AER1200

Caractéristiques des Aéronefs

Introduction aux systèmes d’avion
Partie 1

Professeur : Dr. Susan Liscouët-Hanke

Téléphone: (514) 855-5001 poste 64369
E-mail: susan.liscouet-hanke@aero.bombardier.com

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REFERENCES

Aircraft Systems, 3rd Edition, Ian Moir, Allan Seabridge and Roy Langton, Wiley 2008
Airplane Design 4 – Layout of Landing Gear and Systems, Dr. Jan Roskam,
DARcorporation, 2000
Acknowledgements:
Notes de cours, Hamburg University of Technology (Prof. Carl)
Notes de cours de Yan Bouchard

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OBJECTIFS DU COURS

Développer votre intérêt pour ce sujet

Connaître les systèmes d`avions majeures (fonctions, interfaces, composants,
technologies, équations de base)
Vue d’ensemble - Vue d’architecture
Connaître les notions de base des systèmes aéronautiques et leur fonctionnement

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PLAN DE COURS

Introduction: vue d’ensemble des systèmes et notions de base

Systèmes hydromécaniques (systèmes hydraulique, commandes de Partie 1
vol, train d’atterrissage, essaie intégré)
Systèmes d’air (conditionnement d’air, protections givre, système
pneumatique)
Partie 2
Systèmes de génération d’énergie (moteurs, APU, RAT)
Systèmes électriques
Systèmes avioniques
Divers systèmes de fonctionnement de base (système carburant,
Partie 3
oxygène,..)
Processus de développement

APU: Auxiliary Power Unit AER1200

4
RAT: Ram Air Turbine Winter 2015
INTRODUCTION AU SYSTÈMES D’AVION

5 Source: A380 – Michel Fraile, Michel Polacco, E/P/A AER1200

Winter 2015
AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS: ATA-CHAPTERS

ATA-21 Environmental Control Systems (ECS)

ATA-22 Auto-flight « Avionics » (aviation electronics)
ATA-23 Communications ATA chapters 22, 23, 31, 34
ATA-24 Electrical Power Role of ATA-chapters:
ATA-25 Equipment & Furnishings
ATA-26 Fire Protection Traditional way structure sub-system
ATA-27 Flight Control System responsibilities
ATA-28 Fuel Today:
ATA-29 Hydraulics
ATA-30 Ice & Rain Protection Successful introduction of new
ATA-31 Indicating & Recording technologies requires cross-ATA view -
ATA-32 Landing Gear system architecture view
ATA-33 Lighting Systems
ARP4754: functional approach
ATA-34 Navigation
required - systems engineering
ATA-35 Oxygen approach
ATA-36 Pneumatics
ATA-38 Water & Waste
ATA-44 Cabin System
ATA-45 Central Maintenance System
ATA-46 Information Systems
ATA-49 Auxiliary Power (APU) ATA iSpec 2200, 2004:
ATA-61 Propellers ATA 42: Integrated Modular Avionics
ATA-71 Power Plant ATA 47: Fuel Tank Inerting System
ATA-80 Engine Starting

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 INTRODUCTION TO AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS
Overview & classification of aircraft systems
Interactions are
ENERGY based
Basic Lighting System Galleys Payload
Systems Fuel System Cargo system Systems
Oxygen System Entertainment System
Ice & Rain Protection System Water/Waste System

Landing Gear Systems

Flight Control Systems Interactions are

Environmental Control DATA based
System Navigation Systems
Pneumatic Power System
Communication System
Hydraulic Power System
Auto-flight system
Electrical Power System Avionics
Indicating & Recording
Auxiliary Power System Systems

Aircraft systems fulfill different aircraft functions that are highly interdependent
-> integrated approach to aircraft system design is required

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 INTRODUCTION TO AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS
Considering systems at aircraft-level* (1/3)
UNSCHEDULED REMOVALS
EQUIV. SYSTEMS DESIGN VOLUME (CRJ700/CRJ900 average)
(Bombardier & competitors average)
SECONDARY POWER EXTRACTION
1-5% of the fuel consumption are
due to shaft power and bleed air
extraction on the engine

OPERATING WEIGHT EMPTY RECURRING COST

(Bombardier aircraft average) (Modern Aircraft, 1990, Standford study)

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*[Based on various analysis performed in Bombardier Advanced Design]
INTRODUCTION TO AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS
Considering systems at aircraft-level (2/3)

Systems` impact on AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT FORCE BALANCE

PERFORMANCE Lift
MASS: systems’ weight needs to be
carried
DRAG: air inlets, fairings, antennas Drag Thrust
LIFT: high-lift devices Mass
THRUST: secondary power off-take,
weight and drag increase lead to
AIRCRAFT ENERGY BALANCE
increased thrust requirements
Energy from Environment
(thermal, ram air)

Thrust

Secondary
power
Fuel

Exhaust, Heat rejection

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 INTRODUCTION TO AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS
Considering systems at aircraft-level (3/3)
Systems’ impact on aircraft cost:*
~ 30% of direct operating cost (DOC)
~ 30% of direct maintenance cost (DMC)
~ 30% of aircraft development cost
Systems’ impact on aircraft operability / reliability:
Driver of dispatch interruption rate
Enabling specific missions, etc.
Systems’ impact on customer perception:
Passenger comfort (cabin pressure, temperature)
Technology perception
Increasing importance to consider of aircraft systems early in the
development process and to drive strategic technology development
New technologies (more electric, highly integrated,…) have significant impact on
the aircraft performance, customer perception and environmental footprint
Integration risks need to be addressed early (i.e. together with composite
structure, thermal issues, EMI (electro-magnetic interference),…)
Optimization at aircraft-level is required
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*[The Standard Handbook for Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineers - Section 12, Mark Davies (Editor-in-Chief), McGraw-Hill, 2003]
 Mechanic PWR
ENERGY FLOWS BETWEEN AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS Pneumatic PWR
Electric PWR
Hydraulic PWR
Thermal Flow
Flight Control Fuel
System Cooling Ram Air
Landing Gear
Systems

Hydraulic Power Ram Air

Avionics Systems Electric Power
Ram Air
Cabin Systems Turbine Fuel

Engine Fuel Cell

Auxiliary
Power Unit
Fuel System

Pneumatic Power
Inerting System
[Ref 1]
Environmental
INTEGRATED
RAM Air approach
Control System necessary for meaningful aircraft-
Ice Protection
level evaluation
New architectures, new technologies -> new interfaces

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SYSTEMS OPERATION

Systems interactions (power demand or data exchange) depend on:

Flight-phases
Operation mode (normal, failure mode, degraded)
Ambient conditions
Technology
Customer
Pilot

[Ref 1]
Systems operational consideration are crucial for a robust and
optimized design of the overall system architecture
[6]

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AIRCRAFT SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES
More Electric Aircraft
More Electric Systems Architecture Design Space
“no hydraulics” Architecture
HPS PFCS
All-Electric Architecture
Conventional System
SFCS
Architecture
m LGS PFCS
HPS PFCS ENG
p other E
EPS cons. HPS SFCS
SFCS m
APU p PPS P cons. LGS
m LGS ENG m
ENG other E
p other E EPS cons.
EPS cons. APU m
APU p
m Bleed-less Architecture MES
PPS MES
HPS H cons. ECS
ECS PPS
ENG m other E IPS
IPS EPS cons.
FTIS
FTIS APU m MES
PPS
ECS
APU Auxiliary Power Unit IPS Ice Protection System
IPS
ENG Engine FTIS FTIS Fuel Tank Inerting System
EPS Electric Power System MES Main Engine Start
HPS Hydraulic Power System Mechanic PWR LGS Landing Gear Systems
Pneumatic PWR
PPS Pneumatic Power System PFCS Primary Flight Control System
Electric PWR
ECS Environmental Control System Hydraulic PWR SFCS Secondary Flight Control System

The optimal system architecture is strongly depending on the technology

availability & maturity, aircraft configuration and mission.
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NOTIONS DE BASE

Fiabilité:
« la fiabilité est l’aptitude d’un dispositif à accomplir une fonction requise dans des conditions
données pour une période de temps donnée »
Notion statistique: probabilité d’avoir une défaillance dans une temps donnée
Redondance:
Multiplication de la même fonction / composante afin d’obtenir une fiabilité adéquate d’un
système
Fail-safe:
Principe de construction de composantes ou systèmes afin d’obtenir une comportement sécurisé
en cas de défaillance de la composante ou du système.

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INTRODUCTION TO AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS
SUMMARY

Aircraft systems are classified traditionally in ATA chapters

Aircraft systems constitute significant part of aircraft weight and cost
Aircraft systems are highly interacting systems and have to be considered and designed
as ARCHITECTURE and integral part of the aircraft design
The most « popular » trends in aircraft system technologies are:
« more electric systems » (for power systems) and
« integrated modular avionics » (for avionics systems)

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 AER1200
Caractéristiques des Aéronefs
Introduction aux systèmes d’avion
Système Hydraulique

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INTRODUCTION SYSTÈMES HYDRAULIQUES

Function of hydraulic systems in aircraft

means to transform small, low energy movement (pilot command) into high
energy demanding movements of aircraft components (by using external
power source)
Aircraft systems/components that require high power:
landing gear systems
flight control surfaces
slat and flap systems
Introduced in the 1930s
retractable landing gear
Increased speed of aircraft
-> high forces on control surfaces
Significance of Hydraulic System
6% of weight (around 32% including consumer systems)

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HYDRAULIC POWER SYSTEM
Hydraulic
OVERVIEW System: ATA 29

Functions
Supply hydraulic power to consumer
systems Very simple hydraulic circuit:
Major subsystems (no valves shown)

Pumps: engine driven or electrical

driven
Pipes and valves
Reservoirs
Accumulator, Filters
Heat Exchanger
Integration aspects
Redundancy and segregation for flight
critical systems
Impact of aircraft configuration

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TYPES OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

Function of hydraulic system: transmission of energy and

signals through pressurized fluids

HYDROSTATIC HYDRODYNAMIC:
Energy transfer through to static pressure Energy transfer through to kinetic energy of the flowing liquid
high pressure low pressure
low flow velocity high flow velocity

HYDROSTATIC SYSTEM

Power Hydraulic motor

Source of Hydraulic mechanical
Transmission and Rotary actuator
Energy Pump actuation
control elements Linear actuator

electronic and/or mechanical control signals

Mechanical energy hydraulic energy

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 AIRCRAFT HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
OVERVIEW

HYDROSTATIC SYSTEM
Hydraulic Power System: ATA 29 Hydraulic Consumer Systems: ATA 27, 32

Power Hydraulic motor

Source of Hydraulic mechanical
Transmission and Rotary actuator
Energy Pump actuation
control elements Linear actuator

electronic and/or mechanical control signals

Aircraft Engine Engine Driven Pump Several redundant

Ram Air Turbine (EDP) HMA: hydro-mechancial actuator
circuits (e.g. EHSA: electro-hydraulic servo actuator
Electric Power Electrical Motor green, yellow,
System Pump (EMP) EHA: electro-hydrostatic actuator
blue) EBHA: electrohydraulic back-up actuator

System pressure in aircraft: 3000psi (standard) or 5000psi (A380, A350, B787)

Flow velocity: pressure lines: 6m/s, return lines: 2m/s
Hydraulic fluid (commercial aircraft):
Synthetic phosphate ester based fluid (Skydrol) with high temperature resistance, constant viscosity, low
density and low flammability characteristics
Older designs use petroleum based hydraulic fluids that have poorer flammability characteristics

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HYDRAULIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS
OVERVIEW

Components:
Electric Motor Pump
Pumps: engine driven or electrical driven
Pipes and valves
Reservoirs
Accumulator, Filters
Heat Exchanger
Hydraulic Accumulators

Simplified hydraulic circuit: (no valves shown)

Electro Hydraulic
Servo Valves

[all pictures from Parker]

Hydraulic Bootstrap
Reservoirs

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 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS
OVERVIEW OF TYPES

Motors /
Pumps Valves Accessories
Actuators

Variable Fixed Flow Pressure

rotary Linear
volume volume valves valves

• Axial piston • Geared • Same • cylinders • servo valves • pressure • Filters

pumps pumps principles as • differential • flow regulation regulation valve • Reservoirs
• Swash plate pumps cylinders valve • pressure relief • Accumulators
pumps • throttle valves valves • Tubes/ fittings/
Motor-pump-combinations • check valves • priority valves connectors
•Bi-directional flow
•Uni-directional flow

Piston pumps are the

standard solution for
aircraft hydraulics due to
high pressure capability

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HYDRAULIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS
HYDRAULIC PUMPS

The following pump types are most common:

Engine Driven Pump
• Provide continuous fluid flow
• Pump is connect to the engine accessory gear box
• As long as engine is running, it generates hydraulic
pressure
• During engine start, the fluid remaining in the suction line is
sufficient to avoid pump cavitation and pressurize the
reservoir
Electric Motor-driven pump
• Normally lower capacity as the EDP
• Normally operate in automatic setting mode
- Start when pressure decrease
- Start when engine is slowing down
- Start on take-off and landing
- Manually turn on

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HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
ENERGY FLOW AND EFFICIENCY

Energy equation (friction free, incompressible flows):

+ + = const. : pressure : pump pressure

2
: flow : density

pressure drop
(losses in hydraulic system)
Pump power
Power available at consumer (i.e.
flight control actuator)

The pressure drop in the hydraulic system depends on:

Length and diameter of pipes
Changes of cross section, bending radius, etc.
Valves, filters, manifolds,…
Flow velocity

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HYDRAULIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS
ACCUMULATOR

Function:
- Reduce pressure oscillation in hydraulic system
- Provide minimum pressure for failure conditions
- For brakes: provide brake power for certain conditions
- Parking brake power for unpowered aircraft
Technology:
- Nitrogen (N2) charged cylinder

Piston

N2 side Fluid Side

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HYDRAULIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS
RESERVOIR

Stores the hydraulic fluid

Equipped with a quantity indicator for cockpit
information and warning purpose
Equipped with a thermal switch for high temperature
indication
Pressurized to avoid hydraulic pump cavitation
Pressurize function performed by fluid drained from
the pressure line

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HYDRAULIC SYSTEM DISTRIBUTION ARCHITECTURE
EXAMPLE CRJ700

Typical Distribution Schematic – Three Systems Architecture

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HYDRAULIC SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
EXAMPLE A320

operating pressure: 3000 psi

25 l/min
70 l/min 25 l/min
140 l/min

140 l/min

[Airbus A320 Hydraulic System]

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HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
CONTROL & INDICATION

HYDRAULIC
46°C 46°C 46°C

100% 40% 75%

1B 3A 3B 2B
INBD OUTBD HYDRAULIC
BRAKES BRAKES
1A 3000 3000 2A ON
OFF OFF
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
AUTO ON AUTO AUTO
PSI PSI
1 3A 3B 2

1200 3000 3000

PSI PSI PSI Hydraulic System Panel
RUDDER RUDDER RUDDER
ELEVATOR ELEVATOR ELEVATOR
L AIL L AIL R AIL R
L SPLRON L SPLRON R SPLRON R
FLT SPLR LNDG GEAR FLT SPLR
OB GND SPLR N/W STEER IB GND SPLR
NOSE DOOR MLG AUX ACT

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HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
SUMMARY

Advantages
high power density
high power to weight ratio
good dynamic behavior
small volume usage
easy overload protection
easy to generate linear
movement
advantageous transport of heat
good controllability
easy energy transfer through
medium distances
intelligent systems though
integration of elements
No lubrication required
Disadvantages
relatively high loss (internal
leakage,...)
sensitivity to dirt
danger of leakages and burst of
pipes
relatively low stiffness
(compressibility of fluid)
system characteristics are
temperature dependent
sealing problems
high tolerance required in
manufacturing of parts (impact on
losses, leakages, efficiencies)

Even with the upcoming of “more electric aircraft”, hydraulic systems are still an
important element in the aircraft system architecture, its advantages are difficult
to match

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 AER1200
Caractéristiques des Aéronefs
Introduction aux systèmes d’avion
Systèmes de commande de vol

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PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM
Flight Control
Overview System: ATA 27

Functions
Control flight path: yaw, roll, pitch
Yaw axis
Provide airbrake function
Major subsystems/components
Control surfaces (Structure): ailerons,
elevators, rudder, spoilers, trimable
horizontal stabilizer
Power and signal transmission
Actuators Pitch axis
Controllers, sensors Roll axis

Integration aspects
[Global Express]
Criticality of loss or control over aircraft
-> redundancy
Loads on control surfaces
Space available for actuators

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FLIGHT CONTROL FORCE

Pilot has to move the control surfaces against the aerodynamic load
The load on the control surface is called “hinge moment”:

Hinge moment:

Hinge moment coefficient:

Dynamic pressure
2
Aircraft velocity
Control surface area
Control surface chord
, Aerodynamic coefficients
Aircraft angle of attack
Control surface deflection angle

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FLIGHT CONTROL PRINCIPLES

Manuel (contrôle direct)

Augmenté (contrôle assisté, réversion manuelle)

Assistée (contrôle assisté)

Assistée avec augmentation de stabilité

Assistée avec augmentation de stabilité et rétroaction

électrique

Assistée avec « Command by wire »

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PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM
EXAMPLE: GLOBAL EXPRESS

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HYDRAULIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS
HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS

A Hydraulic Actuator (also called a linear

hydraulic motor) is a mechanical actuator
A B
that is used to give a unidirectional force
through a unidirectional stroke.
Two types of hydraulic cylinder exist:
Balanced cylinder: generates the same
output force in both directions of movement
Differential cylinder: more load in one
direction than the other
A B

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 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS
VALVES

Valves are required to control amount,

pressure and direction of fluid flow
Many different types of valves are used
in hydraulic circuits
The most common are:
Servo valves
Shut-off valves
Pressure relief valves
Priority valves
Servo valves provide closed loop flow or
pressure response to an electrical or
electronic control signal.

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HYDRAULIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS
SIMPLE ACTUATOR CONTROL

Shut Off valve for

emergency closing
Servo valve for control
Pressure Relief Valve
to limit pressure build
up

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PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM
ACTUATOR TECHNOLOGIES

Actuation technologies:
Mechanically controlled hydraulic powered (HMA)
Central hydraulic power
Electrically controlled hydraulic powered (EHSA) –>
supply required
fly-by-wire actuation
Electrical Back-up hydraulic actuator (EBHA)
Electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA) Central electrical power
Electro-mechanic actuator (EMA) supply required
[Airbus –A380]

EHA EHSA
[GE Aviation: Electro-hydraulic Servo
Actuator for Primary Flight Controls]

[D.Van Den Bossche

– Airbus –A380]

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FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM
FLY-BY-WIRE

Pilotes ne sont plus connectés aux surfaces de contrôle

Élimination des câbles, poulies et lignes hydrauliques
Élimination de systèmes secondaires (yaw damper, rudder limiter, etc.)
Câblage électrique plus facile à disposer
Protection d’enveloppe
Entretien plus simple
Commonalité des cockpits (common crew rating)
Réduction des charges sur l’aile
Marges statiques réduites
Dispendieux

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HIGH-LIFT SYSTEM
OVERVIEW

Functions
Allow safe take-off and landing at low
speeds
Principle: increase lift and low speed
performance of the wing
Major subsystems [Ref 2 - Global Express]

Control Surfaces: Flaps, Slats

Actuators
Power and Signal transmission
Controllers
Synchronization
Difference to primary Flight Controls
Discrete surface settings
Synchronization of left and right wing
essential
[Ref 3 – CRJ700]

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HIGH-LIFT SYSTEM
PRINCIPLES
Track Slat: Track Flap:
lift coefficient

flap
slat

Clean wing Krueger Slat: Linkage Flap:

aircraft angle of attack

Dropped Hinge Flap:

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HIGH LIFT SYSTEM
EXAMPLE: A320

[Liebherr PCU]

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ACTUATORS
BALLSCREW ACTUATORS (MECHANICAL ACTUATOR)

A ball screw is a mechanical linear

actuator that translates rotational
motion to linear motion with little
friction
The ball assembly acts as the nut while
the threaded shaft is the screw
A threaded shaft provides a spiral raceway
for ball bearings which act as a precision
screw.
Can apply or withstand high loads with
minimum internal friction.
They are made to close tolerances and
are therefore suitable for use in situations
in which high precision is necessary.

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SLAT ACTUATION SYSTEM
EXAMPLE

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 AER1200
Caractéristiques des Aéronefs
Introduction aux systèmes d’avion
Systèmes de train d’atterrissage

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LANDING GEAR SYSTEMS Landing Gear
OVERVIEW and Systems:
ATA 32
Functions:
Allow aircraft ground maneuvering
Optimize aerodynamic configuration
Major subsystems:
Steering
Extension/retraction system
Braking and Anti-Skid
Landing gear door(s) system(s)
Integration aspects:
Weight: the landing gear corresponds
to 8-15% of the aircraft empty weight
Aircraft configuration
Noise
Drag

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LANDING GEAR SYSTEMS
Functions & Design criteria
CONVENTIONAL GEAR CONFIGURATION
Ground maneuvering (taxi, start, landing):
Geometry and configuration of the landing gear
regarding:
– Aircraft (weight, center of gravity, dimensions)
– Runway conditions and requirements for start and
landing
– Dynamic behavior of the aircraft (stability and loads
or acceleration during taxiing)

Absorption of kinetic energy:

TRICYCLE GEAR CONFIGURATION
Vertical: shock absorber and tires
Horizontal: braking system
Steering:
Ground maneuvering low speed
Start and landing roll correction for high speed
ground movement
Load transmission between ground and
fuselage

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Landing gear configuration
Design criteria examples

Example: constraints for landing gear height

and longitudinal placement

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 LANDING GEAR SYSTEMS
SUBSYSTEMS

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Landing Gear Systems
TECHNOLOGIES

Conventionally landing gear systems are

HYDRAULICALLY powered systems
Within the “more electric aircraft” trend, research is
focusing on electrical actuation, using EMA:
Electric brakes
Electrical steering Example: Wheeltug [www]

Electric extension and retraction

Other research & development focuses on how the
aircraft is moving on ground
Avoiding/reducing to use the aircraft engines
Integrating motors directly in the wheels
– Recovering brake energy (as for hybrid cars)

EMA: electro-mechanical actuator AER1200

Winter 2015
NOSE LANDING GEAR
ELEMENTS
Extend / Retract
Actuator

Feedback sensor
Drag brace
with downlock Aft door
attachment rod

Downlock assist springs

Torque links

Steering actuator

Towing attachment pins

Shock strut

Uplock pin
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 MAIN LANDING GEAR
ELEMENTS

Main Landing Gear, Cantilever configuration

Uplock
Wheel Well Bin
Alternate MLG
Release Cable MLG Trunnion Fitting

Extension/Retraction
Actuator
Auxiliary Actuator
Main Gear Door
Down-lock Actuator Brake Temp Sensor
Folding Side Stay Assy

Shock Strut Assy

Braked
Torque Link
Wheel Assy
Shimmy Damper (2 plc)

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MAIN LANDING GEAR
SHOCK STRUT

Oleo-pneumatic unit
Gaseous nitrogen and hydraulic fluid
combination
Absorb the shock on landing, take-off and
taxiing condition
Filler valve is providing on top for servicing

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NOSE LANDING GEAR
TYPICAL STEERING SYSTEM SOLUTIONS

Mechanical Servo-hydraulic steering system

steering system

Cable or push-rod a) « banana » steering Rack and pinion

b) Oscillating cylinder

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NOSE LANDING GEAR
STEERING SYSTEM

Rack and Pinion Steering System Push Pull Steering System

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LANDING GEAR
EXTENSION/RETRACTION SYSTEM

Landing Gear Alternate

Release Cables

Extension/retraction of the nose and main landing

gear and doors is most commonly performed with
hydraulic actuators
Emergency Extension System is mechanically
sequenced to ensure proper release of the landing
gear from their uplocks:
– Single action handle provided in the cockpit
– Mechanically actuates a bypass valve to shuttle
landing gear hydraulic pressure to return
– Mechanically releases the MLG uplock assembly
– Mechanically actuates the downlock assist valve to
provide pressure from hydraulic system #2 to the
MLG auxiliary actuator and to the NLG manual
release actuator to unlock the NLG
– The MLG extends with assistance from the auxiliary
actuator while the NLG free-falls with spring-loaded
downlock assist

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LANDING GEAR
BRAKING SYSTEM

Conventional Braking System

Pilot and co-pilot brake Pilot Co-Pilot
pedals are mechanically Parking
linked to a Brake Brake
Metering Valve
Antiskid Control Unit
provides the Antiskid
Hyd. Hyd.
protection via an Antiskid
Sys.#2 Dual Brake Dual Brake Sys.#3
Control Control
Valve
Valve Auto Valve
Brake-by-wire system Accum. Brake on Accum.
Anti-Skid: Retraction
The antiskid reducesReturn Return
aircraft stopping Anti-skid Anti-skid Parking
distance Control Control Shut-off Valve
Increase available Valve Valve
Volumetric Fuses
cornering force under
the most severe
runway condition, to
provide to the tire the
capability of producing
a fixed amount of
friction force LH Obd LH Ibd RH Ibd RH Obd

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WHEELS & BRAKES

Installation

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TIRE

Tire construction

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TIRE FAILURES

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 BOEING 747

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AIRBUS A380

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ANTONOV 124

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ANTONOV 225

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REFERENCES

Aircraft Landing Gear Design: Principles and Practices, N.S. Currey, AIAA Education Series
Chai, S. and Mason, W., "Landing Gear Integration in Aircraft Conceptual Design," Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 1996.
Conway, H. G., “Landing Gear Design,” Chapman & Hall, London, 1958.
Landing Gear Integration in an Industrial Multi-Disciplinary Optimization Environment, A. Tfaily, K.
Huynh, P. Piperni, and S. Liscouet-Hanke, SAE AeroTech, September 24-26 2013, Montreal, Canada

AER1200
Winter 2015
SYSTEM TESTING
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67 AER1200
Winter 2015