig. 4l.,
.' ,

.-

.'

~',

,9.~
Md

.
~"'

"
"

,.

"

..
~

'

.. ' ....

'

l"
<.,
~,',

'

_ _ _ "''''...... ' ' ...........

~~~

. .

.....,.... _

.... . - ...

,...~)<.t._"

....... .. ..,_ _. __ -"',_

~

105

()

}~

~actual

floor'

~_/
____..---" deformed "oor

SENT'

,---"""z

Figure 47: Axial defarmorionl

'11.2.3 Shear Forces in Snt

"j"

... '

The shear force equation Tor the bent 1s

'v
=
. j

EI.z.a'"
J J

+T~R.

(250)

where El.'
Z. a
represents the shear force in the vertica-'
members
J J
' o.f bent "j" due ta Si~gle curvrehavi~ur i~ ~he structure. ' The
III

shear force carried by the

ca~

deriva~ive af'Eq. 2~7.

"
TI.!

~=

medium is given by the first

'"

_ EAc.J .
El wg

ZJ"

~\

(l5l)

()

For the special aseowhere Bj

, '-

,',

= B.

i~e.

'r ,--

,"

_ u.'

>.

~.~.~ ~'._ .

~ ~"';I~ ~

t"..

JI

___,_:~-~_*_,_>~

'.'

-t~~:'~~----:~---

'"

:(:A~~':

_. __4:;1&:J.~;~

..

..

"

, l 'J

~ ~ "l'
~; ~

_ ~ '''' .-1;','
,

le.

~ ...

I~:;:

al1 bents have identica1 values

"

.'

, ~

_____
, _ _~__,.-......;;.-.-'...........
__
......
- _......._ _ _ _
..... ~___.w--"l'/"WIIMi-._

"'",

.' ..'

........_ .~_'fW'1,",",).......
fI . _ ...

'r

...... _ _ _ " _ _ ~....-----........- ..

_ .. ;4..-..,~

.. _,.''''

< ~

---o

106.

f;or

(J

'1

e,

then

"

'9'

T~R.

zf<EAc }j
=
t(EAc2 ) z~

(252)

{T l}

1.1
6

in wh1ch TeR. 15 the torsion due to the shear forces in the continuous
media of the bents and i5 given by the first derivative of Eq. 238.

The single curvature actions Eljzj911 and EljZj8111 can be

~I jYj

rewritten as

and Eljyj' , respectively.

Together with the interna1

actions TjR. and TjR' they represent the four continuous functions of
the forces in bent "jll and must be distributed to the individual
Q

horizontal and vertical members as well as the bracing systems in that

bent. The deta il 5 for this proc~ure are descri.bed in Section 7.4. "

<,

Equations simil"r to Eqs. 234-238 and 247 f.or other types of loading are
given) in Appendix A.
<

- .

"

'.

t(:

,;

.,,',

~::

-'

--'- ' ,.

---

.,

,~..

'!

"

.-

"< "
-

"

:. ''''~ '.
-~.,

"

..
,

i,

"/

r
j

-~-.:-:-.,'~""".-

: _,1~;. J

.--.

--";'~--';
,~

'

.
.

,~

"

.;

- -

- ..

.,...,......

ri

) 1 ~

0)

~ ~

...

,
~

--- - - , - - - - - -

---

,,~.:'-

-- 1 '

- ---

'/~
>

--

.~-~-.,

, 1: 1<1,_ "1 ~" '

----,

"''"'T-_~::--

~--

,,'

r~

107
CHAPTER

xrr

DEFLECTION AND ROTATION OF UNI-SYMMETRIC STRUCTURES

SUBJECT TO LATERAL tOADING

12. 1

UNI-SYMMETRIO STRUCTURES

..

. A uni-syrrmetric multi-bent structure is one in which the

horizontal load

resist~~ce

is provided by a combination of different

bents that are arranged on a floor plan with an

axis~

of syrrmetry

perpendicular ta the direction of the lateral lqading, Fig. 48. The

7

individual deflection profiles of the bents when acting separately may

\.

Fivur. 48:

1""

Uni - symmetric structur.

raf.!ge fram pure bending as in single shear walls, ta predominant1y

/"

shear as in rigid frames.

An asynrnetric conbination of such bents will

caus"e the sJructure ta deflect ana rotate regardless of the location

of the appljed 1ateral loacL__Iba-rotation-'ll1ght evn change direction
up the height of -the structure as is shown for a simpl e struture
consisting of one wall and one rigid frame, Fig. 49a.
along the height are shawn in Fig. 49b.

--------~

The deflections

Sections at different

----------------

el evat10ns indicate that the rotations cannot be assumed to be continuously

1

increasing in one direction with height, Fig. 49c.

that the structure has a single center of rotation.
:

Nor can it be assumed

This will in fact

.. ...... -.....
~

">0'-

--~...,-

... --

~~-

108
t;

,
A

l
l

r-UJ

-+ ~A

1
1

1
1

- f'

L__
H

'1
Jj
1/

1
1

(b)

.,
\

1
1

A-A

ri[]e.a

ri

1
1

(c)

F1our*-49: Rotation of fromtwall structur.

be in a different loction at ~h floor level.

\he particular case of

a comoination of single shear wall s and moment resisting frames with

axially rigid members was solved earl ier [20].

A genera1ized method of

analysis w:ill be presented here for uni-synmetric

of combinations

~f

structur~s

many different types of bents.

consisting

The method will

,1

11

account for the axial defonnations 1n the columns and an be extended

'"t

to high-rise' structures with general asymmetr1c f100r plans.

1
,.,

12.2 'COUP!..ED DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

- .
1

12.2.1

Loading
o

The uni-symmetric structure shown in' Fig. 50a has the z-axis

, .)

Il

as the axis of symmetry on which the x-axis is arbitrari1y located.

The

latera1 load q ;s replaced by two separate loads located at the

50b~

individual bents, Fig.

such that
(253)
-

----

and

'.. '

'f'-'
.,

~-

, ..

~!.

~:...\~

'..

~-----~

'.
,....,

"f"

"
~

- ...............- - - - -

'

\ _ '<,

_ _

'"~~ t, . ~._.

4'
~

___
.
----.-r -

o--.--,.. _ _ ,~,

_----......., _ _ _ _. _

109

,,( 254)

( )

tx

-z

x
(a)

-z
(b)

tq;

~q

tq2-

Fiour. 50: Uni - .ymmttrlc structur. wlth lattral loadino

These loads wl11 cause the structure to defl ect in the y-d i recti on and

ta rotatetabout the x-axis as shpwn in Fig. 51. The def1ection y,

,l)

indicates the translation "of the x-axis.

the individua1 bents, Y and Y2' are a
1

Thff add1tion1 deflections in

res~lt

of rotation in the

structur~

----,

'.

xii
1L ________ J1
1

Fl9ur. !SI: O.fl.ctlon and rototion ln unl-.ym .... trlc .,ructurt

;,1 ~_- -_ _ __

'.

,and are given by

(255)

Applying the generic differential equation to bent 1 yields

El (y+y ) IV
1

,,
-

,,~

,,~

'EI (y+y ) IV
2

(257)

Subst;"tuting Eq. 255 into Eqs. 256 and 257 and considering the special
. case for which 13

:: 13

:: S, then

(258) " q

and'
"EI 2Y 'Y .+ EI 'Z 2 ;S!V -'k~GA2yll - kiGA2'Z2'9n
2
i

(25~)

. '.

Thes"e represeht-the',.two basic differential equ~tions for the structure

in which
.'

"'-,.

(260)

'

Deflection Eguation

"12.2.2

"Add1ng Eqs. 258 and 259 gives

. _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

wh~reaccording

---

to Eq. 253 the total applied bending moment is

(262)

The centroid of the El system is defined as

n
0-

---d

(263)

.
_ _ .n __

._.........,-_._~_._~

,.

__________.____.... ___ 0_- _

.. _ _

_-.z _ _ ...... _ _ _ _ ... _

..... ~_"'_,_~ _ _ _ _ _ ~ .......____

..,...._~_

.... _

.... n:~ ... _ , ....

..

.....,._~

' ............. - .. .1< ....

_ _ ~ ..

' - _ _ _ _ ,'., _ _"..._~~'>I~,...~_<"~

_ _ .....n<'"

", ...

_.,,.....,, ...........

~_

..

,_~

.!~

.. "'"

-"",""."",~~'1"'l1_'."I'l\

111

1",

i.n which d is the distanceJrom the centroid to the y-axis . The centroid

~ CJ

of the k2GA system 1s defined as

"

(264 )
\

where a is the distance between the centroid and y-axis.

Substituting
1

Eqs. 263 and 264 into Eq. 261 and simp1ifying by 1eaving out smmation
signs yiel ds. the "defl ectian" equation far the structure
1

(265)

12.2.3 Rotation Equa!i on

Mul ti'p1y1ng Eqs. 258 and 259

tfl~~~_ zi

gives

... - ..... -..... .........

J ...

and

The warping stiffness.of the structure with respect ta the x-axis is

defined as
---- f.

--_-:::.

".

(268)

(\

...
and the torsional stiffness, adjusted for axial deformations, relative. _ - to the x-axis can be expressed as
2
2
2
2
2
~e~~_ = __~GA1'Zl + k~2_GA---.l2:-~Z2t.--_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~__

(269)

112

( )

Adding Eqs. 266 and 267 and substituting for Eqs. 254, 268 and 269 gives
the IIrotation" equation for the structure
(270)

ln which according to Eq. 254

..

(271 )

12.2.4 Characteristic Parameters

Equations 265 and 270 are the two coupled differentia1 equations
in y and e that must be so]ved simultaneously.

The problem can be

simplified by choosing the x-axis at th centroid of the El system, i.e.

d = 0, then dividing through by El and taking
r2 '

--

(272)

leads to
(273a)

and

",

(273b)
in' which

, (274)

(
-----

----

- ---

- ---

~--

IR

~~~,~IU

""''11\1: 1

.'!Ii'.

$S.a

P"UfII'JfI'JIIAIo. . . . " ' . . . .

HI",I>Joo",~~.lj~'-'oi!tJ

.... - .. _

..... ,,...., . . . ,,~~~ .. ,"~.p'''Of''tI! . . pl=",~.4:;; e ~llI'PJI:""'~"'~-~_U"'-"-~_ ~ -~,,"

oj,. _ _

"_r_ ...._~w

113
For uni-sYmnetric multi-bent strutures the expression. for the warping

(>

stiffness relative to the x-axis 1s

{275}

El w
where zi is the z-coordinate of the bent.

The tequation for the modified

torsiona1 stiffness with respect to the x-axis is

(276)
in which zi is the z-coordinate measured from the bent to the centroid

of the El-system. Then

(277)

The adjusted shear rigidity of a single shear wall in the structure is

'GAw

(k GA)wal1

which is indetermined for GAw

= EAc; = O.

(278)

It is suggested that GAw and

E.AC; are given artifically smal1 values such that

(279)

J" '

and

j.~_=__=_=_=_-=_-----,,= ===--,,---,E:.--=Ac--,-;
,1

().

:'

--------~~-

10

~ l 00 E( EA~ 2) ;

'.

These rigidities for the wall will not have any impact on the final
-~~-----

-- ----------

(280)

114

outcome of ,tDe analysis.

(.)

Subst1tut1ng tqs. 279,and 280 into Eq. 278

and also noting that GA/EAc 2

= a2 ,

then

a2 .El wall

(281 )

This value for t e adjuste rigidity must be used'for the wall in th

calculation of th

centroid of th~ k2GA ~yst~, Eq. 264, and the total

torsiona-'l stiffne s of the structure, Eq. 276.

12.3

UNCOUPLING OF OIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

The coupled deflection and rotation equations,.Eqs. 273a and b

can be solved by uncoupling, i.e. by transferring them to another

l

'

coordinate system.

Rewriting the equations in matrix form

, (282)

, ~ka)~
r

(ka)~

The uncoupling procedure is identical to the mode-superposition method

used for the undamped vibrations in dynamic analysis [30].

This technique

was first applied to the static analysis of tall structures by Rutenberg

'and Heidebrecht

[20].

The nonna l-coordinate transformation serves to

change a set of coupled equations for tra.nslation into a set of uncoupled

equations.' The "free vibration", unforced or homogeneous fonn of Eq. 282
is given by
[I]

[Q]

"

(283)

=0

- ,'t

t-----1

where the identity matrix is comparable to the mass matrix in dynamic

- -~------~------

115
analys1s.

The eigenvalue problem associated w1th this equation 15

Y}II

'

(284)

= 0

{ra "
""

,'"'

,,~2

wh ere Pl 2 are the eigenvalues.

Setting the determinant, [Q-p I] equal

to zero yields an equation for the eigenvalues

(kB}2_(ka)~ _
2
+

2
( ka) 2 -(ka )e}2

2 .

22

+{?ka) }

(285)

?----

~tUting the eigenvalues into Eq. 284 will yield the modal ~igenvectors.
After orthononnalizat1on, the vectorsoin mat1"'ix fonn are
[H] .'=

~1+f2 .

(286)

[ , .'f]'-f

in whfch

f ,=

where

(287)

pi is the smaller of the e1genvalues.

The orthononna1fzed mode-

shape matrix has the pro perty

- - - - --

[N)-l

-----------

"

". --._-

----------_._--(288)

and ft can qufte easily be shown that

"

(289)

-------

- - - -

- - - - - - -- ---- -------

, 1

,!
?'--

116
,-

The mode-shape matrix [N] 1s usd to transfonn from the geometric

()

caordinates ta the genera1ized coordinates such that

- 1

[N]

(290)

',~

Multip1ying Eq. 282 through by [N]T gives

(291)

[N] T [Q] [N]

Subst1tut1n~

Eqs. 288 and 289 inta Eq. 291 yields

...

,....,

(292)

. j

,t

v' Y

where

mt-

ml

2
P~V" = fi (q-Ma )

and

m
2

are 1oad

(293)

factor~

l-f -er

(294)

'Vl+f2
and
~

it

, "

,'"

---~

- ---m2

+e
r

Vl+f 2

Equations 292 and 293 are

-=;.=-===='--=--=--,---=---'--"'----->!sHlalWme=---t-f-vQnn-a--S--th-e-ge-neric

, 0___
(

fourth-~der

different1al equations of the

defl ection equat10n for a single bent

They-

represent two separate orthogonal bents with the;r normallzed characterlst i c

\

-----

---

""'III_._ _ _ _..__,__

__
tf*f_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .. _ _ _ _

Writing the exPressions in te~ of a and k gives

parametrs.
,
U,fV

(ka)

U"

ml
2 2
-El {q - Ma (k ...1)}

'

(296)

u u

t297)
.where
1

(ka)~

p~

--

and

(298)

(299)

The individua1 characteristic par~meter a2

1s obtained as

fo11ows
(300)

and
(

Substituting the

.,; >

~~~
~,.

,into Eqs. 298 and 299 yie1ds

ais

"

~.,

,;,"';

---

. - - --

~---

-----~~-

--

-------

~,I\-

, 1

__

____

).
~,

~_,.1_......,.

__ y

J'.

'(302)

_...

_--.

,,' ,

.-

118
2

P'2

(303)
()

~I

',ffo

, The modified gr9ss moments of inertia for;,' t.~e

mOltiplied by the elastc modulii are

iJ

~onn~ l ized

structures

'

EIgu, = El

of'!

ku2

(304)

k2_1
u

""
~

and

""
2
k
' v

11

EIgv

::

El

(305,

*-

;'k 2_1
v

\
,

These modified rigiditi es are required in the" deflection equations 'for

coordinate~OJ

u and v which must then, he transferred back tb Othe geometric.

,~

aCCOrding to Eq. 290.

"
,D

".

&!J
,

,
j

-;.----

"#

-'

~""

,,,

"
...:

..

:'
".

.1
"

'"

::,"

:;.-~

~~}~~,~

'

~--_... ~: "....
f

,\

,,-.-',

, ,

j
,~ ~"\

, ,.'

."

...

.. '

., _"1, ..

':
~

"

.!

"

... '

,.

','
\i

...

, -_._'-'.;-':.....,:
.. ~

_ _--::;.,\."__
'1 _ _ _"_:(+""">4'1"";'......._ _ _ _ _ _
_1tII_._..
..

.l,

C'

,0

..

Im

'tgb _

~~

...~_
...
_ ....,.;...,~
....~.....
' '___
, ....
_.__
i _'~",I"'~

,r"

CHAPTER Xn 1

,~

u..

, .',1,.' :

'"

.. 'f"..,,_,. .._
. ~..........

119
"

(]

~~

'"\<

'...

,1

'

ANALYSIS OF UNI-SYMMETRIC STRUCTURES ,SUBJECT TO LATERAL LOADING '

1

l"

(CATEGORY 4)

\',

DEFLECTIONS AND RG1ATIONS

13. 1

'"
, The generic different1al equations for the orthogonal structures

1>

'>

, subject to un1fonnly distr1buted loading can be expressed' as

(306)

and

'.

in whicb

~o

"
"

"

"

'

(308)

,.

'

.. .

"

'

__ - r_ _ _"

(309)
D

,-

':.

The bounda ry condi ti ons for ttiese normal ized bent~ are the same as for
the actua l structure
. Q(H)

" ,,

"

" '

Q(H)

.,

'

v'(H)

0; zero slope at the bases,

Q"(O)

Q"(O)

0; no bend ing moment at the

,.
-----

~.

'; (3<10)

= 0; no deflection at the bases,

OJ(nH) ,=

'(311 )

tops~,

(312)

';

~.,.

'l

'~:~

'c

'::'+.~_i.

~.~

{,:; ~ t

..

\.
,

~,...."

...................

_-_.......---- . ::...---~ ,

,.. ~--' ..".~-~

il
,

'

-=

QIII

'r

..

120

l't; all

(H) _;;

shear for,ees taken by the columns and

bas~s.
,

wa11s
at the
,

(313 )

,1

Th solutions t~ Eqs. 306 and 307 yie1d the def1ection equatio~s

.(

,..

==

{\

'.

cosh'(kaH)u(1- ~)-l~{kaH~u[Sinh(kaH)u-Sinh(kaX)~r}J'

{kaH)~cosh~ kaH)u

"

and

(314 )

_..

'

.'

.,

"t

....
~

0"-

l~::

_ ,;

~
o

.,
1

'

cOSh(ka~)vp - H-)~l-{,ka~)~ [Si~h(kaH-)v-Si~h(~ax)v]

.

(kaH)!cosh(k.H)v

'

}J

'.

(315)

".

1.-.,"

~."

.;,

'

The terms inside the brackts are identical to those in the deflection
,

equat10n for a single bent, Eq. 104, wi1;h the-exception that the .'

.' -

rotational stiffnesies.: This makes it possible t use the graphs in Figs.

"

"

characteristic parameters are normalized functions of lateral and

30-32 ta obtain the sway indices.

~ck

ta the geometr;c

coord~nate

The deflections can be transferred

accprdi~

system

to Eq. 290.

for defl~ctian and rotation

.
symmetric multi-bent structure.
"
the follawing

equ~tions

in

This yields

the actual uni-

..
...

and

..... , '

.' -',
f

-,

'"

-,

"

~~;;:.;,

,-"

-;:l~}..~_,:j ~i
~r~/:

~~ ~

,'"
H,.i

_4

" ."-

", {~\!;- _

. ~."

'

..

121
(317)-

()
in which
1-f
- .!.
r

(313)

1+f2
7

and

y 2

'13.1.1

\.

f + e

r
'l+r-

(319)

..

Def1ect~ons

in Sent

IIj"
r'

.,-

The total sway

inde~
p

defl~ction

(Y~p)

".

and the rotation at the top of the structure .

(Y~p) y ~

where

in a bent is a combinat1on of the

(Yiop )

(320)

, -

(Ytop/H)~

15 the total ~way index of the x-axis ~ the structure-and

(Ytop/H)a is the-additiona1 sway index ,due to rotation.

Subs,~ituting

Eqs. 255, 316 and 317 into Eq. 320 gives the tota1 sway index for bent ,"j" ,
"
/.

~n

whlch Zj 1s the z-coordinate of the bent. The sway

~.

norma1ized bents are

obtai~ed

dividing through by H.
c

..

.-

in~ices

- (321)

for the

from Eqs. 314 and 315 by setting x

= 0 and

- l

,'

. 122

()
cosh( kaH) u-1 ~(kaH) usinh(kcxH} IJ

anr.

fi

'[1

(k~)~coSh(kaH)u

__ ___

}],
__

(32Z)

III

(Otop
H

wH

Elgv 8

1 { 2(kaH)2
1

k2_1
v

(323)

..

,
These can be rewritten as

'

l,

top =

(32~)

l"~

where.Kt can b obta1ned direct1y from the d1agram in Fig. 30 for

1

practical ranges of auH and ku'

,'
.'

','

,f

. (325)

-."

for which Kt is plotted in Fig. 30 as a function of avH and k~.

storey sway index in bent

"j"

The

is a1so a combination of def1ect1on.and r(jtation

(326)

,G

Substituting Eq. 255 and the first derivatives of Eqs. 316 and 317 into
~
1

, 11

Eq. 326 g1ves

.C )

(QYx}J'
Ox

..

z.,

"'Y 1 {l_.:1.
r

f} +

z.

YJ'Y 2 {f+.:J.}
r .

('327)

where ' and.QI are given by the first derivatives of Eqs. 314 and

.1;'-

315, respective1y.

.l'",
.

;
i
1

i
!

'

'1

1
,
j

. -sinh(kaH) (l - XH)'+(kaH) COSh(k~x) }]

+
u
u
u
(kaH)~cosh(kaH)u
.

(328)

and

,.

1... -

...

,~Sinh(kaH}v(1 - H)+(kaH~vC~Sh( ~ax )v}]

(kaH);cosh(ko.H)v

It is not 1ikely that the maximum

I,~,

(3~9)

'

stor~J

sway in the' two nonnal ized

,.

bents occur at the same 'level becaus for most structures au " av and
Therefore the maximum storey sway cannat be obtained direct1y "
~

:fram the diagrams but must be obta ined by means o.f a trial and error
pr~cedure

for several storey e1ev?tions using Eq. 327.

the maximum storey sway index

c~n

The location of

be oDtained by differentiating Eq. 327

once more, setting it equal to zero and solving for x by inspection.

Since this equation is a function of x, au' KU' av and kv it cannat be
presented in_ graphical form.

Equations similar to Eqs. 314, 315, 324",

124

325, 328 and 329 for other types of loading are gi,ven in Appendix A.
A diagram simi1ar to Fig. 30

other types of loading is shown in

fo~

Appendix B. An example of this method of analysis is given in Appendix D.

'

'. .... 13.2

FORCES

13.2.1 Bending Moments and Shear Forces in the 'Orthogonal Structures

The equations for the bending moments in the two normalized
bents subject to uniformly distributed load,ing are
J

wx 2

<

(330)

El 0" +TR.
u

:a

(.

and

','

.wx2

.,

z-:

"

==

,"

..

(331 )

El 'I" +TR.
v
-.

i[l which El QII and El 'III represent the single curvature bending !1loments,

J,

A" and

Q"

are gi ven, by the second der; vat; ves of Eqs. 314 and 315,

respectively.

0"

",.

cosh(kcxH)
.
U(1 -~)
n + (kaH) Usinh(kax) U
2
,
(kaH)ucosh(kaH}u

}J

(332)

..,

and

1
~

: -",:, 0

1
\1f
l

1,[

, '.

:;

"

i,

.... _ _ _ _

~.....__ _ _ ..._..~ _ _ _ _ "! ...... _ " " "

.... _ _ .... _

.......

'"

~~~~ _ _ _ ~ ..........._ _ _. - _ _ ...--."""~,... _ _ _ _ ... ~~ ... ~ _ _ ':1'1'1,."'~~~m

'f;,

" 125

()
+ c.osh{kaH)v(l - H-} + (kaH}vSinh(kaX}v}J .

(kaH)!coSh(kaH)v

(333)

Substituting Eqs. 332and 333 into Eqs. 330 and 331, respectively, will
yield expressions for the moments in the bents corres~onding ta the

axial forces in the co1umns.

(334)

1
r -,

and
1

(335)

The equat10n for the shear forces in the orthogonal bents are
wx

El Q"I +'T'R.

{336}

wx

El

(337)

and

where

QIII + TIR.

'" , QIII , T~R.

and

T~R.

334 and 335 respective1y.

are g1ven by dlfferentiat1ng Eqs. '332,333,

1
\
j

,!

126
13.2.2 Sending Moments in Sent

()

"j"

The bending moment equation for a single bent in the actua1 multibent structure ;s

El .yl! + T.
J J

(338)

The deflection of bent "j" is a combination of the deflection of the

x-axis ;n the structure and the rotation about this axis.
Eq.

1
f'

twice gives

25~

yi!
J

Differentiating

y" +

z. e"

. (339)

!
i
1

Substituting

EI.y" + EI.z.e" +
J
J J

(340)

Differentiating Eqs. 316 and

yU

"

= y 0" + fy VII
l
2

(341 )

and

re"

-trlO" + Y2 0"

in wh ich 0" and

Q"

(342)

~re given b\ Eqs. 332 and 333.

The single curvature

bending moment in bent "j" can now be expressed as

.'
ELyl!
JJ

z. f} + Q",y {f+---!}
z. ]
EL' [ O"y {1-2
J
l
r
,\' 2
r

The moment due to the axial forces

because the total bending moment

1
,
(343)

'~~ bent must be obtained separately

at~r~~ed

by the bent Mj , is unknown.

 _,

_ _ ~""_N_"--'_~~""'''''''' _ _ _ _ _ ''''''~''''''''''~V_

.. "" ... "..V.... _~ .. , .. _

'"
...... ~ ....... _

"
.....
__ \. _
. . . .".,
. _._
.....
_ _

. : - - _ ,_ _
t,_
... ,.....,..--..-... ,

...

II1II1014'

R..... - -..... ~~ .. _

... _~ _

....... _~_~. _ _. _ ..... _ _ ... _~ -.._.

_.,

127
Following a

procedure as in Section 11.2.2 for the analysis of

simi1a~

a single bent in a mu1ti-bent structure, the second order differential

~

eq~ation

"

for Tj 1s
(344)

where yI!J i s g;ven by, Eq. 339" Substituting

for" yU and ail. from Eqs. 316
.
and 317 and solving leads to an expression for ,the axial moment in

the bent.

.f

".

l
2

TjR,

(EAc ) j

El

.2

g.u

{1\-:;" ,f}

wH y 1

'1

(OUI- U2 )s;nh( BJoX)-{ DU3 +OU4 )cosh{ BJoX)

\
in which
(345a)

1 +

u4( kaH)2u

= (8j H)

(345b)

(k~ - 1 )( kaH) ~

(345c)

.~

,
_

'~I

,I,"_,..~

v_ . . . _.-_ _

,
,

r""

__ ...... __ .-.................. -.--......._ ..... ..-........ ,~_

'

.p . . . .___,.,. .,. ....... ~..,.. . ._ _ ~.....

# _ ................

~.

--..

~.,.~~ -....-..,...~~~~~~,.I

128

DU4

::

DV!

::

{f3 H)2
j

(345d)

(k~-1)(kaH)~{(ajH)2_(kaH)~}
(DV3+DV4)tanh(BjH)

(345e)
-'

1 ;. DV4 (kaH)e
Dv2 = ( BjH )cosh
( SjH)

DV3

..

"

. (3~5f)

- (k;-l )(1 kaH);

(jH)

(345g) . \,
1

.-

DV4

( BjH)2

(345h)

(ke- l )(kaH);{(B j H)2_(kaH);}

For the special case in which all bents have identical values for

DU!

::

DU3

::

DV3

::

DU2
-DU4

-0v4

::

:or

DV2

::

DV!

::

et

the~

(346a)

0
----"

(346b)

'(kaH)2
u
1

(~6c)

(kaH);.
1

and Eq. 345 can be s-'jmpl ified to

TjR,

"

::

{k -1

{k -1 Z}J

2
2
-(EAc 2).J [
z .. }
T -R,.y ....!!- (1 _.::.J. f) + T R,.y ..:L- (f +.:1.)
EAc 2
r
v : k2_1
r
u ! k2_l

where TuR. and TvR. are given by Eqs. 334 and 335,

respec~ively.

(347)

.AI

.....

64!\i~

,........ ", ....... ,

----<-"_.---,

:w

..
12-9

13.2.3 Shear Forces in Sent "j"

The shear force equation for a single bent is

4"

"

EI.yl!1 + T~R. -:

Vj

J J

(348)

where

EIJ'YJI!I

',1

El y"!. +' z .EI .a lll

J

(349)

whih represents the single curvature shear force in the vertical

members of the bent.
y"l

ra

From Eqs. 316 and 317

0" + fy 2V"I

(350)

-f'Y QIII + y QIII

1
2

(351 )

and
lll

where '" and yU' are given by the thircl derivatives of Eqs. 314 and
315, respectively.

EljYJI!1

The single curvature shear force can be rewritten as

z.
El. [ QIII. y il _.:.J..
J
1
r

z. ]

f} + ylll .y {f +~}
2
r

(352)

. .
The shear force carried by the continuous medium of bent "j" is given
by the first derivative of Eq. 345.

For the special case Whe~Bj= B,

i.e. a11 bents have identlcal $-va1ues, then

(353)

in "which Tlt and Tlt are given by the first derivative of Eqs. 334 and

130
1

335, respectively.

The singl_e curvature actions EI.yl! and EI.yl!' together with

J J

J J

~the internal actions T.~ and TJ~1 represent the four continuous functions
~
J

for the forces in beot

"jlf

and must be.distr.ibuted to its individual

Details of this procedure are described in

me~s.

Sec~ion

7.4.

Equations similar to Eqs. 330-337 and 345 for other types of loading are

j
)

given in Appendix A.

13.3

f
1

ACCURACY
For the analyses of symmetric structures it was suggested that

the difference in the S-values for the individual bents in the structure
be ignored.

The final results

fo~

deflection and

inter~al

forces would

still be quite accurate as shown by Example 1 in Appendix D.

The
1

method of analysis for uni-symmetric structures as described in this

chapter is rnuch more sensitive as indicated by the increased complexity

of sorne of the equations.

i
f

In these the sign of the characteristic

parameters y and f will most often cause the final results in the

, i
l

analysis to be the difference between two large values which are'

functions of S.

It is therefore suggested that the method be restricted

for use to structures in which the maximum ratio of S-values is close

to unity.

In a series of tests where continuous medium analyses were

compared with computer stiffness matrix analyses it was found that a

8(max)/8(min) ratio kept below a value of 1.5 wou1d yield reasonably

)
j

accurate results.

This allows groups of bents of the same type to be

, ,
1

combined with p1anar shear walls and cores with good results for'
prliminary design.
cJ

~ ~_......,.._--""-.....,..._,~~_,...,,..

1"1'"

".~,.,

.......

_$1_._.__

~ _~"k-~ ... <J"O".~"'_'_.)41.-.',

~-",.,...".!I'f,.."OIl!\~...,....,,"<""'"'"

H5_,e,I_
....,""""
..

, ... .,."'_ .........,_", ...

""~.~~'"T <e*"''''''''''~''

,.."..,..

~ ... .-... ~

___ _

131
,

,{\'

NON-PLANAR SHEAR QALLS

13.4

.....

1
,

Non-planar walls used as service cores in ta11 buildings quite

'often cause the structural floor pl ans to be asyrrmetric.
is shown in Fig. 52 for a uni-symmetric structure.

An examp1 e

In such cases the

cores can easily be included in the generalized continuous medium analysis.

a

.~ :x! ~ 0 ~z ~

!
,i

tq
Figur. !s2: Uni - syrnrn.trlc cor. struCfur.

The non-p1anar bents are considered to have thre major structural

!

parameters:
1)

Flexural st{ffness,ofEIc_' tQ be tal<en in the y direction fo!," uni-

symmetric structures.
2)

Warping stiffness, Elwc' to be added ta Eq. 275.

3)

St. Venant torsiorral stiffness, GJ, to be added to Eq. 276;

As demanstrated for planar shear wa11s in Section 12.2.4, the 1<2GA fdr
.

'

cores is~taken as ~2EIc acting at its shear center.

This value must

be used when calulating the centroid of the k2GA system and is also to
be included in Eq. 276. The torsional and warping con'stants J and Iw
must be obtained fram first principles.

For cores with a simple

,

Cl

geometry these can be found in standard texts, [31].

If lintel beams

cross the opening of the non-planar walls, the warping and torsional

r
,/

132

stiffnesses can be adjusted to take the restraining effect of the beams

into

~ccount .n~]. The resulting klft in shear center may also be

considered [32]. The internal forces in the cores can be obtained fram
the deflection and rotation results.
E1wc a" and the torsion by (Elwca

lll

The bi-moment is represented by

-

GJ8

).

The bending moment and

shear force equations are similar ta those ,for other bents in the
structure.

(354)

'Mc' '" El c .yll + El

Z 6"
. c. c

"

and

'"

vc
'" Elc
.y"' c
+ El zcail.
in which Zc is the z-coordinate of the shear center of tbe core.
f

l'

The'

shear forces in the 1intel beams are'

1

,"

(355)
~

Where An is

t~~ara~Cl0Sed

b.

by the crOss section of,the core, a' is the'

warplng displacement at beam level, and b 1s the length of the beams

'0

'.

()
.

_
~
."~---.- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _

....... .:-_~_~

...

x~..... ,~_

T-_-..,.. . .

l
h

..................

<.... _-~~--- ..... ~, ... _ _ ....

'

~M~ . . . . . . .

- -

----~

'-"'~-

. - - . . ... -

- - , '

- - _ ..__ ....... .......... _ ..." +..

~

-~

>t

-133
Ir

-,,

,1

'HAI'>T"ER 'XIV

( )

I>

...

OONCLUOING REMARKS

"
CONCLUSIONS

14. 1

o
o

'.The analysis for two coupled wa11s, used as a 1atera.l load,

, .,"

res; sti ng cel ement in ta 11 structures, was ach i eved by rep 1a~'i'ng the

ft;

conriect.ing beams vwith a c.onti-nuous

medium of equivalent stiffness [3].

It

al10~ed
~

the basic modes of deformation, the bending in a11 members

r"

and' the axial deformations in the wal1s, to be taken into account and-,
,it resulted in a few simple design equations for the bent.

In this

thes is it has been shown that the coup1 ed' w~ 11 theot;'y can be used a's a
basis for the

ana1:ysiu~

of

~~ny

different types' of ,com p l'{3.tall building

1
l'

structures.
1)

/... .11

i)

The contlnuousJmedium

bay rigid frames.

theo~y

was generalized for

the analysis 0
'~

The reduced flexural stiffness of the vertical

members in such structures a110wed doub1~ curvature in ,the' -floor to f100r

columns to occur.

This mode of behaviour was taken into account" by

..

altering ~he parameter representing th racking shear rigidity of the

bent.
2)

The basic theory was fur.ther expanded to take the individual shear
(J

deformations in al1 members into account.

done in two stages.

'shear, occurring in the co1umns only, requ;red an

fpr the shear rigidity.

0'

"

The doub1 e curvature shear in the beamf and colomn

was included by modifying ttiei,r moments of inert-ia.

J;J

In the final form this was

The single curvature

ad~itional

parame ter

This resulted in a slightly modified' set of

l,

;
'
/~~_- __ "'-'>-'-'-~_a,_.1"_~~"'-""-'~~"""''''''''>~_'''_~~''~ _~""~'O!"t,"",",,~~ cr....rr_"1~~4X'~"1'_r-_~~

l,

..... _

...

_~,

'

134
J

design equ~tions.,

.,

3)

The generalization ,of the theory for on-e-b~y rfgid fra'mes made it

possible ta include, bther types of lateral load resisting bents.

J.

This.

'

was achi eved by consider.ing the different modes of behavi our for each

bent. The wide range of

bent~

suitable for _continuous medium analysis

miJ1tiplerco'~Pled-walls,V'rigid

iniude wall-frames,

frames; ri9id frames

frames with single or multi-storey bracing

w1th central waHs and
A11 these bents thus be 16n'g te' a ' si ngi e fami ly of structures.

systems.

It was a1so made possible tQ include p'anar shear wal1s t!!ld non-planar
shear wa 11 s with l intel bell11s at each floor, in mu1 ti -bent -Structures.
4)

Methods of ana lys i s were developed for synJl1etri c and uni ,:s.YlllT1etric

structures.

It "was sho~ ~hat the analysis of a multi-pent structure

could be reduced ta an !nalysis of an equivalent single bent without

.disturbing the simplicity of the basic design equations.

were'~ound

Such m'thods

ta be rigorous for an ,important c1ass of structures.

The

appl icabil ity of the general theory to other cases was discussed which
resulted. in upper and lower bounds for the accuracy of the solutions.
l,'

1
t

It has been shown that the general ized method of analysis can
1

be 'used for many1'aifferent types of high~rise structures.

of~the

The method.

allows a rapid assessment

sway characteristics as ,well as the

internal forces in the individual members of each bent in the structure.

This information should give the design engineer an easy means of
o

comparing the suitability of alternat've structural proposals, in

,

addition to iliitial data for a computer anlysi.s or a check on the

reasonabl eness of the fi nal computer output.

1
l,

..

__.______ ~---~i _ _. ~~~...-,

... _._:lIIW'_",~_~...~. . VJWft."J>N:'.~_"''''''''-!5III''''ItIIe!P.

Iili31

4i

~""""""~~"""""'~~_""'-_~_,,~_'"

1.....

135
14.2

'SUMMARY OF CHARACTERIST 1C PARAMETERS

C)
It was shown that a continuo's medium ana.1)'sis of a structure
- from any category required only two characteristic non-dimensi ona1' .
~

Thes ~wo parameters were derived from structural. rigiditi~s

parameters.

, thi;lt are characteristic for each category of structures.

"Category 1:

Singl e Be.nts.

The structural stiffness'S representing the major modes of behaviour

"

in a single ~ent are El, GA and EAc These rigidities yie1d two
2

dimensionless p~rameters, aH and k 2 that can be used for the an,a1ysis of

many different types of bents.

In a symnetric structure consisting of n

identica1 bents .the load taka. by each bent will be l/n times the total
appl ied sYmntric 1ateral load,ing.

In the case of torsion, the individual

loads

attract~ by

the bents are proportional to their distance5 from

"

the center of rotation.

category 2:

Plan-SYJTI11etric Structures Subject to Synmetric Loading:

.
The structural rigidities are sunmed for .the number of bents in the

.,

.. structure; l: (E!)i' l: (GA) i and E (EAc ) i.

1

These stiffnesses yi el d two'

non-dimensiona1 parameters, aH and k2 which represent "the total multi-

".

bent structure in a deflection ana1ysis.

"

Category 3:-

P1an-Symmetric Structures Subject. to Torsiona1 Loading.

'0

The

ro~ational

stiffnesses ef a syrrmetric structure must a1so include the

locations of the bents.

',"are l: (~I(

The characteri stic ri gidities for, rotat~on

zt), E(GA;, z~), and'

2
ECEAc )

(zt which, when combinee!, yield the

dimensionl ess par,ameters "a.eH and k~.. They represent the tata 1 structure

J.

- - . :_ _ _ _ _ _ .... _ " . . . . .

~ -~ -"'--'~~ ~
..

.. _

M_

~ _~
......

_ _.. .::......" ........................... _

~N~~"'_~ ~M_-2~ . . . . . """'r.;. ~""~~ ... ____ _~...........,'"'<4~~""'." . .

_ ...... ____ ~"

A. _. . ,..,,~_, 'W

_~".""4,,_ ..,.,..... .. _ ........ ~

'

136'

. in

-...

the rotation analys-is.

Category 4:'

The characteri$tic parameters (ket)2, (k(l)~ and

Uni-Synmetric Structures.

a2

are obtained fronf the

2
structural rigidities >:(E1),., E(k
.GA,.), E(EI,.. z~), E(k~GA,.z2i)' >:(GA) .-l
'
l
1
,
i

and E(EAc 2 )i'

The uncoupling Qf the differential equations yields two

sets of non-dimensiona1 parameters in a normal ized coordinate system;

etu~ and k~ in addition to etyH and k~. These are then used separate~y .

in the basic design equations. The resulting deflections and internal

forces must be transferred back to the geomet~ic coordinate system.

SUftt1ARY OF GENERALIZED DESIGN EQUATIONS

14.3

The two non-dimensional parameters derived for each category can

naw

~e

applied ta a single set of design equations.

The displacements

a10ng the height of a structure subject to a uniform1y distributed lateral

load are given by

+ cosh(kaH)( 1 - R.),-l -(kaH) [s inh( kaH) -sinh( kax)] }]

(kaH )4co sh (kaH)

, (35Sf

The bending moments due to the axial forces in-vertical members of the
structure are expressed as
<!1

_w_ [ sinh( kaH,-( ko.H) . sinh(kax) _ cosh(ko.x)

k4a2
cosh( aH)
.'

~_

...........- .... _ .. _

...-.-...... _

~~

........-....

..,.._,,~

~~""""'

_ _ _ "~~_~""""""" ... _

"

...._ _ O/'<_~ .. "",

....... ~"" .. _ . _...

V"'..,.........

_~",.,.wt;,....;_

"""',

...-.:~;<>

wx 2
T

El y" +

,.~~

....

~_

"137
\

(358)

tR,'

in which El yU represents the single crvature bending moments in the

vertical members.
wx

The shear force equation is

El ylll + TI R.

(359)

where El y"1 is the single curvature

, shear force in the vertical
and

TIR.

is the shear forcg in the continua.

the four internal forces El y", El yI" ,

For multi-bent structures

and T'R, are ta be distributed

to the individual bents as described in Chapters IX, XI and XIII

depending on category of structure.

The individual forces for each

bent must sUbsequently be distributed to the individual beams, floor to

floor columns and bracing members.

This procedure is outlined in

Section 7.4.
-'

The four basic design equations, Eqs. 356-359, are set up for
the analysis of a single bent_as

in

Category 1.

The equations can be

used for structures fram all other categories by replacing the

characteristic non-dimensional parameters aH and k2, the load w and the
bending stiffnesses El and EIg'
cat~gories

The equivalent parameters for the other

are shawn in Table 1. The multiple use of Eq. 356 allows

the deflection diagrams in Figs. 30-32 which were originally set up

for Category l structures ta be used for all other structures as well.
, .

_ . _ _ _ _ _... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

'"--';~<oeJI~.......-~',_r

...'..

~_

.. ....
~

.".~i'{"'>

..

.....,.-...

~,.,...~

....

IIYt"'"........,....~

~"._~~.,..

.. ....,,...

.~,,~,

138
',--J

1
l'
i

()

Table 1:

",

Equivalent Variables for Design Equations

Oisplacement
and Action

Category

. Load

Non-dimensional
parameters

Rigid ities

H-

aH

k2

El

El g

H-

aH

k2

El

EIg

Te~

we

CleH

2
ke

Elw

Elwg

Tu~

CluH

k2u

El

Elgu

Tv~

a vH

2
kv

El

EIgv

~
'"1

....

r-

---,------".-~.~

. . . . . . . . . - - -. "",. -_. ---- - -"~-

~ ~-

!.
139

1f

.,

APPENDIX A

CJ \

\!
,1
Il

QESIGN EQUATIONS FOR ALTERNATE LOADING CASES

"

'0

A.l

LOADING
Two other loading cases which may be required in practice are

those of a concentrated horizontal load P at the top of a structure and

a triangularly distributed,lateral load with intensity w1 at the top ?own
..

1/

..If

to zero at the base of the,structure.- The results for the different

.loading cases can be added algebraically to represent trapezoidal wind
loading and equivalent static earthquake loading.

The only exception to

this is the ~ddition of the maximum storey sway indices because their
locations will not be at the same elevation.
(

380-385 are set up for Category 1

structur~s.

Equations 360-376 and

Tabl e 2 can be used to

alter the dependent and independent variables in these equations to make

Table 2:

Equivalent Variables for Alternate Loading Cases

;

Dependent
Variabl es

Category

Independent Variables

w1

El

EIg

TR.

w1

El

EIg
,.

TeR.

w1e

Pe

ke

El w

EIwg

TuR.

w1

ku

El

EIgu

TvR.

w
1

Kv

El

. EIgv

()

them suitable for all other categor.ies.

'1

140

A.2

DEFLECTION~,

A.2.l

Concentrated Horizontal Load P at the Top

The displacements up the height of the structure are

sinh( kox)-sin~( kOH)}]
(kOH) 3cos h( kaH)
(360)

The total sway index is expressed as

Ytop

(361 )

where
( 362)

Alternatively Kt can be rapidly evaluated by using Fig. 53 in Appendix B.

The maximum storey sway

;ndex~for

this type of loading occurs at the top

of the structure regardless of the structural parameters.

Its value

is given by

~
j

(max)

PH 2

(363)

Ks

-'

Elg

'- where
Ie'!)

1 +

-2

k2_l

-1

(kaH)2

(kaH)2cos h (kaH)

Figure 54 in Appendix B can be used to find Ks directly,

(364)

141
A\2.2,

Triangularly Distributed Load wIn - x/H) , where w indicates the

1

( J

maximum intensity at the top.

The displacements up the height of the structure ar given by

+ cosh (kClH) (1 - H)-l +{1/ (kati ):( kOH) /2} [s inh( kaH) -si nh(kaX)]}]
:~

(kati) cosh (kaH)

(365)

The tata 1 sway index i s expressed as

Ytop
H

(366)

where the coefficient

Kt

11 +.

20

-l.-{
k2 -1

1
'_
1
+ COSh(kClH)-1+{l/(kaH)-(kcxH}/2}Sinh(kaH)}
3( kaH)2
(kClH)4
(kaH)4COS h(kaH)
(367)

Alternative1y Kt can be evaluated using Fig. 55 in Appendix

B.

The

maximum storey sway index ; s

~(max)
in which Ks must be evaluated at 'the point of inflection"

(368)

142

---_ sinh(kaH)(l

-"') + {l/(kaH) -

(kaH)/2}cOSh(k~X)}

(369)

( kaH) 3cash ( kaH)

Values of Ks can be obtained directly from Fig. 56 in Appendix B.
The-lacat~on

of the

storey sway ;s defined -by the condition

maximu~

cosh(kaH)(l -~) - {l/(kaH) - (kaH)/2}S;nh(kaX)}

+

(370)

( kaH) cash ( kaH)

.

which must be solved by

tri~l

and error for x.

Alternatively Fig. 57

in Appendix B can be used ta find values for x/H directly. '

A.3

FORCES

A.3.1

Concentrated Horizontal Load P at the Top

The bending moment equation for the structure is given by

Px

El y" + Ti

(371 )

and the shear force equation is expressed as

P =

El y'" + T' i

(372)

The second and third derivatives of the displacements are obtained fram
Eq. 360.

143

( )

'.

(373)

'

and
y'"

"

= .L
EIg

[1

+ 1

k2 -1

..;..co;;...;s;.;..h+:-:-~

(374 )

cosh

For single bents and multi-bent s~rtic'~ures with eqal S-va1ues for all
individua1 bents

TR,

PH { x
sinh(kClx). }
k 2 "Fr - (kaH)cosh(kif'i)

(375)

"

and
1

T't

(316)

Equations 373-376 represent the four continuous functions of the internal

forces in the structure.

For multi-bent structures these forces must

be distributed to the individual bents according to procedures outl ined

in Chapters IX, XI and XIII for Category 2, 3 and 4 structures,
respectively.
i

For"multi'-bent structures with non-equal B-values. for the.

indivi'd~a1

bents, the axial moments must be ca 1cul ated separately for

~

each Dent.
. Category 2

stru~tures :
l

Tl

(-)

,j

""

(EAc ) j

= J'El

PH [ -B2 sin~( BjX) + x +

11

}]

(377 )

~-

-~----_

...

-- -....... -- ....

_-~--~

,,~-

_..

"

'

144

l '
()

1n wh1ch 82 and 84 are given by Eq. 196 in Chaptr IX.

Category 3 structures:
2

T.t
J

(EAc )j' zJ'

- EIwg

PeH

- C2 s1nh(Sjx) + fi +. C4

(kaH)e Sinh ( kaX)e}]

cosh(kaH)e

(378)

in which C2 and C4 are given by

~q.

247 in Chapter XI.

Category 4 structures:

"

(EAc 2 ).
z.
T.t= El J.PHyl(l-~f)
J
gu
'

(379)

in which the constants Oui and Dvi are given by Eq. 345 in Chapter XIII.
The first derivatives of Eqs. 377-379 yield the shear forces, Tjt, in
the continuous medium of the bent.

A~3.2

Triangularly Distributed Loa-d

Win - X,~H),

where w1 indicates the

maximum intensity at the top.

The bending moment equation for the structure is given by

(380)

'n

and the shear force equation is expressed as

~I ..

''''

__
_.....________ ... ---......_

..._

>!I

.........'_ _ _ _._.;...,......
__

'

~.'

~~_~~

~I~

<

_ _ _ _ -......... ___ ... _

~

_.I>__,. ..

1
_~~

~.~

...... ,.." ....

_~

.,..,~

.... '" .....

/"r ....'"

...

145 .
\

(381 )

(,)

The second and third derivatives of the disp1acements are obj:ain~ fro~

'

Eq. 365.

..

..... "

.'<

+ cosh(kaH}{l -

*) -{l/(kaH) - {kaH)/2}Sinh(~a~}}]
(kaH)2~osh(kaH)

(382)

"

and

y'"

w1H

EIg

[x _~X)2 + +
LH

,2 li

+ -sinh(kaH)(l -

kf~l'

1
(kaH)2

H) - {l/(kaH) - (kaH)/2}cosh(kax) }] ,
(kaH}cosh(kaH)

. {383}

For single bents and multi-bent structures with equal 8-va1ues for a11
individual bents

1
1

_ COSh(kaH)(1-H) - {l/(kaH) - (kaH)/2}S;nh(kaX)]

(kaH)2cos h(kaH)

(384)
"
Q

and
,

(
'(.'

146
Tlt

.. si~nh(k~)(l-fr) - {l/(kaH) - (kCLH)/2}COSh(.ka

X)]

fj

(385) )
r.

(kaH)cosh( kaH)
,

"

li ,

Equations 282-285 represent the .four continuous functjons of the

forces in the structure.

-"

intern~l

For mul ti -bent structures these forces must be

~

distributed to the ;ndividual bents according to procedures o~~tl ined in '

Chapters IX, XI and XII l for Category 2, 3 and 4 structures, respectively.
For multi-bent structures with non-equal B-values for the
individual bents, the axial moments must be ca lculated separately for
each bent.

Category 2 .structures:
Q

(EAc ) j
2 [
'1 x 2 ~ x 3
E'Ig W1H
(B1+Bs)sinh(Bjx) - ~B3+B4)COSh(~jX) ~-2-<H) -i"<H) .
2

>

'

{ coSh(kaH)(l

+ 83 (1 - H) + 8 4 . ,

-H) - {1/(kaH)-(kaH)/2}Sinh(ka~)}]
cosh(ka.H}
(386) ,

'

in which B -8 are g;ven by Eq.' 196 in Chapter IX.

l

~3 - ~

+ B4(ka.H Hl / ( kaH) - (kaH)!2}

(387)

Category 3 structures:
-----------

(l

..

,-

. j,

(~)

1,

)'

in'w~ich

.'

C1 -C are given by Eq. 247 jn ,Chapter XI.

'.

,. .(389)
.
','
6

'Category 4 structures:

1i

[(butOus )slnh( Bjx)- (OU3+OU4 )cQsh( BjX) +

,

"

( EAc 2) ' . 2 '

. + EIgv J. W1ff 'Y 2(f +

Z ,

1;)
0

--G<1l~

'

' [

(OVl,+Ovs)Slnh(B j

1 x 3 "'.

.
x
{co",sh(kaH)v(l
+DV3 (1-ff)+DV4

i< ~)2

xH

- '
,

OV3+0V4)COSh(B j X)

+~~)2

-.~)-{l/{kaH)v-{kaH)v/2}Sinh(kaX)v}]

COSh(kaH}v

'D

(390)

DU3 . i

.C)"

Dus

t+

D'4 (kaH)u f11,(kaH)u-(kaH)u/.2 }

(391 )

(BjH)coSh(!3jH)

..
"

"

.'

148

and

'"

;;

DV4(kaH}V{1/(kaH)V~(kaH)V/2}

(392) .

l'

,/
'l'"

"

i'

-z".Jt: : ...

"

~~

1
1

.',

-p

."
~.

,,
.'

n,
'.

..

..

, 4

-,

149

APPENDIX B

(~)

DIAGRAMS FOR ALTERNATE LOADING CASES

.,

B.1

EQUIVALENT VARIABLES
Additional diagrams for total sway factor and maximum storey sway

factor, are presented for structures subject to a concentrated horizontal

,

load at the top, Figs. 53 and 54.

This type of loading causes the

maximum storey sway to occur at the top of the structtlre regardless of

the characteri stic parameters.

Figure's 55-57 show the graphs for total

sway, !TIaximum storey.sway and its location atOng the '"height of structur~ ~
~ect.to

a triangularly

distribut~~

,lateral load with maximum intensity '"

at the top down to zero at the base.

All diagrams, including the ones for a uniformly distributed
lateral load in Figs. 30-32, are set up for the deflection analysis of

'structures from Category l,

~.e.

single bents.

It has been explained that

~

the 9raphs can be used for all other categories as well. Table' 3 shows
Table 3:

Eq~ivalent

Variables
,

Non-dimensjonal
parameters

ategory

"

,
l

"

etH

k2

aH

aeH

,1r
1

1
11
1

.'

,(

uH

ke

k2

cxvH

150

how the indepent var.iables aH and k2 for the single,bents in Category l

(J

relate to the equivalent parameters for the structures from other

categories.

In the case of Category 4, for uni-symmetric structures,

a diagram must be used twice for the two sets of characteristic

,

pa ram~ters

B.2

DIAGRAMS
"

, .

.
'

"

,/

()
,/

"'

_ _ _ _ ._~._"_.~_ _ _
_ _ ~ ...~~~~~

41 1 "I..,*~

..

~~a_~

!.rt~"'l\iill'~~_"-_01.

\,

______,"___ ""10.<~"''''''--~ _ _ _b:'''~''':''~:

. 151

\,..

...

o.

.'

(1)

.,

CD

1.\

0
.q-

t-.--..

0
rt>

-'

lA

::c . . ,'
15

cri

"

0
u)

0
~

q'

"

rt>
('

/
~-"

'

q
N

10

..
q
0

rO

q
N

10

CO

.....,

CD'

.q-

:rt>0
If)

(-)
Figure 53 :

"

Total swoy facfQr _Kt, concenfrafed fOp load

'.

~__~____~__~______- r__~~-'-r~~O

~----+-~--~~4-~~~H--40
(X)

"

q
C\I
~

q
0

0
C\J

U')

U)

(X)

(D

-0

Figure 54:

Maximum s,torey sway factor Ks, concentrated top foad

,

..'-.# .........

"J_. .~ . . _..,.. . . ~~:_. . . -...-___. . _. . . _. . . . . . ___....~. ._~j~_..........-_

. _. . . ___--...
,0,

4O".---...I>~

_~,.,......,

_~~"r"'M.~~

...

____

~>'"-~

153

.
.

~~----~---,~--~~~~~r-~-,~~n-~g

'1

~-+__~~____4-~~____~____~__~~~~O

Q)

0
q-

~
-)

1~

0
,...,

...

..

ru

10

l-

:J:

15

<ri

,i

<li
Il,"

\\,

,/"'\

v-

~
,...,

ru

10

CD

.....

ci

_-

~
eX)

OG' 0
'

"'h

0
\

Figure 5S: Total, sway factor Kt, 'triangufarly distributed foad

~\

154

c,)

\
0

co

(D

(J

0
,.,.,

\'-

~~

"

{j

1.0

','

0
0

:cu
15

aj

u>
~

tri

Q
N

1.0

'J,

-,

Q
C\I

Figure

1.0

10

ci

56: Maximum storey sway factor Ks , triangularly distributed Joad

. ,:

155

( )

~MM~--~~~--~--~~-r~rT--~--~~~g
~~r---l Cl)
0

~-I-P9-----I 0

C\I

"1

t5

al
0

<D
,;

l'ri

0.

d,

(J

,q

C\I

10

q
o

--~----~------~--~--~--~--~
CI)
o

Figure 57: Location of maximum. storey sway

"" '

friangularly distributed rood ,

156

APPENDIX C
MODIFICATION OF MOMENT OF INERTIA DUE TO EFFECT OF SHEAR

Elements such as wide co1umns between two adjacent f100rs and

beams connecting wa1ls and/or columns at each floor level, frequently
have properties of deep beams, i.e. they possess a small span-d~Pth
ratio.

The smaller this ratio, the greater is the importance of

considering the influence of shear on the overall structural behaviour

of a bent.

The effect of shear deformations which are a result of a

uniform shear intensity along the length of a structural member can be

taken into account directly by reducing its moment of inertia.

The

result of this type of loading i$ a double curvature profile in the

member, Fig. 'S8a:

The shear force and bending moment diagrams are shown

(a)

" (b) 1..._ _ _ _ _ _......,,'Vo

D

-1

b
Figure ~S:

"1

01

Member subiecf to double curvOfur.

in Figs. 58b and c.

The length of the member is h or b.. for co1umns and

beams respectively.

The shear force can be expressed as

2Mo

()

Vo = - h

( 393-)

157

Th strain energy for this member is given by

1

(394)

where Ae is the effective shear area of the

Substituting for

e1ement.~

Mand V yi elds

..
(395)

Simpl ifytng

"

u =
,

?~

(396)

The modified

momen~
,

Il
;

of inertia is therefore

,1

"

-----.')"

(397 ),

where for beams an' col umn~J

~

1!
,
i

12EI

GA e (length)2

-~.

(398)

.. .
.,

Note:

i 1

cross section 1s obta1ned by dividing the sectiona1 area by 1.2

1
t

1
1

1
1

f1

The effecti.ve shear area of a structural member with a rectangular

(~)

-~"",~~----.,---~-~-_.",,

__... ----,- ...

-.~ ~- .... --~-

-_ _ ----.... __ ...._--,,-- -

- .-.._-~~---_ ...~_.- ......... . ....

Il

'"

"

-~

--

~:~

158 ~
APPENDIX 0
\.

)
EXAMPLES

'

~
,

O.)

tATEGORY 2

,
'''II '

Th structural floor plan of a 24-storey, 84-m high symmetric

structure is shown in

Fig~

59.

A uniformly distributed lateral load of

1.25 kN/m 2 ;s res;sted by a concrete core wi~h lintel beams at each

floor, a rigid steel frame at each end of the building, two ,one-bay
frames with K-bracing systems in three-storey modules, and eight steel
,

columns.

All vertical members are considered continuous through the

1

1DI
8

-,.

3
8

-- . .

J.

3
4

'1.

Il'

Rf.

.j

tw
Floure S9: Symmerrrc: mu". - bent structure

\ he1ght of the structure.

Beams attached ta the columns and core by '

standard non-mOment resisting'cannections do' not participate directly

...

~.

in the lateral load analysis and are therefore not shown.

The modu1ii
'. - of elasticity for concrete and steel are 2 x 1010 N/mf and 2.x 10 11 N/m2 ,
'"

respectively.

All measurements are in metres.

Details for the load

\\

resisting elements are:

r~

- .

,
H

___' ___
J

-l _ _
__

'

"

_M4_'__
.b ____ _
4 __

__

______A_
.. ___
WR_$_(J_J_ _

.1

159
Core:

()

'\

"W11 thickness 0.40 m, beams 0.40 m x 0.60 m

K-braced frames:
Ac

= 0.10

'",

m ~/lc
'I?

= 0.01 m4 , At = 0.01 m2
1

Rigid frames:

x 10- 3 m4 , A = 2.5.x 10- 2 m2

~xterior co1umns; 1

= 2.5

lnterior columns; 1

= 5.0 x 10- 3 m4 , A = 5.0 x 10- 2 m2

Girders; lb = 1'.0 x 10- 3 m4

Additional 1inked co1umns:
1

= 5.0

10- 3 m- 3 (each)

The resulting characteristic parameters for each type of bent are shawn
in Table 4.
Table 4:
,

Structural Parameters of Individual Bents

-'
GA
N x 109

El
2
Nm. x 1012

EAc 2
Nm 2 x 1012

Core

1.1136'

0.2002

4.0651

1.3906

Braced
frame

0.6218

0.0040

1.0000

2.0946

"

t3 j H

()
j

The

Rigid
frame

0.2188

0.0030

2. 1~OO

Column

0.0010

-. 0.8455

char~cteristic

parameters for the total multi-bent structure ,are

aH = 9.4310, k2 = 1.02127 and .EIg = 1.0667.x 1013 Nm 2. These values are used

"

,""

__

........ _ " ' .

~_._...,..

_ _ _ ...--.-.-- ......... " .. ...,-"' ....... " ' _ " ' "

-',4/

__

-':""""'''_'''''''' ...... -<._'I._ ..................

....... ___..............___... _

.. .,. ........ -<-, ............""'IO"-_.."y.-# ........

_"'~,,~

.... __ ...... _ _

.... _

.r<f " __ .. ___ .. _

.,,~

__

160 .
in the,design equations to obtain the deflections and interna1 forces.

"

( .)

The model used for a computer stiffness matrix analysis ,is

shawn in Fig. 60.

Due to the symmetric nature of the structure

one quarter of it needs to be analyzed.

'1

~lane
UJ

o~ly

This is done as a series of

linked bents in which the floors are assumed rigid in their own

'planes.

The first

v~rtical

element, Fig. 60a, which represents two

<

..

"
l'

H
.

.
.

, ,

, (0)

(b)

AlI'"

""'"

,FiQure 60:

Cc) ,

""

Compter~

(d)
','

mode' of structure

'.

continuous columns, is li~ to the bent representing a quarter of

the core, Fig. 6Gb. The hori zonta 1 rigid members span between the
~

neutral axis of the channel shaped wall and the

conn~etion

with the

1 intel beam. 'The third bent, Fig. 60c, is one-half of a rigid frame
which is linked to one-half ofca three-story K-Qraced frame, Fig. 60d.
It should be noted that the three bents in Figs. 60b, e and d are eut
at' mid-span.

The points are restraint from vertical ,displacements.

~

. The results of the continuous

. medium, and,computer analyses are
shawn in Fig. 61. The deflections up the height of the structure, Fig.
6la, are also given for a computer analysis in which th axial

,0

deformation~

in the columns were not taken into account.

This';s shown

__._---._-

-_.

.....

_-

,------'----

----

,1

.'

'

......

- --,

~~~_._~ .....

--~-*--

-~

..

&.'_~

. . . "'", .. . . . . . . . . .
~

161

t,

i
!

,
AXIALL y

RIGIO

10

12

,
(b) SHE1R FORCE

(a) OEFLECTION t cm

1.0

0.5

0'

ln

2.0

15

LINTEL BEAM

N x 10 5

"

lit

. 1. '

.CEl y ") wall

El ~J + T:l ~O"
III

')

(T.l)core

(+ 1.22%)

o
(c)

SH~AR

FORCE, ['J

~ 106

(d) BENDING MOMENT, Nm x 10 6

o

(-5,09%)

15

10

or

0
~

(e) AXIAL MOMENT, Nm x 107

Figure 6/

Core actions in symmetric

sfruct~re
f

//~ft
..

1,'
d

., .'
,

0'

162

by the dashed curve.

l .~

The'sol id lines represenf the r:esults from the

continuous medium method of analysis while the circles indicate the

,

computer results.

Figures 61b, c, d and e show the internal forces for

t~

the concrete core. The error percentages are given in brackets. at

the elevations of ma'ximum defl ection or force in each figure.
diagram~

The

show good accuracy for the appraximate hand method of analysis.

This \'las expected because'the Jklue fdr B(max)/13(min) is only 2.48

'"

.'

j.'

l
'i,
'i

which is well within suggested 1 imits.

. f,i
\

,,

.
"

0.2

CATEGORY 4 ..,

The structural" floor' plan of a 16-storey, 48-m high concrete

i' '

cor.e-wll-frame b~iJdi ng lis shown in Fig. 62.

,0

The unifonnly distributed

1~
1-

.,-

~ ~
,

-,.

o+a

r[, 0 1tr
_,.

10"

.,.

10'. 10'

),

Um-symm.tric core-from.-wall structure

Fi9UrI 62:

.'
lateral load of 1.25 kN/m 2 is carried by the ten elements which include
o

a core'with a lintel beam at each floor. The modulus of elasticity

t'

is 2.0 x 1010 N/m 2 .and all measurem~nts are in metres. Details for
~

the bents are:'

Core:
\,l1 thicckness 0.20 m, beams 0.20 m xO.50 m.

\'

"

"
14

..

./

,',

"

163

'f

'

'\'

Shear wall 5:

\)

Parall el to load; 0.20 m x 7.00 m

Perpendicular ta load; 0.20 m x 4.20 m

... ",'

'.

Rigid frames:

..

.'

Exterior columns; 0.35 m'X 0.45 m."

. .Interior columns; 0.50 m x 0.50 m
Girdrs; 0.25

..

m x 0.45 m.

'

, ,

Th resulting structural parameters for each type of bent are shawn

in Table 5.
, Tabl e 5:

lndividual Structural Parameters

<

El , Nm 2

GA , N

EAc 2 , Nm 2
,

Frame

2. 7493x.1 0

5.4413xl0

'!. i 048x1 0

8.74l0xlO

'-

1. 2758x10

Wall
( small)

2. 4696x 10

Wall
(large)

1. 1433x1011

10

"El

11

.'

Nm

llJ '

11

Core

GJ , Nm 2

8.6971 ~1011

1
1
,

t
f
f
i

The characteristic paramters for this structure are

4
(ka}2 ,~ 9.6563 x 10and ,(ka)~ = 1.0577 x 10- 3
The

u~coup1;ng

process yields two Sets of parameters which

are to,be used in

= 1.1032,

{kaH)u

(kaH}v ;. 1.~560,

t~e

displacment equations or diagrams,

= 5.1945,
0

k;. l' 3991,

El

11

Nm and
gu = 6.2496 x 10
EIgv:O 1. 7691 XC 1012 ~2.

164
,

Additiona1 parameters necessary for ca1culating the final result$ for

displ acements and interna 1 forces are
f = -0.9089

.a

= -6.4578

)'1

0.2569

= -7.5668 m

Y2 = -0.8175 ,

and r

= 12.9567

m.

f
1

A full three-dimensional computer stiffness matrix analysis was

also perfonned for tHis uni-symnetric structure.

The core with 1intel

beams was replaced by a line member with a seventh degree of freedom

which represents warping, [33].

The shift in shear center due to partial

c1051ng of the opening in the core by the l"intel beams was also taken
into account [32] and the floor slabs were assumed rigid in their own
planes.
The results fran the continuous medium and
are shown in Fig. 63 fbr the core only.

compute~

analyses

The solid curves represent the

cont1nuous medium method and the circles indicate the computer results.
The dashed lines in Figs. 63a~ band c represent the results fram a
computer analysis which does not account for the axial deformations in
the vertical members.

The error percentages are shown in brackets at

the location of maximum displacement or force in each diagram.

,.

/
,

l'

(")

(018%)

(Y)structure

(e)X-OXIS

H
-

AUTHOR' S

METHOD

COMPUTER METHOD
AXIALL y

(+3.13%)

RIGID

(0) OEFLECTION

"

05

(b) ROTATION

cm

10
t

x 10- 3

(c) WARPING OISPL. t x I.O/Cem. x 107)

1
(-2.36%)

(-3.40%)

----~--~------------~~~-6
8
2
4
o

(d) SHEAR FORCE , N ll06

Ct) TORSION

Hm x 106
\

'\

(Ely " ... E 1 z eIl) cor.

(-6.49 %

(1.40%)

10

H5

Cf) BEN DING MOMENT, Nm x 106

0.5

1.5

f.O .,

(0) BI- MOMENT

2.0

2.5

Nm 2 x 106

Figure 63: Core actions in core-frame-wall structure

1
..

,
l

l
l

,
1

166

if

REFERENCES

),
1

F.. E'ngesser
Referred to by Timoshenko, S.P. and Gere, J.M.
Theory
of Elastic StabiZity, p. 135, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hi11, 1961.
.
Chitty, L. and Wen-Juh Wan
Ta11 Building Structures under Wind Load, Proe. 7th Int. Conf.
for App1. Mech., Vol. 1, 1948, pp 254-268.
/

2.

3.

Bec k, H.

Ein Beitrag zur Bereksiehtigung der Dehnungsverformungen bei

Rahmen mit seh1anken und gedrungenen Konstructionsg1iedern, Die
Bauteehnik, Vol. 36, No. 5, May, 1959, pp 178-184 (in German).
~.

Rosman, R.
Beitrag zur statischen Berechnung waagrecht belasteter Querwande
bei Hochbauten - l, Der Bauingenieur, Vol. 35, No. 4, April,
1960, pp 133-136 (in German).

5.

Albiges, M. and Goulet, J.

Contreventement des B8timents, Annales de J'Institut Technique du
Btiment et des Travaux Publ les (Paris), "No. 149, May, 1960,
pp 473-500 (in French).

6.

~
Eriksson, O. and Ma1mstr.sm, P.E.
Ana1ysis of Wind Bracing Walls in Multi-Storey Housing, Ingenioren
(Copenhagen), International Edition, Vol. 5, No. 4, August, 1961,
pp 151-124.

7.

Coull , A. and Choudhury, J.R.

Stresses and Def1ections in Coupled Shear Walls, ACI Journal,.
February, 1967, pp 65-72. '

8.

Rosman, R.
.
Beitrag zur statischen Berechnung waagrecht belasteter Querwande
bei Hochbauten - III, Der Bauingenieur, Vol. 37, No. 8, August,
1962, pp 303-308 (i n Germa n) ~

9.

Coul1, A. and Puri, R.D.

Ana1ysis of Coupled Shear Wa1ls of Variable Thickness, Building
Science, Vol. 2, No. 2, June, "967, pp 181-188.

10.

Traum, E.E.
Multi-Storey Pierce~ Shear Walls of Variable tross-Seetion, Proe.,
Symposium on Ta11 Buildings, Southhampton University, April, 1966,
Perga mon Pre~s, 1967, pp 181-206.
Rosman, R.
Gegliederte Windscheiben mit Stufenartig verander1iehen Querschn1ttswerten. Bauingenieur-Praxis, No. 67, Ver1ag von Wilhelm Ernst und
Sohn, Ber1in/Mnchen, 1967 (in German).

1
~,

1
,1
1

-----167

O .

12. \ . /Coull, A. and Puri, R. D.

, Ana1ys is of Coupl ed Shear "Wa 11s of Variable Cross-Section, Bui 1 ding
Science, Vol. 2, No. 4, March, 1968, pp 313-320.

13.

Coull, A.
Interaction of Coupled Shear Wal1s with Elastic Foundttions, ACI
Journa l, June, 1971, pp 456-461.

14.

Tso, W.K.
Stresses in Coup1ed Shear Walls Indueed by Foundation Deformation,
Building Science, Vol. 7, No. 3, September, 1972, pp 197-203.

15.

Rosman, R.
Approximate Analysis of Shear Wal1s Subject to Lateral Loads, ACI
Journal, June, 1964, pp 717-733.

16.

Coull, A. and Chantaksinopas, B.

.
Design Curves for Coup1ed Shear Walls on Flexible Bases, Proe.
Instn. Civ. Engrs. (London), Vol. 57, Part 2, December, 1974,
pp 595-618.

1)

17.

Rosman, A.
0
Torsion of PerfQrated Concrete Shafts, Journal of the Structural
Division, ASCE, May, 1969, pp 991-1010.
"

18.

Heidebrecht, A.C. and Stafford Smith, B.

Approximate Ana1ysis of Open-Section Shear Walls Subject to
Torsiona1 Loading, Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol.
99, No. ST12, December, 1973, pp 2355-2373.

19.

f
1

f}
\

Heidebrecht, A.C. 'and Stafford Smith, B.

Approximate Analysis of Ta1l Wall-Frame Structures,~ourna1 of
the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 99, No. ST2, FeMary, 1973,
. pp 199-221.
f ,
_

, 20.

Rutenberg, A. and Hei debrecht, A. C.

Approximate Ana1ysis of As,yrrmetric Wall-Frame Structures, Building
Science, Vol. 10, No. 1, March, 1975, pp .27-35.

21.

Coull, A. and Khachatoorian, H.

Distribution of Lateral Forces in Structures' ,Consisting of Cores,
Coupled Shear wans and Rigidly Jointed Frames, Proe. Instn. Civ.
Engrs. (London), Vol. 73, Part 2, Dec~ber~ 1982, pp 731-745.

22.,

Coull, A.
..,
Interactions Between Coup1ed Shear Wal1s and Cantilevered Cores in
Three-Dimensiona1 Regular Symmetrical 'Cross-Wall Struetures~
Proe. Instn. Civ. Engrs. (London), Vol. 55, Part 2, December,
.1973, pp 827-840.

23. _~hitty, L.
'"
r
On the Cantilever Composed of a Number of Para11e1 Beams
Interconnected by Cross-Bars, Phil. Mag., Series 7, Vol" 38,
October, 1947, pp 685-699 .

'

"

..

r,
!

168

24.

(
!JI

Goldberg, J.E.
Approximate Elastic Analysis, Proc. Conf. on Tall Buildi1\&s,
Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa., 1972, pp. 587-601.

~J

25.

Stafford Smith, B., Kuster, M. and Hoenderkamp, J.C.D.

A Generalized Approaeh to the Def1ection Ana1ysis of Braeed Frame,
.Rigid Frame and Coupled Wall Structures, Cano J. Civ. Engr.,June,
1981, pp 230-240.
-

26.

Stafford Smith, B. and Hoenderkamp, J.C.D.

Simple Defleetion Analysis'of Planar Wall-Frames, Proe. Asian
Regional Conf. on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, Kuala Lumpur,
Agust, 1982, pp 33-41.

27.

Stafford Smith, B., Hoenderkamp, J.C.D. and Kuster, M.

A Graphieal Method of Comparing the Sway Resistance of Tall
Building Structures, Proe. Instn. iv. Engrs. (London), Vo. 73,
Part 2, Deeember, 1982, pp 713 ... 729.

28.

"

Aberge l, O. P.
Oef1eetion Solutions of Special Coup1ed-Wa11 Structures by
Differentia1 Equations, McGill University, Montreal, P.Q.~ M.Eng.
Thesis, '1981.

30.

C1ough, R.W. and Penzien, J.

Dynamics of StruatPes, Chapters 12 and 13, McGraw-Hill, 1975.

31.

, CI

1
;

Kuster, M.
A Parameter Study of Tall Building Structures, MeGill University,
Montreal, P.Q., M.Eng. Thesis, 1978.

29.

-1'

Roark, R.J. and Young, W.C.

Porrrrulas foT' stroe88 and Strain"

Chapter 9, Fifth Edition, MeGraw-Hill,

1975.

Il

32.

33.

<1

Khan, M.A.H.'and Stafford Smith, B.,

Restraining Action of Bracing 1'n Thin-Wa11ed Operl~Section Beams.
Proe. Instn. Civ. Engrs. (London), Vol. 59, Part 2, March, 1975,
pp 67-78.
"

.1
J

Stafford Smith B. and Taranath, B.S.

The Analysis of Tal1 Cor.e-Supported Structures Subject tq Torsion.
Proe. olnstn. Civ. Engrs. (Longon), Vol. 53, Part 2, September, 1972,
pp 173.. 187.

l,

i
"Ir ,)
,

"

"

,J'

\:J

lIE

PU

;;.

.~~ ,_?.....t~~~~.,.~~~t~"'""'''''Yl~".....-~;.. ...~'P\~V''<,'l~fcS ....~ ... ~~

t

$ ""!4 Jl'4ii&iMi ;;;:;:.....~~"_ _ .........

,~

"

~~!

'.
,."

:j

:' ,i."

..

" '. ~

,'"'"

\ a'

'.

l'

:i

""

Su\' V\l\i\-~ Lc\

...

A~C

~o

C)v

l''IA 6\" c::~t'( () VI

lEY WORDS

Structural Eneineering, structural analysis, high-rise, coupled-walls,

--.

shear valls, rigid frames, braced frames.

0'

01

"1

ABSTRACT

l'

H'

tzl
(
t::/(

An approxlmate method for est1mating the drift of multl-bent

GENERALIZED METHOD FOR ESTnlATING THE DRIFT

structures 1s presented.

IN HIGH-RISE STRUCTURES

by
B. Stafford 5m1th 1

M. Kustel

fra~es,

cnn be considered.

."".

computer analyses.

0-3
tzl
tzl
15

developed from coupled-wall deflectlon theory which

b~nd1ng

stlffness related to axial

deformatlons of the walls and racklng stiffness causcd by reverse bendlng

of the beams.

parameters for the total structure.

These values are thcn SUbstltutcd Into

a generallzed equation to obtain the deflectlon profile.

Unllke previous approximate methods for rlgld frame and wall frame
structures, this method accounts for aXlal deflectlon of the vertical
componcnts and

1S,

therefore, more accurate for very taII,structures.

The method provides a rapld estlmate of the drift in a hlgh-rlse

structure as weIl as aiiowini an casy meJns of camparlng the sUltabil,ty

'"
- .'

_.

--....------~--.....

l'~~~~~~~~_~~~ t"'~"'t- ....... _ ....

of different structural solutions for a taII bUlldlng.

The mcthod

aI~o

illustrates the fundamental dcpcndence of the bchavlour of contlnuous type

cantilevers on two

charactcrl~tic

pararncters.
-1-

_011

'Tl

tz:I
~
H

'-'

t'1'J

c:

tz:I

Similar properties are calculated for rlgld frames, braced

frames and shear walls and then comblned to determlne values of the two

2 Leaieux, ~oyer and Partners, Counsult1ni Engineers, Sherbrooke, P.Q.

3
e::
Research Assis~nt, Departmen~ of Civil E~gineerlng and Applied
Mctchanics, /ok..Glll Unlverslty.

:::

The

parameters involve three structural propertlcs: the lndlvidual bendlng

stiffness of the walls, the overall

1 Professor. Department of Civil Eniineerln, and Applled Nechantcs.

McCill University, Macdonald Englneerlng Buildlng, 817 Sherbrooke
Street West, ~Iontreal, P.Q., Canada IDA 2JC6

is expressed in tems of two non-dlmenslonal structural parameters.

J,C.~. Hoenderkamp3

Results for structures that

are uniform wlth helght compare closely wlth results from stlffness matrlx

The method

and

...----

t'l'J>

in plan and comprising any comblnatlon of shear walls. coupled halls, rlgld
frames and braced

Structures that are singly or doubly symmetrlcal

'tQ".,.-h'.~

..

.,.

""

___
O<';"",,,,~IY,:1lf"'"

l. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Ui@tll4f#a{*i!;4f:t.~4i~ "l~~iII'tjfif

............~~~ --., _ _ .. ___ .............

.;

Go
i

SUl+WtY

l'

:'"

IHTROOuCTION

~
An approximate method for estimatln& the drift of multi-bent
Itrutures 15 presented.

structure 15 suitablo for hlgh-rlse bUllding.

th~ to moblli.e aIl

contribute to~~resistance.

theory and can taie into account combinat ions of shear walls, coupled..Us, rililld frames and braced frames.
propert~'of

,-

Drift resistance i5 a major factor ln asscsslng whether a proposed

It is based on a development of coupled-wall

the greater

The method assumes unl.fol'lll

the structure up the helght and, for such structures, eives

The taller the bUlldLng,

the structural

~teraction that can

.,
(

f-

t!

Hlgh-rise structures reslst horizontal loadlng by bracing.bents

d~ion resul~$ that compare closely wlth stiffness matrlx computer

luch as shear wall coupled walls, rlgld frames and trusses.

analy.es.

resistance of composite bents, such

~s

The lateral

tE

the last threc, i5 developed by the

;;

c:

.hear stiffness of the 'web' members that lnduce vert1cal shear interactlon
between the walls and columns, causing them to aet as the 'chords' of a

..,.....

vertical cantilever.

[zJ
[zJ

When different types of bcnt,are comblned ln a hlgh-rlsc structure,

~
~

2:

the differcnces ln their free-deflected shapes wlii cause thcm to lnteract

horizontally through the connectlng slabs.

'Tl
t:rl

':tI

ThlS horlzontal Interactlon also

contributes to greater .tiffness and strength of the structure.

of this type

lS

a wall-fr&me structure.

tzj

An example

c:
::c

The free deflected shape of the

trl

wall under a distributcd horizontal loadin2 is that of a flcxural eantllcver.

vith concavlty downwlnd and a maxlmum slope at the top (Flg. la)

In

contrast, the shape of the free rlgld frame under Slmllar loadlng lS that
o. a shear cantllever with concavlty upwlnd and a
base. (Pli. lb).

~xlmum

slope at the

Whon the two are connectcd togethcr and loaded horlzontally.

the y accommodate to a compromlse shape, (Fl&. lcl. with a signlficant

increase in top stlffness over the sum of thoir lndlVldual top stlffncs.cs.
lt has becn

sho~n

prevlously [4] that the laterai dcflcctlon of

bents consistlng of chord membcrs IntcractIng vertlcally ~hrough web membcrs,

1""\

for example. coupied-waiis. rigid frames and braced frames. c~n be est~matcd

o'

~,

~.
"'_\'It___"

~~

.....l'

(il'
___ .......................... _~"lI'!'"~~

nU(s:JII"~~_~_~

M ..

_ ...-'_ ..____ ""-~~"!!"~~ ......~~~..,......O;'..~~ $;:.lo;;sw;;.;;:QjtAP~_~~~

"'~~~~"_.Jo_~_

_-r -

. 1; ,

,:t~
1

~~

:')' "'~\~
<JO .'
~ :~,

, """,t

~.

\t

""

...
;1?~'~" ::::~:,( ~.::
, ...

\(.~ ~~

, ',~

~,

il

!;

-.
....

:
by 1 &eneralized method.
f~oa

,!
:J,

The method is based on an equation developed

<~

parameters that characterlte the

res~onse

types cf bent

~s

lntroduccd by revlewing the basls of the mcthod for

of a bent to lateral loadlng.

single bent structures,

AlthoUih havlni similar physlcal meanings for

the

The generallzed deflectlon method for comblnatlons of dlfferent

coupled-wal1 theory and WTltten in terms of twe dlmenS10nless

different types of

The ~flectlon behavlour of SIngle cantIlever

bent,

the parameters have to be calculated ln a partlcu1ar way for each type

bents such as rigld frames, braccd frames and coupled walls an aIl be

.,

represented by coupled wall theory [4].

'tl"

It represcnts thcm by accountlng

of bent.
fcr the different degrees of racKlng deformatlon, overall bcndlng deforma-

lt is

sho~n

here that the method developed for estimating the

tion due to axial ~eformation of the chord members, and bendlng deformatlon

deflectlcn of slngle bents with lnternal verilcal lnteracticn can ~e

of the chord mcmbers.

extend~ to complex hlgh-rlse structures conslstlng cf several bents of

differcnt types that interact horltOntal1y. lt

lS

independent; for example the cverall he~dlng stlffness of a bent

f...

1$

related tc the vertlcal shear stlffness of the web componcnts and, hence,

to the complementary hOrltOntal racklng stlffness of the bent

t>'

Consequcntly, lt is posslhle to make rapld comparlsons of the

In

,.......,
fCTm

1;

drift and maximum stcry drift cf a wide variety of high-rlse structural

forms.

$uitabil~ty

for use of dIfferent structural forms wlthln a

twq

coupled wall theory, the ratios bctwecn palrs of these actIons

~haracterlstic

parameters WhICh, through the def1ectlon equatlon,

speclfied~olldlng

govern the deflected confIguration of the bent.

The same parametcrs,

envelope.
The method assumes a symmetrlcal, non-twistlng, structure that has

~~form

prcpcrties

thro~gh

its helght.

'braccd frames and rigld frames to determlne thelr dcflected sl~pes ln

Although not hlghly accurate for

respopse te horIzontal loadlng.

pract1cal structures whose propertles reduce up the helght, it lS sufflciently

accurate for the prellm1nary stages

of

Referrlng to Flg. 2, lt can he sho~n that the deflcctlon profllc of

thclr design.
a ccupled' shear wall, sub)ectcd tc unlformly dlstributed horl:ontal loadln&,

ln addition to Its practlcalpurposes, the methcd has fundamental

ccnsequence in indlcatli\g that

~antllever

rield frames, braced frames, and theIr comblnations, are members cf

sine1e structural

of

f~lly

is governed by the differential equatlcn

assemblies such as coupled walls,

!!....t:4 _ (1:0)2
dx

diffcring from each other essentially ln the values

where

2
2
2
dL. ~ [1 _ (1:0)2 (~. ~ 1
~ El
k.2
2

(1)

w 15 the Intenslty of the loading.

their two characteristic structural parameters.

a

12 lb ,2

lTh

:2

or
tr
:t
i' ...
:tIl

I~

representIng the ratIOS of ccrrespondlng actions, can be evaluated for

;-

~
~

These different modes of deformatlon are not

poss1ble therefore, by

a relatively~simple and rap1d hand calculatlcn, te estlmate the.max~mum

~

\-

DEFLECTlON OF lNDIVIDUAL BENTS

(2]

~
C'

,/

--

..1

_~ ~~""""f}tto.... _ _ _ _ J<-~~,_

~:

-,.,..._'i<.--io

~#",,,,,.~

. . ..-_

_ .. ~ .. ~.:ro~~~~"''''''O''lrf~".'tI13If::'-O'M_''A''~"_ .........,....... _ _ _ .. _ .....

~ ...,"""~~

"

1
D

...

';"'"

. At 1

aIIIl

(3)

.. Z 1 :-:---:"2

"'1/(2 L

structural paramcters H
tion of the structure.

in which 1 Il
and

At .. Al

12

+
+

Similar deflection equatlons for trlangularly

distributed load and for a top concentratcd load have been developed and
[5]

AZ

are given in Appendix 1.

0'

deflectlons of couplcd walls. rigld frames and braced frames Slmply by

-04 syabolizing the racking rigidity of the system by GA, it can be shawn

determinlng and Substltuting the values of aH and k ln the way approprlate

Substituting ~rom Eqn.

a

12 E1b .1.

into Eqn.

t>1

/:1]'

will doflect under identlcal loading wlth simllar configurations.

EJ

gives

The parame ter k , wrltteA for coupled wa11s ln Eqn. 3 can be

GA

IT

[7)

1-1

rewrltten l~ a more general form as

,.

"i

/:1]

(lO]

cl +--2l(

('.,

to the benJing rigidity of the indlvidual walls.

I}

Ac )

base and zero external moment and shear at the top, the Solutlon of Eqn. 1

and overall bendlng stlffnesses ln the structure.

2
Comblning Eqns. 9 and 10, k may be expressed even more generall)'

leads to the development of an expression for dis placements

and simpler

y(x)

ru { a -,6"
g

cosh (kaH){l
in
~.'

il

W- 1

(kaH)

1-

cW

[:-:::-:-:::

k -1 2 (kaH)

cosh (kaH)

]} (8]

Equation

a.

.. 1 + l:Ac 2

aultl-bay rigld frame.

equatl~,

Eqn. 8, to

The frame may be reduced to an equlvalent symmetr1c

The asslgnment of mcmber propertl:s to

unifarauy distributed loading is written in terms of two dlmen~lonlei~

slngle-bay fra~c 1S csselltlally

2
the same as givlng It the same El, GA and rEAc propcrtlcs - and hcnce
t~c

the S3me aU and k parameters - aS the orIgInal

~

sinele-bay frame

~y

n9W be

'"
'iJ

tz:t

c:

single-bay frame with approxlm~tely the same deflectlon characterlstics [2].

describing the deflectlon of a bent subJected to

[IlJ

I(A 2)

.!

other types of cantIlever is Illustrated by conslderlng the case of a

[9]

::0

/:1]

The relevance of the coupled wall deflectlon

their common centroldal axis, that 15

1

- (kaH)[Slnh (kaH) - sinh (ka.;))

't]

t>1

::0

..

which 19 is the gros5 moment of inertia of the wall sections about

II-

1
1 ..x 4
tjj) .. 24 l jp ] + - 2

l..x

['%j

1-1

dcmonstratlng that it refers to the ratio bet~-een the indlvidual chord

AssUD1ng boundary cond2t10ns of zero disp1aement and slope at the

(1

t7(

the deflected shape, d1ffercnt types of bent wlth the s~e parameter values

tbus the panmet,er a refers to the ratio of the shear rigidity of the bent

4
wH

,"t11
1-1:

[6)

3
b h

1
,1

01

to the type of structure. ,Because the two parameters completely govern

2

"""""""-

The equations may be uscd to estlmate the

Considerin& the storY-height $egment O~)~_c~Upled ,hear wall in Pig 3.

GA; Jt
A

I~

k which characterlze the resultlng configura-

(4)

tbt

...

and

recognl~ed

multl-bav frame.

a$ a speclal case of
;

..J

The

coupled shear

'.

'

~r
1

...,....

.-------J;"'~':" ~ ~-.-..

__. __ ___
~

--="""'~ .........~ ...A~'~,..~~ .. , ""~,~,

..':

"
"

. .11

~a

which Eqn. 8

.: ):

l.

"

.~

_ _ _ ..~i!ft,IP2#&i9'&"f,!.ri!~:a:~ "i*4W:M4""""."; :; _AE

-~~.---

;U4;;:"'''.l!E~OA!liJi!; ~"1T""'I""f''''''-~

...,.- ..

"

iIt

~~

~'\'

"

The s1ngle-bay frame

""

'Ii

''. '~
.. ~t ~
~}, ~ .

~ :~;

i'

d~rectly appl~es.

~s

\!

"

.1

a couplc
approach to the solution of the multl-bent structure'has been'devised and

ahcar wall wlth walls of tcro wldth and of relatlvely low flexural stlffncss.
The latter means that reverse bendlng of the'Ivalls'

tested.

The method has been used for the analysls of a wlde varlet y of.

a story

wit~ln

aixed bent structures and comparlsons wlth computer stiffness solutIons

heiSht, WhlCh 15 normally neglected for coupled walls, must bc taken Into
account ln calculatlng GA for the frame.

Wlth thlS Sllght

The presented approXIma te method of

coupled wall deflectlon theory

"

15 appl~cable

have shown lt to be reasonably accurate.

modlflcatl~n

9
analys~s

Involves calculatlng

to a single-bay frame and,

coupled-wall theory to calculate the deflectIan by Eqn. 8.

tlj

hence. to a multi-bay rlgid frame.

.;-

ln

of~antllever

leads to

,,

l,

such as 1n FIg. 4a and b lS modeled by f1rst

wall theory i5 based, lS the generlc form of aIl cantilever structures that

~dUClng

J""""'\

,1

'l
1

'\

"

"

,1

'/1

rI

Whcn Several parallel bents of different types are comblned in a

s~n

e-bay frame, fig

4d, ta

constra~ned

var~ou5

by the ln-plane rlgldlty of the slabs, to deflect

types of bent

of the bents, lateral loadlng on such a comblned structure vlll cause

(El)r

FOllowmg the earller dlScusslon, each Ind1Vldual bent, whether .

coupled-wall, rlgld frame or braced frame may be consldered as an equlva-

and

lent coupled wall, and the total structure considered as a set of horIzontally

[12]

(GA)T "

to other vertIcal

A diffcrential equitlon onalysis of two connected coupled-wall bents

More than

I(EI)B

[13)

l:(GA) B

[14]

One or more shear walls tbat are not connectcd by hending membrs

interactin& coupled walls.

componen~s

coupllng stiffnes5.

tlj
tlj
H

:c::

,"%l

~
, H
,l1'J

c::

::a

l1'J

in which

on the structure

The overall structure paramcters,

(E!)T
a,.H " H 1 (GA)
T

horizontal Interactlon between the bents, with a consequent stiffenlng effect

AppendIx 2.

In~luded for

Jn the followlng ways

t.o coupled wall bents increases the complexity.

~n

15

(suffices T) are detcrmlned from the Indlvldual bent parameters (sufflX 8)

- identically at each floor .. 8ecause of the dlfferent free confIgurations

ia too complcx to have a practically app11cable solution (IJ.

01

o-i

The procedure for evaluatlng the overall paramctcrs flrst 1nvalves

f1nd1ng the parameters El, GA and tEAc 2 for each Indlv~dual bent. 'ThiS
has been descnbed ln a preVlous paper [4) and a sununa,ry

plan-s)'llUllctrlcal, that IS non-twistmg stru~ture, and Joined by slabs: the

bents are

CoOl

the bents to a set

frames wlth an arbltrary, but c roman, base wldth, Fig; 4c.

The set of frames 15 then lumped 1nto one

DEFLECTICll OF IolULTl-8ENT PUN SYMMETRlCAL STRUCTIJRE

~lngle-bay

wh1ch coupled-vall theory May then be applled.,

~,

structu~e,

;:)

of

can he rerresented by an equ1valent continuous member.

,1

the process of calculatlng the overall aH and k values that a

"C

tlj,

the proposition that the analogous contlnuous structure, on WhlCh coupled-

It lS Impllclt

The genoral application of coupled wall theory to estlmate the

1ateral deflectlon behavlour of a variety of types

overall parameters aH and k for the total structure and uSlng the Single

may he IIKened to coupled-walls wIth tero

Consequently, thelr El values are included ln Eqn. 13

but they make no contrIbution ta Eqn. 14.

Therefore, an approxlmate

___ ___ .-J __

____

_ _ _n_-_f

.,.

*"""-- "'

- - - - - - - - - - - - -...---''''t"

______

...;".

...

...

. lQ.
. __
. . . . . . . .__

_______________________________

Iii

..

!'

"-r

..

~~,~t~ ~~~~~~*~.~,.Rm~29.A~j.~.nS

"

.<.,

~
.,.

teEI) 1\

1 + ::::::-2'

"~'

[15J

I(tEAc )B

In Eqn. 15. non-couplcd shear valls

can~ribute

their

va~es

of El

vertical members two cases

Tho aross flexural rlgidlty 1s given by

The parameters

arH,

8,

~e

ln accountlng for axial deformatlons in

analysed.

'~

In one case aXlal deformatlons

are allowed ard,ln a second, they are prevent~ by asslgnlng arbltrarily

[16]

hlgh sectional areas to the columns.

~ and (EIg)T may then be substituted in the

cenerali:ed deflect10n equat10n, Eqn.

meth~s

from other approxlmate

+ 4(tEAC )B

'"

'~~

Slnee the present cd approximate method of deflect10n halys1s d1ffers

to t~e nuaerator and zero to the denomlnator.

(EIg)r (EI)T

of calculating the parameter valUeS for the bents are given.jn.Appendix 2.

important to take axlal deformatl0ns lnto account.

ta determ1ne the pror11e of the

of the bents and the overall structure parameters

.tructure.

n,

O.C
"OC
H!X

ThlS should illustrate whether lt is

The

ealcul~ed.rlgldl~les

a~glven

ln

Tab~e

Cl

1.

t::10
tz:I'"Cl

Substitutlng these parameters ln Eqn. 8 gave the deflectlon profes.

Althaugh a number of

appro~tions

is 1mpllcit ln convertlng a

Stiffness matr1x computer analyses of the two cases were also run

Mllti-bent structure to an analogaus lumped coupled-wall, the method has

to glve an

boen found by tests on a wide range of practically proportloned structures

wide-column anal ogy was used to represent the walls and at each floor

tO give reasonably accurate results, that 15 w~thin 10\ of the computer

the bents were lirrked together ln a Slngle'~!an~ A summary of the par~meter

tz:I

values and the

Z'
~

atiEfness

f"""'\

solu~ions.

The sianificant improvement in accuraey given by this method over

assessmen~

of the aecuracy of the approx1mate method.

results

deflect~on

15

glven ln Table

The

previous apprOX1mate methods for the analysls of rigid frmes [21. and

apprOX1m3te method

for ..11-fraaes [3J, is duc to the axial deformations of columns being

results comparlng closely wIth the computer results ln both cases.

lS

H
~

tr.I

1.

The deflection proflles for the two cases are shawn ln Flg. 6.

tr.I

The

!XJ

shown to account weIl for aXlal deformatians, the

tz:I

"
tr.I

taken into account.

COI>IMENTS

NUMERlCAL EXAMPLE

A unifonaly distrIbuted lateral load of 30 Ibf/ft

THE ACCURACY Of THE METOOO

'~

2Oa10gy of a coupled wall structure, the accuracy of the approx1mate method

(1.44 kHI", )

depends on how weIl the analosous eoupled wall represents the particular-'

and en elastic modulus E of 4.0 x 10 6 Ibf/in 2 (2.76 x 1010 N/m l ) are

An approxImation exists ln

bent under consIderation.

uaWled.

coupled wall theory

The five-bent symmetr1cal plan lneludes two types of rigid frame

",
l

Ol!

Considering that the governlng equatlon represents a coqtinuum

The floor plan of a 30 storey, 375 ft (114.3 III) structure is shown

in Fi,. S.

(lent. 1 and III) and a paIr of assemblles (Bents II), in each of WhlCh
a central she:lr ..aIl is connected by be&lllS to exterior. eolumns. The lIethods

Coupled walls and

""

1s.appl~cable

br~ced

to s1ngle

be~ts

of

propo~lng
dlfferen~

that
types.

..
...
.

- - - .............. ..,.......... _.....,..-~t:.;,~"rffi.q .. "

..

~~....,.-_ :r<doo _ _""'~""""'--"'-~-----

frames are weIl represented, but multl-bay rlgid

frames are less 50, especlally if the ,bays are unequal ln wldth.

\
4

~---~-...,~-_

.......... ---~"'"

~-

... _ _ _ _ o/It'......

...-~

..

_ ... ..- _ _ ~

,
\

A further

!)"'

~ ~~~.--------~~---,

"'<

""

"

,"
\'

... ,....

..,

___ " _~". __"-,~,~_... _,",,,,~4!!IW

,*"'\'-

4""

"

..

l I ' ......

......-...-..... .,.,.JIII' ..."'):I11:""""""...........

i:'
't

1j:

' ..11\':::

,,: ~\

.,

~~,

.'

'"

'

'1'-'

'~'

.,.

l'

"~

,'"

l,

:.s.'
.:'!~f
,

,.

o
eXlsts ln the

~pproximatlon

'""

of lumplng a set of single-bay agalogous

st~ge

couplee! walls Into a Slngle cOUpled wall.

on the similarity of the free deflectlon

structure

The, accuracy of thlS depends

characteris~lcs

Th. greater the disparlty between thes individuai

not twist.

of each bent.

eharae~erlstles

symmetrical ln plan and ln 1ateral loadlng,

1S

The theory assumes a structure that

helght. however. the method may

ln a

be

15

50

that lt does

unlfor.m through its

USed for non-unlform structures but

wlth less accutate results.

"'""'-'

structure, the less weIl it is represented br a lumped bent.

A study has been made f many structures of different heights wlth

a~ide

range of valus of the parameters

Ipproximate

~<H

kr.

and

In aIl cases the

results for_deflection compared clo~ely with stlffness matrlx

n.,

'-

oc
"'Oc
Hl

....

pj

C':

coaputer results.

The tests have sho_n that when combining bents of

sl~lar

type the maxImum induced error will be about 10\ ln the worst cases and
substantlally less in the maJorlty of structures.
type are comblned ln a single structure it
parameter

15

suggested that an additional

1'-""" \

(GA)B
).

[17]

---2

{-i,

;il.

calculated for eaeh indlvldual bent where

15

;)

.t

When bents of different

lO~.

for tbe error

~o

>

10, lt

ts

,,;

pj

!D
H

mathemat1cally poss1ble

t:l

c::
::0
tz:I

'..,

excced 10\ but, for aIl the practical s1zcd structures

',.....:..~

'dcvised br the authors ln this,:ange, the errors were weIl within 10\. In
t~e vo~ked

10

and

(~onsldering

example
~

III

5 2,x 10

-8

Case l only)

~
1.07~10
,II ~

The maxlmum value of the ratIO 15

H
~

(!:EAc) B

For B(max)/B(mln)

8.42 x

...

"'-~

,0

I/II~=2.0S.
~

"

CONCLUSIONS
J

('

An
~t~turos

-;

rla1d

~ra.es.

Any

combinat~~n

wall-frames and bracod

frame~

may he lncluded, prov1ded

_ _ ~_ .. _

el

\ ,.j.fil

f"',.

iN .. ~ ~:',"",>Ii"l;;:..::'

-1. ... ,

k~'<II<""~-"""'i.~

,,~~

......... "'

..

. . . .M ..:...

..

,~

of shear walls. couplcd walls

/
,~~

.,

approximate method for the dcflection analysls of multi-bent

is prosented.

,.
. ~.

"

-<

pj
pj

If the'ratio S(max)!(min) ~ 10 the error of the proposed me~od ~ill be'

le5$ than

oc

t:l"CI

;
,/

~""{Il~ ~~ "'_ll;:$-~W~............ ~l"""""'" _~_~~ .. _~.,..r,.~

..;:;... ~' "'10:....",..... .... ..,.

1, ..

_~~

...... __ ~,,;,'"' .... ~

........... '

...

... ..- ~

""

<1

,\

'.
APPEHDIX 1 - FLECTION FORHULAE FOll TRIANGULARLY'DISTRIBlITED,AND TOP

APPENDIX 2 - EVAWA'I'rON OF PArWrERS

CONCENJ'RATED LOADING CASES

'\

The method fQr molti-bent structures flrst requlres the evaluatioh

<
2
of El, GA and IEAc for each bent 50 that t~ese ~n ~ used to formulate

Deflac:tion fonulao for addi tional U$oful loading cases. correspooding

~e
s~tlons

Trianaularly Dist;ibuted Loadins

y(r)

"II 1l
nUl20
1

EL. t(EI) j

Lx
1 x 4 - 1 -,x S I l
1 l.x 2 1 x'3
- S'ii)+ ii'ii) ]+ T {-:=:-::Z<'3 - 2'ii} + (j'(ii)
k -1 (](aH)

ii)\W

,>

x
li:
1
kaH
1 - ii
cosh(kaH)(I- ii)-I+(lliH> - -2-) (sinh()(aH)-sinh(kax
- --) +

}l [18}
2
4
(bR)
(kali) cash (kaH)

and

ia ,!bich "1 15 the

-nll\lll

+ sinh{bx}

- sinhebH)lJ

of braced frames only, for

Wh1C~

to avold the computatlonal dlfflculties

[19]

(ka.H)3 cosh(kaH)

of area Ac'

Th~5 wll1 cause a conSIstant value for k and a negllSl~~ ,

bent~onsequently

the5e are summarlzed

f~r

=:::

GA

"
"

GA

~.,.

(.
:4lkr. )'1' ...:ay.

2
1

[6]

Rigid Frame (Fig. 7)

--'--~---II\.

12 E

(22)

h [ _1_ + _1_, JI
1
t(.J!1!l)
t(~)_
l(i)
h

~.~

.th .UI''f'W?~~~~~~

!~
~ H

\;J
[tz1
H

"!J

, tz1

'"

..

..........

-~ ...

<...... -

tz1

c:

(Il

Coupled Wall (Flg. 2)

12 El

::0

a varlety of types below,

-'

. 'tz1 "-<

ID
l c:

~
H

additlonal trror in tne deflectl0n.

~

....

()

00

that would occu~ ln uSlng a zero value of l, l~ 15 recomm~nded that a value

2
of 1 equal to 0.001 A 1 '2 he used where 1 15 the distance between column5

whicb P 15 the bJnitude of the concentratecl 10ad.

t-

00 <
"0,
H:xl
tz1

member J

vert~cal

The evaluation of the racking rlgld\ty'GA differ5 for each type,of

'"

n"

[21)

dlstance of lts centroid frO!ll the cen tro1dal axis of the bent.
9
-.
A spcclal case arises in ~he analysis of a slngle or a comblnation'

Top Concentrated Lold

!.ffi.)l) + _1_
2 il'" 6 H
)(2_1 (mH)2

= J;(EA.c )

l...-

[20]

of the bent, A 15 the sectlon,l areb of the wall or column and c 15 the

intensity of 10ad1nl et the top.

{[!. - !ffil+

...

r-.
y(J} py3

El,

EAc

!_

in which (EI)j iS,the fJexural rlgidlty of an indlvldu:1

~rameters aTH.and kr~'t 2 methods of determlnlOS El d ~EA to~ s\ngle bent~ are 51mple

the loverninl

to J!qn. 8 for unifDDlly dutributod loacline aro as follows:

1,

'\If

"

,mc;

,i,

,
l

<

,i -,',
r"11'

1.1 ~

1:

~)

t'

~;.

.. ~:";.~

':.

"*t",\" \. ,. '.''ij. "

~:
'

,~.

'-~
~
~

~~t~ ~~ '" '.. 1

.~

,~,.

-'\".\

, :.......

pl

'

~:

'1

~ilS"~.......~t"
'l

J&iJ.h'i''I'''''''''*W if;;.:;:

~'

ri,l' ,
f
::r,: '~:
" lf~,,,.~ip',t~
. :\.""
. . ::.!~

-~"'
}'i-\J, " .

}It'_ ..

QJ;:;iC!

Sil'

~t4i'

; aN'

m.'

l;

,~

't;

.l1

,-

APPENOIX 4 - NOfATION
in whieh i and j represent the nuaber of Zirders and

~;

eol~s

resp. in
~

1f

--1r-5in,le story.

.. Il and Column (Fi,. 8)

61!1
b
GA. lh

-3 -1

[23]

[(l+r)(l+2r+sll
6E1c. 1.
,iJwh!eh6- !Ib" ii'

wher? r - p s - lIa+~

If a col\11111l h COlIIIocted to neh side of the

for the

yalues evalll&ted

Braced

wal1~

GA 15 the som of GA

two st.les.

_____ "

Fr~s

section area

1enath of beaa in coupled wall

distance from centroid of column or wall to common centroid of bent

elasUc modulus

GA

parameter for shear rig1dlty of bent

h
,',

h 1. 2 E

GA --"::-::--:.,,...
3
3
2h
d
[-+-]
Ac
Ad

sua of moments of inertia of walls or columns

r 8raciog (Fig. gel

h 1 2 "E
3
l

be&lll number

structural paraeter of bent

,. Ji2..

. [ir +
b

k.r

structural parameter of total structure

dIstance betwecn centrolds of walls and/or columns

horizontal eoncentratcd load

(26]

d3

~+-T-l
u Ac
u Ad

If th. eolumn ta coluan and be.. to column connect1ons of the braced fra.e

"

are ri&id.-tbe bracod frame 'CA may he aUgiented bya rigid frame contribution

horizontal shear force

uniformly distrlbuted lateral loadlng

Wl'

maximum'instenslty of triangularly distzlbutod load~ng

structural para.eter of bent

c;.

structural

I!.

horizontal deflection of

paramet~r

oi
Pl
PJ

~ ...
:u
1-4

,,

tIJ

\~

of total structure
story-helght segment

,....

1>

aiveq by Eqn. 22.

'.
n

-<

PJ

c
II.
Full-Storey !Cnee Sraeing (Fi,. 911)

\a zr

gross moment of inertia of structure

c!

2Ir+ r]

&1

la

::O.

Pl Cl
t7 0,
. Pl '0

Ii.IC ,moment of lne;tla of beam and column, respectively

(2SJ

"'l3

h2

.! \

moment of inertia of wall 1 etc.

{lL ... ~J
"'c Ac!

2hE

(!'.

Il

GA

'00

GA .. 2h 1. E

00,
H

5tory heillht

column number

f\

~. Cl"tl~l
: '

Dollble,IU.alOnal Srac1ng (Fia_ Sb)

GA

T ------,

total height

t24}

1.

H'

Sina1e Diagonal Bratinc.Cftc. 9a)

.(,-

... ~

"'-"'~"""~*~ltt~~."'iSln<.'C~"'*") 9'%~~""--

~'

__ .--------_.

'.'

: -"f'\'~:' ." .

,'-\\!\',
~~~~"l_.

'"

_ __

.1

.~------"""'~~

...

4...

...

li;

Z 4 ..... Il;

...

1'4

# .. li

.1-

A ......"

..

APPEImIX

:s REFERENCES

})~ ,

LIST OF FIGURES

~
1

1. Aberae1, D., Deflection SOlutions of SpeciAl Couple<! Wall Structures

by DifferentiaI Equat10ns, M.Er.lg. Thesis, DepartJDellt of Clvil
Enlineering and Applie<! Mechanics, MeGill Un1versity, Mareh 1981.
,2. Goldberr. J.E Approxiaate El.stie An.1ysi,. Pree. Conf, on Tall
Buildlngs, Lehigh University, pp. 169-183, 1972

3.

Hefdeb~cht.

A.C. and. Stafford Saith. B., Approximate AnP,lysis of

Tall lIlall-Frame Structurfi$. Jnl. Struct. Div Pree. ASCE. ST2,
Feb. 1973, pp. 199-221.
L

. 4.

Deflectec1 configurations of shoar wall. rigld frame and wall-fr8llo

a) shear walls
b) riaid frue
c) wall-fraae

'

Couple<! shear wall

Couple<! shear wall

a. /otiltl-bent singly s)'lIIIIetric structure ,

Stafford Smith, B Kuster. M. and Ibenderlllp, J.C.D., A Generalhed

Approach to the Defl~ction Analysis of Brace<! Fr..e, Rigld Frame and
Coupled Wall Structures. CalUldian Jnl. Civ. Eni., June 1981.

n'li :

c. AnalOIOUS sot of ,inale-bay frames

'\ .cl, I.wI!ped sin,le-bay frllllle

,,....,,

:-.

'-'

Plan of exaaplo structure

Deflection profiles of examp1e structure

Rigld frame storY-height seiment

Interact~ng

Braced frame

wall and column

",

a) Sinr1e diaronal
b) Double dlagona1'

c) Je Brac:ing

d) Full-story knee braclne

,~

l' '

"

~ ~~'

1
'f8\.

....

.
$kff t'M" ... r-'CI'i~!#r=t'ct"I_''''t

t ......

'~.........-..rM...a..--

.... ::a

l:Il
.

b. Plan

00'
"00

story-ho\iht SOlDent

0,
00

l'~~
ID
'C:

\~

1 ....

\~
I~

... .

trJ

\~*.

'm

"

'-

-.,

::or".",')

1 '~1

,,-

,,-

\,

*4

R..... ''''.p;eHq ...'1U

(. :i~.>"1 ( ~ :' ,~~ '1"'~'

~:'1:"!J,:'~~~";~1#t,:.: ;~'f'

..~t

l-':w' ..

e:1

_____

.-$SCQdI

S7 AW c;p:e:;;;;;:;;;S'W:;iGN4#.;a

CI

~,

:~ :);'. -~~~~ ,:..... ~'~~ ~~~; ~~, ~

:::z;w.pm:;

". 4;S:S'f!A'4''';''jIi!?Q,,!

,~f

-~,( ~:~~%-,f1i ,t"t:ti~=.'. ,,/1-

..-,

~-

1.,

..,,

;t

"

i
:1

-,

1
".

TABLE 1

Values and Top Doflections of

Par~ter

l'

Example

Structu~

"

CASE 1

CAl

3.1951 x 10 Il Ibf

~Il

2.1458 x 10' E lb!

CAIn

2.0849 x 10 E Ibf

Et I

2.3006 x IDS E 1bf.in2

7.5969 x 107 E Ibf.i,,2

Elu
El

:2

sllllle

w.:lIl
2

8.$

Case

0"0 '
00:
"00,

....::u
/:12

1:".1"0

--

4.7232 x lOll ~ Ibf.in

r-.

\ ...

4.1S87 x fIll E Ibf.1n2

4.7232 x 1011 E Ibf.in 2

, II;>

~.

le.

(a )T

9.1416 x 10-7 inch -2

(k\

1.092820

"J. approx

"!J'

y. cOIIputer

..

1.00006794
inch

2.7868 ,

4.2043

'inch

2.8014

inch

inch

NOTE: 1 in 25.4 ma; 1 lb! 4.45 N.

,,'1
\.

"I l l
1 \., Il

'tH

I~~

,'

".,

B. "5\-.""e\ os ..... \\..

.~

btSM't'ttrffrt

. Mnc

S<'Pr'itit....s

;f

....Z

sue as Case

4.0849

~....

-<

;/:12

'

00

..... "h""",I"

\...

3.2604 x 108 E Ibf.in2

3.9920 x 108 E 1bf.in2

EEk Il

--.
-

--

2.9735 x lOS E lbf.in 2

EEk 1

'\

---

saae as Ca5C 1

~3.8238 x IDS E Ibf.in2

UI

CASE 2

'

",~_._,

"'~-~-~-[-

/:12
,
=
.:
....
{I:t

c:
~

.'1.

1..

1.

...s
j

VI

..
.~

1.

'-

'l

"

..

J~':;'T :'

(1

;>

,,

L.

.'

'

z~---

,~I

.,
----4~

DDO\gDD
<t

......

<1:--- -

l'
1
l

----4~

f ',.t
,

'

....

( t t t t f' t t t t t t
.

'
~..

" . '1.

,.

"

/'i

"

~ ~ ~

~ ~

tw

'"

,=?

.
.;

tw l,

,
!
j

1
4"-

4.&

i
:

-'j

-- -----

-- ..

...- ...... ......

-...

1/

a. S\..SC.",~
. ~

-- .... ..... - .....

.s'. . . ~w

l,

,
,

'

...........

-'

... .

"_.'

..... ....
'

. _ ~_.~_

- .. -- ... _- ..... _.. _-

"

::~Ii"

r ~~~:''''''
. ."... t

:,~

."'-\-/1;......

""~,

";wJ.... ~

(lUS

,'Ji

ii""'~

....

="'"

"""""'-'''lI!

..

-...

'-.

'.

. I~:~".~.~
.E .....

J..

f~" ~ 't

~ ~

I~

'-

~~

1-

-1.

Il

~II

=11

Il
M

m~1

-,
~.

' .

CI
'0

Il
CI

II
24"x2428"x2S-

CI

C2

Il

t. .

"0

32 x32-

!~

tH

1=

1..,

IZ

!~
fPl

:a

0.7

C2

I~

0.8

BEAMS:
BI
82
B3

i4.36l8x24M
-.lS x32"

APPRO~.
-

",

1.0

s. -s~......A" "S-I\o"
"" ;

\'

t111) i l

III'

) /1

1.0
~

3.0

/ ' 2.0

4.0

5.0

/'

Defl.etlon ,Y, ln InchlS

Not. : 1 ln. - 25.4 m/_

,- ~~-

Go

'.'

'++-ft?? 'I4"'-

<>

:'"

:pa ,

/~

0.9

""

'""

-//,COMPUTER RESULT

//

"

SOLUTION

./'

Nof.: lin..25.4mm.

~; <~

-l

II

C4 1...36-l36-

0.5,

....0.6

-'~.

. Il
~

COLUMNS:

Il
~II

f"""'\

C3

...;

II)

li

1
Il

ml .\IDN'

,u'C2

C2

"d

~O
1 ~ 'tJ

Q4

2"-THfCK

;11

C3

Il

0."

00
"'00

0.3.

Il

11

itl"

~II

Il

C4

iD

,--.,~

0.2

...

/1

Il

0.1

_1

C2

=n

C3

C3

-1.

;u

iC4
24 THICK

~~

Il

'II

"0

,'"

'TT C2

Il

1
1

"

~~

-,.

C2

~t

11ft.

..

~~

"

"",-

~~,,

__

..

,,-,' -",
M

--

'-~

.,

~~~~,~.~:~-~~.~\. .... _"- ~

....

"

,1 ~

POOR COpy
COPIE 1)! QUALITES INFERIEURE

\i(

-----------... .
--. . "'.
/

~_..--

-..,~---

lI,
\

\,

..

....

~-

~ ~-

'.

'1

"

l
1

.s

j
\jI

~
)

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..

\.
,
"

'j

cJ.

At

~I

'"

c6

.A

_______

dl'

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.------~

1...

...

.a

1 r'

_1--_+- ___
1

'"
z

!
1
,"

l
1

1 ____ - - '1
L

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.,.
"

..l

.s

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6:.'"

Ie

.c\"

",

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...

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)

c.

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..

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toi

...
:!
.a

.."
'J

"

,.

.... 1

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,-

'-

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'r

li'

1",

'"

>

,-

"

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'c

..

....

~1

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.)~ ~.

...

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Sr

..

...

.:1,',

' ,

.;.~ ,,' ~

'-

-~~>J"
ri

">

l,

,f;

....U

h ___

'

"
~'"

~..-;

,...

....

'~,,,,,/

~'t,~~-"1

..
,'

.,

di

.'-...:.

----

I_~_~-.-

~-

~----~--

c".

"f

1.-,
1.

t_

POOR

COpy

__C_,O_P-,:..-E_lJ_E QUAL:fTEE

0'

1
,~~~~~_~_U_RE_,
"
,

j
f

1
l

.'

t
f

1
\

-D,

"

'l'
~

g:
...

.1

""G

0-

G"'

c:6

.~

oC

1.

1.

... -

oC

-1

01

'.
u

~I
.....

-c

-c

~I
;

u
'.~

~
'1 '
,

.'
1

..

l"

, '*
"

'

'.

"

"
-,

.....

. ",

~ri

..

i(? ..... ~

./.. ;;

.)

,.

,>

,'.
~

., ':T !~~'!~,~t~~~~:'

...'~

-("

,.",~~~

,$ .

>i'

;.
r~

.\

.. '.,
.,:-..,
;

.J

- _.

:~

J~

--'"$

1:

.....

SA

;:@iR&$XlX4W:;;i., ,,.ac.sUtsa".

idiU

X-';i;

J4$,t4;a;"IM,i*IJkt)IiJ414,...

*,~, ... . , .

afi

i4t

4.Lt=QJj~

'".'

1"

.;
hoc,trutll CID. E,.g,s, Part 2, 1982, 73, Ocre., 713-129

'.

.,.

r.

"

,8683

A graphieal method 'of eomparing

the taway reslstanee of taU

building structures

I!

1:"

',~

1" "
1

1\
i

"

,~,!

.~::"~.J-~~

. ~.....

_~~:""',!'_

r"~;:~

~_"

"','"

L~:: ;'~':~ "',.

}"

.:

."

Ji,
~ \

ft- >

...

0>0

'

.{

"

~
,'~

,,'

Introduction

...

C>'
1,

.,

~,..:;:

,., . . . dt , .,:.

n"

'r

"

~:.\"; ,'l~~~-

{',~j ," 'l

.../

~!::: ~ '~'

.... ...z
~

.~\J _ ~

'':.

'",,-

"

..
"

f\'

..

:~{~;;.i' ',~ "'~:.,

.::: ~"""

"1"

~f...

~~~: ~.}~

~.-

'.

..

.... I,,_
";>: ',\

--~
-~-~-

. .,'

".

~,

bt

"

,~ ~

.... '~

(1)'0

,c:,o
l'IJ"O

~~,,;~~"
f~,\:;:'~l ;~f,'
~;~}~~t~'

?;ltif~~ A

J~

~ 1

li

(Il
(1)

.,. In comparing the drift resStance oC alternative structuralschemes for a proposed

hgh-nse bUlldmg. there is a necd for a rapid hand m~od of sway analYSls tbat
cart be appIied generaUy to the-wide variety of structural forms in cunenl use. This
Paper presents such a method. The method adopts a generalizcd approach by
considering almost aU higb-rise bents, including rigid Crames, braced frames, shear
walls and coupled shear walls, as members of a structural family of cantilevers
whose deftex on behaviour can be represented by the thcory for couplcd shear
walls. Two non-dlmenslonal parameters 'arc uscd to identify the deflexio" behaviour of structures ompnsing a combinatton of thcse bents, as shawn for example
m Fig. 1, provlding the structural arrangement and loading arc sucb that the
structure does not twist. The simple calculal10n of the two ~ters for the
structure illlows reference to graPhs to determine the defteted fo~ the total sway
index and the storey sway Index for three common types of horitontalloading:
unormly distributcd, triangularly dlStributcd and concentratcd top loading. The
total sway mdex is defined as the lateral dcftexion at the t~p of the structure
divrdcd by the total height. The storey sway indu is the deftcxion in a single storey
divided by the storey height.

".'
~~~-

,ht

ml '$,,(

ct'

7 "'''$

Written dil\lssion closes 15 February 1983 for publication in Proctttlings. Part 2.

.. Dcpartment oC Civil EnBlneenng and Apphed Mechanic:s, McOiII UnIversity, Montreal.
t Lcmieux, Royer and Partners. Con.ulting Engineers. Quebec.

'- ,
,

",1ef~: ,., " t '~ "

...

t~'"'

__ ".. . ,_

713

~~

(Il
~

....

(Il

c:

:a
(1)
~

",/:-,

-<

I-t

J ... ....

I*{-

..".

l-""/

!'o-

00
"00

A mcthod ia prescnted for Ihe JI1lphical detennination and compariaon of tbe total and
maximum Itorey away mdices for taIl building structures. The mctbod ia based on the
adoption of the equation roI' the deftexion or coupled shear walls as 1 aenerabzed deftexiOD
equation for mOll forms of tall buddina structural asaemblies. The total .way indeI and
maximum storey away Index are exp~ 81 equations, and graphically, Il fUDctlon. of two
non-<lImcnSlonal structural parameters. The structure may coaais' of .bcar wallt, couplod
shear walls, ngid frames, braced frames or combinalions of these, providod the Itrudure
doeS not tWISt. The analyses are based on the assumptlon that Itructures are uniform with
helght; however. reasonable compansons f sway J'eS1stance caD &Iso be made for Donunorm structures.

,~

.:; \.

...............
,

M. KUSTER, MEnat

'-

l'

'". :'1: ~..::> ~ ', r

B. STAFFORD SMITH, OSe. PhO. B8c. FICEJ. C. D. HOENDERKAMP. B8c. M'Eng*

"

" .l ': '. ~ ", "

1~:f :.,.,'",.' :. ' , '-

<>

'.

-;i~;;-~~-~--S-MITH.

HOENDERKAM? AND KUSTER

....

''1

_....-........

~-----

.........

_- ~"*~"""""'~""'_"T"'__ ""'tIf~~(oMJli!AJ"i""2;4jd1J1
.....

,,

Notation
A Ad SC:C:Ollai arc:& or column and bracing. respectivel,
length of beam in coupled wall structure
c;
dlstancc frOID c::entrold of coluiiul or waU to cornmOD nlrOid
of bent
C
~ (/jh)
elaslic modulus
E

SWAY RESISTANCE OF TALL BUILDING STRCTURES

"
G

GA

"
H
(

Il
lb' 1.

""K,

K.

W 1'

y
a,'

., ,

(1,

"

parameter for shear rigidity of bent

storey hClght
total hClght oC struure
column number
moment of inerlla of wall ud/or colum~ 1 etc.
moment of inertia of beam and column, respectively
sross moment of inertia of structure
slru_clural par~elcr
total sway factor
maximum storey sway l'aclor

0"0

dIstance from column la brace connection with girder

IDteDSlly of unonnly distribuled latcra) )oadiol
nwumum U1tensily of tnangularly distributed lateralloacling
dIStance measured {rom top of structure
.
lateral deflexlon
structural parameters
dcficxion of storcy-hcight segment dud to racldng sbear
rotalln of column-gmicr JOlOt

00
"00

................

",1

t'J

PJ~

g
~
H

;1

"
AI

e.

r'

0'2
D ~

)(

'b-D

wC

D
.D

of&.

[Il

IH
'''11

-. Z

't'Il

:a
H
Pl

ln
c.ofa

--

.'

'

't.

,',
,...

<::>

in which

lx l

GAfi El,

P = EI/i, EA, cl

"

(3)

. ~befe '. is the second mommt of area of wall i about its own c:entroidal oil. A,
and

c, arc tbe section area of wall t and the

Common

t -, .,. -, :1 :trOIda!

(2)

dist~cc

from its ccntroid. to the

.i

.!

Fig. 2. Couplee! ahear wallstruc:ture

715

714
"

1iioI' .nt

. - -........- - - -

--..~~.....,................. ""r__~~~I ~~... ~H;jjfIt,.oflli'l ~

,,,,,,,,,,.. ,,,,.,,,,,

~~'"~ ,~"'-~

(')

.00

Fig. 1. Multibent plan symmetric structure

t.

General theory
3. The an8.J.ysis of deftexions and forces in couplcd wall structures; Fig. 2. bas
bcen available and used in practi. for tbe past Iwo decades. 3-5 On the basis of thp
associatcd theory the charactcristic dc:fl.xioR c:quation has been shawn to be'
4
2
d y kl l dly . [1 ('._)2 (k ...,. Xl]
(1)
d.x4 CI d;cl""W
- - ~T

H::Jj

------

2 The Authors have shown how coupled wall theory can he intcrprctcd to
rcpresent the behaviour of rigid frames and braced frames as wcll as c:ouplcd
walls, 1 and to represent in addition the behaviour of structures combining
differcnt types of hent. 2 Because couplcd wall theory is based on the assumption of
uniformity of the structure with helght, the melhod 15 morc accuratc for structures
which arc close to that condItion. Howevcr, reasonably accurate results for dcflex.
ion and valid c:omparisons between the performances of alternative structural
arrangements, may he obtaincd for non-uniform structures by Ibis method.

,1

r..

~ (IJf)

dIstance between centroids of walls and/or columns

boozonlal concentraled lop load

p
u

....

_ _ _ _ _ _ _""""_ _ _ _

~- _____ .~...~--_".,,,.,, Ii",

ii\llC!l'I'lIi.""_"':""v.v-.... .,,,.. ".

'","o _ _

'l.'''''' 'i ......U....,.,.,."""',\<!,,,'Il\l,~,!I~.! ";41. -:~~;;.J4J .Si....

SWAY R~SISTANCE OF TALL BUILDING STRUCTURES

STAFFORD SMJTH. HOENDERKAMP AND KUSTER

common centroidal axis or the coupled wall areas1 rcspectively, and l, is the
moment of inertia of the coupled walIs behaving fully compositely ~t their
common centroidal ~is, tbat is
l, = LI, + L A,cf
~(4)
GA symbolizcs the racking shear rigidity of the structure which, ror coupled walls,
is given by
.
GA'=

12Elb'js~b3

(5)'

x ,.. 0 and dividing througb by H ..

fui! = wH)
HEl,

wH

[{lg - 6 i

1 (x)

1 (X)4}

+ 24 i

+cosh(kH)(l -

1)

1)

{l -

"

Co\-

- ch =

1)

2(kaH)l

cosh(kcxH) - 1 - (kOtH)sinh(bH)}] (7)

(kaH)4 cosh(kaH)

wH

l
[{.

El,

(X)l} +

6 +"6 H

(k 1

1
-

1)

{ - (x/H)
(kltH)l

+ -sinh(kH)(l - x/Hl +(IcaH)coSh(kCXX)}]

(8)

The maximum value of the storey sway occurs at the lcvel for which the second
derivative of equation (6) is zero.

(1 (X)2

1 {-1

= 0 = 2 i + (k 2 -

(kH)l

l)

(6)

Cl."

_:-.

00
"00

1-1:1:1

Pl

+ cosh(kHXl - x/11) + (kH)inb(kax)}] (9)

x/11) - 1 - (WlHsinh(kl1) - Sinh(kax)}}]

(kcxH)2 cosh(kH)

shownl.~ that equation (6) reprcsents a1so the deflexlon of figid frames, braced
frames and symmetrically loaded symmetn~l combinations of tbese. EquatIon (6)
is written ln terms of the two charactenstic non-dimenslonal parametets ItH and k
that completely govern the defiected shape of the structure. The shape consists
partly of a bendmg mode, i.e. W1th concavity downwmd, m the lower rcgion, and a
shear- mode, i.e. with concavity upwind, in the upper region. The relative magnitudes of the two modes and hence. the overall configuration of the structure,
depc:nd on the values of aH and k. In extreme cases tlie shape will he eDtirely
flexuralor entirely shear.
l
'
5. The tolal sway index, YtoJfl, may be found from equalion (6) by setting

,,

(kltH)J cosh(kaH)

dxl

This is the characteristlc deflexlon equatlon for coupled shear walts. It has been

d1y

{X/H)2

2(kaH)l

_ 1 _ {_.1_
(p -

!kH)4 cosh(kH)

\ '.

+ (k:l -

'flle magnitude bf the storey sway is givcn by the derivative or equation (6)..
r

in which lb' band h are the moment of inertia, length and vertical spacing,
respectively, of the connecting beams, and 1is the distance between the-entroidal
axes oC the watts.
_
A. Taking boundary condItions of fixity at the base and zero external moment
and sheant the top, the solution of equation (1) can 1shown to he
y{x} = El,

[! +

6. Th solution of "IH from cquation (9) for parcular vahles of H and k

determines the level at which the maximum st~ey swy occurs'for a structure. The:
valu~ of xjH is then substituted into cquation (~to determine the magnitude of the
_lUmum storey sway.
\
" 7. EquatIOns (7) and (8) can he rew.rltten a s ,
_

dx

mu

El,

. (l0)

=!!f. K

Y
d )

t>:I"O

'c)

-<

c::
~

11-1
~

tIJ

~=WHl K
HEl,

C1
t:I 0

,Pl
i
,.
1.

1-1

"'1

(11)

'Pl

=
.....

'tIJ

le:

I~

............

lf

l("'

02
0167 1

0'15

a'!

10

20

"

40

60

10

_,

20

.!
40

60

,
100

0-11
10

=-=--=

~ ~~~-

"

2-0

4-0

&0

aH
.'

1-

Flg.3. Total swv factor Kt-uniformly distributed load

r.si 716p

,1

10

20

40

60

100

aH
10

Fig. 4. Maximum Itorey sway factor K.."'uniformly distributed load

ah

ft

"""1

--..---"" ..------~~.\1w~ Ulltllil~~"'~"'-""--~

717
A _ _ ,,"

.....

....

,~

"-

.-'

../

", ,

1 "-'-S;:~FF~Rb;'S~I~~',i'~'OENDERKA'MP AND K-US;-e;"'<"'",....."..<

"..r,.~~..,."

,~~, "1"

.. . . __, . .

'\.~'r.'~~1'~~j'.;t~~"""", . . ;", ... ;\,.,~,,,~lt!>"

''''''f..."".,...",~hf~.

SWAY RESISTtNCE OF TALL BUILDING STRUCTURES

!Xl

Determination of parameters H and k

9. The accuracy of predictmg the behaviour of a wide range of structures by

the single gencralized eq~tion depcnds on the propcrltetermination ohH",and k Z

for each type of structure. Generally, the parameter ca1culations are baied on
'"
quations (2) and (3).

Ji

,
Rigidframes

10. The rackmg shear rigidity Qf a rigid Crame bent is e1l3luated using the
assumptlon that all column-to-girder joints at a Hoor level rotate equally (Fig. 6).
Then
v

<.

Q-4

~.
!HI

,t

'.

08

'.
'h

1.01

I0

'1

200

"

4-0

&0

20

40

60

. In which C = (IJh), wherc l IS the moment of il\rtia of each column in

the bent, passing tfirougb a particular Boor level, h is the. storey heigbt, and
G ~[ fi JI), where Ibis the moment of inerua of each glrder in the bnt at that
ftoor level ,.nd 1is its span.
,
. ~
'"
11. EIfor the (rame is given by

QH

Fig, &. location of maximum storey sway-uniformly distrlbuted load

,.

ho)

'.

80th equations
and (11) contai, distribution ter:m, k, preccd by a term
that govems the maghltude of the d~ribution for a particular structure. The
distribution terms K, and~. are functions of pi!rIleters aH and k. Values of K,
and K, q,avc been solved fot practlcal ranges of values of a.H and k, and plottcd in
Figs 3 atld 14. Therefore, the total sway and maximum storey sway of a structure
can be obtained by caIculating the appropriate values of a.H and le, then using
these and Figs 3 and 4 to "obtam KI and K. wluch are then substituted into
equations (10) and (11) FIg. S, gives the values of (x/H) for the maXimum storey
sway in a structure.
8. Equations (7Hll) relate to structures subjected to uniIormly distributed
loading Equations and graphs for tnangu~ly dlstributed loading and concentrated top loading are given in AppeniilX 2. The three loading cases and
combmatlons of them can be used to apPIOximate the distnbutions of wind loading and static equivalent earthquake loading as specified in many building cods.
For top sway .and storey sway, the results for combinations of loading may he
supefposed. HoweVer, for maximum storey sw<ty, superposition gives an inaccurate result because the maximum values occur at different levels.

.\

Il

11

.:
\

:1

Ir

di

,
!

El =

l,

'e1

l': r-

'ca

,'

--

.;~.(" Fig. 6.

~1

~~i:718
,,~ f~

,1' ' " .'

l

..

11

1.
'

.,.

hJ2

Rigid frame '1tOreV'-helght segment

.,
~

...

~'

(14)

, t:1 0

Pl "0

-<

t>l
t>l

or
lo-=:;::::-i"""-Z-=--'-.lo
la)

.,

.,

-<Clh

h .,'

t>l
~

1.

1
(b)

l1j

c:
:a

.. 1

Fig. 7: Tvpes of bracing: (II) single X-braced; (b)

full storey-height knee bt:acing
c

. ,
Ir. ,
..

= Ll ~I A'cZ

~.

'.

~i"

H:a

hl2

0"0

00,
'tIO

t>l

'e3

11)2

Ib1

Pl

:-,~

,-

'"
I:l

,
A

(13)

where I~t . and c are rcspcctively the moment of inertia, ~tional area and
distanceIrom the common centroid or the column scctional areas of each column.

1
1
f

L (EI()

and the gross moment ofin'ertia 1. Cor the rigid frame bent 15

(12)

100

I2E

"l

GA = h(l/C + l/Gl

I l l -

10

I:l

'"

tl

il"

d~uble X-braced; (c) K-braced; (d)

719

ti '
1

STAFFORD

SMI~~' ~O-:;R:!P KUSTE~

AND

--

SWAY RESISTANCE OF TALL BUILDING STRUCTURES

i

Bracedframes
,
12. Three of the most common t
of braced frames are considercd: Xbraced, K-braced and full storey heigbt knee-braced bents. For the calcuration of
the shear ngldlty, hinges are assumed at tbe nQdal points of the trusa.

1.

(a) Smgle X -braced (Fig. 7(a

hl2 E

(15)

GA = {2h3/AJ + {d)/AJ

where h is the stotey heigbt; 1 the bay width; Ae, the cross-scctional '>Uca of the
column, and Ad' the cross-sectional arca of the 6ra;-':::>

'j

l'
1

2hlzE
.....

")jA4J

'

(16)

hIZE.

~\ '

"l

GA = 2[(hJ./AJ

GA = (h1l/61b)

j 1

l,.. '
\

1
d

(;

(17)

+(,l'/AJ]

cC

"

--~r

r
I

1
1

L_

.y

--1- .

Ip

J.

1
1

----- ""...J

1
1

,'01

1- b

.,

-LE

...
'.'

, Fig. 8. "~teract""19 wall and column

r IiIU Rrs"W!!$
720

7,1

ne.. '

----.

"_h'%l!ti's;t ...'tMtl'ti::t

"U'"

.'2'

(19)

,uA('>:?
..

Pl'tl

(20)

GA =

-<

c:

,1

',,-

.tl 0

-,

6~b {(1 + r)(l + 2r + s)}

" 0-:1

Pl

Pl

(21)

"rj,

,t>;!

where r = bll, s = (fJ - 3r - 1)!(fJ + 2), in wbich fJ = (6EIJEIJ!(l!h):If a column IS

connected to.each side of the wall, GA is the sum of GA values evaluated for the
two sides. Tbe structurai parameters El and El, are calculated as for a rigld frame.
The assumcd lincar distributIOn of axial stram in the vertical members across the
bent will yield better res.ults for structures wlth walls locateQ near the common
centroidal axis th an for walls whl'Ch are otf-centre

:tI
H

Pl

c:
::0
Pl

~t'<

Multi-bent structures

H::O

16. The racking shcar rigidity of a column rigidly conncctcd to a shear wall as
shown in Fig. 8

'tlO

Pl

Wall and column

\'

-,---- l-

00

(18)

+ (h3ju2A.) + (d3)I.t:l A.)

Il

1:/.=11+11
~...+.:

where lb is the moment of-inertia of the girder and u is the distance from the
column to the brace I;onnection wlth the girder
_
I3 In the case of a single-bay braced frame with non-moment 'resistant>
column sphces the moment of mertia of a column le is effectively zero. The re
sultmg values of a2 and k 2 , mfinity and unit y respectively, are unsuitl;lble Cor use in
equatlC~ns (6}-{8). It IS rccommended therefore that, in thcsc cases only,le is assigncd a fictitious small value equal to 0001 A.I 2/2 This gives a value for JcZ of 1001
and a large but consistent value for 1%2, which allows equations (6}-{8) to operate

t1

"

O'tl

2hE

15 The sbcar stttfncss for a coupled shcar wall, Fig. 2. is given by cquation (5)
while th~ gross moment of inertia is given byequation (4), ID winch

(d) Full storey-heigllt k1lle bracing (Fig, 7(d

14. If the column splices and the colu~n-to-girder connections in X and

K-braccd frames are moment resistant, the characteristic parameters (t1 and k1
should be evaluatcd by the procedure outlined for rigid frames, The shear rigidity
of such a braced frame is the sum of the shcar rigidities-o( the rigid frame and
braced frame modes ofbehavlour(equations (12) and (15), (16) or (17)

Coupled walls

(c) K-braced (Fig. 7(c

...-

Fig. 9. Plan of singly-symmetric multl-bent structure

wlu1e causing a negligible additional error in the result.

,

(h) Double X-braced (Fig. 7(b

fW

\.

17. The sway analysls is applicable to structures consisting of combinations of

the described types of bent, provlded the structure does not tWist under horizontal
loadmg. Such structures mclude plan symmetncal arrangements of parallel bents
subjectcd to symmetricalloadmg, as shown for example m Fig. 9. ln thesc cases,
the in-plane rigidity of the slabs constrains the translations of tJ!e bents to be
identical at cach Hoor revel
18. The evaluation of overall parameters !X2 and k2 for the t~aJ,&tructure is
made in thcse cases by calculattng tirst the stiffness parameters GJ4, LEI., El. and
l EA. Cl for each mdividual bent. The overall parameters for a structure consisting of n bents IS then given by
721

,- 7~U,ie"' .. " , - , - -

.... ~ ~ ....... _-",.-..

_ _ ....................

~_~~~f..J~_~~

_ _QI!'"IIIo~~"'PoI"

SW",V RESISTANCE OF TALl BUILDING STRUCTURES

r
"

] EI'E

BI~ ~

..

~..,;

Fig. 10. Plan of multi-bent example structure

= L (GA)/L L (Elc)

'

~""~,f,
~ ...

-(22)

;;

taken as a pair ofnon-coupled walls each ofinertia IJ2 50 that its contributions to
the numerator and denommator of eqation (22) are, respcctively, zero and Elc.
and to the numerator and denominator of equatibn (23) are, respcctively. Elc and
zero. The term El, ln equations (6)-{8) refers to the whole structure and is ob-

'I!I::L~"""

GA. N x 10

2535 (5)

Coupled walls
Shear wall

Rigtd frame
Braced frame -

(}354 (12)
0441 (17)

EEI,Nm
u

. . 4:.

10

0-332 (19)
(}267
0-004 (13)
0

Nm

x 10u

1783 (20)
0
1-496
0-384

El" Nm
X

.-

5465
1336
0-152
0186
1/1758
478
1/1443
0-343

rU{ (22)

tl (23)
Kt (7) or [3]
K. (8) or [4] ,

~lt '

-'
,~

,..

,-

.. ~

i'~kJ

~: ~

.l,

y..,JB (10)

~ ~

,_~.

- 2

2115 (4)
0-267
l'SOO (14)
0-384 (14)

y... (cm)

(dy/dx)t-, (11)
xlB (9) or [S]

37-443
1-0021
c

0-284
0-349
1(147
11'24

1/608
0-807

,00
ttl"O
D

1-1

1-1

:z=

on
(')

"'l
t'l

::0

o
co

t'l

..,

c:

::0
I:%l

c.ofa
~~".\

..

'1

1
1

1
1

."
Sam

60m

Sam
1

,. 80 m

1/607
0-477

80m

"

.j

Fig. 12. Rigid and brHed frame bents

723

----~

... ~

_ .... _~,~~~~'tI1t~~~~*;

-<

1-1

3-036
H81
0269
0328
1(140
11-36

,-

r-

()

t'l

,'f,

__ il

"00
1-1:1:1
t'l

I:%l

'" 722

10 11

0"0
00

i\

"\

Table 2. Sway results (equatlon number !liven in

breckets; fig numfler given in square brackets)

Example

Fig. 11. Coupled wall bent

1/

l'

925m

Table 1. Structural parameters of IndiVldual bents (equation number given in

brackets)

EAc 1,

g,,J,,u

Examples
' t

19, The procedure for the deflexion analysis for taU buildings is given in Appendix 1. Three examples demonstrate how the method may ~ used to compare
the effecuveness of alternative structural solutions for a proposed high-rise building. The fioor plan of the 24-storey, 840 m structure In Fig. 10 shows a symmetrical arrangement conslsting of two types of bent: A and B. A uniformly distributed

Type of~nl

BI

L (El,) for the set of bents.

1 1

0-1

(23)

Ir 4IlY of the bents is a core or a shcar wall ofinertia, say. 1 it may be notionally

co

ft

lE
-oit

L (EI,)fi L (EA.c 2 )

,1

: i'

tained. tberefore, crom

-p,

/X2

,1

,:

. '1l
.......

/'

w - 30-0 kN/m helght

,

1. 1

~[D

.r* 1~~,~~~"'/jII\.'''''''''''''

......... ....t. ..... ~

!,..
_ _ _ _ _- - '_ _-

..
) ....
_."'....IiJ....
""_
...~....,.....,.~ .. ~...... " ..... ~_~'"4'~d ... O:::::iiIbj'~~

Hq"'~~""lll'~IQ,"""~~~~

_____ ~_ . . . . . . . ..,........",.......rt"~--~"""'<:.~."...,.,(f~,~ ~'"~

:.

A. in the tirst structure consist of

coupled walIs as shown in Fig. Il. The moment of mertia of the connecting beams is 54 x 10:"3 m4 The exterior single shear walls. B, have a
thlckness of 025 m.
~
(h) Example 2. A steel ~blution compr-ises a rigid frame and a braced frame
(Fig. 12) In the rigld frame. A: for the exterior columns le = 40 )( 10- 3
3
2
2
)Il. and Ae = 5-0 X 10- m ; for the mterior columns. le = 60)( 10m4 and Ac = 60 X 10- 2 m4 ; for the beams lb = 10 x 10-"a m. In the
braced frame. B' for th~oiumns, Ac = 60 x lO-z m2 ; for the bracmgs
2
2
Ad = 0 3 X 10- m
(c) Example 3. In this mixed solution the rigJd frame used in example 2 is
combined with the concrete shear wall of xample 1.

(a) Example 1. The mterior assemblies.

-j

>,
f

proposed structures can he compared Ail these cases are helow"the usual limiting
sway Index of approximately 1/450. Although the method 1S strictly accurate only
for structures W1th umform properties up the height-an unllkely case in
prachce-a reasonable estimate of the total sway index for a structure that reduces
up the helght can he made by analysing a umform structure with properties of
about 85% of those at tbe base of the actual structure. A valid comparison of the
sway reslstance can then he made from the ,corresponding maximum sway indices
of the equivalent umform structures
,21. It IS slgnificant that the maximum storey sway index in a taU building is at
the level where d 2 y/dx 2 IS equal to zero, I.e. at the point of contraflexure in the
defiexion curve. Below that level the structure has a flexural shape with concavity
downwind and, above that level, Il has a shear mode shape wlth concavity upwind.
Thus, the structure of example 2 wltb a pomt of contraftexure at about one-fifth of
the height from the base has a predominantly shear-mode configuration, while
examples 1 and 3, cach wlth a pomt of contrafiexure above mld-height Mve a
stronger fiexural configuration, these refieet the hlgh fiexural stiffnesses of the
shear walls.
'

724

..

... ~ ~

zJ;

,;'......... ......... ~~~...

............

.....w-.

(GAla

(~EA.C2)B

(24)

This parameter is 90t necessary for single shear walls as they will not induce
additional errors
.
23. If the ratio lB.....JlB min < 10 the error of the proposed mcthod will he less
than 10%. For a ).-ratlo larger than 10. It is mathemabcally possible for the error
to exceed 10% but, for all the practical sized structures devised by the Authors in
this range. the errors were weil Wlthm 10%. In example 2 lA = 236 X 10- 4 and
).a = 115 x 10- 3 glVlng a ratio of 486.

A generalized hand method for sway analysis IS presented for high-nse

structures comprismg ngid frames, braced fram~s, cou pIed walls and shear walls,
or combinatIons of these. The method allows a rapld assessment of a structure's
adequacy ln sway resistance, as weil as an easy compans on between the swtabihty
in sway reslstance of different structural proposais for a high-rise building. It is
necessary to calculate two non-dimensional parameters, aH and k, for the stru,c(ure. which charactenze 1tS sway perfol'Jl1ance. The parameters may be sObstituted
in formulae, or used to refer to graphs, to obtam solutIOns for the deftected shape,
the total sway index and the maximum slorey sway index.
25. Complex high-nse structures including fiexural bents (shear walls, cores.
braced frames) and shear bents (rigId frames) as well as tlexural-shear bents
(coupled walls) May be analysed by the method Complex structures with a mixture of bent types deftect in ftexural mode m the lower part (conca vit y
downwind), and in a shear mode m the upper part (eoncaVity upwind) Wlth a pomt
of eontraftexure at the Junction The more fiexurally dommant the structure the
more extensive the fiexural regIon and the hlgher the pomt of contraftexure.
26. The method is restricted to structures in whlch the plan arrangement and
honzontal loadmg are symmetrical so that the structure does not twist. The
method 15 based on the assumptlOn of, and therefore 15 accurate only for, structure~
o.at are uruform throughout their helght. It May be used however, to obtam the
approxlmate sway in and compansons of sway between, praCllcal structures whose
prorertles vary Wlth height.

~-

24.

..

Acknowledgement

27. The Avthors wlsh to record thelr appreciatlon of the Natural SCIences and
Engineering Rcsearch CounClI of Canada for the Ir financial support for thls research proJect.
~

22 An approximation exists in the procedure for lumping a set of different

bents as defined by equations (22) and (23). The accuracy oC the lumpmg depends
on the similanty of the free deflexlOn charactenstlcs of each benl. A study has been
made bf vanous structures of different helghts wlth a wlde range of values of the
parameters aH and k 2 In nearly ail cases the approxlmate results Cor defiexion
c6mpared c10sely wlth sti1fness matnx computer analyses. The tests have shown
that when combining bents of a simllar type the maxtmum mduced error will he
about 10% m the worst cases and substantially lcss in the maJonty of structures.
When be~ts of dlfferent types are combined ln a smgle structure It IS suggested that

, _---1...

1;

Comments on combining bents

.....

Conclusions

20. The examples ilIustrate the eas with which the sway resistance of different
t

r ____

an additional parameter ..t is calculated for each indlVldual bent where

lateralload of 3 0 X 104 Njm and elastlc moduli E of 25 x 1010 N/m 1 for concrete and 20 x 10 11 NJm 1 for steel are assumed. The storey helght is 3'5 m and
-the concrete walls have a thickness of 025 m. Table 1 shows the four salient
structural parameters for the four dtfferent types of assembly used in the eXlPllples
followed by the equation number in brackets. The non-dimensional parameters
i%H and k 2 for each example are round in Table 2 together with the final rcsults for
,
theswaY
v

~ ...... ~....-- ___ ~_ ..

SWAY RESISTANCE OF TALL BUILDING STRUCTUR,ES

STAFFORD SMITH. HOENDERKAMP AND KUSTER

, !

................

"" .. ~~l; .. _ ...I,*-~",," ~-"- ""

Appendhc 1 : Procedure forthe dellexion analysis of tall buildings

. Structural parametl!Ts
28. For cach mdiVidual bent ca\culate LEI" GA, L EAc 2 and El, usmg equations 12
t021

Non-dimensionaJ parametersaR and le'

29. For a smgle bent structure use equalJons (2) and (3) For a symmetnc combmahon of
bents refcr to equatJons (22) and (23) Also lind El, for the total structure (:. I" EI,J

725

n-o

00

'"00
H::O

[2l

00

tx:I'"O

-<

ooi

t[2l

tx:I
H

[2l

::0
IH

tzl

c:

'~ .. ~j

f
1
1

,!
_._" ___ ~_

'"

___

..

i(

_ _ ...... .,.,_~~~~.I.~'-.,"!"'.J/.~~(I~ . . ~'II:1i

.i4iAJi&liG._--...........-""...,'-..-""""'-O~~1 ~""'~""""'--_R_

'*'t:n4iO!'(t

P! QSi

SWAY RESISTANCE OF TALL BUILDING STRUCTURES

STAFFORD SMITH. HOENDERKAMP AND KUSTER

Sway resultsfor slltgle btnr structures lIJId mu/n-belu sr~e.s

(b) UslngJk;:lonforrnulae

(a) Usmgdlagrams
30. For a ll1Iiformly distributed 1004, w, cnter the graphs in Figs 3 and 4 with rd! and k2 to

33. For a uniformly dlst,.ibuttdloo4, w, rder ta cquabons (1H9). Equation (9) for the
location of the maximum slorey sway has to he solved by tnal and error. This can bc

avoided by usmg the diagram in Fig. S inslead.

34. For a COftCmtrafed top load, P, use equations (26) and (28) ta obtain K. and K. which
an: then to bc substitutcd into equations (25) and (21), respecllvdy. For a coDcentratcd top
load the maximum storey sway is mvariably at the top of the structure.

obtatn K, and K. whlC:h are then substituted into equattons (10) and (11). respectively. FIg. S
ylelds the location ohhe maximum storey sway.
31. For Q concelllraled top loaJ, P, use Figs 13 and 14 to obtain K, and K. which are

subsututed into cquations (25) and (27), rtspcctively. For this type of loading the maximum
storey sway is IDvariably at the top.

32. For a rrlllgularly dismbuted load, W1, Figs IS and 16 yield K, and K. which are to bc
substituted mto cquallons (29) and (31), rcspechvcly. The locatIon of the maxunum staR)'
sway 1$ obt81ned tram Fig. 17.

1
.~

\\/1 35. For a trlangularly distributed 1004, w1' equations (30) ald (32) yield K, and K. which

tftc 10 he wbSlltuted mto cquatlons (29) and (31), respectively. The localloD of the maximum
storey sway IS obtained by solving equation (33) by trial and error. ThIS can bc avolded If the
diagram m Fig. 17 is used lustcad

' 'l'
,

--

'

.,

)c~

Ci"C
00
"CO

),c-

H::tI

Pl

Ci

00
,

t*1"C

~31
003 .0
'

,"

2.Q

===

~
?:??--z~--=P~-~G?s\:

4-0

&0

10
aH

20

30

60

10

100

2-0

40

ta

S-O

20

40

60

100

"'3

t*1
t*1

aH

Fig. 15. Total sway factor Kt-tnangularly distflbuted load

Fig. 13. Totalswayfactor Kt-()ncentratedtop load

-<

IH

,!

"Il
,1

Pl
:t!

1-1

Pl

..
,

"
),c.

10

'20

4-0

S-O

10
aH

20

40

60

.......~~.......-..._ ..............."

"--~

:t!
Pl

--

),c-

..

tOO

.' Fig.14. Maximum storey sway factor K.-concentrated top load.

726

c::

-- -'- .....'""'.'v~_ ....... 'b'_ _ W'"",.-,,-.......""" ,j."...... "....

~1~~1

1'0

'=~~=,

20

40

Sil

la

20

40

60

100

aH

Fig. 16. Maximum

_orey sway factor K.-triangularly distnbuted load

727
~~~_J;.'-"";: ....... ~ ... "..-t;.l -

r"
1

j'---

,,,,., ,"~""1'''':Wi@j 1JJ ""',,",PA ,,*1

------~--~~---.------r------

Til

III

__

..

,X ,. ....,,"""i

;4"""'"

\_~.~;

_________,

11

-SWAY RESISTANCE OF TALL BUILDING STRUCTURES

STAFFORD SMITH. HOENDEElKAMP AND KUSTER

K, may he evalualcd using FiS. 15.

39. The maximum storey sway

1
!

d Y)
( <Ix

....

,. w I H

El

(31)

.~

in which the dislnbutlon faclor K.musi he evaJuated al the point orin1lection.

:x:

1 I(X)J
~r~J-4:+1(~V
l}
." K,=-g+6
H -241 H +k2_~+(kaH)l

:,

(X)4

i\

_ smh(kctH)(l - x/If) + {1f(kaH) - (kaH)/2}cosh{klXX)]

(kaH)3 cosh(kaH)

,.

(32)

Values of K. can qUlcldy he round ln Fig. 16.

40. The locatIon orthe maxImum storey sway is defined by the roUowmg condiqD

aH

2
d y = 0 = .!. (-=-)2 _! (-=-)3

dx 2

________:

Fig. 17. LOClItion of maximum storey sway-tnangularly distributed load

---------, "'__,

...

Concentrated /oad P al tire top

""E, x

Sinh(lH)}
K, ... '3 + k 2 _ L (kaH)2 - (kaH)3 cosh(kaH)
1

\f

!
j

~ 1
1

S.

= PH x K
( dx.... El,

inwhich
K,

= - + kl

_ 1

4.

dY)

{-1

(kClH)l

(27)
6.

I}

_1_

+P - 1

{(X1H -

n.,

1)

(kaHf

cosh(kaHXl - x/H) - {lf(kalf) - (kaH)/2}smh(WJ}

+
(kaH)l cosh(kaH)

t'l

\ t'l

~ --------

"
,
STAFFORD SMllH B el al. A gcneralizcd approach ta the deftcction analyss of braced
frame, rigid frame and coupled wall structures. Can. .J-ClV. Engng. 1981.8, June, No. 2,
230-240.
",
STAFFORD SMJ1H B. et al. General1Zed method for estunating the dnft in high-nse structures. J. Strucr. DIV. Am. Soc Clv. Engrs. Submstted for publication.
BEeK H. Contribution 10 the analyslS of coupled Shear walh. Proc. Am. Coner. Inst., 1962,
S9. Aug., Na. 8,1055-1070.
ROSMAN R Approximate analysis of shear walls subJCCllo laleralloads. Proc. Am. Coner.
lnst~ 1964, 61, June, No. 6,711-734.
CoULL A. and CHONDHURY J. R. Stresses and deflectons in coupled shear walls. Proc. Am..
Coner. Inst~ 1967,64, Feb., No. 2, 65-72. .
KtlSTEIl M. A parame/cr s/udy of taIl buildmg stl1lCturtS. McGiII University, MontreaJ.
MEng thesis, 1978

38. The Iota! sway index is

=E1
,

~. ~

:li

(29)

xK ,

where the distribution factor

cosh(kClH) + (1I(kH) - (kaH}!2}sirlb(kaH) - I}

~-*

(30)

(kaRt cosh(kaH)

-i. * tM

tiret

ID

le

lE:

\~

-\

:
z

tzJ
::0

1-1

tzJ

'C:

\ _il!
~

l!

wIH '

c,

.0 C

.Triangularly dlStributed food. wl(1 - x/Hl. where wi indlcales the ntlIXmIIm intensity lit tire
10p of/he s/ruc/llre
...

!!!!

OC
~

(33)

(28)

+ (kClH)l cosh(bH)

.' II
1 {L
1
K, = 120 + ~ - 1 3(kaHf - (kaHf

3.

The distribution l'actor K, cau he rapldly evaluated by uSlng the graph ln Fig. 13.'
37. The maxtnlum storey sway for thls type of loadmg occurs at the top of the structure
rega{dless of the structural parameters.
1

(26)

Fig. 14 cau he used t? find K .

1.
.

1 l' {1

where

References

(25)

KI

6 H

Fig. 17 may ~~to fin!,l~lues for x/Ho

36. The total sway Index is

PH 2

2 H

~....

Appendix 2: Alternativeloading ca...

l!!2

B""'' OIllOl.'....X""___.....__

............ .ta:Oo.I...

"

\ .
....... ,.';O': .. ""'01.~

... ~!._ ...

729

ASIAN, REGIONAL CONFERENCE ON TALL BUILDINGS AND URBAN HABITAT

August 77-20 1982, Kualll Lumpur

SIMPLE DEFLECTION ANAL YSIS OF PLANAR WALL-FRAMES

o

B. Stafford Smith- Canada

J:c. D. Ho,derkam p ':'" Canada

SYNOPSIS
An,approximate method of analysis
for rapidly estimating the total and
maximum drifts of planaI' uniformly
perforated walls subject to lateral
loading is presented. The method is
'developed from the coupled wall deflection theory which is expressed in
two characteristic parameters., The
analysis is based on the "wide column"
analogy that girders connecting walls
can be replaced by beams with rigid
ends, and the "deep beam" analogy that
walls connecting deep girders can be
substituted by columns with rigid erlds.
'Equivalent flexural stiffnesses are
derived for theae analogouS members,
Structural parameters of the
total wall structure representing
racking shear, flexure and axial behaviour yield two characteristic par~
met ers which can be used in the continuous medium coupled wall analysis,
The versatility of this method allows
the analysis of regularly perforated
shear walls, multiple coupled wall
structures, and rigid frames with deep
girders.
Deflection equations are presented {or three lateral loading cases;
uniformly distributed, triangularly
distributed and a concentrateo load
at the top of the structure.
Deflection profiles from the continuous medium method are compared
with deflections obtained from stiffness mat~ix and finite element computer analyses to demonstrate an
accuracy suitable for preliminary
d~~ign purposes.

,LIST OF SYMBOLS
a

sectional area of column

length of rigid end (right) on
girder
B
Elblt
c
distance from neutral axis of
wall to common centroid of bent
C
Elc /r
e
Jength Of~i'd end on c9lumn
E
elastic mod lus
\,F
column sh r force
GA
racking shear rigidity of bent
h
storey height
H
total height of structure
moment of inertia of equivalent
le
prlsmatic column
lb,Ic moment of inertia of beam and
column, respectively
gross moment of inertia of
Ig
structure'
k
characteristic structural parameter
rotational stiffness parameter
K
length of beam between rigid
1
,
ends
number of bents ' _
n
Nok
neutral axis
horizontal concentrated top load
P
r
length of column between rigid
ends
w
intensity of uniformly distributed lateral load
maximum intensity of triangularly distributed lateral load
distance measured from top of
'x
structure
y
horizontal deflection
aIt
ai
characteristic structural para'a
meter
A
b

length of rigid end (left) on

girder

" ,," 3-33

blR.

h/r
storey deflection due to rotation of column-girder joints
storey deflection due to flexi.
bility of CQlumns
(a+t'+b) Il
column-girder joint rotation

INTRODl!CTION

walls witb a different geometry [7].

As referred to in this paper a

wall-f.rame is defined as a multi-bay
rigid frame with closely spaced colunns
and deep girders, or a shear wall with
multiple openings on a horizontal and
vertical grid. When the columns and'
deep beams are replaced by walls and
~hallow.beams these structures may be
called multiple coupled walls.

For t&e analysis of the wall-frame

structure it is assumed that its geo-'
metry remains uniform up the height
with the-exception that the girders at
the top are of half the stiffness of
the others. The method requires all
ppening~ ln the wall to be of equal
height; however, the width of the
open1ngs may vary from row ta row.
For the analysis of multi-bent structures the line of resistance of the
structure must coincide with that of
the external loading so that twiSting
of the structure does not occur.

Previous hand methods of analysis

idealised such structures 1nto unperforated cantilever walls with equivalent stiffness properties which were
obtained from finite element analyses
[3].
These "analogous plate-modules"
can then be analyzed using engineers
bending theory. In a similar approach
[5] the perforated wall is replaced by
an elastically equivalent orthotropi~.
plate. The principle of minimum total
,potential energy can then be used to
analyse the structure. For the analysis of~framed tube structures for
tall buildings the discrete structur~
can be replaced by an equivale~t orthotropic tube [1]. By making pimplifying assumptions regarding the
stress distributions in the structure,
a simple solution is obtained for the
forces in the beams and columns.

GENERAL THE ORY

The structure shown in Fig. l

contains wide walls and ,deep bamg.
Because of the large depth of the beams
the floor to floor columns'are assumed
to have rigid ends extending over half

!0 j 0
-! 0
i 0-

The basis for the proposd analysis of

wall-frames is an extep5ion ot tne
continuous medium 'theory fop coupled
shear walls. 'It yields a method for
calculating the deflections of wallframe structures in terms of three
'ge,neralised structural properties.
These ar:
1)

2)

3)

-,
1

1
1

Racking shear !i"igidity of" a single

storey due to-double curvature
bending in the columns and beams.
This is denoted by the letter
combinat ion GA.

l
'1

-~

r 1-

'

l'

0 i
0 ;

iD! 0 i
lolo"

'

Combinations of the above t6ree,para meters yield two character1stic paramet ers which can be used to 'obtain the
total dr1ft of the structure, and the
magnitude and location of the maximum
storey drift Es]. The versatility of
the method allows the-analysis, pf
wall-frames and multiple coupld walls
combined with other types of bents
such as rigid frames, shear wallS,
cores, other wall-frames, and coupled

0 1 .0. ,

" 0

Axial stiffness flexural parameter

expressing the contribution to the
gross flexural rigidity given by
vertical members axial stiffness.
This is denoted by E(Ac'l.,)c'

i D"

The sum of the single curvature

flexural rig1dities of the vertical members, i.e. assuming aIl
horizontal members eut, denoted by
E(EI)c'
'

,.

e
h

~.

,
1

Fig

"-34

1.

Pilln. well-fram6 nllJctu",

"

'

1_

),

_ _______

~_ :~FERIE_UR_E_l

"

-- r -"

the be~ de~th.

The beams re also
taken ta behave as members with flexurally rigid ends which extend over
half the width of the walls. An equivalent frame with rigid end members is
shown in Fig. 2.
The assumed eqyal
ro~ati?n~ of,all column-beam joints ~\
a part~cular floor level will cause the
points of contrafle~ure to occur at the
clear span centres, ~ut if the walls

K,= Gi.,{8.(41-I2.CI(I+ '2.oc~)

..

9l(~+

001 1

0",'" 12.:W,f>,)1

"

NA 2

NA,

, lb'

i,

0,

a'.

1-

1"

b,
~I

(0)

'(1)

"'C
( b)
Pri$/TIst;c glrder with rigld amrl

FIg. 3:

where

r...

EIbl

'"'II = - -

.l,

o., and
J,

OC.", -

b,
ri = ---"
.
J.,

As it is assumed that al and a2 are

equal, Eq. (1) may be simplified to

K,,,, G".'9f":"'8"bt,+12.0(~+ 12. "',t', + ((!>r} (2)

,,

e
r

which represents ~he rotational stiffness at an exterio~ joint f~r a beam

with rigid ends. Fig. 4 shows a
storeY-height segment of the wallframe structure. At the interior joint
both beams

--,

--

F,

~
~

-,
..

'l'

Fig. 2.

a,

I~

-,I~

F2

bl

..el

0'-

0'-

~,

.. Oz ~I"

F3

.lz
~I"

bz
"1

Framll with rif/Id mcled m"",be,.

Fig. 4_

are of unequal wi'dth these points will

be forced to develop either above or
below the floor levels. The prismatic
member with rigid ends, Fig. 3a, represents a beam connecting two walls.
The wide column rotatioIT shawn in
1
Fig. 3b causes the ends of the flexible
beam ta rotate and deflect.

.'

l,

I bz

F,

F3

lb'

Fz

will contJibute to the rotational

stiffness of the joint. Eq. (2) may
be ued to show the stiffness of the
joint ta b~

-K:I."~19{1D+ la~ .... ,'2.~~i'

..

4..

:1:,

'2. ..... "1

~ ~oc.}

+ G2.,61 fD + '8o(2.~ '1.o(~ 1- 1'- 0(2, ~1 + (0 ~1!

It can be shawn that the rotational

stiffness at end 1, is given by

Storey-height segment of wallframe

(3)

The'rotational stiffness for the girder

3-35

,,
1

at the exterior jOitt on the right

side of the struct4re can, quickly be
verified as
J

Ka&

The 'total deflection of the columns

due te racking shear is a combinat ion
of deflection . and a deflection ~2.'
due to bending in the flexible region
of the column. The half-storey defleotion due to bending of the columns
can be ~hown to be
'.'

.'

92..9{".la"'~"/2.~!" 1'1 Oit.tt. ... "ot11 (4)

In the case of a ~~o bay frame as

shown in Fig. 2 tihe expressions in
Eqs. (2), (3) an~ (4) can be added to
"., obtain the tota~rrotational stiffness
of the joints. !

,_ r f.h2.
1-

U<4rl~' ..

12. ~~ ..

2.4~.J

LF.h ...

+2.4ft.~'1. + 1;' f>~ + ~A ~t.)

(5)
K by r.h and simpli-

A - L F.h'a.

momen~s

1'2. 9

1+

12.

'1-

where

4~ (0(,." \ ;, f>2.Y'}

~6)

e L 9~i '1{'

a.

GtA =

+..e +b

4A =

.t

12.

l1

9.~...
..

L F.h~

2.~LGt.,2.

(Sf

(">

;fi '"

\~) ~

l'

-,

l'
F/fI. 5:

'.

.,

srot.yh/ght drtfftion

IC~2.

'1

I: G'l2.

l'

"1

r:F.h

~}
01

!
(10)

'
!

(11)

{I

12

l'

h [C~"+[Gs'11j

(12)

Th~ structural parameter representing

the flexural behaviour of the vertical
members in the structure cannot be
taken as a simple summation of the
column moments of inertia. The rigid
ends of a can~ilver column as shown
in Fig. 6a must be taken into account
in evaluating the effective flexural
rigidity parameter. This can be
achieved by replaaing the non-prismatic
column by an equivalept pri5matic mem~
ber, fig. 6b. Considering the rotational stiffness at the top which is
free to translate, it can be shown
that for equivalent rotational stiffness 'the rigid-ended column may be
replaced by an equivalent prismatic
memb.er wi th a moment of inertia of

(7)

L 4i '1i2.

The rotation of a joint formed by the

rigid end of both column and beam will
~ause a horizonta~ deflection at the
mid-storey height level, rig. 5. for
half the storey height this is

'._

{I

.t

Eq. (12) i5 similar to the equation

for ordinary rigid frames with the exception of the parameters y and n
which, in that case, have a value of
unit y [2].

LF.h

9 ...

Substituting Eq. (10) into Eq. (11),

the racJcing shear stiffness of a
planar wall-frame structure is

(6 )

The rotation of the column-girder

joints can now be elpressed as

whih represents the ratio of the dist'ance between the neutral axes of the
walls to the flear span .length of the
beam.

12.

'1

'i .h

tS

In summation form this can be rewritten

l.
as
\
.

L Eh -

and

The racJcing shear st,iffness of a

pl anar bent
expressed symbolically, '
as

f> 1)2-

= ErIe

The horizontal defle~tion of a full

storey height is therefore, Fig. 5.

j
{ Gr~, ( 0(, +

where ~ is the length of the column

between the rigid ends.

+ C,2.9 { 1"''' 2<40(2," 1'l.0l!

Replacing
fying

24LC ~~

in which

LK. ~1.9 ~'2.il.~O(,~ I2.OC~

(9 )

~"

(13)

The third structural parameter indicating the overaii bending benaviour

due to the axial stiffnesses of the
vertical members in the wall-frame
structure, EAc2., ~s obtained as for'
an ordinary rigid frame [6). The
gross moment of inertia of the bent is
then '~he sum of this parame ter and the

3-36

\
.,

"

~OOR

,-

"COPY

COPIE OE QUALITEE INFERIEURE

------

.~

_.----------_ .. - - - -

common
centroidal
axis
'-.., NA;,
NA~

(14)

NA,

'1

iD

1; ,

FI,_ 6:

Stotrly-htlight co/umM

Ai. and ci. are the sectional area of

wall i and the distance from its
netral axis to the common centroidal
axis b$. . the bent, respective1y, Fig. 7.

The continuous medium method al-,

lows a rapid hand analysis for tall
build.ings wi th uniform geometry up ,the
hei~bt.
It assumes that a structural
bent can be reduced to an equivalent
pair of coupled walls connected by a
continuous medium [6]. It can be
shown that the deflection profile of
this type of structur, subjected to
~niformly distributed lateral loading,
\
~s ~overned by a fourth order differential equation [4J.

where w is the intensity of the uniform

loadng. The characteristic parameters
cr,2. and k2. comprise combinations 'of the
three previously described parameters
as fo11ows:
. '

1
,-

LEI

and

kt _

(16)
/'

1.

cin

LAc?>
)

,1
_..1--. ___ --

.' t / '

1
li

D!

DI

o
o

~_C....:..-4--f~1

>'/

f4--'---,-c,

Mu/tip/~

couplMl walll

Assuming boundary conditions of

zero displacement and s1ope,at the
base and zero external moment and
shear at the top, the solution of Eq.
(15) leads to the development of an ,
express~on ~or horizontal deflections,,,::l'
over the helght of the structure.
".f'
( ) wH4
y~=--

GA

i,

[JI, 0

'0

'"

01,0
0\/0

,Fig, 7:

0(2-

NA 4

o
o

l'

1. .

0 , 0\,0
'0 10\[ 0

"-.\

EI~

b'- - - - + -(X)4
8

1 {I _{~)2.
---,k1_1 2.{kocH)2.

1 (",)

6 H . ?~ H

(la)

cosh(kc<H)(' -~) -

+----~--~~~~--~

(kO(H)4 C.O~h (\<O(H)

(kO(H) [sinh(kotH) -~in\'(ko(X.m]

(k",H)-4 c.osh (\cO( H)
-"1.

---

.._ ....J

.----~._--~_-

..

rvvn vvrI

COPIE OE

Q~ALITEE

The total drift index of the structure

can be obtained by substituTIing x = 0
and dividing through by H, thus

'::t'-op

"" H 3 [ 1
1
1
E'I, S + kll_\ l-2.-(-k-O(-H-)""~

INFERIEURE

c(!l.

k'1,.

(19)

dy.::wH3[..!..+..!..(X)l
E l'

L ID

fo H

'_'_{'-B
(kO(H):t

1: (EI,.)/f(l: EAe?-)

(20)

The maximum storey drift, dy/dx ,(max),

occurs at the lo~ation (x/H) for which
the 'second derivative of Eq. (l8) is
zero.

,_.1-_ ~ ~~_=_~,

J
j

III

Fig. 8:

,1

k,2_1

JJ

.1

\ i

II

~ -s','(\h{I,(Oc\-l)(I-~) +(\.(0(\-\) ~O$h!ko<",fl

.
(kC(\-I)! GOSh (koc\-\)"

(23 )

II

The derivative of the deflection equa~

tion, Eq. (18), yields a formula for
the storey 9rift index [8].

d:x.

(22)

and

+ c;.OSh (kCltH) - 1- (ko<\-l) siY'\'n(\.cO\Hn]

(\.tacH)4 ~OSh ('KocH)

(GA)/t (L El)
~

\~

Plan of ml.bent stttJcture

For'structural bents such as cores and

single shar walls El' = EI. because
EEAc!l = GA ; O. The contr1butions of
th~se single cantilever members are
limited to the denominator of ~q.' (22)
and ;the numerator of Eq. (23)., - (S e
Example 2.) The term EI~ in Eqs. (18)
to (21) refers to the who1e structure
-.and is obtained, therefore, from
t(El.) for the set of bents.

When the above equation is solved fpr

(x/H), and the resulting value,substituted into Eq. 20, the maximum 'store',
dr~ft is given.
Eqs. (18), (20) and
(21) are formulated for a uniform
lateral load. Similar formulae for a
triangularly distributed load and a
cortcentrated load at the top of th~1
structure are shown in the Appen~ix.

MULTI-BENT STRUCTURES

ACCURACY

The formulae for drift indices

are applicable also to buildings consisting of combinat ions of bents provided the lines of the structural
resistance and external loading are
coincident so that the structure does
not twist [7]. Such buildings include
plan symmetrica1 parallel bents subjected to symmetrical loading, as
shown for example in Fig. 8. The
multi-bent structure may also includc
coupled walls, single sher wal~s, ,
rigid frames and braced frames.
In
the se cases, the in-plane rigidity of
the slabs is assumed to cons train the
deflections of the bent~ to be the same
at eacR floor level.

The assumption for equal rotatio

at the column-girder joints causes th~
method to yield its most accurate estimates for wall-frames and multiple
coupled walls with symmetrically spaced
openings of the same size and equally
spaced columns. The assumed equal
Joint rotations induce a stiffening
effect in the racking shear parameter,
GA, causing it to be overestimated.
The ~arameter representing bending due
to.axial deformation of the vertical
members assumes a distribution of the
axial forces in the columns of a bent
proportional ta the size of the column
and its distance from the common centroida1 axis of the structure. This
c~nditl.on is best satisfied by equally
spaced and sized calumns,with connecting beams of equal f1exural rigidities. Variations from the above idea1
conditions are acceptable but the
results will be less accurate.

The evaluation of the characteristic parameters a and k for a multibent structure is made by calculating
first the stiffness parameters GA,
rEl, tEAc 2. and El." for each indl.vidual
bent. The ovet'all parameters -for a
structure consisting of n bents are
then given by

"

1J
f

In order that a structure with

dlscrete storeys may be satisfactorily

3-38
t.1

.J

COPIE OE QUALITEE INFERIEURE

f
1 --------------.- -

-,

"

~epresented

by a continuous medium,
the method of analysis should only pe
used for structures exceeding a height
of ten storeys.

"

.-

finite e1ement solution [3] and a

stiffness matrix computer solution of a
frame with rigid ended members as shawn
in Fig. 2.

An approxi~ation exists in the

procedure for combining a s~ of bents
as defined by Eqs. (22) and (23). The
accuracy of this procedure depends on
the similarity of the free deflection
characteristics of the bents. Tests
have shown that eombinations of similar
type bents may induce errors of up to
10% in the worst cases. When bents of
different type are combined it is suggested that an additional parameter h
be calculated for each individual bent
where

D'DDDDD
1.2fJ

4.8f4

(24)

This parame ter is not necessary for

cores or single shear wa11s sinee they
will not indue additional errors.
For
values of a(max)/a(min) smaller than
la, the expected errors will be less
than 10%. If this ratio is'larger
than 10, it is mathematically possible
for the errQr to exceed 10% but for
most praetical sized structures in this
range the errors will be smaller [7].

/1

DDDDDD
o D.D DD0

EXAMPLES
To ~lust~ate the accuracy and use
of the described method.an example -is
seleeted that .has been previously analyzed [3]. A 20 storey planaI' wallframe structure, as shown in Fig. 9,
of 1.2 ft. thickness, is subjected to
a uniformly distributed lateral load,
w, of 1.0 klft. The modulus of elasticity i~ taken as 4.32 x laC k/ft2..- 9
The ratios to be used in calculating
the three structural parameters are;
n = 10/6 and n = 916 for interior and
ex~erior girders respectively, and for
the columns y = 12/7.2.

DDDODD
DDDDDlJ
DDDDDD
DDD
DODD
DDODDD

DDDOClO

Il

.....
NID

."

"

.............
co
co

~-~--'~
~

Fig. 9:

0'...."
-... ................
-co
,.

'1

,.

.,;-.:..:..:.:

ID

CON

EKlllTlpl" _1Ifnt'MI

0.2

The properties of the wall-frame

are then

GA

= 3.S607

x 10 kips, Eq.

tE!

= 2.ln92
= 3.8175

x 10 7 k. ft:!., Eq. (13)

tEA1.
El,

x 10<) k.ft2., Eq. (14)

= 3.Sn7 x

0.4

(12)

io~ k. ft2., E!q. (14)

li
'0.6

- - - Authors' method

The characteristic parameters for

use in Eqs. ns) to (21) to obtain
..>
drifts are
02-

= 0.1596 ft:1-

k1.

= 1. 0063,

0.8

- -

W.de beom-column frame

-

FIOI'e

element anolysis

Eq. (16)

Eq._ (17)

1.0 '--_.....J..._---IL...-_..L...._--'-_ _' - - - - J

o
25
75
100
125
150

The results of the def1ections over the

height of the structure are shown in
Fig. 10 (example 1) together with a

Det'actlon

..

--- --

3-39
-------------

fi x 10-5

FIg. '0: 'o.nCd~offIXlIfflp'tlStructu,..

-.

- -

- _.

-----

-.
m

('

..

'.

The total drift index of the structure

,by the presented method is 1/2083, Eq
(19), dnd the maximum storey drift
index is 1/1647, Eq. (20) occurring at
x/H = 0.185, Eq. (21), i.e. the 17th
storey. The corresponding results for
the stiffness matrix ana1ysis are;
1/2073, 1/1643 and the 17th floor
respective1y. The results from the
F.E.M. are; 1/2151, 1/1726. and the l6th
. flopr. The resu3. ts from the presnted
hand method compare very closely wit~
those from the two computer meth9ds.
The versatility' of this method
allows the wall-frame .to be combined
w-ith other structural bents [.7].
In '
the s~cond ex~p1e two wall-frame
structures are combined with a central
core as shown in Fig. 8. The properties for the perforated walls remain
the same and for the core the. f1exura1
rigidity ET = 4.32 x IO~ k. ft~ '.
El"
is also 4.32 x 10~ k.ft~ because both
GA and EAc 2. are zero for single cantilever members. Since the structure
will not twist due to its symmetric
plan, only ha1f of i t need be analyzed,
i.e. one wall-frame bent combined with
half the flexural rigidity of the core.
The gross momenl*.of inertia is then
Er, = (3.8417 +

4.3~/2)

k2.

ft:l.

curacy of the
simplified m"ethod of
analysis.
J

= 1.5722

(22)

,f

.
A simple hand method of analysis '
for deflections has been presented for
planaI" wall-frame structures subject
to lateral lcading.
It has'been Shown
that bents of This type can easi1y be
combined with other types of bent such
as single shear walls or a core. The
method is based on the continuous
medium analysis of coupled shear wa~ls.
1

The authors wi~ to acknowledge

the support given to this re~earch by
,the Natura1 Sciences and Engineering

:::::::E:ouncil of Canada.
1.

1Y<l

~I

Coull, A. and Bose, B.

j
Simpl1fied'Analysis of Frame-Tube
~
Structures. Jnl. Struct. Div.
rI--Ji
Proc. ASCE. Vol. .101, Nov. 197
-1:
pp. 2223-224ff'. (f'I#}
'.
Gold~rg, J.E. Approximate Elasj
tic Analysis, Proc. Conference on
~
Tall Buildings, Lehigh Un1v-ersity,.
1972, pp. 169-183.
~

3.

Khan, A.H. and Stafford 'Smith, B.

A Simple Method of Analysis for
Deflection and Stresses in WallFrame Structures. Building and
Environment. Vol. Il, 1976,
pp. 69-78.

4.

Kuster, M. ~ Parameter sttUd* df

Tall Building Structures. T esis
(M.Eng) McG1l1 University, 1~78.

5.

Moselhi, O., Fazio, P., and

..
Zielinski, Z. Simplified Analys1s
of Wall-Frame Structures. Canadian
Jnl. Civ. Eng., Vol. 5, J6Re 1978,
pp. 26 2- 27 3 .
I\lll

6.

Stafford Smith, B., Kuster, M.

and Hoenderkamp, J.C.D. A Generalized Approach to the Def1ection
Analysis of Braced Frame, Rigid
F~ame and Coupled Wall Structures.
Canadian Jnl. ~iv. Eng., Vol. 8,
June 1980, pp. 230-240.
,

7.

Stafforct.C"mitp, B., Ku~er, M.'

and Hoenderkamp, J.C.D. Ge~era
lized Method for Estimating the
Drift in H~~h-Rise Structures.
Submitted for publication in Jnl.~
Struct. Div. Pree. ASCE.

CONCLUSIONS
"

~'

ACKNOW<BtDGEMENT

Eq. (23)

The parameters can nQw be substituted

into(Eq. (18) to (21) to yield the
drift results. The deflections over
the height of the structure are shown
in Fig. 10 and are compared with the
results of a &tiffness matrix computer
analysis of a frame with rigid enoed
members. By t.he presen;ted methCld the
~otal drift index is 1/3348, and the
maximum storey drift index is 1/2586,
occurring at x/H = 0.133, i.e. the
l8th st6rey.
The corresponding results
for the stiffness matrix analysis are;
1/3338,1/2581 and the 18th storey
respectively.

;,

1 01:,""

G>

deflect~n

lO~ k.f~~

Eq.

The numerical exa'mples demonstrate

the versatiiity, ease of use and ac-

The charlcteristic parameters for this

mul ti-:'ent' sotructure a:r;e
(I~ = 1.7676 x 10!.

drift index of the structure, the

maximum storey drift index and the
location thereof [8].

te>

8. 'Stafford Smith, B., Hoenderkamp,

J.C.D. and Kusuer, M. A Graphical
Method of Comparing the Sway ~esis
tance of Tall Bui1dfng Structures.
{ 'Ta be pub1ished in Proc. Inst. of
Civil Engineers.
J

'

APPENDIX

The solution is in a c10sed forro

that allows its presentation graphically as design curves for the total

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _/~ 1Il.

be

Two other loading cases whch may

in practice-are those of

requir~d

------.----------

_....:L--

,
"

POOR COPY
'. "
,
C_O....:..P_I_E_O_E ~_U-A-AL_:r;~T_E_E_IN_F~E_R._I_E_U~R_E__

I __

>

.'

'.

r "
"

"

oa triangularly distributd ~ateral

load a of intensity w, at the top down
to zero at'the base, and a concentrated
horizontal load P t the top of ~
structure. The deflection equat10ns
for these cases are
a)

.b)

Concentrated top load

Triangularly distributed load

~ (?C;) = ~
"

El,

r.lL _l(~) +_,(~\4"...!...

(~)$
HI
L!2.0

~4

J2.0 H

The location of the maximum storeydrift for. a concentrated top load is'
at the top of the structure, i.
x =0,
regardless of the paramete~s and k.
The first derivative of.the .~q~ations
will give ~he storey driTt in the
structure. The second derivative of
Eq. (25), when equated to zero~ wil~
~yield~the location, x/Ho of the maxi'mum storey d:r>ift.
.

+l<~-I h\(~~)i[i --i(~r+~(~)3_.(lk~(~~?:J

e.

- + C.OSh
(\(.d~)(I- H) - 1
__...:-.,..,.....:...!........!.!L........,._
(ko< H)"'c.osh (\.tH)

(~-~)[S\nh{\(o(~) - .'nh(\(~')t~n

+ ~

(\<<<1-1)4

n-

c.o~h (ko<~)

.'

( 25)

.'

'"

..

"

.( a.

""-

~:_'

"

~\i.

,.

.'

,~t

~- ...

,"

:
~

,,'

......

Il

_ l'
'

_."~:~~~1 ~'

""i
" "

"

.f

\...

,0

'.,

"', . J't.

,<
,

"

.L

,~<"..
r

!
-,.~.

~\.

..

. "'.

':.,

"

,.

~,'

"

\Iri ,,"1_\':' ~ .. '"

,
,

.,

"

, Ij'r -t-:~

"

I~

:-

-'.,'

:., '1;:/
"

,\
1

_1

>l-

"

POOR 'COPY
COPIE QE QUALI,TEE INFERIEURE

..., /:

~"""r.'~"'~:'<~''l<'''\,)'''''-''i'''"t''''''"'''''~~''''~ ""'_,,~"'",~,__ , ,_,

:

230

A generalized approacb to the deflection analysis of braced frame,

rigid frame, and cou pied wall structures
B.

STAFFORD SMITH

Depurtment of Civil Engineering and Appl1ed Mechamcs. McG,1I Ulllverslty. Macdonald Engmeermg BlIIldlllg.
8/7 Sherbrooke Street West. Montreal. P.Q , Canada HJA 2K6

M.

KUSTER

Lemieux. Royer and Parfllers. Consultlllg Engmeers. Sherbrooke, P.Q . Callada J IJ 3M7
AND

J C. D. HOENDERKAMP
Depllrtmelll of Cll'Il Ellgineerml( lInd Applied Mechamcs, MeGdl UII/versity. Macdollald Engllleermg BIII/dmg ..
8/7 Sherbrooke Street West. Montreal, P Q. Camlda H3A 2K6
Recelved July 2, 1980
Revlsed mnuscnpt accepted January 5, 1981
A generalized approach to the deftectiort analysis of uOiform braced frame, ngld frame, and coupled wall structures IS
presented. ft IS shown that these three types of structures belong to a famlly of cantilevers whose deflectlOns can he defined
by their behdmg and shear charactenstlcs, The deflectlon equation IS wntten ln tenns of two nondimensional characteristic,
structural parameters. Deftecuon equat\ons are presented for three lateral loading cases untfonnly (flstributed. triangularly
distributed, and a conccl1trated load at the top.
The method IS shown tQ he a eful rapld hand method for esumatmg deflecuons, wuh an accuracy sUitable for prehmmary
design purposes
Les auteurs prsentent, 'travers une approc~e gnrale, l'tude par la mthode des ,dplacements des structures Uniformes
composes de portiques contrevents, de portiques ngldes et de murs coupls Ils dmontrent que ces trOis classes de structurs
appartiennent une famille de porte--fau1l dont les flches sont calculables en fonction 'des proprits structurdles de fleXIOn
et de cisaillement. L'qwwtion aux 'dplacements est crue en fonction de deux. paramtres a-dimenSionnels qUi caractrisent
la structure TroiS cas de charges latrales sont tudis la charge Uniforme. la charge triangulaire et la charge concentre au
sommet
.
La mthode ~e rvle un outil de calcul mdnuel rapide des dplacements d'une prCISion satisfaisante pour l'tabli~sement
d'avant-projets.
/.--'
~ [Traduit par la revue]

Can J C.V Eng. 8. 2.m-24O (1981)

Introduction
transverse loading, deflect wlth different combinations
Braced frames. rigid frames, and coupled shear walls of f1exunil' and shear mode responses The flexural
are three structural systems often used for providtng the response consists of a combmatlon of overall composite
lateral resistance of taU buildtngs'. They are usually bending of the complete assembly and indivldal flex_ ~onsidered 50 dlfferent, 10 type from each other that ure ofthe(lIertlal components. The shear response 15 a
approxlmate hand methods conventlOnally accepted for frame rackmg action. In braced frames the' shear
calculating thelr laleml detlections are based on com- response IS due 10 aXial defo'rmallOns of the diagonal
pletely dlfferenl approachs. A dummy Unit load or members, in coupled walls Il results From contraflexure
equivalent beam approach is u!>ed for braced frames, an m the connectmg beams. and 10 ngld frames il IS due to
approxm::lte "1>hear" method for rigld frames contraflexure m the columns and girders
,,.
(Gldberg 1972). and a dlfferenllal equatlOn solutIOn
onsdermg examples of the combmed flexure---;.----fiorUJIauled-waH~;-fIRofSTTran--1 964-r;-'fIns-papen:lemun z---shear beha vJOU 1, a taIt-braced-frame-adopts-a-pnmarily
strates that these structures are more c10sely related than tlexural1>hupe (FIg, 1). due to fully composite bending.
previously thought. to the extent thm a unfied upproach wlth only a small ~hear component From racking. At the
can be used to cstlmatc thelr deflccted configuratIOns
other extreme, a rigld frame adopts a pnmanly shear
It i~ shown that braced frames, igld frme" and mode configurauon due to contratlexure of the
coupled walls may be con~idered a<; members of a faml- members (FIg 2), The cou pied wallIS an mtermediate
Iy of cantilever -structures which. when subJected to structure rangmg JO behavlour between the other two

1981 National

Rc~earch

--~"!----

0315-1468/81/020230-11$0100/0
Counell of Canada/Con~eil natIOnal de recherches du Canada

. _ _ _ _ _ _ ............ ~_

.... ,1.

_ _ _ .. _ .. _ _ . _.

A_

~_~

_ _ _ _ _ .. ~

-~

- -

.......
U?...
l~
....
-.

--~---------_

1
f

POOR COPY
,COPIE _QE .QUALITEE INFERIEURE .
- - - ' - - - - '_
.. - - - - .
...._._~-_.-

231

STAFFORD SMITH ET AL

--=----

(a)

( b)
-

Bendino mode
deflection
- . - Shear mode
deflectlon
-Resultant

--.:.

'1)

FIG.

---,--

r.

Braced frame.

~.

(b)

(a)

1
1

,12M

[2]

a- = b.\hl

[3]

~==I+~.
A.A zI2

wl6/h'

[4':)

~ = 1 b1h

FIG 2. Rigid frame.

[5]

1 = II

extremes. Il is capable of combining widely different

proportions of f1exural and shear modes (Fig. 3).
The generalized concept of the se three structures as
f1exural-shear cantilevers and the' abihty 'Of th
coupled wall to represent the whole range ufbehaviour
of such structures, leads to the proposition Ihal approximate theory developed for cou pIed walls should be
applicable also to ngid and braced frames The application of this will be demonstrated and Il will be shown
that by the use of two dimensionles~ characteristlc
parameters the deflected configuration of unlform
f1exural-shear cantilevers can be e~timaled with an
accuracy acceptable for praclical purpo~es (Kuster
1978).

[6]

At = AI

Cou pied wall theory

ft has been shown that the actlon~ in a uniform
coupled shear wall (Fig. 4), subJected 10 uniformly
distributed horizontal loadmg, and assuming the conneeting beams replaced by an equivalent continuous
medium, can be represented by the equation (Rosman

[8J

1964).
[1]

..,

in which T is the axial force in each wall at a distance

~e top and in which

of from

T' - (ka)'lr

+ ~x2 = 0

+ 12
\

+ A2

Equation [1] has the solution

[7]

[1

-_ ~
\" k 4a 21

(sinh kaH - kaH)

sinh kax
cosh kaH
-

- cosh kax
,

(ka)2x

2]

+ -2

of'

The bending moment canied by the walls at level x is

given by (Fig. 5)
\

MI

+ M2

_wx 2

= M '"" -

- TI

then

d2)' IVX 2
= - - Tl
dr 2
2
Substituting for T from [7J into [9J. integrating twice.
and using boundary conditions)' = dy/dl'
0 at the
'
base (x = H) to eliminate the constants:
[9]

El -

._,

-_._-"----'---~~_'_L--

POOR COPY

1__C_O_P_I_E_O-:-E_Q_U_AL~I_T_E_E_ IN~_~R_IE._U_R_E_'__
-- - -

"
.0

232

--
-----

(a)

-.
-----

!t

1
1
j

',

f'

-+

_ Il

=$

....
H

---'
--

---

,1

..

/'

.-

FIG. 4 Umforln coupled ~hear wall st~cture.

(c)

- .-

~ [10]

i-1

( b)

FIG 3 Coupled walls

,.

CAN J. CIV ENO VOL 8.1981

= wH
El

[{!8

FIG. 5. Forces acting on a wall sectlbn.'

1 .\
1 (X )4} k - 1
--+- - + -12 {l
2

6H

24

'.

l ...

.,f

equation. in a sltghtly dlfferent form. has been

used prevlOusly for estImating the denecllon of coupled
.walls (Coull and Choudhury 1967).
The physlcal mterpretatlon of[lO] would be easler if.
IOstead of belOg expressed II! terms of l, the 'ium of
indivldual wall inertias. it were rewritten ln terms of the
fully compo~ite. I.e , gro!>~ moment of inertia of the
wall system./g. where

jft

cosh ka(H - x) - 1 - kaH (sinh kaH - smh kax) }]

(kaH)~ cosh kaH
in whlch CI is the, dl~tance from the centroid of.wall i to
the common centrold f th w 1 ~
1
s
(FIg. 6). Now

[II] I~

~~
A

+
ThlS

- (XIH)1
2(kaH)2

[12]

A,/

CI

= -- and

('2

Al

Ail
= At

therefore. from [II].

J .., ~

= 1 + LA,c~

------

--'

f"uvn

VUt'Y

______ ', -

__C_O_P_I_E_D_.~,_.Q_U_~~T~_~ _ INFERIEU~E

233

STAFFORD SMITH ET At.

cola.

:p

i1

p
--....

CI

1
C2

FIG. 6. Wall ,eellon with eenlre

[14]

= 1

of

area

+ A,Al/2

~ub.. lJluling

from [3],

l~
b
Now SUb~:ituti~~ this inlo [IOJ pre.,ents Ihe geMr.JI-.~ .e "

[15] 1=/

(k -

'
1)

ized deflectlon equation m lennl> of the fully composIte

moment of inertia, 1g, and two mdependent, duhensionless. charactensiic parameters aH and k, thu~

[16]

v ==

wH~

El,

[{!8 _!6 (!..)

+ ..!.. (!..)4} '+
H7
24 H
_

,(k 2

1,

FIG. 7 DetleelJOn
shear ~lIffne,~

Il

of cou pIed walls

..
reldted

10

effecIive

1 {I - (x/Hf
-

It will be shown that thi!> equatlon cao be used to

obt;ln the deflec:ted configuratIOn of any unifonn
coupled wall, ngld frame, or braccd frame subjected to
uniformly dI!>tributed lateral load. In eaeh case the
equallon takes lOto account the combmed effeetl> of
racking, individual bendmg of vertIcal eomponents,
and ove rail bemg due rD aXIal deformation of the
vertical component.,. The last of these depends on the
degree of interconnection between the vertical components.

1)

'2(kaH)!

col>h kaiH :- x), - 1 - l..aH (sinh kaH - sinh kax) }]

, .
(kaH)4 cosh ka.H

[17]

GA

a2 =-,

El

The rackmg shear ngldity of a coupled wall structure

on the f1exural ngiduy of the cOI1.Qecting
beaml>. and the wIdth and spacing of the walls Reference to the storey-helght module In FIg. 7 show~ that
the ~hear rigidity of the coupled wall ~y!.tem il> glven by.
depend~

Ph
[18] GA = 8

12E/~[2
=-b1h

The uncoupled bendmg rigidity of the vertical elements

Is~imply El. The sub ... tnution of GA and Elm [17] will
confinn [2].
The second dlmen"Ionle~!. parameter, 1... can be
!>hown by reference to [3] and [II] to expre!>!1 the ratio
of the fully compo!>lIe mertia Ig to the ~ectlonal are.!
mert.J LA, C,2
' .
.
1
- - - - ; - , - - - ; ; I O..g~ofM-[nI6~]t-.'a.nllr.:;o~w-;-;-I~nl:-~'7oItf7"l>--;u-;:\-;;:e-it;::;o:-bl:;:e:;-;;-ex;;;t-;;:e::;-n;Id::;:ed;r;:to~o:;]th~e;-;:r:--(lfQ9r-F = - - ,
umform ~nttlcver ~Iructure.,
IA,c~
,1
A.. delncd by [2]. the parameter a 2 ,., the ratIo of the aH and k jOIntly govem the shape of the detlectIon
\
rackmg ~hellr ngldlty of the coupled Mrueture and the profile as weil as having an intluence on its magnitude.
l
f1exuml ngldrty of the uncoupled veltlcal element~ .
1
U!>tng GA ta "ymbohze the <;hear rigidlty. a can be
Physical interpretation of the deOection equation
!
reprc<oented by
A further eXamInatIOn of [16] show!> it ta consl!>t of
Characteristic p'arameters
The detleted configuration of a uniform coupled
~hear wall ~ubJected to 11 umformly dl~tnbute.d load is
de~cribed by [16]. It i.. wnlten In tcrms of two dimensionles .. para[l1etcr!> aH and". as defined by [2] and
[3]. re~pectlvely A more detatled con.,ideratton of
these patameter!> Will contnbute to a better under~tand-

i_._ _ _._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~~_ _ _

1
,i~

At

t/Jen,

tOf.sheor

1 A2

234

CAN 1 CIV ENG VOL 8, 1981

parts WhlCh, con!>idered separately, reduce ItS apparent

compleXHy
The first part
4

[20]

y = wH

[! _ !:!:. + i (:!:.)4]

El, 8
6H
24 H
Will be recognlzed las the detlectJon equatlOn for a
tlexural cantilever ofng.ldtty El g subJected to uniformly
dlstnbuted loadlng of mtensity IV.
The second part of [16] IS less obvlOusly recognizable,
wH 4
1
1 - (x/H)2

[21]

y = Eis (k2 - 1) 2(J..o.H)

Il can be shown, however, by substltutmg for 1g and

=
[24] Y

ci

from [15] and [17] respectively thal

[22J

r
.

= -1 -IVH

J..42GA

[ 1 - ( -\ )

[23] Y

wH [
= 2GA
1 .

Influence of the characteristic parameters

An inspection of the generalized deflectlon equation,

[16]1 shows the first part, [20J, to be mdependent of the

charactenstic parmetcrs. Thcrefore. for a dl!>tnbuted
load w and a fully tompo~Jte moment of mertJa 1g' there
Will always be a tlexural defiectlon component
expressed by [20] The final shape and magmtude of the
total detlectlOn curve will thercfore depend on the
values of aH and k and thelr effect on the ~econd and
third parts of [16]
Structures wlth a hlgh value of aH, over say 100,
and practlcally appropnate values of k2 , not less than
. say 1.001, have deflectlon curve~ with a flexural shape
ThiS oecurs wh en the structure behaves almost fully
composllely, for example a cou~led wall wnh very stlff
beams or a braced frame
When aH IS low, ~ay les", than unit y , the first, fully
composite part of [16] IS in1>lgmficant in magmtude
relative to the combmed second and thlrd part~ The last
two represent a pO~ltlve shear curve an a negatlve
shear curve, respecllvcly, both of large magmtude
When these arc combmed, they re!>ult JO a forward
tlexural curve, al~o of I.!rge magmtude relative to the
------II---------fiirc-t----".;rrr---A-.""rr1II1S occors legardle'is of the value ofk
'...
These parameter value~ represent a ~trurturc ln WhICh
the lateral load IS remted almo~t entlrely by,mdlvldu.!1
bendmg of the venJcal elements, for example m a
coupled wall structure with extremely flexible-connecting beams
For structures with aH between 2 and 80, the param-

)2]

(\

whlch is the detlectlon equation of a shear cantilever of

shear rigldity GA, subjected tOluniformly distnbuted
loadtng.
The remaining part of [16J

[COSh ko.(H - x) - 1 -, ko.H (smh kuH - smh I..X)

I)Elg.
(kuH)4 cosh ko.H
1

has the profile of a negative shear curve. For structures

with high values of ali._ such as braced frames, thls
tenn tends to zero.

1J

For structures in which );A,c~'comprtse!> a large part

of 1g. that IS when 1 IS small relative to 1g, as in rigid
frames or brace frames. 1.. I~ approximately u~ity, then

wH 4

(e _

,J

eter 1.. can have a ~ignificant mfluencp. on the shape of

the curve as weil as the magnitude. ~,, 2 IS sman, fo~
example 1.001, the structure has a tendency to adopt a -,
shear profile, whereas If for the same vlue OP aH,
IS large, for example 1.2 or larger, the structure adopts
a flexural>shape Sueh values represent a wlde range of
ngld frame and coupled wall structures, wlth an intermediate degree of interaction between the vertical

>

component~.

Calculation of deflection proflles

The u!>e of [16] for calculatmg the deflecuon profile
depends on formulating aH and k correctly for the type
of ~tructure under consideration. Generally, the determinatlon of aH will be based on calculatmg GA and
El, for !.ub~tJtutlOn in [17] whrle " will be defined by
)

[3]

Rlgld frallle\

The method can be applied to rigld frames by comldenng the equivalent single-bay symmetrical rigid frame
(Goldberg 1972) USing the notation in Fig 8, the
equlvalence of the ~ingle bay for shear detlections
requlres that

[25]

Elt.:
1

= ); Elh'
l,

f
1
1

and
[26] Elce

= ! ); Elc,

Il
2 Il
m which the suffixes band c denote beam and column
and i a'nd e .denote representative and equivalent,
respectlvely

POOR COpy
COPIE OE QUALITEE
-------------

I~FER~E~_R_E__

-~---

.'

235

STAFFORD SMITH ET AL.

(a)

( b)

111

Ib2

lbl

lb!

AI

A2

A3

A4

l,

12

13

14

"'1 .c;:'!'1: C3 .1

CI

'/1

.1

C4

.1

e.of Go
FIG. 8 Equivalence of single- and mulu-bay ngld frames.

The equlvalence for bending deflections requires that

[27]

. f

Ace2

= l:A c. e,2

The equivalent smgle-bay rigid frame can be consldered ru. an extreme case of a coupled wall m whlch the
wall width is zero. AIso, as the columns are much
'sle~der~n walls, their contraflexure must be .taken
ioto account ln determining the shear suffness GA.
The parameters El, GA, and k are defined as follows

[28]

El = "i.EI c.

[29]

GA= - - - - - -

12E

12E

h[_I_+_1]
"i./cc/h
k can be defined

[30]

k2 = 1

a~

"E/be/I

for a coupled wall, thus

2A,:2:ce = 1

A:el

+~
"EA"c,2

The use of the<;e parameters m [16] WIll allow the

deflection profile to be determmed Il should be noted
that in takmg the eqUivalent smgle-bay frame to represent the prototype structure, and in u~mg [29] to calculate GA, It IS a!.sumed that ail JOint rotaUons at the
same f100r level are equal

......

Braced

To be stricllj,accurate, for a braced frame with ail

members including the columns pin-connected, the
momt;nt of inertJa 1 of '~,e columns is effectively zero,
eausing k and aH to have unit and infinite values
respeetively As these values cannot be used satisfactorily m [16], it is necessary to Use a nonzero value for
1 It IS recommended that a nommai value of 1 equal to
o OOIAc/2/2 be used, this Will yleld from [30] a fietltious value for k 2 of 1.00 1 and a fictltlOus but consIstent
large value for aH SubstltutlOg these two values in
[16] Will glve a resull pracllcally the same as that for the
limltlOg case in whlch 1 is zero.
.
Different forms of braeing are co~sidered, as shown
in Fig 9. Referring to Fig 10 for smgle-dlagonal
bracmg, Il can be shown th al
,

Alternative bracing systems

The shear rigldlty GA of braced frames IS highly
dependent on the form of bracmg ft can be computed
as follows ~
(a) Double-diagonal bracmg (Fig. lia):

fi (//Ile~

A braced frame I~ slmJlar to a ~mgle ~hear wall m

that, for very low helght-to-wldth ratio .. , the sher
denection may con!>t1tute a "Ignlficant proportion of the
total. wherea~ for hlgh ratIO .. overall bending deflections due 10 aXial deformatlons of Ihe columns predominale

(b)

K-bracing (Fig. lib),

i
1

.l

r-vvn

"

v~rl

COPIE QE QUALITEE INFERIEURE

------- ..
........ __--~ -~_

236

J.
,

CAN. J CIY ENG. VOL 8.1981

( al

( d)

( C)

( b)

."

1
~

i
FIG 9. Types of braclOg. (a)

~lOgle

diagonal, (h) double

f1

~ r-r-------~[1
'-+- lIII:0._ _ _ _ _ _ _.....

1.

=-r

FIG. 10. Shcar defonnation of smglc diagonal braced benl

[34]

"PE

GA == - - ' - - - - - - - - -

h3 [U/2)2 + h 2]3/2]
2 [ - + .:.......;--'-----=-Ac

(c)

[35]

djagoJl~I, (c)

with those from stiffnes'\ matnx computer analyse~ of

the same structure.

with dlmen!>lons as shown in Fig 1211 and member

properties as follows
Column!.ClandC2.1..4 X 1.4 ft (0 427 x 0427m)
Columns C3 and C 4 : 1.4 x 16ft (0.427 X 0.488 m)
Beams BI and 82: 1 2 x 1.6 ft (0.366 x 0488 m)
Bearn 83 1 2 x 1.8 ft (0 366 x 0.549 m)
E of ail members = 5.8 x lOS kip/ft 2 (2.78 X 10'
kPa) .
. Now GA = 0.0674E (eq [29]), Elg = 26795E
(eq. [II)), and El = 1.596E Therefore a.H = 2QO
'\10.0674/1 596 = 41. 1 (from [17]) and

A~

2hE

1,

Rigrd frl/me
Con~lder a 20-storey reinforced concrete ngid frame

k2

FuJl-~torey knee bracing (f'ig. Ile).

GA == - - - - - - . . . . , . - - h 2/
Il '
( Il 2 h 2) 3/2]
[ -+-+---6/b Il 'Ac
1I2A~

K-bracmg, (d) full-storey knee braclng

'26795

LA,e;

2677.9

= --..:..L- = --:::

1.00060

Then substitut lOg the values of Ig. a.H. and k into [16]
glves a top ~etlection

Y'OP = 0.612 ft (0./87 III)

The determmatlOn of the defTected form of braced
The defleeted shape IS compared \Vith that from a
frame!> has now been reduced to an approach ~mJ!ar to
!.t1ffne~s matnx analy!>i~ ln Fig. 12b.
Ihat for coupled wa\l~ and ngld frame~ Value~ of El
and GA appropnate to the form of the colurnns and B/{/ced fil/me
bmcing respectively are evaluJled and by ,ub,tllutlOn 10
Refernng to the braced frame in Fig. 1311. columns
[17), aH is determined
Ac = 0.8 ft2 (09 74 m 2 ), dlUgonals Ad = 0.1 ft2
If. 10 addJtlon ta one of the br.lcmg ,y,>lem~ ~hown 10 (0 0093 m2 ), E for ail mcmbers = 432 X 106 klp/ft2
Figs 10 and lia and b, the column amI bCJm connec- (207 X IOR ~Pa).
flon~ are dC~lgncd 10 be moment rc\!',tanl, El and 1.
IOIlwlly con,ider the frJme ,wlth 'Implc beam-towoulJ !'C eVJlualed a~ for J ngld trame, From [28] ,1Od column connecllon,> ~o Ih.!t Ihere I~ no rigld frame
[30], re<,pectlvely, U'>lOg the actual column mertla
action. A~,ume forthe column~1 = 0001 x 8 x 18 2/2
Then GA for the braclOg would be augmented by an
= 0 1296 fr~ (0 00 Il m.!). then El = 0 1296E and El g
____
am_o_u_n_t_f_ro__I_n--=[~2_9=_]_to_al_lo_w_~-o_r_th_e_r_l"g=-l_d_f_ra_m_c_a_ct_l_o_n_'__==--2_~~ - 1"9 6E-and_ _ _+

Examples
GA

Thrce wor~ed example~ illu~trate the applicatIOn ot

the mcthod for e!>tlmatmg the detlected shape An mdlcation of the accumcy ot the hand method i~ given by
omp<m~on~ of the curves and maxImum deflection~

---------

x 18 2 X E
X 10' + 18~ + IO!)\l]
10

= ---------2

0.8
02
=~ 0,0361 E (from [32])

--._-~

./

______

l,

(a )

( b)

P/2
-too

H
r:-

li

P/2

A~I

1
1
1

(c)

~l

lb

r~

p/2

P/2 1

04-

.t

FIG. Il Alternative bracing fonns (a) double dIagonal, (b)

--

- ----

(14.~9

..
_.

02

Ca

C2

82

BI

"

(~.49m)

0.612' 0.659

0.4

Approx. solution

..1..
li

on
0

C4 ~

Ba

1
1

0.6

o.a
18

(e) full-helght knee bracing.

(0.187 ml 1 (O.20Iml

CI

.e

( b)

kN/ml ~

___

1
K-bracmg,

( a)
-r--

w 1.0 klft -E

237

STAFFORD SMrrH ET AL.

16

J" 14,

1.0

rI'

0 - 0.4
08 ft
Oefl.

(488m) 1 (4.27m~

FIG 12 Rlgid frame examplc

Theo uH = 200 YO.0361/0.1296 = 105.5 and 1.. 1 =

1.001. Substirutrng these value~ ln [16] give~ a top
detlection of 0 483 ft (0 /47 /11). ~tlffne<;!> matnx
analysls gives a top detlectlOn of 0 516 ft (0 J5711l)
The two denection curves are compared In Fig 13/J
Now conslder the frame wllh moment re~lstant beamto-column connections. thcrefore addrng ngld fran,e
behavlOUf to the braced trame Speclfymg tor the
columns le =,1 5 ft4 (Cl 0129 mol) and for the glrdcr~ h
= 0 1 ft4 (0 00086 m 4 ), El = 2 x 1 5E = 3 OE (from
[28]), Elg = (2 X 0.8 x 92 + 3 OlE = 132.6E (from
[II ]).

Then aH = 200 VO.0426/3.0 = 23.84 (from(I7]) and

1 + (3.0/1296) = 1.023 (from [30]).
~ubl>tltutmg the!>c-values-1Il [16] grve~ 10J5 eflectlon of 0.-145 ft (0.136 m) A l>tlffnes~ matrix a-nalysis
glve~ a top detlectlon of a 472 ftJ.O 144 m). The two
deflectlon curve~ are compared 10 Fig. 13e

1.. 2

COI/pIed WCI"-\
The member propcrtle<; of the cou pied shcar wall are
a~ followl> (Fig 14a) AI = 10 0 11 2 (0.93 m2), JI =
833 ft.j (0 72 m4), h = 0.666 ft 4 (000575 m41. A~ =
200 ft 2 (1.86 m2), /2 = 666.6 ft4 (5 75 m 4). E = '5 8
x lOS klpfft2 (278 x 107 kPa) ThenEI = 749 9E. El
----'-----.G"'A.--c:_=--~::;:::::::~~;!1!2-EE-------::_==_-----, 4916.6E. and GA
05ETcq
rom
1
1 ]
aH = 200 VO 51749 9 = 5 16 tmd k- = 1 1R
Sb
]
10 [ 1.5/10+ 15/10 +
01/\8
u stltutingthe\evaluesforElg.aH.andl..mto [ 16.
glve~ a top deflectlon of 0.106 ft (0 032 Ill) and a detlec+ 0 0361 E 'lion form as compared with a computer solution ba!>ed
= 0 0426E (from [29] and [32])
on a wide-column frame analogy ln Fig. 141>

1
1

,,

CAN J. CIV ENO VOL 8. 19B1'

( b)

--

o.

0.483 1 0.516
(0.147111'/ tO.11S7",)

--

0.2

w"1.0k/ft

(14.1111 kM".)

1.

0.4
0.6

0.8

1.

18ft
(11.411111)

I.O-f---r---...~-"'"

o .

0.2

0.4

0.6 ft

rf.ft

FrG. 13. Braced frame example.

1

(a)

i
,\

----

o
0.2

w'"I.Ok/ft

-......
--

...,.

04.59 kN/M)

~\

t,

- to-

-...

.;:.

iII)
0

co
Ga
0

el ~

0
0

Approx.
solution

0,4

AH
0.6

CIl

Wall
12"thick

0.8

(O.30!5ml

,1. '0 .'.10.1

20

(3.0&) (3.05)

(6.10 ml

.1

1.0+---...--,-o
0.1
0.2 ft -
DefI.

~. 16.67 ~331
(S.Olml

(2.541

Fla 14. Coupled ~alls example.

represented ln calculating the charactenstic parameters.

The results forthe three examples ln Figs. 12b, I3b, Assumptlons su ch as the contmuous distribution of web
and 14b show/that compared with computer analy~ls member actions in developmg [16] and the equality of
_ _ _~th:,:!,e~ha!!!n!!,d!.Jm!!!Eet~,h,!.!,o~d!.Jl!!!.s..!!a~chcu~rL<laL!.!te<..L!.fQl1.r....alLIILPfllr....:JwclwIC'-iJ3lLl+pl1JlIlLjrpofHL'sC;es>-----;!Jjo~lcuntl-l-'rotattons in calculating GA fgr' ngid-frameesHalf'ire~-+-----
The degree of accuracy Will depend on the closeness ln sources of error in the estimated resulls. Considering,
representation of the structure by the single-bay contm- for example, the assumed uniform distribution of the
uous model whose dcflected fonn is prcdicted exactly beam actions ln a coupled shear wall, the larger the
by [16]. This means thal the bending, shear, and axial number of connecting beams III the real structure, the
deformation responses of the structure must he properly more accu rate the assumption and, therefore, the estAccurtlcy

------_.__ ..

_------

POOR COPY
COPIE DE
INFERIEURE
., 'QUALITEE
'
---_. ---------_ .

-~--_.--

'. ,

...

',-

239

STAFR)RD SMITH ET AL

24

Provided the structure is uniform with height and

higher th an 10 storeys the estimated deflections are
reasonably accurate. For nonunifonn structures, the
method can also be Osed to oblain a good estimate of Ihe
maximum deflectlon. Generalized deflectlon formulae
are given for three loading cases, umformly distributed,
triangularly distributed, and concentrated top load,

20

..

"J

-,

Ml

12

'1

;;
0

%."or

10

FIG. 15 Percentage error ln dl1ft versus number of

storeys.

i
1

mated deflecltons. Figure 15 shows the percentage error

in the top denection due to this assumption, as a function of the number of storeys for a partlcular structure.
Although the curve will dlffer from one structure to
another, it IS suggested on the basls of thls representalive curve that methods of analysls based on the assumption' of a contmuous connec lion should be used
only for structures exceedmg 8 - 10 storeys
For practlcal structures that reduce wlth helght, the
authors have round a reasonable eSllmate of the StTUCture's top deflection, 1 e , wlthin 10% accuracy. can be
obtamed by analyzmg a uniform structure in which the
members are assigned propertle~ approxlmately 85% of
the values of those at the base of the real 'structure.

Conclusions

It has been shown that lateral deflectlons for three

types of cantilever structures can he predlcted by a
generalized formula m terms of two characteristic parometers. The parameters detenmne the relative contributIOns of the bendmg and shear modes to the curve for
total deflection.

Acknowledgement
The authors wish to acknowledge the support glven
to thls research by the Natural SCiences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
A , and CHOUDHURY, J. R. 1967. Analysis of coupied shear walls. Journdl of the American Concrete Instltute, 64, pp 587-601
GoLDBERG, J
E 1972 Approximate elastic analy~ls.
Proceedmgs, Conference on Tall Bulldmgs, Lehlgh
Umver..Jty. pp. 169-183,
KUSTER, M 1978 'A parameler ~tudy of tal! bUIlding ~lruc
tures M Eng, Thesl~, Department of Civil Engineering
and Apphed MechaOlcs, McGl1I UOIverslty; Montreal,
COULL,

P.Q, 133 P
R. 1964. Approxlmate analysls of shear walls

ROSMAN,

~ub

Ject to lateral loads. Joumal of the Amencan Concrete

Inslltute, 61, pp. 719-731

Appendix
Alternative IOl/di/lg cases
The development and justification of the generalized
deflection equatlOn 50 far ha~ been on the basis of a
umform loadmg dlstribuhon Two other cases whlch
may he required ln practice are Ihose of a tnangularly
distnbuted load, of intenslty pat the top (r = 0), down
to zero at the base, and a concentrated load P at the top.
It can be shown that the generalized deflection equatlons corresponding to these cases are:
(a) Triangularly distnbuted load, inten!>ity p at the
top

"
[37] )' = pH

El,

.[.!!.
120
1-

(~)

H +

1
kaH)
cosh ka(H, - x) + (;;jj - -2- (sinh kaH. - sinh ka..;~) - .1 }],

(kaH)2

(kaH)2 cosh kaH

(b) Concentrated load P al the top

,
[38]

PH) [1 1 x
= El, 3' - H

1 (",")3

6 fi

1
'{I.t
(k 2 - 1) (kaHfl
-

i -

sinh kOtH - sinh

kO/X}J

kcrH coshkaH

.... ...1-

"

COPIE QE QUALITEE

",

,", . / , : j
~

1
INFE~~~
'"",,,~

POOR COpy

Il'

J~ ~

1.

'-, ::~':1,"~ 1

, ~,-

,"

( ,

;~

if"..., ,

",'
l

"

~
:_

,"

'.

CAN. J. ClV, ENO. VOL.

List of symbols
~
= section al area
b = length 'of connecting beam ,
c
= distance from centrold of areas
E = moduIus of elasuclty
GA = parameter for racking rigidity
h
= storey height
H = total height
1
= 1>econd moment of area
k = structural parameter
J
= distance between centroids of walls or coIumns
M == moment .
p
= mtensity at top 'of structure of tnangularly
distributed loading
P = concentrated horizontal load
T = axial force in wall

u,v
W
.l'

8~

1981

"

=r

dimensions relatlng to bracing connections

= intensity of umformly dist~ Ioading
= distance from top of structure
= horizontal displacement of structure at x from
top
= structural parameler = (GAIEI)I/2
= pararneter
= displacement of single storey

, Subscript notcUion
b = beam
c = column
d = dIagonal
e = equivalent
g = grQss
t
= total

"

'0

'.
.

,
"

:.'.

"

,'

.;

"

'. .
_

:~)t. ~

-i('.........

.... ~~

_...,..-...............

"1 . . . _

... ~., .. ~ .. ~- _ _

~~_--"l

..

t-