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3
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4
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8
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9
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10
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11
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13
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14
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9
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15
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( 60 dG)

16
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17
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4 3
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19
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qeh dG dN dH fjEG dqhCG a dG hJ YS K f @e PSCG e b
M....e a SdGh AdG jJ a jCGQ fK a dG hJh .dP dEG Ob dG qCG ch
,AT qc b ffEG j CG j dqda.AT qc b fEG jJ g dG qe a SSCG qCG ij
e FdH KK qN b qfEa ddh.Ye Se hCG qjhc MH hCG qFja dY j CG b
H...dGh jdc qffEG dG dEG , qdG qdG qdG Y J e gh ,SGQqdG e
qMhqdG aGgCH eDeh qYLG JLGH hYT gh qdG SdGh qdG AY qj
eSEG ddG a HdG dG MJ f dqdG Va O .qffEGh
261 - 260 U

FQ Y . 1923 S AjdG a Hf IFL Y FdGh qfdG qTCG e e HhQ QcdG@

qdG a dEG QdG LddG fQdc d

21
dGh dG :fdG dCdG eSEG ja dG :hCG dG

?e HhQ FjdG ddG IOT N e fEG qffEG qJ H

? YLG cS ah qfdG dG dW jJ a qffEGh qYLG dG cJ KCG qCG

@
qdG Sh dG S :jqdG

.IQqdG gJ dG qdTEG FeR e bf

? fEG IFd dG QSG a GKCG Mqd iJ g

( 53 a)

22
 eSEG ja dG :hCG dG

LeOEG f
ba Y a fCG 1

H QGhOCG qRf : dhCG MdG

hCG dG N e Y J SCJ a MqdG QhO Y j : qhCG jdG
fdG dG N eMdG IY dEG j Y e ah fdG gGdG H qj fqdG jdG
ddG dG N e MqdG b dEG e JeGSGh dG e be j dqdG jdG

qhCG qdG
: db dSQ Y dJ dG fCG qd
}

(GY BG) |

za qj dh gCGb d jh{ : dG SQ b
(jhOe HG LNCG)

?VQCGh GhqdG N a qdG jZ e

z?a qj dh gCGb d jh{ SqdG b dO e

fdG qdG

.e IMGh qc Y qJ dG IgqdG J hMh JQdG eCJ

23
 eSEG ja dG :hCG dG

ddG qdG
dY IOT
Gg j dh.S dEG AGdG qJ d AGdG qJ e qM dG e qfEG {:Fb jeCG ObG dY qU
AGg e dG dEG Cj ,(Hqdc) eY SG ae cW je QGT a ,dG eCH
e a AT qc UCG d.Gf K aj cCG e f LCG e ,qdG jqT qfHdG UdG
...AGdGh d Hb AT qc UCGh ,c jRqd Hb qdG
``edG UCG bh ,S dEG qSSCG ```fEG LMG q``J qCG Y V`j qbNCG dG qEG
e aJh ,fEG AGZ fE Y Z GOQe fc K CG H ,qSSCG LMG V -dH-
ee H bd FqdG fGdG MCG edG J UCG d.Y aqdGh qU jYQh Jh eh
zNCGh dG eeh ObG
444 U 265 .OY adG dY S .Y f.O

dGh qdG fH dG UdG fEG bGh H dG HQ Y Yj e MqdG b a iJ g

? IOdG qbNCG

Qhfh dYCG Vf : fqdG MdG

bfh AGQBG Of-
qdCJ ZU a dEG qUdG FqdG qhf-

Yhe fCG 2

: dG QN Ye QWEG a edG gj d Me
: j e H QNCG
.MdG Id VQe Y SG e dG Y IdG ghCGh aGdG-
XJh HjEG XJ H fQdG e (UNG T M) jdG dG GfCG H-
.dG
.SEG a dGh ddG NCG-
fCG edG fEG e J YCH dG AZEG j: Me

24
 eSEG ja dG :hCG dG

aQe ZCG
... J dGh
H SCG CG IMGdG YdG a ec dCG 100 e cCG J ,gQ YH AdG a J VQCG EG
e cCG dEG J VQCG Ea ,bQdG YdG J c ZQh... BG M ahe Aa ce hCG hQU CG e
.ZCGh YCG jd dG Ea dG eCG .jW d dPh ,dG M IMGh IQhO J M lej 365
a ec dCG 900 jL YS J M H VQCG YS e cCG YH AdG a zJ{ da
J h .ej 44 Y J Ie a J CG YS ,VQCG QGe jW a ,e ,dG Vh a .YdG
.VQCc ec S Id
J Id J fEa ,bQdG YS c Za jW jW ..a J dG gQe hCG zdG jW {dh
.IdG a dM QhJ dG cdG M IMGh IQhO J M ,S e 200
200 OJ dG GS e S Ea ..ge H fCG CG .e CN g d .S 200 000 000 f
.JGS e S e
.ec 1587096000000000000 j fEG ..? a J dG jW W g e PEG
AKCG YdG bQN FdG cdG cJ gh ? YdG a e9 J YH Mj {dG hdG cJ g
? YdG a ec dCG 40 ddG VQCG HPdG e J
e e bQ M HQ YCG IQhdh dG zQe{ dN J MQ a ,g AdG ce cQ GPEG
VQCG dEG OY K e H jdG d qe b fCG M dG dEG VQCG e MR b hdG j eY
. ? dc dCG ... j AT ...Ie 17011 e cCG g (IOdGh hdG) dG Qch
86 - 85 - 84 U .qVjQ qeCJ : dG .M QfCG.O

25
 eSEG ja dG :hCG dG

...rOpRnh rsnnJ
JLCGh OdG e SEG Mh FGO jM jdG cdG e b dG AGQBG H cMG fc
IjdG ddG , dP Y YSh .JS e H jh dG idH Qqj CGh qY f j CG Y
:L dhDeh IjY LGh .d edG IdG e hCG jdG FT e dG
j LdG AGhdH gOGeEGh HhCG e IdG dG S e jdG jMh ,jQhV VdG da
Q oa ,H Gjh SQd dGh GdG dY a jdG J LM NOCGh .bO Y KHCG
...d RdG eRh fe AT c NCGh ,MdG ofh ,cMh cGdG UQh ,Meh VQCG
HK GbCHh z SG jCGh feEG Qb aQe ORh J { :d QqdG QU IdG M e M c a
Qb e GaZa Qe e GhLh e Y dG bCG ,LGh ODJh M J ,e FOg Sfh
.d f a GhCGQ eh ,gL
GQM e IKe b NBGh dG H aOj dGh SQah dG GQH cMG a gh
GbGP d .Z j c dG GQdG J QKBG e fhj Gfc e qc dh .jQSEG hCG jZEG
.jH dGh dG H Vj GhOj dh ,Y dG dEG bT OGORa dG IhM

374 - 373 U .dG Y J dG T .fg jZR

( 109 dG)

26
BGdG h fEG:fdG G

fBGdG RYEG:hCG dCdG

RYEG O
fBGdG RYEG ge

eSEG jqdG SCG :fdG dCdG

jdG QOe
jdG ge
dG h qdG

27
} 29 U }

28
 BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

d CJCG

efdG e qdG G SGQd GOGSG qeSEG qdG c H qj Y ddG qdG eJ qg

? jdG bY d MQdG Y KOM nphrQnCG CG PSCG j J g : PSCG PCj GPEGh
H GPEa qL eeEH FY e AdG qUCG qY H MQdG c : e b PSCG d PCG CG Hh
: dJ dG ob gfG YSa qdG IQS e qJ e hCG cqdG j
( 89 qdG) } }
.
AT qd fJ dG oc c GPEG : - WHe CGb qfCch - eH dW gh NCG rndCS IqdG Hh
? IqdG Fbd G SGh MCG ad GS EG LM e J a
dG iq bh jqdG j EG SEG Ie BGdG GO e : dG qH SqQG Va QcqdG qY b
: dJ dG j CG ...GYSG a JEH
} }
( 88 AGSEG)
IqdG jM aCGh FdG OGaCG H TqdG IFGO qJGh? dGh qdH dG dG BGdG j aCG
CG hO gGTh H jCGQ Y wc aGOh .jqdG SCGh .,fBGdG RYEG M Yqe bGe EG dW dG
aGhh ,dG e AGHG eSEG qdG IqOe FG g SQS qfCG qdG M e : d oa .Gqj
.ShQO Ff QfG Y G
.dG dGh e j L qdhDe qM : PSCG b

29
 fBGdG RYEG : dhCG dCdG BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

RYEG O
SCG
qHQ e jBG Y foCG qg :jb e cG db
dGh ,dd jBG bdG L c Y d qM J
: dSQY dG fCa d jBG IFGh S jBG

(dGIQS) }
255 U 3 .qdG J

JEH q de EG cG aO dG e
?HqdG AfCG e jBH
? dGDS EG cG odG ppoj rnd npd
nnprdG nrnnY nrdnfnCG sfnCG rpprnj rndnhnCG { J db dO e
? zprnnY nroj

SCG
RYEG e qJCG :qhCG qdG
2 1
:dJ qdG b
| } :dJ qdG b
|
( 88 AGSEG )
( OgIQS)
|
Gf h fY: GX
ndsnnJ h NG : GaG
3
d BGdG q W qd jBH SG } :dJ qdG b
.dM Se ieh
dG SCG eh ?d jq BGdG qQJ c
?YG }
(IdG IQS)
?BGdG VQe Y cG Y qj Y
?HGL qjDj e jBG e SG cAGfh fGYCG : cAGT

30
 fBGdG RYEG : dhCG dCdG BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

qc dW dh ,YG gj hCG SGG qj hCG QHCG j dSH bEG aqe Cj 4

Sh dG Iqb Lh ,GqdGh CG dEG cMh ,H dG qNGh d qYCG a dH Iqb
( 42 qa)| dG jBGh qG e dqdG qUh ZdG
|

194 U.MqdG dSQ .Y e

?z... gj hCG ... qj hCG ... j dSH bEG a q Cj {JdG b eJ GPe

.RYEGh IG e qd eqG GqdG Y dTG dEG qUJ dG FqdG SG

qjhqdG SqdG RYEG je qCG : fqdG qdG

5
GOLe c e ggj HqdG SqdG Ge fc 6 pAnprfnCG npe ne{:dG SQ b
qKCj a G jH gH AL e jh H qKCa eR pnnY nneBG olpe ne prYoCG uEG nf
SQCG qUN fc SqdG J qC ,ggT e qKCJ H oopJhoCG pdG nnc nsfpEGh onndG
e I dG qjCG a SqdG N qeCGh ,qe bH IOq dEG nCG oLQnCna sndpEG osdG onMrhnCG krMnh
j qM qG L e RYEG j h...BGdH qjCG,NBG f z kpHnJ ogncnCG nocnCG
e RYEG H ,dhf Y GOLe c eGdEG GUb (Y qe)
dSqdG Y jBG gh ,qUN bh Y dP j h dG L
AL e qG ed a Y c Ge c d PEG
.gH e SGh SGqc Y qdG hG SQG
eSEG dG UCG.T e .O Y qY qK JZGa Ad jqdH
(qH) 100 - 97 U .1 .Se GJ

BGdG Ie AfCG Ge

...................................................................................................................................:.YCG
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................

31
fBGdG RYEG : dhCG dCdG BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

7
CT hG H ,Ie c QHqdGh EGh IGQqdG qEG j CG j Fb qCG qXCG
,qe Iqf dO Gaj CH GdW b dG qCG qdG eh ,dG Y e dqe c qfCG LCG e BGdG RYEG
jJ qG ej qM H dOj ,f BGdG S Oq ,JCj dG MdG U dOh
qCG Hc e jBG Z dG qH bh ,dG e Y eBG q AfCG e fGNEG Gc I h ,Jqf
. dG qQ c g H dG c e d qfCGh ,ed je GQOEG j BGdG S
25U .BGdG RYEG a .cT q Oe

.HLEG qY ?hG H Ie c d QHqdGh EGh IGQqdG qCH db JdG WJ g

RYEG Y ddG qj BGdG S Oq qCG j jQqdG bGdG e e SG
8
AGHEGh JG AMEG dc h ,qM EG dG fG dc d q Iqf Y BGdG dO qEG
qfCG qEG ,qedG e gG j e ah ,AfCG jCG Y qEG J aCG fc EGh J qEa ,VG
...MdG GgCGh ,IqdG XH qdG Ye
Y gZh GHCG Uh ,qdG Y AGHEG dO e ,jqdG Mh IqdG U Y da BGdG qeCG
bh ,qG WCG qfCG W qfCG Y dqdG :gMCG a ,qdG YqOG T qCG d dP eh.IQqdG
,Wb VdG e T e Y qdG OLH jJ d ,SCG gPCGh VGeCG TCG qfCG dO :NBG
a e qG QW e Yh
(qH) 106 U .qdG FY qdOCG ge Y dG .TQ H q ddG HCG

?qzIqdG XH qdG Ye fc qfCG qEG { HqdG GG Y dH JdG j GPe

?qdG Y AGHEG dOh IqdG U Y BGdG dO H qdG e
?QdGY WG dqdG g KCG e

RYEG qgCG QOCG : dqdG qdG

9
qdG JGAfh qjqdG JjBG qJ CG b qG IdG e dG b BGdG qe G SCH
fG EG e Gqj CG BGdG MdG U JCG dh .fEGh IGh dG EG idG qdG Jfh
Y G e q e aqdG e d ch ,Y Gqj CG d JCG jdG dG fGh dG
.e AT HEG Y eqdG Y G L e GcQOC ,jQqdG FM
47 U BGdG Y Me .dqdG U .O

JZGa A dG BGdG dC SG Hh qdH SGh SGqc Y dG SdG fG

.BGdG gqdG hCG RYEG qgCG e e Sj

32
fBGdG RYEG : dhCG dCdG BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

: gGdG : gdG : gdG

........................................ 1 } ...........................................................
}2 ...........................................................
} ...........................................................
( 6 fG) ...........................................................
}
.......................................... 3
(hdGIQS)

dG EG IqdG ........................................ jdG

IGh fEGh

fdG IdG

:gqdG
}
........................................
}
( 21 dG)

qG IdG

qdH e HGL Y ?IqdG Y OhM RYEG qgCG J g

be HCGh fCG
G dG Y a dSG a,OYG eh qdG e Ve IG SEG j
AqdGh VQCG jBG H qe a .J eSGh JH e jGg d J e J qdh ,AT qd
: dG IQS h V Y V qEG bQG jBG jJ a dEG j h
} }

86 - 85 U .qeSEG ja qdG .OqdG O SqY

33
 fBGdG RYEG : dhCG dCdG BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

?OYGh qdG e Ve IG SEG j c j CG qj dG ed J GPe

bQG jBG jJ a dEG j h AqdGh VQCG jBG H qe a { JdG b J c
?zV Y V qEG

( 69 AfCG) | } :dJ dG b

pgpMCG pOLh pIQhV e a ...fY qjQhV d kunoe onnroj eh S IOdG onnroj e H GbG
sogh ...QqdG pAd h GMGh cCGh udGh qdGh updG oe pnNBG onnY gMCG pnnY pIQhV e h pnNBG oOoLoh
dG jJ e nnnS fGbG qEGh pnpGh YqdGh qdGh qqdG pnfpnroG e pGngnoG uc EG GqL
QhG H ,(dG CG) prnd Hb nZ f qjQhV (GbG CG ) fd ohqdG Y ooj fS
...dG H QqdG g d GMG oYa...pnfpnroG L EG GqL qgh...cCG hO p nudG ornN (dG Qhe CG)

(qH) 67U .SdG aJ .dGdG

.Y jqdG d FMEH TG c Yh ah a ( `g 505 ) :GdG eM HCG @

.jqd a N e qdG fH RYEG U M AeR QhM

dM SGQO

JCG qM ddG fa H qKCJh JAGd Sa BGdG CGjh qj gh qdH@IdG H ddG qe

qEGh Ik nhnnnd d qEG dGh ,qG c e h fEG c e g e ec fBG q e S d dGh{ : a eb
d : jb da de EG fG qK.zY nroj eh j qfEGh ,@oprond SCG qEGh lprond YCG qEGh ,@kInhnnnd Y
.tc jb snCnrnndh oddG dGh @nCnnU
467U . 3 .SqdG IU .fHqdG Y qe

gh,W e Z a J d d jGe LEH Oqd MdH a nsod ,jb HcCG e:IdG H ddG@
: dJ qdG b a f dG gh gQeCG a jb Le ch ,dG Sh ddG c
( 11 KdG) jBG
} }
M h fhQ : IhW@
lproe : e @
SEG dEG jb jO e N IdG H ddG CT a h .NBG jO dEG jO e N : CU@

? BGdG Y ddG c N e fBGdG qdG gCG J a

? RYEd ddG a dW dG qdG e
.HLEG qYO?qdG Gg Y j RYEG CG iJ g

34
fBGdG RYEG : dhCG dCdG
?zeh eR qc a RYEG FO He e qH { JdG b J c
K EG LGQ RYEG Lh pe if
q idG jdG ZH hCG dG:L
qc M e dG HdG dG j CG
VGZCG e fh bO e Ie f
YHCG e fqdG G .dG AH e qUG
q dG f qdG faCG e BGdG
qY QN Z qdh dG dSCG GOe j
G e a OhCG e dqdG G.dG H J
qdGh qdG FG EG GQTEGh qG
BGdG hf Y dG Y dEG J q
.Jhe H QY h
.QTY HG gqdG qe
104 U1.jqdGh jqdG J
SG Hh jqdG OQh e JZGa CeGh SGqc Y dG hG fG
BGdG h fEG :fdG dG
BGdG RYEG ge
SCG
RYEG qd dG HhY qjCG dG GQOEG c
GPEa ...qdG hqdG eYOh IdG SSCG cGQOEG BGdG
If GhDeGh Hb qKCJ dG dG EG GSG
NG qK ...G dG Gg EG GSG GPEG a HYEGh
CGHh J qHdG IdG CGa LYCG e gH dG
...j HdG dG ZH SMEG dH
FO He e qH c IdN Ie BGdG c GPEGh
.jqdG GH qj jd eh eR qc a RYEG
(qH) 13 U .qdG gdG Y qjf .dG jhQO .O
.HGL qY ?BGd eRe U RYEG j dG e
?QdG Y BGdG QGSC SqdG GQOEG QqJ e J GPe
SCG
RYEG GfCG qJCG : hCG dG
2 1
Ic RYEG e Lh Y e jdG dG c qEG
dqhCG :Lh HQCG YGfCG V L e h
RjEG Lhh Mah pppnc dGh dCJ M
f IQU qdG LdG.dG IOY bQG ZHh
c dSC dG jdG SCGh dG
H QNCG e Y ifG e dqdG LdG.dG
e HGqdG.NCG dG LdG Y OQh c La j eh
FGqdGh IFdG CGh dqdG hdG QNCG e H CfCG
.a Gf nuH RYEG e HQCG LdG a...IKGqdG
.VY VdG
(H) 174 - 166 U dG M jH qdG
jdG BGdG dC
35
 fBGdG RYEG : dhCG dCdG BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

qdG gqdG RYEG Lh

dG RYEG
..................................................................................................................................................
ZdGh

................................................................................................................................................... dG RYEG

( 99 W) | } ..............................

.................................................................................................................................................. ..............................

.................................................................................................................................................. ..............................

iNCG gLh jqdG IQcG RYEG Lh EG VCG

?dP dO eh ?2 qdG Jh 1qdG RYEG J H dG e
4 3
( 36 dG)| } : dJ b
nec nJ CG pEG ordG nd rCG rYGh
Y nJh qdG oY pnj dG nVdG
pJcM prLnCGh ,hG bGe qhJh ,cqdG Gg qeCa ... rnpof dG onge nJh pdUoCGh pfGb
e AqdG h zd{ GO dG VGe qeCJh ,dG qM nZ pH oXqdG j kT of sfCG dPh
hGh EG AqdG AGQh a dGG dG gh zH{ nojh bhoah mH sc pLh nj rCG
HdG q J qfCc qH dG e zGhQJ{ mMGh uc nOproj K ke oJ dG hG
Y qdG K d ,dG Y L g GPEG dG e k c a G dP mqUH e
c ,Ve HUCG b qdG g dh ,H qe dG pG nojh..... oe sUN dP
.WCG VMCG J pVe pe a pdG nVe nna oOoJ
hGdG nVe oUdG tM a j K UdG
239 U . 2 .dG GOBG jQJ.aGqdG soK Ve e pAdG nVeh AdG pVe e
nfnrNnCGh HY eb d qN j:nnnrnH ognQnf nCG ....dG
GdH gqjEG
bqj dh d H gnQnfCG a GqT CG :pQotdpH GrhnQnnna 77U/1 RYEG FO. LG gdG Y

.qdG e qd 3 qdH SG
? qdG L e BGdG RYEG d hj c
.eqb dG G N e a jCGQ HCG ? aGqdG qj qdG GfCG e f qCG Y

36
 fBGdG RYEG : dhCG dCdG BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

dG RYEG e bGG qeCJCG : fdG qdG

6 5
INCG hdG g c dG qEG : dJ db e c j
Td iJ Ic FWh FM }
OQh gcCG j BGdG qbGh ,Yh (QfG IQS) }
IQe H eh.a H qdG hCG jqdG WHh GgX fEG e AYCG jJ Y e qEG
gQX Y d qEG AG e AZ .aeh Mh YGfCGh gOYh
.BGd Ie (qH) 28 - 27 U.BGdG gGL dGdG eM HCG
@
.cGdG MqdG Y
21 U OSG Qe h OGSG FW
dEG qUj dG FG f IFa iJ g
@
d```````````qMQ ( 1930 `g 1320.):cGdG MqdG Y .HGL qY ?BGd AdG
```UEG ``LQ R``````HCG e j ``aqdH ```TG J``ch
jdG dG a

8
,AT qc BGdG qj e ge gP e GPEG BGdG Y iYqdG GhRh SqdG e Gc qEG 7
,dG HGVh,qdG eG GQe Lh e jNCdG hCG eqd cj Y qc dEG GaVCa qG
qdG bhCG b dH sondSdG qjfh e dqdG qdGh.(qVjdG)dqdGh qdG Y
YGb qC dPh ,dG BGdG f G FY BGdH SqdG YCG Gfc j eh HqdGh HqdG
h d QGb qjf e Y J eh dG Gg e AT e MCG qJ qfCG j h eHh
e jMh b dG qjf H ch...AH Ad jJ a j BGdG qCG Y dO dPh...YqG
BGdG j CG j a ,OJh J .GYR q
e H e Y YGdGh qjdG g (qH)81 - 80U. 2 aGdG .WqdG SEG HCG
?OqdGh qdG qj ,dh qh UCGh a ( 1388- `g 790 ) : WdG SG HCG
.gqdG M e GHEGh dG qdSG e H q eSEG dG jOqG e
zYG{h zaGdG{ JnqdDe e .jqdG Ue SG
(qH) 493 - 492 U .hqdGh qdG

? jNBGh dqhCd Y Qe BGdG qCH FdG Y qOdG gqdGh WqdG M d hJ c

.dP a AeR QhM
9
.... YLG hCG qVjdG QCG qdG dG a qe Hc BGdG QYG dEG Ya df fEG
AGgG h dG H IQSG hadG e OGSG Y fEG SH qj JbS ZCG a g qfGE h
aqdG GQTEG qEGh. dG GdG h MdG dG OhM a OLdG fGb OGqWGh qdG eSH
`dG jJ dEG qUN `H `Le dG c PEG,JGP q`M a jZ , F`Sh OQh b jdG BGdG
Ie SG a fEG gCd dPh , qdG IdG Hb AMEG h NCG jJ h, dG UEGh
.adG
205U SEG a dG 2 OY .eSEG aBG S .IJSCG e Ye

37
 fBGdG RYEG : dhCG dCdG BGdG h fEG :fdG dG
10
Mh ,dY M fBGdG qdG QdG e Y qc a dG j CG dG dH OGdG h
a dG GOe OqeAf a dG da , Y dEG Y e J qY aK e dG J H OqhJ
,``Jh O`L ,qHJ hO h qJ hO , ```jBG e jBG ``e CT a eGdG QKBG Y bdGh qe QqJ
. OdG hj BGdG h
52 U J N e RGqdG . hdG jdG Y

.Je Ve e HLEG qYO ?fdG dG a qe Hc BGdG QYG j d

zJGP qM a jZ FSh OQh......... qdG GQTEG qEG{ 9 dG a OQGdG dG e J GPe
. HLEG qY ? 10 dG M dG dG e a jCGQ e

IFqdG adHh QdG qgD nRYEG opUnCG :ddG qdG

12 11
:dJ db CGb GPEG QdG qEG SCG CG b Gq VJCG LN : dG H Y b
bG IQS Sa N a G EG S b JLa
( 4 je) } }
db c YT dGh Gg a : b BGdG dCJ e YCG a
``H e qEG gj dG MdG j qfE a : CGa : b jb
M`dG fc a NBG EG dG j CG } }
qj CG `j ``d zTG{ ``d `U
.H f M a QdG : CGa : b gc : a : b
367 U .RYEG FO @LG gdG Y
}
dG dG FCG e :fLdG gdG Y @
( `g 5 dG) SqdG (MCG LNCG) }
(MCG LNCG) .be c b SEG ba : b .IQdG NBG dEG

?BGdG qdG YhQ Y dG VQ Y QOCG H

?z.be c b SEG ba { db J c
?BGdG RYEd a LG Y H dG SSCG e
?jqdG N e BGdG a je NG dO e
12
HH cQOCG b GeGO e Jh BGdG a EG LM Z SEd qhCG dG dG c GPEG
qH d j ZdGh MdG LQO e Y Gfc e EG J dG ddG LCG qEa ...bGhPCH qMCGh
SdG eGO e RYEG qdG qJ d Sh dP qJ CGh FOh RYEG QGSCG dH qJ CG
.iNCG Mf e h jb b dG dG FSh eGO eh ,Mf e V b qjdG
(qH) 367 U .qdG gdG Y qjf.G jhQO.O

?IFqdG aqdG W Hh RYEd QdG a H qdG H FeR e Qh

38
 fBGdG RYEG : dhCG dCdG BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

be HCGh fCG
} : dJ qdG b : dJ qdG b
( 89 dG ) | | }
( 38 fCG )

H qj e jG Y H OGa jBG qeCa qeCG ,AT qc Y jdG dG c TG b :bCG fCG

| } d b OGdGh ,qdGh qdG h qEG UCG g dCe h H e a dG GfCG
q`J ``j e a Gh````cj dh.````dG ```dG
eh ,bG FY ah ,Y qj e BGdG
...iqdG eh YCG aCG eh VQCGh GhdG
qdGh qdG dG
81 - 80 U . 2 .aGdG .WdG 129 U BGdG Y JEG .WdG

.HLEG qY ?dG qc Y e BGdG qCG Y SG WdG dEG gP e qBGdG qdG qj g

HGL qY ?BGd dG qdH FdG YOqdG a WqdG e J g

e GhQqj CG EG qdG SGQH jY d jdG AdG QfCG qJa ,jG qdG qdG Y AL
qJG qKCG -qdG FGhCG fqhO e Y c OYG d c EGh-If dG c Gha ,OcqdG b
Y jh BGdG YhQ oj qYLG qHOCG HK qdG SdEG dP e ,QfEG j GKCJ BGd qdG
j CG LCG e dP ch.qY FM e qL eh BGdG H dH qH aqdGh ,eqdG aGgCGh bqdG eGe
.MGeh QGWCG L edG e qj qdG dG g BGdG qCG gZh G
(qH) 496 - 495U .hdGh qdG.gqdG M

H f CG a qf g : IFqdG aqdH BGdG bY M qdH e AeR QhM

?d

: jdG BGdG Y Kqe qdG SQ b

e j h dCG H J h AGgCG H@jJ dG qg {
@
z FY J h uOsdG Ic Y onrnj h AdG
(BGdG Fa a edG)
@
(dH j) nrnj : onrnj

39
 eSEG jdG SCG :fdG dCdG BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

jqdG QOe
SCG
? jBG a YdH eCG dO e } :dJ qdG b
? jBG a IOQGdG eGhCG a QdG j GPe
}
? CGQ Y GJG GPEG eCG dhCG YW J c ( 59 AdG)
?HL EG Y
jdG e CGdG gCG : eCG dh CG

SCG
MCG AH QhO qJCG h jqd qhCG QG Y bCG : qhC G qdG
1
:a Hc dG fCG
}
}
(a)
idGh AdG EG dGh dG e a
CH YW HGh...nsnM eh snMnCG e a sHh
e ta ... nQe Y eEGh mYh mH ognsnnJ
onpnY lsoMnh lnrMnQ -DhKL - Hc fnCG
...onpnL rne onpnLnh onpnY rne
(H) 13 U. 1 .dSqdG.adG

2
:dJh QJ qdG b .a idG S Y oddG dG c h EG lndRpnf qdG jO gCG e mnMnCpH oprnJ d
( 1 gGHEG ) } }
onVrna nnrMnCG e eh ...kqf pprnd fHCG e a :Lh e H gnsnnJ Hc dG HCG e npa
dG Va bh M tf a d d e dG SQ snS e : eh ...f d Y g c sHh ppHnppH
W nOLG N Y dG Va e:eh.pnb dG pVrnpa dG SQ Y b na dSQ YW Hc
(H) 13 U.1 .dSqdG.adG .Y Va Z YW HG c OLG YW HGh

.iNCG VGZCG Y HGh BGdG VGZCG e 1 qdG OQh e SG

?a M qMh MQ BGdG j c
.za idG S Y oddG dG c h EG ...{:2 qdG adG b e J GPe
.YO gGT Y d HGh 2 qdG IOQGdG BGdG MCG nLh SGqc Y SJ hL qU
40
 eSEG jdG SCG :fdG dCdG BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

3
fCGh IFGh AqdGh IdG IQSh c gh MCG jBG H qU e gMCG:b BGdG MCG
V Z e j e gMCG:b Y g qK SG jH NDj e dGh ,dP e c Y e
dG qbCG qCG Y dG VQ SqY HGh qY Sc iNCG jBG V e j e qdGh ,iNCG jBG EG
} } :db e } } :J db e TCG qS
(14 d) (15 MCG)
(qH) 4 U . 2 .BGdG Y gdG.cQqdG

?cQqdG gOQhCG dG BGdG MCG qJ e G e

?iNCG jBG V e SG jW Y dEG qUnoj BGdG MCG OLh qj Y
5 4
oc @ qjS dG ``SQ `H : ``b dG Y H ``HL Y
:J dG b
ndG aY b:qe FW da ,pdG f ```a `X H`UCa ,``a
g g nrpdG : H bh .WooN GtNh Grsna qdG nnpb gng g }
J UCG oqdG Wh GUCG qa .kWooN GtnNh G nnpb
,a ,dP Y sdG dCS fS e rpnb qa.pdG pd oG
} :J dG fCa
(151IdG) } }
(144 IdG)
(b QGdG LNCG)
SdG gj d IhZ : jS @
6
(189 IdG) } }: dJ qdG b
} :dJ qdG b
( 29 AdG) }

} : dJ qdG b @
(173 IdG) }

( 217IdG) } } : dJ qdG b @

?dG EG qLdG UH G G BGdG YGQ GPe

? HqdG GDS Y qdG S GP
( SGqc Y dG Gg fCG) .dG f ah GG hG a 6 - 5 - 4 GdH IOQGdG jBG qU

H Je MCG
AGHG df MCG
GDS bGh

?BGdG MCG qJ TCG qJ e IOG onpG e

41
 eSEG jdG SCG :fdG dCdG BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

MCG AH QhO qJCG h jqd qdG QG Y bCG : fqdG qdG

8 7
J e a qdG nhouHnDoj gh dG b b mrjnoN prH ppaGnQ Y
Ghca b rnnnna ca GN c GJ d d b f c Gdb } : dJ qdG b
H Gha jO e AH JeCG GPEG H fCG fEG{ :a d dP
zH fCG Ea pjrCGQ e AH JeCG GPEGh }
(FdG a e) ( 7 dG)

?SqdG YWEH jBG OQGdG eCG dO e

?H UdG qG eh ?g e.eGhCG e Yf H jM SqdG qe
:jqdG dG QhO d ddG GQdG e Sj hG ZGa CeG
.jqdH SG / Jh BGdG jqdG J /fBGdG jqdG aGe

qdG QhO qdG e qf BGdG e qf

b } : dJ qdG b
------------- zunUoCG pfoorjnCGnQ nnc GtnU{ }
(GPCG a QdG) ( 54 QdG)

e eG e j { b : dJ qdG b
------------- z e f H EG } }
(dG eG - WdG) ( 187 IdG)

c CG Y dG SQ f
} : dJ qdG b
P c Yh dG e f P qc }
------------- .dG e e
(WCG OhGOHCG) ( 4 IFdG)

.HGL qY ? BGdG T MCG H jH qdG SG bj g

42
 eSEG jdG SCG :fdG dCdG BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

10 9
dh IdG a S LQ N : `a qdG ``SQ N b Ij``g HCG Y
AG GLh K a W GU a Ae e :LQ a ''Ga G Y nVpoa b SdG jCG j''
j h AVdGh IdG gMCG OYCa bdG .KK `db M ,`a ? qdG SQ j mnY socnCG
''``SG h r`nnLnnd f o``b d'' : ```a
d a d dP Gnncnna qdG noSnQ nnJCG K onNBG
b c e g fEa cJ e fhQP'' : b K
d bhznoJnnU nrJnCGnrLnCGnh nntdG nrnUnCG{rpoj
JeCG GPEa FfCG Y aNGh dGDS IH
zJe LCG d{:OYCGh CVJ
AT Y f GPEGh SG e e GJCa AH
(IQqdG OhGO HCG ) .''Ya
(SdG e)

?H bdG iJ c,LJh jJ qhCG jG a

?aNG ZQ HqdG OLG dG jG SqdG QGbEG dO e

11
?qOQ hCG jG b UhCG Oqj e ,Vh Mh U :KK Y J jG bCG
IOQGdG dG e IFdG e Y hCG ,qda:gYCG Y dG UhCG e TG EG qfC
?qdG qeCG....qda:e AT Y J hCG ,a:gfOCG
e a j jdG bCG qGC da VGh e G onnrodG dG Y hG
HGL qY ?jqdG VdG
qfdG eG T .fbQdG
(H) 23U .jdG e

MCG AH QhO qJCG h jqd ddG QG Y bCG :ddG qdG

12
} } : dJ qdG b
( 83 AdG)

13
c qfGE bh e qCG qj,LEH a M YGh oHqdG a M dG FbdG EG LQ eh
iQT Y QOU M G a.VhG KOG M Y CGqdGh dG hCG e jVG e bqJG
GdG HqdG L CGQ Y j qM eN nrndG nsLnCG H HCG qCG OQh eh...YG
G a.LEG AdG qS e Ggh Y j c dch...hVG Y qJG e Y c H
.YG jJ
50 U .dG UCG Y .qN gdG Y

43
 eSEG jdG SCG :fdG dCdG BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

14
Y G H Y GPEa . edG gCG e Y qdG VQ H HCG qEG SQCG :b HK H jR Y
AGqdH dG qj CG NCG EGh BGdG AGH edG j SG b dG EG a JCG Y EG :H HCG b
qdG SQ j T J c d b .BGdG H eCJ CG iQCG EGh BGdG e c ga WGdG a
jR b Y iCGQ dG jCGQh dd QU dG T M a LGj Y j a N dGh Gg Y a
d qdGa La BGdG a qdG Sd MdG J c bh f bY T LQ fEG H HCG b
j T J c b b BGdG L e H eCG Y KCG c e G e L f c
HCG QU d dG T d QU qdG T M LGQCG RCG a N dGh g b . Sh Y dG U dG
. LCG BGdG a a.Yh H
BGdG Fa QdG

?dEG qUj dG G j GPeh ?jG e CGqdG gCG EG jBG M eCG hDj e

?dP dOe ?13 qdG M Yh H HCG Y Y j LEG c H
?14 qdG OQh e M BGdG L Y YLEG HqdG e e

be HCGh fCG

dM SGQO
qdG c a fLh e
fLh eh SG M
eqM eGM a
j LQ Y g CG{ : dG SQ b
a jQCG Y qe gh qY jG
M a fLh a dG c Hh H
qEGh eqM eGM a fLh eh SG
z dG qM c qdG SQ qM e
dG eqdG

jqd GQe BGdG H j e Y Od dG jG jhj dG dG e bfG AeR QhM

44
eSEG jdG SCG :fdG dCdG BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

G eG dG Y YWG H ,TdG De IQhO G eSEG dG EG

dG IhdG Y IQOdG UdGh dGh SGQdGh ,hGdG GG Ve UH
YSGh , iNCG mnpLnh G e hdH , dG d eSEG G JY dG SdG dG
c h ,dGh dG e dOCG dGh ,AWCGh AdG cQ VG M QGO dG bd
: j e Qb ,AdG
: GG e J JBG QeCG
dG dEG f e HG LG GPEG ,fCG H hCG ,fCG Ib hCG ,PCG Z hCG ,PCG Ib hCG ,dG Ib-
. cCG RZ-
. jqe FGS ojdG nroj e (dG) jdG GRZ-
. AYCG e Z hCG dG YhCG Y hCG jd jGdG (bO fCG) Ib NOEG-
. Y MGL Y AGLEG hCG AMCG d dG QGL N e Qe NOEG-
. cdG dG hCG edG EG LY OGe hCG IGOCG CG NO-
YCG qdGh

(qH) 10 U .1 .eSEG dG UJh GQGb

? qjJ MCG GS AqWCGh AdG LG dO e

.HGL qY ?LEGh OdG OLG Je e QeCG g e YG OLG Je e

( 9 dG)

45
 eSEG jdG SCG :fdG dCdG BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

jdG ge
SCG
j qe adGh GOdG a FbdGh OGdG EG
h qf KOM c a Oj d fCG jCG b fh qdGh dG
.jCG dP Qj
eh-ge Z FbdGh ge fc GPEG UdGh
SdGh OLG CG b npoY-gj e j gj
CG Rj K OLG KOM c OH j M QYG LGh
.dG V Y LQN Se OLG j
(qH) 197 U . 1 .dGh dG .fSdG

?jh c e qd qJ M UqdG YJ d GPd

.HGL qY ?OLG FGW a YqJ Lj FbdGh OGdG qJ iJ g
?qdG H OLG J e dG e

SCG
MCG AH a QhO qJCGh SdG qJCG : hCG dG
2 1
dG SQ dEG LQ AL :b Ijg HCG Y
: dJ qdG b
eZ dh JCGeG EG dG SQ j :a
:b ?HEG e d g : dG SQ a OSCG }
g b ..oM :b ?fGdCG a : b. f
qfCa :b .kbrQond a EG b ?nnQrhnCG e a }
Ggh b Yf Y Y b? dP gJCG
Yf bY d
MC a Le HG
( gGHG IQS )
rQoh dGh.OeqdG nrd fd c e:QhCG

a c e fC GM dG J CG de... eGh Mh ah UCG ... HQCG SdG cQCGh 3

Y CG eLh dG gh Mh dG gh ah G gh Y G YCG cQCG HQCG e Gg SdG cQ
QSEG gh G dGh UCG H L
177U . 1 . . eBG H T FdG HLEG .fdG

?qdG IdH qdG dG BGdG Sb SSCG CG Y

?HG IqH LqdG bE e SdG qSdG GSG dO e
SdG Y d 3 qdH e Sj H JZGa CeG h SGqc Y ddG SqdG fG
46
 eSEG jdG SCG :fdG dCdG BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

SdG Y

.......................... ............................ UCG

dG (edG) (dG) (........................)

............................ ............................ dG ............................

.SdG qY WCG
: psdG ooSnQ nnb
zofproj npdnP spEna npppMnU nhoO pnrKG nLnnnj nna knKnnK roroc GnPpEG{
(dG a e)

S jqdG jG Y GOYG HqdG G QGZ Y hG jH SdG SCG

.dK j H KG poWnnJ proM

MCG AH QhO qJCGh SG qJCG : fdG dG

5 4
Y H Sj dG FG qEG GPEG qEG AG dEG j VQCG QfCG N H qd c
,GkQrn````Lh Y `````Ff ````J b H ,VQCH q AG j CG Gg q HCa ,nnrne H q H qe
eh JYVe NH ,Gojh GY hCG :e H Y a.dM dEG j qG H nY oqdG JCa
j Sa .VQGY e j H Y qEG Gq d LCG d dGh:d a , :b ?QV a YCG
MCG EG Ad jW Gg e ..H beqf CG ch.JQeC
qdG G e qJ dG qG j oY dEG gP dG G Gg qCG if Zh G Gg e
OGqWG j eY ,jqdG Ueh `qdh jj M Lj c SdG qEG H SdG h qdG ojW
.FqdG AS SdG ``g `dEG `````jqdG ch ,qe``dG jdG ``YGb `a `YhQ `M
``dEG ``j U```qdG `e ``UCG ```j ````dG CGq``dH OLG
.SdG dGh SG ... M ``a
26 U . bQqdG MCG e
(H) 101 U .GdG .Sj HCG

?qd G Y YG Y
5 qdG N e HGL qY ?zjj M Lj c SdG qEG { Sj HCG b e J GPe
.jqd a Y AH SG qY
47
 eSEG jdG SCG :fdG dCdG BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

6
adG Y f M bdG fCGh M H MCGh M HCG UCG H a SG NG bh
qT a SG e b fCG
261U .4 .MCG UCG MEG .eBG

Qhd

?SG aNG qj a eY OLG CGe b Y GqJG b AdG c GPEG

MCG AH a QhO JCGh SG JCG :ddG dG

7
eCG G j SG 8 ,Z e qHjEG bM qj qadGh qdG Y OG
dG FbdG jha QGUE AdG HSG ,jUdG d Jh ,H d onnroa Z e a
HqdG qdOCG e dO a hj g Ggh ,a b fc dG G qe Y qJh ,J
SH OqOdGh IG Y gjh j CG EG a Iqe JM AH j a ,qdG fG
MS Y qj ooQnrYGh.HqdG M .oaN j qM UCG a ,JM UCG qC ,Je
.fheh jqdG
dG UCG .T e (H) 897U . 2 .eSEG dG UCG .MdG gh .O
(qH) 257U .eSEG

. 7 dG OQGdG H e SG qY
?SqdG ce qM Y dG Yj e SG j c
dqfh hG IOQGdG G SG Y qe MC eCG Y FeR e HG
(7 qdG OQGdG H SSG ) .SGqc Y f H e SG ceCG

dG dG
IQqdG a
................................................................................................................................ 1

.............................................................................................................................. WCG a 2

............................................................................................................................... AdG a 3
48
 eSEG jdG SCG :fdG dCdG BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

MCG AH QhO qJCGh dG qJCG : HGqdWdG

qd qCG jqdG a QqG eh
c Gc GKCJ qedG GMCGh VhCG
g qEa ,qYLG qYdG MCG e
Lh dG ebEG e dG MCG
Kh JQG d H.IG AQOh G
,qedG NCHh qedG FSdGh VhCH
d Lf LY hCG GHJ c M e a
j LCG hCG L H UCa qe eR
Y EG j UCG hCG OG VdH
.NCGh FSdGh VhCG qH
10 9
J dP j OSCG U GPEG dG UZ qCG ij M HCG c
Z Z c b onunojh ,Ud qdG j CG H dG qa d
GH b f UdG J e qdG NCj CG hCG ,e
M a HZe UCGh OSCG dG SdG Y qJ qa...qdG
j OSCH dG U qEG : @MqdG b.d GQT qSqdG qJG
IOjR M Y qa ,d J IOjR UCGh MCH qdc
b UdG Jh ,cJ H dG qjh ,G UdG
fU IOjdG b Ud ajh NCj CG hCG ,e Z qdG
.qd
277 U .qeSEG jdG .GQH dG HCG GQH .O

144 U .dGh dG .dG Y qG Aa Qc e .Sj HCGh q : MqdG @

?qdG U UH M HCG M f MqdG YG Y

qYOh HLEG qY ?QqdG N UCG aNG GYCGh GOdG NH MCG NG qj g
.bGdG e H
11
: dJ dH dG BGdG e GdSa ..YT lM ndG CG Y oAdG JGh
( 199 GYCG) } }
...gGdGh IdH dEG e```MGh SdG Sf ``dG S e MJ e gh H Gtd``SGh
QdG Y M QdG orona SdG veY j CG : KG WT dH LMG id QG TGh
HK kYT kdO dj CG : fdGh .FdG hO cG Y M cG oroYnh dG hO
(qH) 61 U 1 ..G T. G e.O
?jqdG dG nnroj d SqdG nIM QqJ c
?odG qM AdG QL rnWrnT M nnAeR QhM
MCG AH gQhO JCGh SdG ddG qJCG : edG dG
12
h ,d eMCG QqdG j h ,MdG fG H QGqdGh dG bG dG dG qeGC h...
dG GhqdG qCG bG dG G e SG G qJ a ,FdEG hCG gQYG Y e dO j
qnoj dG dG Y qCG bG dG G eh ,QfEG Y iYqdG nroJ qSQ KH onroj
qpdG oornj
(qH) 85 U.dG UCG Y. qN gdG Y

?MdG fG H jqdG G OYG qgCG J a

?qdG jOQGdG dG G qH G qJ J c
49
 eSEG jdG SCG :fdG dCdG BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

qdG qj Lh dG qc qY c
Y Ljh ,jG e EG N qdhDe
AqWCG e j{ :Fb ej a.qjO aO
hCG ffEG e dY e ,qGh,IWdG
h T dY EG qfEa IAGdG d NCa ,qHGO
z.eV a ,a IAGdG d NCj
471 U. 9 .qe GqRdG Y
14 13
e LN{:b qfCG qQdG Y H MqdG Y Y
GRhCG SqdG GPEa ,G EG eQ qG H Y
qa LqdG qjh ,d LqdG qj ,bqe
ADg L d GQC qfEG dGh :Y a.gqdG JH
qK :b.c H qHCG Y a.eCG d MGh Qb Y
a,FQb IH qj SqdGh iNCG d e LN
z.g oYdG pnrpf :Y
eQ IqdG c de

?dP d hj jCG .I aOh L Y dG VQ Y be a

?e H CNCG GPEG qdG HH H Lh dG qc qY gb dG G e

be HCGh fCG
:N OLG FGT
qje kUN ;BGdG J ae qK ... dG d a H ;dG e dU Qb ae(1
...jBG e QNCG e OQh eh ,MCH
,feh ,JKh ,dhYIGhdGh ,dG GMCH WMEGh ;gfSCGh ,fH :QNCG ae K(2
uodG nuoY UN g eh ,UN KOM OQh Y g eh ,a UG FbdH WMEGh ;gOhOeh
.oroM
, LdG g e Lh Y qj M ; gGdGh ,dGh ,MHEGh , dGh , LdG : H dG ae K(3
.H H Y j h
.d OLG j M... LEG bGe a K (4
a dG ch ,bCG VGe EG dG K (5
;EGh ,edG M dGh JG LGh kG G j M ;JYGe e H ,FGT N a
.e Se a ;fcP e e OLGh Sb EG j M a
(qH) 197 U . 1 .dGh dG .fSdG

.HGL qY ? qdG Vh OLG FGT H bdG e

?GPd ?jqdG ge e e qCG OYG qc Y FGqdG g J g

: dG SQ b
zLCG a CNCG K La M GPEGh GLCG a UCG qK La cG M GPEG{
(qdGh dH YG QdG)

?CNCG hCG UCG AGS LCd G SG j Y

?HLEG qYO ?HG FG OLG j Y dCdG a cG OLG oj g
50
 eSEG jdG SCG :fdG dCdG BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

dG h qdG
SCG
Kh) qN d j CG dCSh H HCG Hb qdDG AL qSh Y dG qU dG SQ pob q qfGC phoQ
SQ qEG :bh bqeh jjCG e qG NCa dH hNCGh Y EG GhDhL qK dCS e gYCa eH (qN
H HCG EG Gafa...jO dG qYCG a dG qeCa SEG Y qdDd j c qSh Y dG qU dG
.Ghoj a HdG qeY dP Hh ...Y b H HCG j h... Y dG VQ Y U hNCa
(qH) 45 U 2 .FdG FGH .fSdG

IcqdG e V gcP OQh bh.a dNO KG SEd Sf osfnDoJ jdG : Hb qdDdG

HdG IQS e 60 jBG

?qjEG j dG SQ c bh IcdG e f Hb qdDG Y dG VQ Y e GPd

?Hb dDG S UH BGdG dG Y a c
?.HGL qY ?BGdG qd J Y OLG j g

SCG
jqdG e IOG YGfCGh G e qJCG : qhC G qdG
2 1
gh .dG gUe M EG LJ jdG dJ IQY a G qeGC ...
CG dGh jQhV J CG gMCG : bCG KK hJ UG Iqe aO hCG e L Y UCG
.q J CG ddGh LM J G L qEa ,dP H f dh
Gh ...fdGh jdG de b e qH a qjQhdG qeCa Uh,G Ue IqG aOh
dGh gYGb qjh fcQCG j e gMCG:jeCH j d f qdh.gUe G
...a bG hCG bGdG NG Y CGQj e Oe Y aG H
aQh SdG M e dEG e qfCG ga LG qeCGh N G e qdG Oeh ,qdG
H MdG qGh G EG ddG qODG qdG ,fh ,jO Y j CG gh
...G e qa.deh ,fh ,Yh
h GOdG S e j NCG ga qdG qeCGh a G UCG g M qj
b dP jh ,LGdG dG fCJ dG fG GMCG a UCG g qj e qch ,e
.NCG Qe ze aOh Ie
(H)11 U .2 .aGdG.WdG 251U .1.dG .dGdG

?GdG b Y OYH qd Ge Gh d Ge G H dG qVh

?Ie jJh e G UCG M j c
?qJh qLMh qjQhV dEG UG J e IFdG e

51
 eSEG jdG SCG :fdG dCdG BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

dG Y jdG AfCG JCG:fdG qdG

4 3

deh pnpdG Y SSCGh ge jqdG qEG | : dJ dG b

,qc MQh qc Y gh ,OGh TG OdG
,QG EG dG Y LN dCe qa ,qc deh
Yh ,IG EG G Yh ,gqV EG MqdG Yh
a NOCG EGh jdG e a dG EG G
.jhCqdH |
(157 GYCG)
3 U .3 .qbdG YCG .qjRdG qdG HG

?jBG H SEG GGh G MCG J Y

a NOCG EGh jdG e a ...QG EG dG Y LN dCe qa {qdG HG b e J GPe
?zjhCqdH
.SGqc Y SJ hL N e FH GGh ,qdH G JQ eCG Y HG

qYqdG HGqdG QWEG Gh qdG H bdG qJCG :ddG qdG

5
dG jh , qdH b dG G Y qdG qj CG hO ,bGh M Y QdG qj bh
dG j dP a G g ae Y qbj ,J fh ,fe jh ,qdG a qCG
e MCG aqJh qdG IOY e Y GTe....qdG hCG G hCG ,G g Y qdG
Y qJh ,G g EG qUJ e GPEa.G e hCG gYGbh UG Yh ,jqdG hH
.SSCG Y J f OqMh ,FV qdG qa ,G J

100 U .eSEG dG G qjf .eM M

?iNCG MCG Y JSh MCG H e IOG dG Y QqdG J e G e

?e bGh M Y G G Y H qdG M G j GP

52
eSEG jdG SCG :fdG dCdG BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

dG Y Y qdG Z {: b fCG Y
qEG{ : a .d qS dG SQ j : Gda
SdG HdG qG g dG
qHQ dCG CG LQC qfEGh .RGqdG
j e MCG dh
ze h O
fb Y eCG Vh qdG qdGh..
fb dPh...MCG Y e a J
Mh GMCG jOeh bhCd dH oj
qSh Y dG qU dG db eh...LqdG
EG GSGh oJK qU b Y d qM
nqdGh SqdG cCG Ghb lb qeCGh,qHQ
.eCG Mh ShCG dG a Y
PMCG VQY .HdG HHHCG
(qH) 289 - 288 U. 3
7
6
| : dJ dG b
|
( 41fCG)
G H Y aN MG VGQCG b rnMpoW
HqdG e dG H dW M ,Y dG VQ
b VQY H dh ,Y VGQCG J H
dG CGdG gh... eOdG LCd fh norjnQ j M
ch .QfCGh jLG Qc a jCGh Y dEG QU
H Y -hCG CGd VQe- CGdG GH Y QTCG
b EG fEG{ :d b dG ,L H Peh ,dW HCG
EG dP a ,hj K .dG jCG dG jdG QU
SEG e hj b gH e JCj K .ICGG hCG LdG
b gNBGh dhCG j kGeCG fa .kT hj gh kGqe
H QTCG dG CGdG gh Pe b EG Y Qa{ :Y HCG
.zY dG VQ dW HCG H Y Y
(H) 62 U GeCG .Y HCG

?fCG IQS e 41 jBd a HqdG Hh Y SG EG

.?qdG Y SdG eG HdG HG a c
.HGL qY?qdG e VQJ HdG HGh Y e qc OLG iJ g

qdG YGdG H N e AdG OLG G dG ie QOCG : HGdG qdG

8
NJ dG OGG qeY qjJ eMCG qJ ... qc qa UCG g qdG YGdG
dG { dbh zgUH QeCG{:dc dPh... c H hCG H IYdG a YVe
Y qJ dG qFG qdG IdG oQunoJ qfEG qfC IOpsoe Z qZCG MCG YGdG gh... zqdH hj
eMCG JJh jdG qM dG SdG G
(H) 34 U .qdG YGdG T .bQdG MCG

.H cPG ?qdG jOQGdG dG EG aVEH qa YGb J g

?jqdG qG aVEG qdG YGdG q c

53
 eSEG jdG SCG :fdG dCdG BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

9
| | : dJ dG b
( 61 Q``dG)

11 10
eCG Ea Seh de LG GPEG
dP a SG AQOh dG
fS dd a J dG eC eG
| : dJ dG b
dJh
(16 HdG ) | |
|
fc Ea ,qdGh AQqdG QqJ EGh ( IdG IQS)
h IG fCGQO G e YCG IG
.dG GH f .H osnoJ Gh ,qFSG dM IQhqdG qEG
@
89 U 1 . .MCG YGb . dG Y H dG H bWEG Y j IQhqdG J dG NqdG qCG
. .qG ad RdG QdH j
Y H jdG Y jqdGqY g : dG Y H dG @
nHdG nudohnh AdG J( `g 660-577)dG dG (H) U .SEG jdG a .fdG U
209
qj-eH- eCG edH jQdGh eeEG h
de a MCG YGb JdDe TCGAdG S IYdG GdG e S qc N e SCG
qL h qY qdG d jYdG Ue , fCG SG qdG
IOQGdG FG Y SG qdG IYdG qWCG
SGqc Y fCG CG H dG hG
d SG qdG IYdG dCdG
QGVG Y Ob e IdGh qdG jd Rj
G jj e QH G cCG qd Rj
Ma QV dP Y f GPEG qM SG e fEG
eQ dGh IqdG b ad Rj
VdG J e q e QH qEG IQdG EG qdG j
M GT Lj GPEG qZ ad G T Rj
jqdG Ueh qdG YGdG H bdG Y HCG
12
idG ge qJh...dG Qb j H WMEG QHh ,qdG Y dG qe YGdG gh...
MGh ...NGh hdG Y bJ qdG YGdG hO qFG SH hdG qj L eh...Jh
,qdG LGQf qFG cCG M Y SG YGH dG V eh...gJ dG qFG M EG
.SJh ,Z Y bJ e Y qJGh
3U. 1 .hdG.@aGdG

54
 eSEG jdG SCG :fdG dCdG BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

YGdGh UCG c TCG e zhdG{ oHc qj.dG UCG AY ge e (`g 486 ):GdG jdG T @
IOdG H dG dqhCG,ba 276 Y TG bh.IqG jdG e aGWh dG Y e H q
hH d e IYbh AYdG he g e IYb H dG gNBGh jGhdGh

?eSEG jqdG qdG YGdG Xh d hJ c

?qFdG qj NBGh qdG YGdG j a H dG e

be HCGh fCG
z pupnf nsoSnh psdG nnpc nppH rorsnnJ ne GtpnJ rnd prjnrenCG ropa orcnnJ{ : dG SQ b
edG c CWdG.de

?H qdG bY AV jdG jG J c

fa zMdG dG{ L J bGh b

dM SGQO

CNN-03/09/27 (GMT+40:00) 1043

Y IQdG aCG OM YCG J H G (keY 22) eg a J CNN. fa ,Qe QS H

.dGh Y zSHTSCG{ dch f e H ,a dj c dG G jDhdGh dG
- IOe VH ,hj a eg Qe JdGh b H HZ NO dG a TfEG AWCG hMh
.G H UG jdG - Y j
keb d fY JdGhh dG IQTEG H fa SGh eYEG gH eg b Mh
SG iMEG c fCG c.JM AfEG qH a Oj Hc a fh zMdG dG{ he
zdG H{ a d Sj GT L fdG Fd
HUCGh d VqJ dG IQdG OM Y ddG icdG Qh gdh IM AfE eg Qe dh JCJh
.YHdG dH
j fb g j CG j c GPEG e M fa kSGh TdG H a IOYE dhG g OCG bh
.MdG dG
.dG TdG H a EG ,G a GfGa fdG YLG hDdG jRh QTCGh

.gYGbh jdG Ue AV MqdG dG dCe M AeR QhM

55
 BGdGh fEG :fdG dG

LeOEG f
ba Y a fCG 1

H QGhOCG Rf :hCG MG

eSEG jqdG Y j dG d a Y qj : qhCG jdG

eSEG jdG e OYH ...b qj : fqdG jdG
fBGdG RYEG Lh e Lh e Yj : dqdG jdG

eSEG jqdG Y j dG d a Y qj : qhCG jdG

2 dG 1 dG

qU dG SQ qCG L H Pe UCG e SfCG Y e gMCG :HV qYdG qdOCG

c { : b dG EG GPe j CG OGQCG qSh Y dG
Ea b dG H bCG b Ab d VY GPEG J
Ea b G SQ a b dG c
LCG b dG c h dG SQ S
QU Sh Y dG U dG SQ a dBG h jCGQ
SQ Vj dG SQ SQ ah dG d G bh
bCG a OhGO H CG
EG Lj e qdGh G qdG EG Lj
EG qdH g dG gh ,G CGqdG
HqdG e MGh qa qEGh .qdOCG UCG
H SG qC NBG EG e
YT onj nCGqdG qCG c qdG e a qH
.qdG EG SG GPEG qEG
zdG 41 U.3 .aGdG .WqdG

Sj JZGa A jqdG fh JSGqc Y qdG hG Sf

G dG EG LGqdG qdOCG G dG EG LGqdG qdOCG

?qYh qf EG qdOCG J e J GPe @

?dG qdOCGh qdG dOCG H bdG WdG dEG gP eh Pe jM H aGJ hJ g @
.HGL GqY

56
 BGdGh fEG :fdG dG

eSEG jqdG e OYH IUe b qj : fdG jdG

3 dG
SG H AYCG J
hO ,KGQdG S`dG j``W Y ...jdG AYCG `J eEG cP `jL g h
EGh ,SG J a soJ ,ke AYCG Jh ...NSG Y EG LM
dG Ia SSCG Y J dG fCG SH sj a ,KGQdG SdG J
hCG SdG{ e bdG GfCd jG fuG H CG Y IdG g Jh ,g
aGJ e ,Y dGG fCG jN d kSe kSh J CG ,zGddG
G g c a ...MdG QN NEG M hCG ,CG MQ j e ,d SG AGdGh G
,jdG H ke dG dh .gfhgKd dG dG hdG d aGJ M KJh jG J
e dG dG jN e Y NDJ K ,dG T Y zbdG SdG{ dCG e QWEG U j fEa
Gg hj Mh ,C M ,QWEG Gg NGO jG g J H ,H a a dG YGQR OGG dG
hO ,eOBG L dP H YGQR dG dG Y fue ,a dG jN Jh ,SdG QWEG
. f G dG j fC,YdG RL Oj CG
FS J Ea ,dG Gg Y jN J eCG b ,G AYCG UCG e g dG dG c GPEGh
.MQCG S ,fCG Sg d kah AYCG
Y J dG ,G jN ,dG G QN ,dG d kah dc J dG jG eh
Vhh ,G L e Y NCG H dPh ,gZh gdGh hH HUEG M G bdG
.dG bdG d ac jT fue KJh jG J d YQe
41 U eSEG Qe e jdG AYCG SG .jQOEG O dGY.O.

:dG hG GSH qdG dEG QG qjdG AYCG J dCe df

qdG YGdG N e jqdG Ue N e

57
 BGdGh fEG :fdG dG

fBGdG RYEG Lh e Lh e Yj : ddG jdG

5 dG 4 dG
nSQa qCG edG NCG
sdG dP Hh ,Y Gona nhqdG GhnnZ : dJ dG b
e ,Y dP qa ,q gh nHUCGh |
ah.c ogCG nhqdGh lS nSdG qCG pnpb
dG UCG Gndh GpnTh q cG
c ogCG qfEG :Gdbh Ma gh
|
gCG e fGNEG X bh c gCG iQqdGh (hdG IQS)
EG qfEGh dG gCG e fGNEG Y SQa
ADg dG fCa ,Y sd fJb RYEG Lh GS jBG hf S f
qdG SQa Y hdG Xh...jBG .a
...HqdG H e a RYEd NBG Lh Y f
47 U .21 .dG qdG .MdG gh.O .J
(H)

Qhfh dYCG Vf :fdG MG

bfh AGQBG Of@

qdCJ ZU dEG qUG FqdG qhf @

Yhe CG 2

: dG QN Y QWEG edG gj d Me
: j H QNCG
dG BGdG RYEG Lh H RJ jBG SGQO@
jqdG e qdG de @
eSEG jqdG G @

58
 BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

aQe ZCG
prnnY nroj nnpdG nrnnY nrdnrfnCG sfnCG rpprnj rndnhnCG
Lh e ia ,cpe g dG gbe f CG Y c eCG j RYEG Lh J c b PEGh
: L K EG LGQ RYEG

e Ie f c M e dG HdG dG j CG idG jdG ZH : hCG G

AT fGj Ic dP a j H ,dG Vh UCG j dG AH e UG VGZCG e fh bO
.FNh FGT e AdG c e

QN Z dh ,dG dSCG GOe j dG f dG faCG e BGdG YHCG e : fdG G

.dG H J Y

dG Y dEG J dGh dG FG EG GQTEGh G G e a OhCG e : ddG G

H HCG e FY e BGdG RYEG G ZCG G gh ,Jhe H QY h BGdG hf Y
.VY VdGh bdG

O G Y QNCG e Y ifG e g HGQ L j e BGdG RYEG Lh e AdG e c Y bh

gh BGdG RYEG Lh e HGQ Lh AdG VY Y e G g Nj bh ,dG Y e e fCG Y
d e Ga dG gCG QMCG e dG EG IMGdG dG e j c ddG hdG QNCG e H CfCG e
dGMCGh SdG ICf jXdG e fEG gCH RYEG K wUNh ; dG gC Ge dh UN eCG
.H ounoj EG Gdb a jHd Ge dh

,ITe FGTh FNh Fd e g PEG ,dG EG Le fdGh hCG G e BGdG RYEa

Rh fCG Y WS gH g Y YGhdG aJ e VQe Y YQe Y qCG cGQOEG SGH ed eh
j ZH dG Y iU dEG H jdG dG H id Y G U Y dO dH g K . L bW
RYEGh ,J dO jVG d RYEa.jQdG gGH gH AL h ,QNCG JGH jU QfEG
.LEG dO gd

EG :jdG FCG b T e L e Ggh ,QdG Y Ge GRYEG Wb d ddG G e e BGdGh

fe LJ SGH HdG eCG Z e oAdG nRnYEG opQroj b qfC ,dG bJ Y IG IG g BGdG
.dH JOT J LEGh G J gC J dO gh ,bNCGh dGh rpGh jdG

eh ,J GRYEG dhf Y gC e -dG G Y IFGR ghYG jdG Y - HGdG G e gh

e jQCG e EG QNEG Gg Y G jBG pU ptnnJnh ,BGdG f JGJ H dP j gH Aj

(qH)106-105U.1.jqdGh jqdG.QTY HG gqdG q

59
 BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

BGdG e q dG de
QOe e dG QG a ,BGdG H fdG JG qfCG g H MG Mf e qdG de
Y qe T hH dGh ,qdG qX a qdG qeCGh ,qdG qb dG BGdG qC ,eSEG jqdG
...qdG
J dG MQ adG eEG dP HCG a ,MCG e a OQh e Mf e qdG de qeCGh
H Sd hCG ,BGd MQTh qe hCG ,BGdG AL M IqcDeh IQqe qdG J CG qeEG gh.dSQ
.J EG HQCG QqdG gh ,BGdG Y S M e hCG ,qdG Y
Uh ,IcqdG AjEGh ,IqdG ebEH eCG e ...BGdG OQh IqcDeh IQqe qdG J CG : qhCG
: e dG e cCG Y dGh...jdGdG Yh ,QhqdG IOTh...dG qMh ,eQ
: dJ dd qjDe qfE a zf H qEG e eG e qj {

(29 AdG) |
|

: LhCG KK Y Ggh ,BGd qe qdG J CG : fK

,dG qMh IcqdG AjEGh IqdG ebEG qc qa dG jOMCG e ,BGdG qdG qJ CG - CG
...Sah dG Uh
: dGh IqdG Y db e ,BGdG Y qdG qJ CG -
.(dG) zNCG HG Y h ,NCG HG Y h ,dN Y h ,qY Y ICGG J {
( 24 AdG ) | | : AqdG e eG cP H J dd q qfE a
Z Lhh AVdG AYCG ZQGJ e...MG Y e OGG qJ hCG BGdG e qdG qJ CG-
( 6 IFdG) jBG | jBG WEG e OGd qe qfEa ,aG
|
.dG aG NO Yh dG QGJ qfE a
BGdG f j dG adG ge g Ggh : Neh BGdG Sf Y qdH j CG : dK
: jH d Gqeh BGd Sf JCJ b qdG qCG GhQqa...AdG QL jCGQ dN bh...qdH
(180 IdG ) jBG | | :gh QGd qUdG jBG f qfE a zQGd qUh {
Y qj h qdH HK G Gg a ,BGdG Y S M eh e qdG J CG : HGQ
.dP fh...qgCG G h ,bdG Y jdG Lhh ,dG bU e...BGdG e qf
dEG LGQ qfCGh ,lnnJ d qdG qEa ,BGdG Y FGH qdG AL EGh qfCG Qqb adG eEG qGC Mjh
hQh BGdG SSCG MCG a SdG OLG qEa Yh.BGdG YhG edG UCG NGO
.qdGh BGdG MCG H dJ hCG VQJ j CG a PEGh ,jqdG

(qH) 464 - 462 U .eSEG dG UCG .MdG gh .O

60
 BGdG h fEG :fdG dG

OdG pd lnqe qdG MCG

g dG zjqdG e{ hO,Mh qdG e Y j CG,jdG OLG qe CG e
.GQYh dCG Oq dh zO{ jqdG qC dP,UCG

q qdG a G AY na eCG bGh qj HzeSEG jdG UCG Y { qCG,Gg EG Tj

AGOCG qZdG dSCGh,fGbh,qdG YGb Oq Y j - JBe GSGh,Jh jdG
dG H J YGb Y j qfEGh ,jqdG OLGh,qdG SQqdG H a qK c e qEGh,gMh
UG g qC ,dGh qFG hCG ,edGh qUG jqdG Ueh,eYh dG:eGb jdG dG
.feh dG uLe g H ,eCG peh ,qdG hQ g

fa ,qUN CG fc eY ,qdG Oe g zdG{ qCG hQqj gGf e Gc dUCG qCG Y

Gg jZ qEa ,jqdG dG q b hCG ,qG IOGQEG q ,JGP YdG G c GPEa ,G njZ
jdGh ,Sh fc hj G PEG ,hCG pH e zdG{ - LCG e G oT dG gh-,G
:gGH QV hCG X EG j QdG PEG , TCGh,dG e NOCG fC ,GQYG SdG e ibCG
| | | | | |

z``dG{ cCJ ,Jh ,``SQeh ``jJ QdG fG GPEGh zSEG QGV h QV { : ddh
...YhG QU H dG L gh ,HjEG ```eH
qCG Gg oOeh.zojOh dG T qa G Lh e a { :j PEG qdG HG oeEG UCG Gg EG Tj
rpa hCG bGh qCG q GPEG ,G hCG OGaCd dH mM hCG mIeh QV aO hCG f L e ,zdG{
oTh .bGdG G Ld J HjEG hCG S SG prMh J dG T YzkInQnenCG{ j dP qEa
.jQ H ,H zdEG odG{ g oojOh dG
UCG zSG{ CG J j M zdG jGH{ Hc TQ HG oeEG jCG Gg qcDj
:nhodG hCG nASG Gg j ibCG Ld ,gFf pM e bGdG ASG Y IQY gh -jqdG
qedG YGdG J hCG ,SdG qdG nQKBG dj dG nUCG Gg oqj bCG oG pS hCG gLh eh{
oqnJ hCG oQqdG oj msjpQnnV nFf EG pAaEG nnN IjG HG ahX IOqG qFG Y
zdGh G EG dG :qfCH qj ,jqdG (jW CG) nnS e

bh ,s zdG{ g -iJ c- a .zdG QYCG J {:-de eEG j e- SGh ,Gg

,oOeh oSSCG qfCH ,eSEG jqdG IG d jJ GdG eEG db dEG fCG
oOe g - oqdG ojqG oqG zodG{ fa kgGH zdG { qEG qdG one j oQqdGh
. a dG ne -qdG
:qCG oGqOnDoe ,jqdG Uf CGqdH OLG eY kUCG qdUCG Vh bh,Gg
.MCG J njJ bG mSCG hCG mnpnc ,Y lnsnoeh ,H lInsnoe CG zOdG pd lnqe qdG nMCG{
(H) 642 - 637 U .Hh SGQO .jQdG a .O

61
dG h fEG:ddG G

dG Y dG ge:hCG dCdG
gCG h dG e
SEG AY Y dG ge e

dG AdG eSEG:fdG dCdG

SEG AY eSEG e
dG QqJ a

62
 20 dG }
}

63
 dGh fEG :ddG dG

dGh fEG
d CJCG

NBG eCG fCG qSGQdG qdG e INCG MG g :PSCG b

qgCG Ufh JdTEG f CG b- dh .eSEG qdG efH e
ja qdG{gh e Y e qhCG EG fY d jCGQ e -jb
HQO fOGRh g q qY LeOEG H onrLsnJ c hcJ .zqeSEG
jG G Hh H HGhdG cG d S e Ggh,jb e Y
.ShQO AH HjEG Gfd Cqf dHh
ornrnrdh G id dG qdG SCJ MqdG QhO GqL ca
:dGd qdG Gg CGf fh fgPCG GVM

.qdGh qGh qVjdG e bCG ...J dG VdG EG dH dG CG YG

f qjdG QeCH e AT qj dh ,dG g Yh SdGh G H qa : qVjdG qeCG
.aeh a H JM EG S qfgH QeCG g H ,JKEGh
hTh jGh qdOCG W qdG g H ,JKEGh f jdH e AT qj a qG qeCGh
.JJ qch qdG qG hTh ,cJ qch ,gdG
GdGh AGdGh Ac :IOG LCG e eh cGch GhqdG Y Y H a qdG qeGC h
dch.LGeGh dSGh gqJ SCG Yh ,OGh dGh Gdc : qcG LCG Yh ,QdGh
e d ch .LGe dSG SCGh,eOGh FqdG FYCGh ,fEG L Y qdG H gj
.(qdG Y) dG dP QfEG jCG WT e a ,qdG Y QfEG jqdG T
(H) 106-100 U .qdG e dG .dGdG

dG ge{h zdG{ aVEG f qM e Qhd BGh

: db Y qUNh GdG f AV d zdG
QeCH (qVjdG dG CG) e AT qj dh...{ 
zJKEGh f qjdG
f jdH (qG dG)e AT qj a { 
z...,JKEGh
e a ,qdG Y QfEG jqdG T e d ch { 
.(qdG Y)dG dP QfEG jCG WT

64
dG Y dG ge :dhCG dCdG dGh fEG :ddG dG

gCG h dG e
SCG
} :dJ qdG b

( 20 dG)

?qdGh VQCG qdH BGdG eCd qffEG qdG g e

U J h zdG CGH c{ U jBG SG GPd
?zdG CGH GPd{

Y dG EG qOD G jqdG g dG 2
YGdG e FW SGH dG G
Oqh dG S Y J dG qedG
.ee f EG j qM JqY
SCG
G e Y bCG : hCG qdG
e qc J S qj YGb L ,H YCG 1
EG qUa ,GqdG CG M e ,eGH YGj
LqQe qH Y H ,a gCG g e ae
.gP L sCG Qj CG hO UGe

40 U.dG dG ge.hH MdG Y 40 U. HGqdG IYdG .dG Ld YGb .QjO fhQ

(qH) dG S S LJ

.QNG qY ?jqdG H e QJ d jJ sCG

.jQdG OYH d dCJ jJ Zd FeR e hJ

Ve M QhJ eY Oe e e Y Y IQY -NBG Y Cc -g zdG ge{ Y 3

J dG fc h ,KH d AdG j dG jdG g dG g VGh ,e
M EG VG IO f J EG dG jW C ,Gc hCG b FGW J dc a ,JOe
H ,e MGh fCc dG H EG j zY{dG dG ge z Y{ a SSCG Gg Yh.c
.dG dG jdG j CG Rj e d FGW j ,c dG g AGQh g
eG , dG dG Hc e .dG SdG G Y

?zdG ge{ Y j a
? dG H EG j zY{ JdG qj GP
65
 dG Y dG ge: dhCG dCdG dGh fEG :ddG dG

qeSEG IQG G qgCG qJCG :qdG qdG

4
XqdG g d qG da....Yh dEG jqdGh U (ae) qG OLhh ... JGd e qdG
j a oqbG a qd qG g qG dW H H qdG M W e SG eqG c
.qdGh G hH psppL pUG ,fEG g dG FdG nb ,ngdGh nqG oqG,Y
j e qd N f j CG ,FG nae VZ c GPEG ,dG c XqdG Y LGdGh
d fG jdG g S GPEG qfE a...a osnnnj h Y ej a ,eN Y nf jCG nqjh...a
.qdG e eqJ e c a bh Y e Xh ,FG
(qH) 5 - 3U@.SornrnH Y qdG.@dG H G

.SQCG ah qdGh qVjdG dG HGqdG dG AY cCG e : ( `g 411) dG H dG@

qU e qhCG gh.aCGh cGdG cMh qdGh dG H TG . 2 dG qjQSG AY e :SornrnH @
.aGdG

nO````Lh ```dG HG ``YG GP jQJ e ic Me qc h,IQM qc gG qdJ 5

? GrYh dEG nUdGh U qG IqdGh,qeCG LGJ dG G :e ,IqY eGY f IQG
`V dG G d`e SQG IUCG Y aG q dG MqdG : eh ,d qfdG
.q``dG EG ```Ud ``dG HG cGJ N e qfEGh ,e JK HK d gG gh .dG
`a ``g``dG Q```X `Jj e N Y oj gG d jqdG e f j G GG
jQqdG MGe Y GQG q Y IQY jdG j bh.oYh Qb K q qjh ,a
?5 qdG M qdH M c NBG Y EG G UY e Y e qdG
.dP Y eCG VG VjdG Y gOYG QU qK QdG Y J fc a ,Ad
.Y OYG qb qfEGh ,jqdG Y J qdh ,cCG
109 - 108 U .YVdG qdG a .QqH dG Y .O

dG NH gG NG MCG : dqdG qdG

7 6
qdGh dG Uf H jOqOJ cM N e f dG g SG dG
Y jd G LGh dG IjG Gh Y onJ jb EG CGe e a
nG oproJh SG J dG gGh YGdG e gh ,HdG EG AdG hO IQhqdH
...dG UCG H nqoS e g YGdG Jh ,nOqG .UN qVjdG dG e
.hH MdG Y .O
108 U .HdG LdG 18 U .dG dG ge

?PEG j Y ?HqdG Y SG G eGSG MdG j GP

?dG UCG Y e SG G GSG dO e
66
dG Y dG ge :dhCG dCdG
G d nqG nsdG qf CG f
e H edG fG e dG Y fdG d hCG SQCG
G g FfEG fG Gg qCG jCGQ bh...FfEG fG
Gg UY Vh EG G Uh bh .FGSG hCG jqdG
hQ Y qG G gh .HqdG Y j dG G
j ,dGh qdG H SJ g NBG SEGh ,SEG
.qdG Id jW jCG oSj qdh OLdG qa qjf
(H) .SEG qe Y dG ge .QqdG eS Y.O
gf qU Gf- G AY Vh
GPEG{:J dG dG IYb -qdG QO
bh.zndqda Yqe c GPEGh nqda bf c
qeCGh.SG G ge e T aY
G npnY qfEa G e obGh ,dG qb
U e qdG qC dG ge e fG GH
,ncSh G na J oFf Y qJJ G
cS gh dSqdG H qe da
H J dG eCG e dj e a e e
tnoJ... JGQGbEGh daCGh dGbCG qEa qnK eh ...Sd
qcCf CG Y qE a Gdh...jqdG QOe e GQe
.dP e Y j e qU e Sh qH
.QqH dG Y .O
(H) 109 U .YVdG qdG a
.jqd dG QGh OGOSG G H qdG 11 h10jqdG N e RHCG
?zncSh G na J oFf Y qJJ G U e qdG qC{ : 11dG AL e J c
dGh fEG :ddG dG
9 8
MG j jqdG dG
qFL e a CGf dG gh ,e HqdGh
e fh e qj Z Oe hCG
L ,qeY jb EG nf qM qe
d J c HqdG EG IN qc
qqdG dG e gh ,SG qU
.qdG Lh Y
18 U .HdG LdG
?jqdG G OYG SG qU Md j dG e
?jdG G UY Vh EG G Uh c
11 10
Y@OGOSG dG GebCG b G if
.jG e H j a, bO qY SCG
dG e g jGQOh jGhQ jG Wh
e qc EG G qUJ bh...jG jQdG
f e jQdG dG ge oAY dEG qUJ
dG nW GaY c,LQGh NGdG UqdG
fQG eh FKdG ah ,qjQqdG cqdGh
qdG W SGQO qCG c,qdGh qdGh
Gg qVS ...qdG AY e jc Y jQqdG
GcCG VJ jCG
(qH) 349U .HqdG LdG
d jM J : (jQqdG dG)OGOSG dG@
Wh jG e H gY Yh G SCG dG
.jQdG dG
.OGOSG G FN10 qdG e SG
67
dG Y dG ge :dhCG dCdG dGh fEG :ddG dG

12
qjdG ATCG jXqdG e c qV ddh ,NBG OLh oZ qUN (eh CG) OLh x f qd
Hh ,qG IOY Y iL Hh ,QNCG GOT IOY Y iL Hh ,eCG IOY Y iL e e qC
a .qdG S e qd qeEGh HG dSCG Y Y qd qeEG ,(ae CG) He OLh dP SG OGQCG
dG FGhCG h , h qM dEG dG h ,YbEG qVjdG dG nof h,j e e qH f CG
VGZCG fCNCG dP dN EGh ,IOG dG Y oS FGqdG g q EG qfE a -...nqjdG eGG qdG
.de e
(qH) 90 U .2.FSdG .@dG

Y c .zdG H{ qdG.`g 252 aJh `g 185 IdG dh.dG SG H j Sj HCG g dG @

.eh dSQh c H e qe 240 Jqe Jh...Gh ,SdGh,dGh ,G e

?dG M H qdG j qG dW j dG e
e JSG e ,d SG H Y qc EH -SGqc Y f H - SqdG ZGa CeG
Y -SdG Y -jG Y -dG UCG Y -qdG Y :ddG Hh,HqdG GdG
jQqdG Y -qdG

dG.

........................................ ........................................

dG dG

............................ ............................ ............................ ............................

68
dG Y dG ge :dhCG dCdG dGh fEG :ddG dG

be HCGh fCG
} :dJ qdG b
} : dJ qdG b

}
}
( GY BG IQS) (TdG IQS )

Uh z...c...hj aCG{ U e bfG fBGdG dG H bdG Y d AeR QhM

.z WH Gg N e ... hqjh{

dG IMh qc gG g AGQh qEa ,aN J dG ge NG cJ f qCG j

EG gG qOj CG of g hM b G dG ge qdG qcCG dG QfH Oc qEG qM ...ffEG
M e jje gdG e Yf fqj SGh AGSG qCG YCG qfGE { : MGH bh ...MGh e
,jZ f Yh,FGO jh ,nqFG GMCG j CGe Y kIa hCG GQT H ,fEG Y qEa.gG
CG ,bCG SGH qEG gGdG j CG e j qdh ,VdG SGH YNG hCG RMCG CGe e
.( 76U.jqdG qdG SGQd NdG) zUdG hCG FG EG dG hCG qdG e qdH
.(qH) 13U .dG dG ge .hH MdG Y

?MGh e EG gG qOH dG jCGQ e

} : dJ qdG b

( 185 GYCG)

69
dG Y dG ge :dhCG dCdG dGh fEG :ddG dG

SEG AY Y dG ge e
SCG
oOLh K : HLCa ihdG Y@WfdG pG nHG nqdG lFS CS
gh.IJGG QNCGh IgGh qGh AGSGh HqdH inhrdG
jG Tj e og ...eCG Gg f qY xN Zh ,gdG OGe
d QGqdG VG bhh ,dP Tj e eSh ,dZ VG GH
Ybhh ,SCH dG OHCGh fPCH poY e JCG dG qCG qM fBG hCG
qK jTG OGaCG e dTG qK IMGdG QGqdG jG
.G qj qM qUN gQGqhRh HQbCGh fGL
(H) 42 U .eSEG HdG KGJ a .jdG aJ .O

UdG{ e qdG IjY c d W ,G H jdG d : (`g 677 aJ)WfdG G HG @

YdG OdG gO eY dCG eg W dSQ gh ,zFdG VG Y FdG e{h zdG dG
.dG j c c kdEG kHY d fCGh ,e VG CG KCG ah OSCG H hG

.dP Y qdGdG GQdG qdG e SG ?ihdG OLh KEG G HG YG Y

?ihdG Igd H IJGG QNCd G HG GSG qJ c

SCG
SG d G AY H J HJCG : hCG dG
1
g:J ah,zGdG{ d j OCG hCG SG QH f dG g BGdG CG J HG ij
Y j c GG Ggh.G H Jh KG H dG dG bCGh,HhG eCG
H Qf dG jRG oj edG Gg e edG Gg CG ae qEa edG Sb:VGdG eCG eh qdG
YdGh dG GG Hh..dG dG Y Y IGOCG GPEG Ga...dG H fh bhCG
e iNCG YGfCG jCGQ K..e SC dG N M dG CG Y GPEa..dUCG Y G hdG f
dG GG g dG g dG G QdG Gg c,dG Y g dG G dG G K dG
.Gg e h Gg H f d dY dG dfCG
(H) 272U .SEG e Y dG ge .QdG eS Y .O

?YqdGh dG SG G G SG c
.H cPG ?iNCG qeSEG Y G Gg XJ eEH g

70
dG Y dG ge :dhCG dCdG dGh fEG :ddG dG

QRJMGH dG J Sj qdG HG 2

qY fGb Y Jj QRJ MGh upQ dG jRqdG c

YCG a Se a qdG HG qeGC ...qS W Y H
: j e dd e qM MGdG e qL qd
a IOLG JdG OYh MGd qdG MG M -CG
Y J dG aGh feh H qc qJGh HJ qYfh
Meh AG Y
Y H e `g ( 681 - 618) : qdG HG
qG G Mh ,mnrnd qaG dG OY M-
nAb nudoh.QRdG qdG HH hG
.eH MGdG d J dG G Mh ,YS 24
NqQDeh GYTh Se ch QRJ
hCG JG H Y qj dG Vh qdG Iqb Qb-
e bCG EG Ud J dG IqG Mh ...GQdG
qdG HG gYG dG dG e .qSdG YS Mh ,e e HCG EGh MGdG
?QRJ MGh dJ (H) 152U .QRJMGh e Jh qdG HG .cdG OqdG
REG e odGh oSqdG OaCG GPe -HdG SdG HCG e-
?qdG HG

jqdG d G AY H J HJCG : fdG dG

jqdG dG j dG HG 3
MG zXdG{ Hc ee dG H G VY
GQe MG jCJ a jdG G
qj e GOLG AGSH dG fh:Fd
gXh ,qj oOpsoe g eh ...QHEG M dG
Y jGh dG sbf qK.SMEG qc e j
dG e qdGh,eqG OfG e,JqdGh jQqdG
nrG qG nW fh q e FS iqfh...FqdG
ornj H dG qG EG jqdG GH f qa AGQBG e
j gY dG jdG EG qdGh jQdH fh ,QqdG
e hj dG H dGh qdG e fh ,odG
.dG OGe H Jh G
(H) 111 U .AdG OCG .jS e .O

.dG HG Y jdG G MGe SG

?zQqdG j ... q e FS iqfh{ : dG HG b e J GPe
?jdG G e OaCG iNCG eY cPG

71
dG Y dG ge :dhCG dCdG dGh fEG :ddG dG

qdG dG a HdG OGqhQ e RGdG 4

Gdh ,gZ Y qjjqdG ShQqdG qj RGqdG c

RGdG c e e
qjjqdG ShQdG RGdG J d hj c
?fGG Y QqdG OYGh,gZ Y
.HGL qY
RGqdG H b dG HdG e J GPe
?dG be QN
g g qCG ij qfC ,HqW e SQ c qfE a
a qdG dd H dG ,qdG jqdG
bh ,HqdG qj ch ...qdG Y qdG qjdG
,Ohdc fGG Y QdG H H b
qW Ea ,a KCJ Mjh nAGhqdG GG a
fG qb RGqdG Y ihoJh ...fEG Y H
RGqdG QSG dhdG onY qCG gOe ,AqWCG H
dG e b RGdG NCa ,SQdG AH be
dG a Hh ,OGH e ceCG Vhh
c dG G G nj CG G Y bG
.qdG EG e snbCG a odG
.bT L.Oh qadG dG Y Y .O
(H) 153 - 152 U.SEG AjdG YCG

.qdGh AdG qUNh ,dG YSe c .RGdG AjcR H H HCG g : ( `g 329-250)RGdG

.qe 146 dG qdCG bh

OGOSG d G AY H J HJCG : ddG dG

5
qfCG Y dGh jG FCG gL LCG 6 Qc SCG Vh dG jqdGh nG oY qJ
HV Y j CG jGhH j a j jqdG AV Y,YJCGh HqdGh HqdG
:dJ b a. dG SH qSCe ,qG
,dH ,e j CG Jh .jhj |
,IAhG QGNh dG SCG e S ,bY
,M e M EG aM ,e Z e |
( 6 GdG)
.Hc e M EG Hd HV .
CG dP e a TG H j c EGh ,zIdG NCG rH { nG qdG bh
.G j Y j zdU lLQ dG nY qEG { : jqdG h
40 U .jdG Y c .qdG HG
235U jhdG b dG .dGe .O

?jqdGh nG Y SCJ jG AY dEG SG dG hCG SSCG g e

HGL Y ?G U e qcCd fSCG odG jG ndY j g
Jh G KJ OGOSG G J Y qJG qjQdG qdGh qjdG QKBG g `e
?LqdG

72
dG Y dG ge :dhCG dCdG dGh fEG :ddG dG

QNCG qj hN HG 4

QNCG ac fj e,NQDd gGdG QNCG e

hN H H MdG Y : hN HG
`g 808 e Jh `g732fH dh eG
.LGh jQdG Y OGhQ cCG e j
hN HG gYG dG jG g e
?dP iJ GPe ?gGdG QNCG qOQ
A jQqdG Yh jG Y H QbCG
7 - 6 - 5 GqdG Ge dG hG ZGa
e hj Gfc fCG ,dG IjL h dG e HdG
CGh .dG OH e HdGh jaCG EG dH gGb
ch ,pnhoCG ce XYCG e ,U H b H jaCG
KCGh jaCG GZ,H bhCG dG Y Se d
e CG dPh ...dG Y IH c QNCG gh ...HdG
``Sch gQGbh ,dG IjH c EG HdG
K e dG H j dG IjLh ,dG A``H
e ddG j a aGG Qe GJ c... JL
e g `dG h jdG Z e `jW G EG dG
fhO a ``Me Qb edG dGh jdG ``H `H
e IQae cY Y e G GH CG jh
jCG h ... IOdG g dYCG e j CG Z
adGh IOhRCGh IH G EG dG e da
.YVe hCG gGh QNCG g CG Y qa ...Ic cd
(H) 13 U . 1 .edG .hN HG

jdG G VG
jG Y
jQqdG Y

be HCGh fCG
CG dG e Y CG SGQO CG ,jGdG e aj CG dG MdG Y j dG SSCG e
CGj AL g dG e Y CG dG ge EG{ :AdG b Gdh ,a dG ge SGQH EG J
GG e dG Jh dG JEG e MdG dG dG g YGdG adGh.zdG dP e
MdG UJ dG d Sh g EGh ,JGP M ag dG G j h ,T J dG IG
.j dG jdGh d dG d Hb Y M EG jdG
.eG . dG dG Hc e ,dG SdG G Y

?qdG N e zdG{h zdG{ H bdG d hJ c

73
dG Y dG ge :dhCG dCdG dGh fEG :ddG dG

ddG gG c g eh...Yh N,eYh GOLh e Qhj ,H gQ dG dG qJ qEG

jW Y JhG gQGhOCH qdG aGh dG GQJ qf CG h...dG d ge H
hCG qdG gG J qdG H qEG dG fG a. dG G QhO H
g YGdG aGh...dG FOe jJh gG j qbdH qEG dUCG OGORGh eh ,gj
.T J dG hCG IqG GG e c Jh dG JEG e MdG AdG q dG dG
(qH) 337 U .dG dG ge .hH MdG Y

?JdG dEG gP e jDj e UN qeSEG IQGh eY qffEG IQG g

a Hqj e qdG e GTG GPEG VdG e bdG

mqc dEG aj h qdG dP HJ a j CG qd
. kqH j e j h aGe
(RGqdG H HCG)

74
 dG QqJ SEG AY eSEG e: fdG dCdG dGh fEG :ddG dG

dG QqJ SEG AY eSEG e

SCG
UH AdG GYHG jdG g fj G Oj
MG GNOCG G CG dP;dG e kY
GG Ff UH jdGh ,dG QdGh,bdG
YdG IG Y -f e Y -fdG a bG dG
k OGG e j kGOY GM a .edG VhdGh
jdG H Gheh ,IQG dDe GVhh ,kFc
e GSQOh ,dEG dG OGG Y Gah ,VMCGh
hCG G ch ...e e GcQh ,dG bdG e
hCG GhDfCG jdG gh ,ddGh jhOCG R CfCG e
.dd SQe
4619 - 4617U . 2 . 4 .IQG b .fGQjO h

? G dEG qUJ dG dG GHEG qJ

G qM dG qdG GREG q GPe
?qffEG IQG Ie
?jCGQ M dG GHEG qj GPe

SCG
G Y dG qjQJ Y bCG : hCG qdG
Yj c M dG SqdG Y e qdG cG ge CGH d 2 1
| : dJ qdG b
e qH dG jqdG g dG qCG G Lh qK ,Y qjh dG EG SqdG
qK FOe qj dG EG Gfa SQ jM jGhQh dG c d
qTG...IdG MdG H eSEG G QqJ qh ,a T qSj
.e IOGSG ZQ |
(qH) 50 U .qHhQCG IQG G KCG .Y MCG ( 5 fj)

gZh qdG M jGh BGdG H AL dG eGhCG N e SEH qj tc eSEG qdGh 3

UTCG qH qUG jqdG jBG Lh.iNCH hCG jH qdH qG G YVG e
qEG GNCGh.qdH jCG qJ qc fEG H qG UdG e dP Zh AVdGh jdG GOYh
MGdG Hh qdG H kU jCG LhCG b ...H bY M e hqdH UG qWdG dqdG
.qeSEG dqdG G
134 U .SEG dG .f M qS

75
 dG QqJ SEG AY eSEG e: fdG dCdG dGh fEG :ddG dG

?jBG S z nonrnj mrnpd {h z Gonrnpd { JQY J c

.Je Ve h KdG GdG Ge JZGa CeGh SGqc Y dG hG fG

qeSEG IQG qdG cG QX Y IYG eGdG

qLQG eGdG qNGqdG eGdG

............................................................... ...............................................................
............................................................... ...............................................................
............................................................... ...............................................................

dG QqJ G AY H gSEG qJCG : fdG dG

qVjdG QqJ a j fhdG 5 dG Y SG e hCGeRQGG 4

(VjdG)dG Gg @hdG SGQO qgCGh qjQJ b HGh G @ eRQGG d

qCG gh dG bH IQG dCG
Gg dEG W cd YGNG igCG eY dG
e GOY LqdG a ,njRj CG qOj GP NCG
Y YVG qG OY hj pG qM
qhCG qHG IMGh qM Vh GPEG dG bQ
qM Ggh ddG HQCGh dG KGh
qdh,qdG cGSa.qdGh HGqdG qHG
j e uoc Lj qfCG QOCG CG j
EG hdG qUJ bh.G e G QdH
j jG OG gh,jqdG Gg qM
64
S64 = 1-2 = 2 64 -1
1-2 :g GG qGC hdG Lh bh
18,446,744,073,709,551,615
(H) 87 U .SEG a dG .f M qS
,dG Y SGQO dG AdG YG a .qYh
Y CT dG Gdh.dG Gg qHdG Y eh
dG Gd e j h ,VjdG AJQGh dG Y
cG Mf e ,IQG KCG e G
OG Y c qM EG Gj jdG GNGh
a Hc CT eRQGG qH bh.qVjdG qjdGh
Hc HGh G c e qdCG qfCG Y{: eqe
SqdG j ,Lh G d GUM ,G
h ,gjUhh jQGe ,dEG LG e
ej e L h ,JGQh eMCGh ,Se
:@Gg ,SdGh ,QfCG unnch ,VGQCG Me e ,H H
.zfah gLh e dP Zh
.HhQCGIQdG G AdG KCG .Y MCG
155 - 154 U.

@
`g 443-362 MCG H jdG HCG : fhdG @ bCG eRQGdG Se H dGY g : eRQGdG
hdG Y bdG QKBG{ JqdDe e .qVjQh qa G Y a dG QGO neCG c ,dG qVjdG
.CG OYCG j J toj gh zddG dG c e e{ : c TCG e ,eCdG
1hCG gYh q=2tSoCG qSg dGe SH @ .z HdGh

?SqdG IM HGh G Y Xh iJ c
?jqdG M hdGh eRQGd qdG eSEG b J a
76
 dG QqJ SEG AY eSEG e: fdG dCdG dGh fEG :ddG dG

qjeqdG IQhqdG j qdG HG 6

@
qdG HG cG AedG GbC J IZ a
,qdG cM a @SdL qjf fh qjeqdG IQhqdG
?@S HG cCG dG qjdG gh ,JQhO dh
g H qcCGh ...Y HqdG dG qM H TYh
jdG e q HK Y qdG qJG C qjdG
FqdG eh ,nAGdG dj M FdG EG (d) CG
.jCG jdG EG jQdG jdG jW Y

.eSEHdG KGJ a .jdG aJ .O

(H) 142 U
aG Y S

G HCG jdG AY g ( `g686-607 ) :qdG HG@

TCG e.jqdGh qdG SQe.G HCG H Y
zqdG YdG edG{YSe JqdDe

dH qd.dGh VjdH Y c dGh qdH TG (```g 429-370)S H G Y HCG:S HG@

.AqdGh qdG fdG JqdDe qgCG e.FqdG
jdH N .YdGh jRdGh GdGh OhdG jH eH TG ffj W ( 200-130) :SdL@
.AGg Y O Y J dG GdG a jGdG CG Qb e hCG a SGh GN

?jCGQ M qjeqdG IQhqdG qdG HG c qdG dG e

qdG H Gde qdh ,dP a e oqhCG qdh.gdG Y qG qdG YU HEH G iOf 7

dG H jdG c Gfch.AdG H Ga c ,dGh QNGh IgG Y qG FG f
,SQah dG EG dG dP W jh ,IQqdG cGdG bGjh,VhdG jh...aCG hUj
.gGe H jh ,e f e qjh ,FGhCG c hqjh
(H) 80U.G AY a.Gqa jdG qY.O

?dG H jdGh qdG HEG Y G YS dG e

? dG Y gjJ G YG Y

77
dG QqJ SEG AY eSEG e: fdG dCdG dGh fEG :ddG dG

SEG j @M HG 8

qY d IjL IQU SG dG NG
dSG CGH RL gh ,M H gGHG YNG .UqdG
qK ,e qCG aCG Y qjhdG GLCG JQG jGhR J
...AGSG qN Y dG dch ,bdG M eGSG eCG
.OdG J QdG VY IQqdG e c eSG bh

(H) 81 - 80 U HqdG LdG

.``S H ```M H ```gGHG ```SG `````HCG : M HG @

.eqa c c e a gh 777 Y aJ

? SG eGSG QqJ d hj c
? dP j Y
qYdG GRhCG dEG Uj fRdG 9

dG qdG zdG GRhCG{ Hc a@fRdG Uh

LQqdG e dOe EG qUJh ,HqdG AdG SG
qM dGh LGh dG qdG cG qM hCG
zHdGh dG{ jW SH
a H e Gc GAL Hc RG qN bh
AG G prnZ Y OG RdG qK qdG ce qjf
.FGqdGh
(H) 92U .dG AY a .Gqa jdG qY .O

gG . `g 550 . fRdG MdG Y dG HCG : fRdG@

HCGh ,qeSEG OdG e dG Oqa dG H
.cqdG FGdG Yh cG Y qUNh AjdG M
BG dSQ{h zdG Ge{ JqdDe TCG e
.zdG
? qdG KH HqdG Qe Y RG OYG dO e
78
 dG QqJ SEG AY eSEG e: fdG dCdG dGh fEG :ddG dG

dG Y dG qdG eGY H qCG : ddG dG

10
qjdG qjG fc bh.a NGO qd eSEG nddG fG e YS H nroe jO SEG j
FGQBG VY EG HG CG AHCG e jdG jG g YO bh.MG OdG eSEG G nIe
oMG hCG dG fdG H G Y U j qeh .gFY G be EG H
FdGh IjOCd G c bh.... jdG H eh qdG dG AHBH odqJGh dG G
...qY ec fa qjdGh qjdG jG
(H) 21-20U .SEG qe Y dG ge .QdG eS .O

11
e G AY OaCG c cH ,aG aBG e Zh qdG QgORGh qdG Y CGH
?dG jJ qjG e CG e HqdG GJ dN dG nnnf ,qdG SGh LJ
dGh LdG JqOCG QhO sCG EG KH e QdG gCGh gDhGeCGh G oAN ahCG bh...IqG
id dG qJ qdG GqTh qdG WG gZh fdG dGh qdG We
?dG .AdG Ld GdLCGh dG d EG f Y
(H) 122 U.eSEG HdG KGJ .jdG aJ.O
adG Y S

12
nMCGh hqdG aCG d j Gfc c.dG AY GLG Y oooHJ dG AN be e
YCG e SqdG qdG Gg e Gh dG AY e c OSGh.dCqdGh pLqdGh dG d
qeSEG qeCG Y qdH OY q Gh eGh SQGG H eCG Ih GbCa ,dhqdG hDe
AL
(H) 203 U .dG Gh dG YCG .adG qdG Y Y .O

?dG jJh dG dG Y AdG J dhqdG YO gj ie qCG EG

|
|
( 7 AfCG)

79
dG QqJ SEG AY eSEG e: fdG dCdG dGh fEG :ddG dG

be HCGh fCG
SCG Y qjFGG MGdG Hh fh Hb MGh eh QRJ MGh e J Y qdG HG JQG
eCG e dG q dGh,dG AfCG qac G jRJh J BG oG f g
dG HPG qdG nHK d GaVCG bh .qVjQ Oe goZh ''Ha''h ''SQGO''h ''dfH''
NCj hb S e qdG HG qM dG dG REG Gg eCG dG j e qch...oY dEG qj
.QcEGh gqdGh YEG
(H) 153 U .QRJMGh e Jh qdG HG .cdG OqdG
-HdG SdG HCG e-

?GP ?dG REG nb oornj HPG qdG Hd qdG HG ZEG iJ g

jdG GRhCHfQe hdGh RG qS dG qYqdG GRhCG

dG dG RG Y qYdG GRhCG hdG Y qYdG GRhCG IOG
19,26 50,19 19,26 gqdG

Oe
8,85 8,83 8,92 SdG
11,35 11,29 11,40 UUqdG
3,52 3,60 3,75 bdG
2,73 2,73 2,73
OedG jc QMCG
2,75 2,62 2,73 DdDdG
1,075 dEG 1,45 e 1,033 ====== IqL qU a fEG O
FGS

0,91 0,920 ====== jqdG jR

Y qYh hdG eCJ

80
dGh fEG :ddG dG

j LeOEG f
e _ (...a.qW.VjQ) dG jJ ge _ OLG _ dG :Sj JZGa A ddG G SGh SGqc Y dG SqdG fG
GHEG _ jqdG ge OYH GqGh jdG
MdG
qJ EG YJ IY
...................... ...................... H`jEG
e FN fdG dG cGh OLdG

81
eSEG dG
...................... `bGdG
......................
..............................................................................................
?z dGh fEG{dEG zBGdGh fEG{ dEGz qeSEG ja dG {e :SQO dG MG QqdG Ue qJ CG feEH g eG LeOEG qdG REG CG H
dP d FeH SG
 dGh fEG :ddG dG

SCG h JCG
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

:qaCG jOhCG c
.dG BGdG e IQS H qJ M qjdG H TG G AY RHCG e -1
H qQDG dEG j M K dG Y j proj qM f -2
f d W nf c Y -3
iCf e eCG dG e j dG IQS jGH qdG j -4
jdG BGdG a cP OQh jd qM qoj HK H GM LEGh qdGh BGdH q -5
AdG hM NBG qffEG dG MCH e SG
e HQ e eCG dG e f H K Ae hO qaL AGhqdG hJ e f -6
GL odH J qW FGQ de AdG M QGO -7
b Y bh K dSG e dG dG e Y -8
82
 dGh fEG :ddG dG

M f fEG H j eCG d qjh qj IQe Ig -9

UCG Y HH b He M HdG Y -10
dGdG T IdGh IadG N bf eSEG jqdG QOe K -11
dG T fG e Ye a qaLh qjW hj cdG e f AdG hM dK -12
Sb HQ G AY MCG YNG qa dBG eSEG jqdG QOe dK -13
nofh CeG GPEG dG Y j e SG G j eSEG jqdG ge e qS f -14
dO HQ IM a
Ie qV jdG L j eY hCG FN -15

:qjOdG jOhCG c

prnnqdG MCG S HG H TG d 1
e HQ fEG EG f L M b Y K 2
QGO K L HQ He M qe M qdG HV H soJ qHM dBG qe Y 3
rnnHnb jqdG G j MG dP Y AqdG f e dG BGdG OQh ,nrsnnJ 4
qdG EG oj ihrCeh lnnS a e GNEG hCG LGNE AdG Y oorsna -5
AdG Y j e isnnodG Y EG ojh qdH j jqdG a jdGdG f LGh -6
H qnnoj jQP qJCG xoL f Qf K -7
qe M YS HQ pndpEG dG H G c TCG -8
spnS He M AqdG Mh JCj Oh a H e GG e j -9
AqWCG dj qYT M EG Ud L j jdGd db Y dG BGdG f c nOrng HQ -10
nO f hGe rcpQr oj -11
MCG e eCG H MqdG AdG fGe Y L K GK HQ -12
jW qfgdG dG e eqdG Y -13
qM f OdG nnnM bdG M Y H osnoj a nnnX -14
.HS UCG d d dG qYdG G Y oroJ lU osYOh qoaGh qnM Y -15

83
 dGh fEG :ddG dG

qdG
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
` ` ` `K ` ` ` `j ``g ` ` `d G ``````H ``````S ```M ``````d G 1
Q ```````H ````N `````a ``````H `````d Q ```H ``N ```j 2
G ````g G ```````f `````e T Q ```T 3
CG ````f G ```J ````f ```J ``S ````j 4
` S ````a ````f G ````L Q ````e Q ``e ```N 5
O ````J ```d `````a ````S G 6
````` ```M O ``````c ``j Q CG ````H Q ```d 7
G ````d `````J ````J G ````j `````V G ```j Q 8
G ```g Q P `````J ```j ```F 9
O Q `````` ````j 10
G ``````` ````j ```Y G ````f ```` ```f ````S 11
Q O ````S ```e R h ````d ``J 12
S G Q S G G ```e ``L EG 13
` ```M V ```H S G ```j ```b 14
```````` ````M ````d ``U ````e G ```e ````S G ``e ``S 15

84
 dGh fEG :ddG dG

aQe ZCG
qdGh IMdG H dG dG ge
dG EG hCG VjdG EG qdH jdG Gh VjdG G H f CG f qfCG bGdGh
fL EG jdG G Y J Vjda .G c EG Cj dG g e Y qa.qdG
qcDj dCe a.VjdG G EG Cj CG qH qdG dG e Y qCGh .VjdG G Y gOYG
ICf Y ec a...iNCG Mf e Y qc Y pftJ ojWh ,Mf e VjdG ojQJ nqU d
,qj HdG id Cf Sda .qj JCf fc qVjdG dG qCG VjdG
V qCG MH qHdG gT a .dde nuoY qUN GMC Meh qFL pQ Y eb qfGC
5 / 4 / 3 YVCG f J dG qG qCG GM b nnpW MqnGh .qdG hoj G SsoG
Gg eCG d H.qjdG SdG qffdG qVjdG bCG MG g eh .jhGdG Fb qe g
Me jJ j dL qCG jG dG jCGh H ,dG dG qVjdG Y GQe
Me peCG oKK Me qGC La MGh mroSh IqOe e b nnRh CH ,HqdG SGH qEG FGqdG T
j qVjdG qEa ,dc VhdG Va h H ,HdGh MG Y GQe eCG d H...InsdG IFGqdG
.AGH AGS qFjdc FqdG j qa ,eCG OH e njdG j IjL Fe qH
G EG FjdG dG MG XCG eCGh .jdG G EG jCG Cj qVjdG qCG if Gg eh
GSG H e ej qVjQ npU Zj eY fGb cG f j g PEG ,VjdG
.qFG GMCH qUG FdG
j CG hj ,UN Ldc mY a .OGOSG G EG Gg fL EG Cj qdG pddGh
QdG qN dG G QKBG Y GOYG dPh ,QdG bCG e qVQCG IdG H qe dG GQqdG
G oqQDG j dG G f Y j qfEG Gg gh.IdG J ojG qLdG
c dG Gg M qOj c Y Y qG QKBG H oNBG g j qQDG qC ,OGOSG
fM AdG Y dc nroj ,AMEG Y UN G AMEG eh.fc
G e L EG L fMCG j OGOSG G qCG Y qj Ggh.J dhh Ud
.jqdG
gd dG GH f qdh .dG dG oZ qdG gG H dG qCG PEG Gd dGh
bGdG qc a,e J dG Gg qnf qCGh IMdG J nYGof CG PEG Yh .a SGQO LCG e
...MGh Y IMGh dCe EG dH qc H f b ,Y MGh e a e GN
H ,ge IqY Y qc NGO a.j Oj gG OY qCG bGdGh.FqdG KdG gG f fh
qFG gG Y sJ b qLP ge EG IjdG gG g qOf CG jCG G e qfEG
:HQCG hCG KK gM eCG jf f qLP ge ,iNCG
EG AdG hO IQhqdH Y J jb EG CGe e a f dG gh VjdG hCG SG G .1
.UN qVjdG dG e gh ,HdG

85
 dGh fEG :ddG dG

e qj Z Oe hCG qFL e a CGf dG gh e HqdGh MG jh jqdG G .2

qU d J c HdG EG IN qc L ,eY jb EG f qM qe e fh
.qdG Lh Y qqdG dG e gh SG
c qjCG ,QKBG e cJ J VG OGOSH a f dG gh jQdG G hCG OGOSG G .3
.qbNCGh qjQdG dG G G gh ,QKBG g f
YG QhqdGh XqdG e Oqj dG G G g HGQ e dEG nof CG fh .4
SCG GPEG qEG qM QH nJCj CG oG Gg h .aNG Y qdG bG hCG qdG
HqdG KdG gG

(qH) gH eh 15U .dG dG ge .hH MqdG Y .O

86
 dGh fEG :ddG dG

dc onndG d
dH SQ Y UM qf CG eCG j dG GJ e qG MG e d
dG BG GSH egG qK ,FNCG Y dGh aSCG GbCG H fSGh ,KH
:j e e f ,Ic KGJ edG IgdG g Y gGdGh...SGG Qb Y VqJ

j ,G Y e SQCG e AdG Y e qj qfEG b dG (`g 198 )qM H HL c

e hO ,a jCGQ e UGN dG g cf qfCG f CG jh ) : zdG UGdG{ c e dG
nonH eh ,fOQhCG ,qG MH ,fY qU a .HqLh qeG CG H ,fCGbh d b hCG S
(dG ADg GbCG Y jb ,jCG f LSG eh ,aQ

edG{ Hc qe Vpj e (dOdG f CG) HsndG FQ (`g 646 ) QdG HG ch

ebCG Y fCG a dG qU NJ qfEG) :a dG e d zjZCGh jhOCG GO
orOYh ,qjS Gc JNqOG ,pnnH proH sd Kh ,qdGh IgH Y qU a.jqNCG Y QqMCGh
,gGh G qG IgG ...d c eh ,qZ -dG iS- a H ASG Y
hCG bd obh ,qpe oJgh ,qjprpX ooJf ,jqdG AGS Y a nnnY nFb hCG nbf qCG hCG ,qdGh Gd
(bU Y Z YG kKproe h ,prnd b dP pnMoCG rndh...qjpna T nL d :Fb

,He JdG SQj ,zjhOCG c{MU ,(`g 639 ) QdG jdG TQ c ,dG Y h
He JdG gT GPEa ,Yqe ZUCG e j GkQuoe jQSh nd EG e j H
hJ c H gQqjh ,dUCGh fZCGh bQh jOeh fGdCH od Y QqG nnrWnCGh qM
Qqojh...projh doaoCG M qK ,JhGWh prnf M Qqd jojh dG nQqJ qj c H ,bGdG
...VQCG e He hj c JM qc

o nndG d{ :FdG ob nnnU... ) : dH zddG hdG e bdG QKBG{ Hc eqe hdG qjh
AcG qCG ijh ,(dM eh OLh eR dEG QG nrY pXqdG pY oGQOEG g dG qC .zdc
...nQGYG Jh jqdG J lICGL -oJT rH e kdH -jNBG Y dH

IdG Se e Gqj CG (Mh MCGh ) cT H Se AHCG EG W b eCG qCG inhrojh

Gbhh dEG Gga ,GQS AGU d a ,J OdG qCG G VGQCG Y GdCa ,qVQCG
GHVh.dG dP BG e d qJ -G VY CG-dG dG JQG GhNCGh ,H Ve
HCGO dP j h .VG dP Ga e H Gah T GhQSh ,jW M H GKhCGh ,GJh VG Gg
dP Ga ,IMGh LQO JQG Y OGR qfCG Gqa ,QcG dG JQG a GhNCG Ve EG GfG qM
S e Hj dG pnQnO e LQO sc qCG Gaa .Kh kpe 66 a H VQCG e hQqb dG nQrdG
HL Geh M a GhqTh qhCG JdG a GHV dG VG EG GhOY qK .oQGG dP VQCG

87
 dGh fEG :ddG dG

geSG dG G rnpnf qM G qTh OJhCG f e dG a e Gah e qN GhQSh

e GqMh oHM sa.kLQO qhCG YJQG Y nonf b HG dG qCG Gqa JQG GhNCG qK .dG
VQCG EG gqSh ,NBG Ve HdG Ghj CG dEG W Ga eCG GhNCG qa ...dP e hb
.c 41 248 VQCG qCG dG Sb qcCG Ggh...HG qJGh ,GQS Ga e H Ga ,adG

17 U .eSEG HdG KGJ a .jdG aJ .O

(H) 85 SQe .adG Y S- gH eh

|
|
( 36 AGSEG)

88
 IdG dG Fb
jQdG TqdG/qdG dG GY qdD G Q/
`g 1420 fdG jQdG e
(db jGhQ Y) jdG BGdG jdG dG c 1
1999 d SGS QGO
[.O] hH.aG QGO QdG U QdG YSG H 2
[.O] hH - HdG GdG AMEG QGO e U dG qdG H e 3
[.O] hH.HdG dG QGO HdG HG T e edG U edG Y H 4
Y OGDa -Le HG S
1975 HdG GdG AMEG QGO Le H jj H 5
bdG
1980 hH FdG QGO.HGdG qdG dG j H j jGhQ.CqWdG UCG fCG H de 6
G H e a G a
1983 IgdG QdGQGO/fdGqdG 7
qJG e jqdGh
TQ H ddG HCG
2002 hH.dG dG QGO/hCG qdG qG FY qdOCG ge Y dG 8

[.O] qjdG G GQe qeSEG ja qdG OdG O SqY 9

Yd jqdG QGO/fdG qdG
1984 UG dG dG qjf Ib U 10
hH.qdGh

1988 jdG.dSdG e .ddG qdG (aG Y S) dG qdG qjcR OGDa 11

1978 jRd fdG cdG/hCG qdG jqdG Ue .QTY H gqdG 12

fEG eh LddG.
1984 jdG.dSdG e OqG q S 13
83OY.adG Y S
dG qbNCG
2005 jdG.dSdG e fRQ.O.jO 14
316 OY.aG Y S
dG HdG dG MJ f
1978 d qfdG QGqdG/fdG qdG qG Va O 15
eSEG
2000 hH.eU QGO/ SdG qdG dG Y J dG T .fg jZR 16

[.O] HdG GdG AMEG QGO/ddG qdG BGdG Y gdG .cQqdG jdG QH 17

1983 hH.dG QGO/hCG qdG hqdG SCG .QHdG G HCG 18

qdGh Yd dG QGO/IY fdG qdG
1978 dG UCG Y .qN gdG Y 19
jRqdGh
`g1405 hH.dG QGO BGdG BG jhCJ Y dG eL qdG jL H 20
89
1979 hH.dG AMEG QGO.ddG qdG MqdG dSQ .Y 19
Yd qeG QGqdG/HGqdG qdG
1983 eSEG dG UCG .T e .O 20
hH.qdGh

1981 dG QGO BGdG RYEG a .cT q O 21

dG QGO/IY jOG qdG
1979 BGdG Y Me .dqdG U.O 22
hH.jd
1980 H QeG QGO/SOdG dG SdG aJ 23
1981 hH.IjG aBG QGO/eG qdG QQOh BGdG gGL 24
1983 hH.qdG dG QGO/fdG qdG G dGdG eM HCG 25
EG UGh qdG e G
1981 dfCG QGO/ITdG qdG 26
Gh IqdG P
1960 QG QGO.fdG qdG fO S .dG Qe 27
2001 d.hH.dG QGO SqdG IU .HqdG Y q 28
1960 e f e qdG gdG Y qjf .G jhQO.O 29
1950 e.G HdG e eh e G M jH qdG .VY VdG 30
1987 eO.jdG S e.fdG qdG RYEG FO . LG gdG Y 31
[.O] hH.aG QGO jdG UCG aGG .WqdG SEG HCG 32
1976 e.jG dG QGO/fdG qdG hqGh qdG .gqdG M 33
.SEG dG
fJ.jdG hDdG IQGRh/2OdG IJSCG e Ye 34
qeSEG aBG S

1980 d.d HdG QGqdG /fdG qdG J N e RGqdG .hG jdG Y 35

1951 e.HdG e e/ddG qdG BGdG Y JEG .WdG jdG L 36
dG Y H
1900 e.dG e/hCG qdG dGh G 37
.SdG

1988 dG QGO/hCG qdG SG dGh SG bQqdG MCG e 38

1983 hH dG dG QGO MCG UCG MEG .eBG jdG S 39
QGO+hH,UG dG QGO/fdG qdG
1998 eSEG dG UCG. MdG gh.O 40
eO.dG
Yd eG QGdG /HGdG qdG
1983 eSEG dG UCG .T 41
.hH.qdGh

[.O] qjQSH Rec e qeSEG jdG GQH dG HCG GQH.O 42

90
1985 dG.jdG.da e/dhCG qdG ddG gdG a dGh dG dG Y 43
1985 jQS.jRqd IqG cqdG/fdG qdG dUCG gdG 44
eSEG dG Hh SGQO jQdG a.O
1988 jRqdGh qdGh Yd b QGO/hCG qdG 45
UG
1982 hH.HdG dG QGO/fdG qdG FGdG JJ FdG FGH .SdG 46
1973 hH.G QGO/ qdG dG qQ Y qbG YCG. qjRqG qdG HG 47
eL H PMCG VQY
1995 hH.jRdGh qdGh Yd dG QGO .HdG H H HCG 48
edG
1989 eO.dG QGO/fdG qdG qdG YGdG T bQdG MCG 49
1980 hH.G QGO/fdG qdG fCG de MCG YGb dG Y H dG 50
[.O] hH aG QGO hdG .GdG jdG T 51
S jJ) dG Ld YGb
2001 .SGS QGO QjO fhQ 52
(dG S
1977 (jdG) YG dch/ddG qdG dG dG ge .hH MdG Y 53
QGqdGh eO.dG QGO /fdG qdG
1998 YVG qdG a .QqH dG Y.O 54
hH.edG
1977 e.QG QGO.edG qdG SEG qe Y dG ge .QqdG eS Y.O 55
S) eSEG HdG KGJ
1985 (jdG) dSqdG He .jdG aJ.O 56
(87OY aG Y
1985 HGW.d qHdG QGqdG/fdG qdG AdG OCG .jS .O 57
L.Oh qadG dG Y Y.
1984 dSqdG qSDe:hCG qdG SEG AjdG YCG 58
.bT
1963 dG QGO/hCG qdG jhqdG b qdG .G .O 59
Yd QG QGO GQe/hCG qdG HG eqe) jG Y c qdG Y hY HCG
1988 60
SS.qdGh (dG RhqdG
1979 hH.dG dG QGO eG hN H MqdG Y 61
1970 dGh adGh Hd HdG dG IQG b fGQjO h 62
IQG G AdG KCG
1981 dG QGO/fdG qdG Y MCG 63
qHhQCG
1978 qd G QGO/hCG qdG SEG dG f M qS 64
1983 hH.dSqdG qSDe/hCG qdG dG Gh dG YCG .adG dG Y Y.O 65
[.O] dGh ad qfdG cdG H`e EG EG qdG e MQ O e 66

1931 e- jQdG dG OSG Qe h OGSG FW cGdG MdG Y 67

1986 IgdG W GdG dEG IOdG jT Y 68

91
 dG i
``````````dG dG
4 e````f`````````````dG
5 dG e``e
6 e eJ c Hc
8 eSEG ja qdG :oqhnCG oG
10 d CqJCG
11 qJh f MdG .1
17 dGh dG .2
23 LeOEG f
25 Qe ZCG
27 BGdGh fEG :dG dG
29 d CqJCG
30 RYEG O .3
35 BGdG RYEG ge.4
40 jqdG QOe 5
46 jqdG ge 6
51 Gh qdG .7
56 LeOEG f
59 Qe ZCG
62 dGh fEG :ddG G
64 d CqJCG
65 gCGh G e .8
70 SEG AY Y dG ge e .9
75 dG QqJ SEG AY eSEG e .10
81 LeOEG f
85 aQe ZCG
89 IdG dG Fb

93
113
} AdG}

95