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peuplements et préhistoire
en amériques
Sous la direction de Denis Vialou
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peuplements et préhistoire
en amériques
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Peuplements et préhistoire
en Amériques
sous la direction de
Denis Vialou
James M. Adovasio
Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute
jadovasio@mercyhurst.edu
Daniel Arsenault
Université du Québec à Montréal
arsenault.daniel@uqam.ca
Gustavo Barrientos
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, UNCPBA ;
Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP, Argentina
barrient@museo.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar
Philippe Béarez
Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, département Écologie et gestion de la biodiversité ;
UMR 7209 Archéozoologie, archéobotanique : sociétés, pratiques et environnements
bearez@mnhn.fr
Danilo V. Bernardo
Laboratory for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology,
Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo
danvb@ib.usp.br
Vincent Bichet
Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249-CNRS/Université de Franche-Comté
Vincent.Bichet@univ-fcomte.fr
Alan Bryan †
University of Alberta
Lucas Bueno
Universidade de São Paulo, Laboratório de Estudos Evolutivos Humanos
lucasreisbueno@gmail.com
Ariane Burke
Université de Montréal, département d’Anthropologie
a.burke@umontreal.ca
Matthieu Carré
Institut des sciences de l’évolution, CNRS UMR 5554 et Université Montpellier 2
Matthieu.Carre@univ-montp2.fr
Claude Chapdelaine
Université de Montréal, département d’Anthropologie
claude.chapdelaine@umontreal.ca
Claude Chauchat
Maison René Ginouvès ; UMR 8096 Archéologie des Amériques
cchauchat@wanadoo.fr
Julie Crédou
Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Institut de paléontologie humaine
julie_credou@yahoo.fr
peuplements et préhistoire en amériques
Élise Dufour
Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, département Écologie et gestion de la biodiversité ;
UMR 7209 Archéozoologie, archéobotanique : sociétés, pratiques et environnements
elise.dufour@mnhn.fr
Brigitte Faugère
Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne
Brigitte.Faugere@univ-paris1. fr
Levy Figuti
Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de São Paulo
Emilie Gauthier
Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249-CNRS/Université de Franche-Comté
Emilie.Gauthier@univ-fcomte.fr
Sandrine Grouard
Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, département d’Écologie et de gestion de la biodiversité ; Centre national
de la recherche scientifique, Archéozoologie, archéobotanique : sociétés, pratiques, environnements, UMR 7209
grouard@mnhn.fr
Ruth Gruhn
University of Alberta
rgruhn@gpu.srv.ualberta.ca
8 María A. Gutiérrez
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET-INCUAPA),
Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UNCPBA)
mgutierr@soc.unicen.edu.ar
Claire Houmard
doctorante, Université Paris Ouest-Nanterre-La Défense (France) et
Université Laval (Québec, Canada) ; CNRS, UMR 7055 Préhistoire et technologie
clairehoumard@yahoo.fr
Donald Jackson
Universidad de Chile, Departamento de Antropología
djackson@uchile.cl
Marie-Anne Julien
Université de Montréal, département d’Anthropologie ;
Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, UMR 7194 du CNRS
majulien@mnhn.fr / marie-anne.julien@umontreal.ca
J. David Kilby
Eastern New Mexico University, Department of Anthropology and Applied Archaeology
David.Kilby@enmu.edu
Érik Langevin
Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Département des sciences humaines,
laboratoire d’Archéologie
Erik_Langevin@UQAC.CA
Dominique Legoupil
CNRS (Ethnologie préhistorique, UMR 7041)
Dominique.legoupil@mae.u-paris10.fr
les auteurs
Serge Lemaitre
Musées royaux d’art et d’histoire de Bruxelles
s.lemaitre@mrah.be
Antonio Maldonado
Universidad de La Serena, Centro de Estudios Avanzadas en Zonas Aridas, Chile
amaldona@userena.cl
Fabiana M. Martín
CEHA, Instituto de la Patagonia, Universidad de Magallanes, Chile
fabiaana2007@gmail.com
Gustavo Martínez
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET-INCUAPA),
Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UNCPBA)
Charly Massa 9
Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249-CNRS/Université de Franche-Comté
Charly.Massa@univ-fcomte.fr
David J. Meltzer
Southern Methodist University (Dallas, USA), département d’Anthropologie
dmeltzer@smu.edu
Jean-François Moreau
Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Département des sciences humaines,
laboratoire d’Archéologie
jfmoreau@UQAC.CA
Walter A. Neves
Laboratory for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology,
Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo
waneves@ib.usp.br
Mercedes Okumura
Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, University of São Paulo
mercedes.okumura@gmail.com
Patrick Paillet
Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Département de Préhistoire,
UMR 7194 « Histoire naturelle de l’Homme préhistorique »
paillet@mnhn.fr
Marylène Patou-Mathis
Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, UMR 7194 du CNRS
patmath@mnhn.fr
David R. Pedler
Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute
dpedler@mercyhurst.edu
Edithe Pereira
Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi
edithepereira@museu-goeldi.br
Christophe Petit
ARTeHIS, UMR 5594 Archéologie, cultures et sociétés
christophe.petit@u-bourgogne.fr
peuplements et préhistoire en amériques
Gustavo G. Politis
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, UNCPBA ;
Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP, Argentina
gpolitis@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar
André Prous
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
aprous@netuno.lccufmg.br
Hervé Richard
Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249-CNRS/Université de Franche-Comté
herve.richard@univ-fcomte.fr
Stéphen Rostain
UMR 8096 « Archéologie des Amériques », CNRS/Université Panthéon-Sorbonne
stephen.rostain@mae.u-paris10.fr
Roxana Seguel
Centro Nacional de Conservación y Restauración, Chile
rseguel@cncr.cl
10 Frederic Sellet
University of Kansas, Lawrence
fsellet@ku.edu
Marcela A. Sepúlveda R.
Universidad de Tarapacá (Arica, Chili), Departamento de Antropología
marcelaasre@gmail.com
André Strauss
Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
andre_strauss@eva.mpg.de
Denis Vialou
Muséum national d’histoire naturelle
dvialou@mnhn.fr
C’est sur cet horizon ouvert de compréhension interrogative que prend place l’ensemble des
34 contributions données par 60 auteurs de neuf pays, réunies à la suite d’un symposium inter-
national consacré à la préhistoire en Amérique tenu dans le cadre du Congrès annuel du Comité
des travaux historiques et scientifiques, organisé à Québec en juin 2008. Des collègues de divers
pays qui n’avaient pas participé au symposium ont volontiers accepté de se joindre au noyau ini-
tial, enrichissant ainsi considérablement, jusque dans sa préface, la présentation de Préhistoires en
Amériques. Il m’est profondément agréable d’adresser à tous mes remerciements scientifiquement
chaleureux et d’associer à ces remerciements sincères d’une part les collaborateurs du CTHS qui ont
fait de qualité cet ouvrage, d’autre part ceux qui ont œuvré au concours du Ministère des affaires
étrangères. En arrière-plan de cette heureuse collaboration éditoriale se profilent les recherches pré-
historiques menées par des équipes françaises, le plus souvent en coopération avec des partenaires
des Amériques.
Les articles composant l’ouvrage reflètent des recherches récentes et/ou en cours et, pour cer-
tains, des synthèses actuelles, consacrées à des problématiques transversales, comme celle des peu-
plements de l’Amérique et de leur chronologie. Bien qu’indépendants les uns des autres dans leur
genèse, ils se regroupent clairement et sont ordonnés en fonction des axes scientifiques majeurs
qu’ils parcourent.
Dans l’ouverture est abordée la problématique réellement introductive des voies de peuplements
des Amériques et leur ancienneté, discutée selon quatre perspectives distinctes et complémentaires,
archéologique, paléontologique et chronologique.
peuplements et préhistoire en amériques
Les cultures rapportées dès leurs découvertes au cours de la première moitié du siècle dernier
au concept chronoculturel général de Paléoindien, en particulier les deux plus connues, Clovis et
Folsom, sont analysées de divers points de vue dans les six articles suivants. À travers les théma-
tiques ouvertes et les sites référés sont abordées les principales facettes de la préhistoire dans la
totalité de l’Amérique du Nord avant la fin de la dernière période glaciaire (Pléistocène).
Les modalités principalement économiques et écologiques des peuplements et des cultures
dans la partie la plus septentrionale du continent, Canada et Groenland, apparaissent dans les
trois articles suivants traitant de sites et cultures préhistoriques, datés dans l’Holocène, puis his-
toriques. L’analyse comparative de ces modalités de conquête de milieux non habités et des
comportements sociaux d’adaptation prend ainsi une dimension chronologique pertinente, que
l’on retrouve et explore dans la seconde partie de l’ouvrage traitant de la préhistoire en Amérique
du Sud.
Le même balancement chronoculturel s’opère entre des sites et cultures rapportés au Pléisto-
cène, dans sept articles, et ceux rapportés à l’Holocène, sept autres articles. Toutefois, la symétrie
avec l’Amérique du Nord n’est que partielle. En effet, les cultures datées du Pléistocène ne se
groupent pas en un super-ensemble culturel, comme le Paléoindien, et ne sont pas davantage
resserrées dans un épisode court de quelques millénaires. Cependant, commencent à surgir des
éléments d’apparentement sur le plan des technologies des outillages lithiques. De même, les
cultures et les sites relevant de périodes holocènes apparaissent dispersés, quand bien même
certains phénomènes économico-culturels, comme la production de céramiques, leur sont com-
muns. Des modalités d’exploitation des ressources naturelles dans des écosystèmes différenciés,
abordées dans des zones côtières du sous-continent et le milieu insulaire des Antilles, traduisent
les fortes potentialités adaptatives des derniers peuples collecteurs.
12
La dernière partie de l’ouvrage rassemble sept études consacrées aux deux grands ensembles de
comportements symboliques de la préhistoire archéologiquement conservés (au moins en grande
partie), les sépultures et l’art préhistorique. Il s’en dégage des lignes interprétatives facilement
généralisables et des caractères originaux dans les différents domaines géoculturels abordés.
À la lumière des recherches actuelles, dont d’importantes convergent dans cet ouvrage, la
mosaïque des préhistoires américaines révèle de nouvelles dimensions de l’évolution universelle
des ultimes Sapiens préhistoriques.
Denis Vialou
Préface
Danièle Lavallée
directeur de recherche émérite au CNRS
Table des matières
Les auteurs............................................................................................................................. 7
Avant-propos . .................................................................................................................... 11
Préface
Cent ans de certitudes............................................................................................................... 13
Arroyo Chocorí................................................................................................................... 47
Túmulo de Malacara............................................................................................................ 48
Sample Pretreatment ................................................................................................................ 48
Laboratory for AMS Radiocarbon Research, University of Colorado (1994)...................................... 48
Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (1998)............................................................................. 49
Results and Discussion............................................................................................................... 49
Concluding Remarks................................................................................................................. 51
References. ............................................................................................................................. 51
David J. Meltzer
La chasse au bison à Folsom : nouveau regard sur un site de référence......................... 85
Bibliographie. .......................................................................................................................... 95
Frederic Sellet
Fallen Giants: The Story of Paleoindian Point Types
on the North American Great Plains.................................................................................. 97
Points Not So Well Taken: Historical Considerations........................................................................ 98
The Folsom-Yuma Problem.................................................................................................... 98
The Formative Years: Type Sites. ........................................................................................... 100
Paleoindian Point Types: Giants with Clay Feet............................................................................. 101
Projectile Points as Cultural Markers...................................................................................... 101
Projectile points as Analytical Units........................................................................................ 102
Projectile Points as Weapons................................................................................................ 102
Paleoindian Points as Chronological Markers........................................................................... 103
Conclusions........................................................................................................................... 103
table des matières
Brigitte Faugère
Les grottes et abris-sous-roche du nord du Michoacán, Mexique.
Sites étapes et espaces rituels pour chasseurs-cueilleurs................................................ 107
Les grottes et abris-sous-roche du nord du Michoacán.................................................................. 108
Aspects géologiques.......................................................................................................... 109
Inventaire et catégories de sites............................................................................................ 110
Des vestiges paléo-indiens........................................................................................................ 112
Cueva de los Portales : caractérisation de la période archaïque pour le centre-nord du Mexique........... 114
Les abris peints : haltes de chasse et lieux de rituels de la frontière nord .......................................... 118
Conclusion............................................................................................................................ 119
Bibliographie. ........................................................................................................................ 119
Claude Chapdelaine
Le site Cliche-Rancourt et le peuplement du sud-est du Québec
au Paléoindien ancien....................................................................................................... 121
Le site Cliche-Rancourt............................................................................................................ 123
L’outillage. ............................................................................................................................ 124
L’organisation spatiale et les principales activités.......................................................................... 134
485
Chronologie et comparaisons régionales. ................................................................................... 135
Conclusion............................................................................................................................ 137
Bibliographie. ........................................................................................................................ 137
préhistoire septentrionale
Claire Houmard
L’exploitation du morse au cours du Dorsétien dans l’Arctique canadien :
apports de l’étude du site de Tayara (KbFk-7, Nunavik, Canada).................................. 167
Tayara, le gisement de référence du Dorsétien ancien. .................................................................. 169
Premières fouilles du site de Tayara par l’équipe de W. E. Taylor (1958)......................................... 169
Proposition d’un continuum culturel entre Prédorsétien et Dorsétien (1968).................................. 169
Nouveau débat autour de l’attribution culturelle de Tayara (2001-2008)....................................... 170
Son exploitation s’intensifie................................................................................................. 170
Les structures sociales se modifient. ...................................................................................... 172
De la chasse à l’extraction des défenses. ................................................................................ 172
De l’extraction de la défense au travail de l’ivoire..................................................................... 173
De la défense à l’objet fini................................................................................................... 174
La tête de harpon, indispensable tant au chasseur qu’au chercheur................................................. 175
Charly Massa, Vincent Bichet, Emilie Gauthier, Christophe Petit, Hervé Richard
Vers l’Amérique : l’implantation médiévale scandinave
de la côte sud-ouest du Groenland. Approches historiques
et premiers résultats des études paléoenvironnementales............................................ 181
La découverte du Groenland : la « terre verte » d’Erik le Rouge ..................................................... 182
Aux confins de l’agriculture...................................................................................................... 183
Les fronts pionniers agricoles du Groenland............................................................................ 183
Un système agraire sous contrainte....................................................................................... 183
L’abandon des colonies....................................................................................................... 186
L’apport des archives paléoenvironnementales............................................................................. 187
Interactions société, territoire, environnement......................................................................... 187
Une nouvelle approche....................................................................................................... 188
Les premiers résultats......................................................................................................... 188
Conclusion............................................................................................................................ 189
Bibliographie. ........................................................................................................................ 189
Lucas Bueno
L’occupation initiale du Brésil dans une perspective macro-régionale :
les cas de l’Amazonie, du Nordeste et du centre du Brésil............................................. 209
Caractéristiques de l’échantillon analysé..................................................................................... 210
Le peuplement comme processus : localisation, distribution et composition des sites. ........................ 211
Période I : 12500-11000 ans BP. .......................................................................................... 211
Période II : 11000 à 9000 ans BP. ......................................................................................... 216
Discussion, questions et hypothèses........................................................................................... 217
Bibliographie. ........................................................................................................................ 219
Dominique Legoupil
Le premier peuplement maritime de Patagonie et de Terre de Feu :
Finis terrae ou Finis maris ?.............................................................................................. 287
Le décalage entre adaptation terrestre et maritime à l’extrémité de l’Amérique australe ..................... 288
Les variations du niveau des mers : un argument qui n’explique pas tout. ........................................ 291
Une économie de subsistance radicalement maritime. .................................................................. 292
Une culture matérielle originale ................................................................................................ 293
Discussion............................................................................................................................. 296
Bibliographie. ........................................................................................................................ 298
Levy Figuti
Souffrance au paradis : les modèles adaptatifs de
l’occupation des écotones côtiers du Brésil méridional.................................................. 301
Les sambaquis : où, quand et pourquoi...................................................................................... 303
Observations sur la pêche artisanale traditionnelle........................................................................ 305
L’archéo-ichtyofaune et les sambaquis........................................................................................ 307
Interprétations. ...................................................................................................................... 308
table des matières
Conclusions........................................................................................................................... 309
Bibliographie. ........................................................................................................................ 311
Sandrine Grouard
L’occupation amérindienne céramique tardive du sud de la Martinique :
exploitation d’un territoire côtier . ................................................................................. 313
Les sites archéologiques........................................................................................................... 314
Résultats............................................................................................................................... 314
Spectres taxinomiques, richesse et diversité des assemblages...................................................... 314
Représentation des parties squelettiques des animaux capturés. ................................................. 318
Reconstitution des tailles des animaux capturés....................................................................... 318
Reconstitution des écosystèmes exploités............................................................................... 321
Conclusions........................................................................................................................... 322
Bibliographie. ........................................................................................................................ 324
Stéphen Rostain
Le peuplement précolombien de l’Amazonie................................................................. 331
Nomadisme, faim et égarement : cette image simpliste de l’Amérindien correspond-elle à une vérité ?......... 332
L’arrivée des Hommes.............................................................................................................. 332
Les pêcheurs-collecteurs. ......................................................................................................... 334 489
Les horticulteurs céramistes...................................................................................................... 335
Chefferies et terrassiers du second millénaire............................................................................... 335
La culture Santarém........................................................................................................... 338
... Puis vinrent les hommes blancs.............................................................................................. 340
Bibliographie. ........................................................................................................................ 342
Edithe Pereira
Histoire, territorialité et diversité dans l’art rupestre
de l’Amazonie brésilienne................................................................................................ 407
Ensembles rupestres et territoires en Amazonie. .......................................................................... 409
La diversité thématique et stylistique de l’art rupestre. .................................................................. 413
Les datations de l’art rupestre de l’Amazonie. ............................................................................. 417
Conclusion............................................................................................................................ 420
Bibliographie. ........................................................................................................................ 420
Denis Vialou
Paysage, peuplement, société, art rupestre. Une problématique interrogée
dans une aire de représentations rupestres au Brésil..................................................... 423
La région de la Cidade de Pedra ............................................................................................... 424
Peuplements de la région de la Cidade de Pedra...................................................................... 424
Hétérogénéité et homogénéité de la région rupestre................................................................ 424
Des peuplements différenciés............................................................................................... 425
Régionalité rupestre................................................................................................................ 426
Les principaux caractères rupestres régionaux.......................................................................... 427
Interrelations symboliques................................................................................................... 430
En conclusion, sans frontière, au cœur du sens............................................................................ 434
491
Bibliographie. ........................................................................................................................ 435
Patrick Paillet
Les sites du Morro Solteiro (Rondonópolis) : un ensemble d’art rupestre majeur
au Mato Grosso (Brésil)..................................................................................................... 437
Caractéristiques et importance du complexe du Morro Solteiro. ..................................................... 439
L’abri-habitat Morro Solteiro 1 (MS1). ........................................................................................ 440
Le dispositif rupestre.......................................................................................................... 442
Les techniques d’expression................................................................................................. 442
Les thèmes représentés....................................................................................................... 444
Morro Solteiro 2 (MS2)............................................................................................................ 445
Le dispositif rupestre.......................................................................................................... 445
Morro Solteiro 3 (MS3)............................................................................................................ 446
Morro Solteiro 4 (MS4)............................................................................................................ 446
Les techniques d’expression................................................................................................. 447
Les thèmes représentés....................................................................................................... 447
Morro Solteiro 5 (MS5)............................................................................................................ 448
Morro Solteiro 6 (MS6)............................................................................................................ 448
Morro Solteiro 7 (MS7)............................................................................................................ 448
Filhote do Morro Solteiro (MS8). ............................................................................................... 449
Conclusion............................................................................................................................ 450
Bibliographie. ........................................................................................................................ 451
peuplements et préhistoire en amériques
Marcela A. Sepúlveda R.
La tradition naturaliste des peintures rupestres des groupes de
chasseurs-cueilleurs de l’extrême nord du Chili.............................................................. 453
Le cadre géographique............................................................................................................ 454
L’Archaïque de l’extrême nord du Chili....................................................................................... 455
Historique des recherches. ....................................................................................................... 458
Conventions stylistiques et caractéristiques formelles de la tradition Naturaliste................................. 460
Contextes archéologiques et datations ...................................................................................... 462
La tradition Naturaliste de la précordillère : interprétations et nouvelles perspectives.......................... 463
Bibliographie. ........................................................................................................................ 464
Antonio Maldonado
Universidad de La Serena, Centro de Estudios Avanzadas para Zonas Aridas, Chile
Matthieu Carré
Institut des sciences de l’évolution, CNRS UMR 5554 et Université Montpellier 2, France
Roxana Seguel
Centro Nacional de Conservación y Restauración, Chile
Abstract
A summary of the first peopling of the coast of northern Chile, known as the Huentelauquén Cultural Complex, is
presented. This study identifies the first groups of hunters, gatherers and fishers that consistently colonised the northern
coast of Chile around ~ 13.000-8.000 ka cal. b.p. Issues regarding the conservation and visibility of these early coastal
sites and the evidence of these settlements in the context of the first peopling along the American Pacific coastline are
discussed.
Résumé
Le complexe culturel Huentelauquén: premier peuplement de la côte septentrionale du Chili
Une synthèse sur le premier peuplement de la côte septentrionale du Chili, connu comme le complexe culturel
Huentelauquén, est ici présentée. L’étude permet d’identifier les premiers groupes de chasseurs, collecteurs et pêcheurs
qui ont colonisé de façon conséquente la côte septentrionale du Chili autour de 13 000-8 000 ans cal. BP. Sont discutés
les résultats concernant la conservation et la visibilité de ces sites côtiers anciens ainsi que les vestiges de ces habitats
dans le contexte du premier peuplement du littoral pacifique de l’Amérique.
peuplements et préhistoire en amériques
224
in central Chile. The precipitation augments progressively a semi-arid zone (29º S and 31º S), at 14,700-14,000
at the same rate as the latitude increases. This area has and 11,600 years b.p. Both are associated with a greater
characteristically dry summers and scarce precipitation influence from the Amazonic system (Zech et al., 2007).
during the winter as a result of the almost constant presence The other records that include the Final Pleistocene are
of the Southern Pacific Subtropical Anticyclone (Van Husen, three marine witnesses at 27º S, 30º S and 33º S, which
1967). In addition, the Chilean mediterranean zone is highly show, in general terms: humid/cold conditions during the
sensitive to the interannual variations associated with the El Pleistocene around 30,000-17,000 years b.p., which later
Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon (ENSO). During El show a tendency for warm and dry conditions, which
Niño, warm and humid atmospheric conditions prevail in reach their peak between 11,000-6,000 years b.p. in the
the winter in Central Chile, whereas during the La Niña records from further north and between 7,500-6,000
phase, abnormally cold and dry atmospheric conditions years b.p. in the records situated at 33º S (Lamy et al.,
predominate in this region (Aceituno, 1988). 2000; Kaiser et al., 2008; Kim et al., 2002).
Records of glacial dynamics in the high cordillera show Relatively humid conditions were recorded around
two significant advances during the Late Pleistocene in 13,000, 10,600-9,600, 9,000-8,600 years b.p. and drier
huentelauquén cultural complex : the earliest peopling of the pacific coast in the south - american southern cone
periods between 9,600-9,000 and 8,600-6,000 years b.p. Without a doubt, Quebrada Las Conchas, situated
The latter was the driest period recorded during the on the coast of Antofagasta, is the most relevant
Holocene (Maldonado and Villagrán, 2006; Villagrán and Huentelauquén site in this area. This is a camp situated
Varela, 1990). next to a ravine and a precipice of the coastal cordillera,
In summery, during the early occupations that took place around 3 km from the coastline at an altitude of 270 m
during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition, both in the a.s.l. The stratigraphic excavations of this vast encampment
Arid and in the Semi-Arid North, more humid conditions testify to the presence of two occupational events dated
prevailed than today, although with certain regional traits between 7,100 and 10,280 years b.p. The context shows
that would have decreased significantly around 8,000 diverse lithic material, among which we found choppers,
years b.p. After this point, a marked process of regional pedunculate lanceolate projectile points and around
desertification commenced that gradually increased the 200 geometric lithics associated with marine waste
humidity conditions from approximately 6,200 years b.p., deposits, in particular remains of molluscs, numerous fish
therefore similar conditions to the present-day were species, marine mammals remains, as well as remains of
reached, around 4,000 years b.p. in the Semi-Arid North. canidae, camelidae and rodents, linked to numerous wood
In addition, the early and mid-Holocene also seems to have fires. Yet subsistence was essentially based on gathering
been characterised by reduced El Niño activity, which would and fishing and its frequency does not vary significantly
have increased during the Late Holocene. The peak of this between one occupational event and another. This is the
activity is registered at around 2,000 years b.p. (Riedinger et case, except for the second and most recent occupational
al., 2002; Tudhope et al., 2001; Moy et al., 2002; Carré et in which a grave of a male adult has been registered. This
al., 2007), which implies lesser oceanographic and climatic settlement has been defined as a ceremonial camp for
variability during the early and mid-Holocene. meetings of groups of Huentelauquén hunter-gatherers,
considering the high frequency of geometric lithics which
Occupations on the arid coast have been interpreted as “symbolic objects” (Llagostera,
225
1977 and 1979; Llagostera et al., 1999 and 2000).
Along the first stretch of the arid coastline, between the On the other hand, the Cascabeles site corresponds
cities of Arica (19º Lat. S) and Antofagasta (24º Lat. S), to a small cave located at the feet of the coastal
occupations are not recorded that could be attributed to cordillera, adjacent to and close to the coast, where two
the Huentelauquén Complex. This is essentially due to occupational events dated 10,100 ± 100 and 9,850 ± 70
the fact that along this section of the coastline only high b.p. have been identified (fig. 4). These are ephemeral
cliffs along the coast at around 800 m a.s.l are conserved. occupations that used the cave as a small camp for the
Around the end of the Pleistocene, the lowest marine exploitation of coastal resources, specifically molluscs
terraces closest to the sea were submerged, where it is (gastropods), fish and marine mammals, although some
presumed that the first human occupations settled. As a remains of birds and guanacos (Lama guanicoe) have
result, the evidence for these occupations must be sought also been recorded. The presence of lithic waste shows
for beneath the sea. Conversely, from the coastal cliffs the last stages of preform processing and pedunculate
to the east there is an extremely arid interfluvial pampa lanceolate projectile points, of the Huentelauquén type,
where human occupations would have found it difficult discarded around wood stoves. Towards the exterior
to settle. bank of the mouth of the cave, marine waste can be
Although early sites have been recorded in the coastal found accumulated in a pile, whereas inside the cave
valleys, such as Acha 2 (Muñoz et al.,1993), this evidence discards are less frequent, suggesting that the caves
seems to be linked to seasonal Andean hunters that were mainly used to spend the night in. The lithic raw
sporadically came down to the coast. Despite the fact that material was primarily silica rock that was obtained by
other early occupations in interfluvial ravines near to the accessing coastal ravines towards the pampa further
coast, such as Tiliviche (Núñez and Moraga, 1978) and inland, where important outcrops of this raw material
Aragón (Núñez and Zlatar, 1976), show a dependency on are found (Casteletti et al., in press).
marine recourses, they have no relation at all with the This small encampment that was occupied on reiterated
Huentelauquén Complex, which corresponds to later, occasions, suggests movement along the coast for the
clearly differentiated cultural units. use of coastal resources, probably including diving and
In contrast, archaeological field surveys along the coast gathering among the intertidal rocks (Casteletti et al., in
show clear evidence of various site that are attributable to press). These occupations would have settled in the most
the Huentelauquén Complex to the south of Antofagasta favourable bays near to the scarce springs, generating
(24º Lat. S), towards Chañaral (26º Lat. S). Among these, the a residential type pattern of mobility consisting of short
Quebrada Las Conchas (or the Chimba 13) and the Cueva stays and occasional movements to the immediate inland
Cascabeles 226-5, show clear early stratigraphic context. pampa to search for lithic raw material.
peuplements et préhistoire en amériques
Occupations along the semi-arid coast fish. This area has been dated from between 8,800 ± 90
years b.p. and 9,110 years b.p. (Vásquez et al., 1996,
In this zone the evidence for the Huentelauquén Complex Costa-Junqueira and Quevedo, 1997). It consists of a
is more frequent than in the Arid North, this is principally residential encampment from where hunting activities on
due to the fact that the vast high marine terraces have not land, gathering and marine fishing were carried out. The
been so affected by the marine transgressive processes. presence of graves as well as more than 200 geometric
At the same time, the drifts from the coastal cordillera are lithics would imply that as in the case of Quebradas Las
further from the coastline and therefore did not affect the Conchas and El Obispito 1, ceremonial activities were
early settlements. performed on this site.
A transitional area between the extreme Semi-Arid
North (26º-27º Lat. S) and the Arid North shows evidence About 30 km south of Huentelauquén, a relevant
of at least seven Huentelauquén sites, two of which have settlement has been found, known as Punta Ñagué, on
been intervened stratigraphically. the coast of the Los Vilos area. Here we find a collection
One of these sites is called El Obispito 1, located to of various shell middens that comprise a vast residential
the south of Chañaral, corresponding to a vast camp camp, associated with a number of wood stoves, lithic
(400,000 m2), situated above a high marine terrace. instruments and diverse remains of Pennipedia, Camelidae,
This site includes various areas of activity differentiated Canidae, and Rodentia, as well as numerous remains
by the presence of structures, shell middens and areas of marine birds, fishes, molluscs and crustacians. In this
of lithic knapping linked to diagnostic instruments from settlement at least three occupations have been identified
the Huentelauquén Complex. A stratigraphic excavation that were dedicated to the gathering of molluscs and
showed three occupational events dated between 10,400 fish and marine mammal hunting (fig. 5). These have
and 10,800 years b.p. associated with lithic instruments, been dated between 10,200 years b.p. and 9,320 ± 60
wood fires and remains of molluscs and fish, as well years b.p. (Jackson et al., 1999; Jackson and Méndez,
226
as birds, rodents and less frequently, marine and land 2005).
mammals. In the last most recent occupational event, Other settlements that are situated on the coast
more intensive use of marine molluscs can be observed, near Punta Ñagué, known as Boca del Barco and Punta
and only in this occupation are geometric lithics registered Purgatorio 079 and 080, testify to the presence of working
(Cervellino et al., 2000). encampments specifically dedicated to the gathering
On the other hand, the site Los Medanos 2, located to and de-shelling of molluscs, dated around 9,000-10,000
the north of El Obispito 1, also situated above a marine years b.p. (Jackson et al., 1997-98). However, others
terrace near to the coast, showed three occupations would suggest that de-shelling activities and hunting
associated with shell deposits linked to the presence of were carried out, like at Punta Penitente, dated around
a wood fire, lithic waste and geometric lithics. A dating 8,600 years b.p. Consequently, this is one of the latest
from the start of the occupation gave the result of 10,360 sites from the Huentelauquén Complex on the semi-arid
± 70 years b.p. (Cervellino et al., 2000). coast (Méndez, 2002).
Both El Obispito 1 and Los Medanos 2 seem to correspond A number of other sites along the coast of Los Vilos
to encampments dedicated to the exploitation of coastal and further to the south towards the Pichidanguí area
resources, although the high incidence of geometric lithics, show reoccurring residential and logistic settlements,
more than 500 pieces in Obispito 1, would suggest a either for marine resource gathering and/or cynergetic
ceremonial use, like Las Conchas (Cervellino et al., 2000). activities (Jackson and Méndez, 2005), constituting the
On the other hand, towards the extreme south of the southernmost limit for the existence of evidence from the
Semi-Arid (30º-32º Lat. S) Huentelauquén sites are more Huentelauquén Complex.
numerous. Likewise, some settlements also extend towards However, we must point out that unlike the Arid
the inland valleys, even reaching the inter-Andean valleys North, the Huentelauquén occupations extend towards
where the ecological conditions favoured the seasonal the inland valleys of the Semi-Arid North. This is the case
establishment of encampments. of La Fundición, a site situated at 29º latitude south and
On the coast, the Huentelauquén site that gave its approximately 70 km from the coast. This site is a vast
name to the Cultural Complex is situated near to the camp that is linked to graves, wood fires and diverse
mouth of the Choapa River (31º Lat. S). It corresponds to a lithic instruments, together with remains of Camelidae,
vast encampment consisting of a shell midden associated Canidae, Rodentia and Pennipedia as well as some bird
with various graves and a diverse collection of artefacts, and mollusc remains brought from the nearby coastline.
principally made up of lithic instruments together with This site has two datings from 8,730 ± 90 years b.p. and
mollusc chip waste and osseous remains of Camelidae, 9.640 ± 150 years b.p. (Castillo and Rodríguez, 1978;
Pennipedia, Canidae and Rodentia, as well as birds and Llagostera et al., 1997). This seems to be a residential
huentelauquén cultural complex : the earliest peopling of the pacific coast in the south - american southern cone
227
camp from whence seasonal hunting activities and the Discussion and conclusions
supply of raw materials was carried out.
The same situation occurs in other sites further south, Evidence of settlements from the Huentelauquén Complex
such as Caimanes, a settlement situated in a small inland reaches from the coast of Antofagasta (24º Lat. S) in the Arid
valley at the same latitude as Punta Ñagué, yet 34 km from North to the area of Pichidanguí (32º Lat. S) in the extreme
the coast. This was an ephemeral camp with evidence of south of the Semi-Arid. The lack of settlements in the Extreme
lithic instruments and remains of Camelidae, birds and North, between the latitudes 19º and 24º south seems to
rodents (Jackson, 1998; Galarce, 2004). A similar situation be linked to the marine transgression processes that would
is repeated in some occupations in the pre-cordilleran and have covered the coastal plains. However, the presence of
inter-Andean valleys (Jackson et al., 2000). This was the case early coastal occupations returns along the south coast of
of the Fortuna site located around 90 km from the coast, Peru (Keefer et al., 1998; Sandweiss et al.,1998).
showing clear evidence from the Huentelauquén Complex, On the other hand, whereas the settlements from the
dated around 8.160±160 years b.p. (Gambier, 1974). Arid North are confined to the coastal strip, due to the
peuplements et préhistoire en amériques
presence of a vast desert that separates the coast from in the context of a marked mobility between the coast-
more productive high Andean enclaves, occupations in inland (Llagostera et al., 1997).
the Semi-Arid North extend from the coast to the valleys Nevertheless, the studies carried out along the south
and the nearer, more fertile inter-Andean environments. coast of the Semi-Arid have shown that the former
Based on the evidence from the settlements, a first phase approaches are not absolutely correct. Early occupations
has been suggested for this cultural complex (ca. 10,500- from the Huentelauquén Complex on the coast, that
9,500 b.p.) displaying a strong maritime orientation and showed a nuclear disperse settlement pattern, depended
without geometric lithics confined to the arid coast of predominantly on marine resources, including molluscs,
Chile, and a second phase (ca. 9,500-8,000 b.p.) with crustaceans, echinoderms, fish and marine mammals
geometric lithics, covering geographically both the Arid (Jackson et al., 1999). Whereas later there seems to
and the Semi-Arid North (fig. 6). Whilst the first zone have been a pattern focussed on ravines with a greater
would have depended on an economy based on marine emphasis on hunting activities and less on gathering
resources, in the south the economy would have been (Jackson and Méndez, 2005), and yet never ceasing to
rooted in the hunting of the guanaco (Lama guarnicoe) depend on coastal resources.
228
Table I. Radiocarbon and thermoluminescence datings for the Huentelauquén Complex contexts (Stuiver M. and Reimer P. J., 1993, Extended
14
C database and revised CALIB radiocarbon calibration program, Radiocarbon 35:215-230)
peuplements et préhistoire en amériques
Evidently, in the Arid North the limitation to the coast from the coast. There is evidence of this coastal pattern
created an increased dependency on marine resources, in clear residential, logistical camps (or locations of limited
specifically fishing and mollusc gathering. Nevertheless, activity), many of which with graves and the presence of
occasional short logistic excursions through the ravines community aggregation camps of a ceremonial nature, all
of the cordillera of the coast permitted guanaco hunting of which were frequent, reiterated occupations.
(Lama guarnicoe). Likewise, these short trips enabled These contexts show a strong dependence on marine
access to the arid pampa for the supplying of raw material, resources, specifically on mollusc gathering, fishing
as the evidence from the Cascabeles shows (Casteletti et and marine mammal hunting, whereas other non-
al., in press). marine resources are poorly represented. The latitudinal
The nearby inland valleys and inter-Andean environments distribution of some molluscs suggests diving activity,
of the Semi-Arid provided alternative, complementary while the dental wear on some skeletons (Costa-Junqueira
resources to the coast, such as guanaco hunting, plant and Quevedo, 2000) shows an abrasive diet dependent
gathering and was a supply of raw materials (Galarce, on marine resources.
2004). This motivated more frequent seasonal mobility This evidence shows an early process of coastal
patterns to the inland environments, where short-term colonisation, with a deeply-rooted consistent adaptation
residential camps were occupied repeatedly, not far from to the coast, together with a strong technological
the coast (70 km). This is the case of sites such as La tradition, whose origins should be sought for in the first
Fundición (Castillo and Rodríguez, 1978; Llagostera et al., peoples that arrived on the continent, along the Pacific
1997), Caimanes (Jackson, 1998) and other, more distant coast of America.
ones, such as La Fortuna (Gambier, 1974).
There is no doubt that the Huentelauquén Complex The authors thank José Casteletti for providing figure 4,
corresponds to the first human groups that occupied the and also Emily Walker for the translation process.
coast of the northern Chile around time of the Pleistocene-
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