coendinata system,

Jn Culincbucal

2 et(E)

P ) + P t PVe)+2(pv)
2 P )

Sn cylincbrical Bystem
becemes
e9uoh bn
Centnut
2P
wndesand Covtinuuty qyuctièn physically, se
Cobsuue)
Cin cylindicalsystm)
beleus ouaqam
mhad net mass
Medle

dz

e + P)
M
+ p)AV
dn
nde
2pdv) + nutmass

elux =0
 gnoral contudy eq

(p2) =o

-(p) + P a(v,p)

+tp) = o
2

Cnapt o buam unhon

Jncenpreable l o (2-D los)

S )o
- , +)

dsina sbuam tuncthon ( . y , t )

uch that.
U
 conditton is inherutad tn
Ao Centiuuty
do
+).
Y(7,y,t).
it w dns
th pussitn,

O + d
d
for strady
l o )

-vdn udy
atitn stuamli'ns

d
o h i s (impliss chong in P
Streamun d O.
alen
aleng a

Constont fon a partiular

uamine.
 8
(haht of
Aldo
-Odi
Covdrl usume
n Z diwn
1)
-vdx
d u dy
y
- udy-vda)

this implis, d na in Attwamline,

giues he leus Jhate

pe wnct Janath
length
behstern 2 stwambinss.
Cerctiy eq Jnteqrated fown
mass lun
Net rote
mass i l u r
plem CV
KCortrd
suoaea JJev.dA

ncuasa omaas in CV.

Nc sate ot
JJJ (pav)
e
Centrudty e)
dV+P.n
dA =o
A

s Condoed
Moss
G . n dA = O

incenpruAble klouo
à
oulume

.R dA = Cemsoued

sbuamunns

A
PA 3 atady
J flow
t r AzV,
A AV
incomppraible los)
len's equation leal lour)
p t d z

(System)
Bedy
P+Of dr mass
P
X-Kx
P +XzR

m Pdxdydz

m a 2F
m ay
maz fz

pdadgdz Du
-
Payda
-

(P+ 3 dr)y
O
+Pdrdydz Xz

Du
&z diucin
Idy orf
D
D
P
2

D
 Lew we con sut,

2P
u

tw 0 . y. 2P
u v 2

aP

Spldtd modeua d o u i t i e

Cenueetiue
dauvotiw
deuiatiu

tenperal &
to uler Equotien)

xcte ear D - -yf

ut +wk

X+XytX2R

n Cylindbutal CS,
Ve
Dt
D
D

DE
-

D
 ulo's equotien
aleng #
aPtar suamlin

raAAs
A
4& )4A
( P 43 P4s)4A
-(P+2P
PAA
PAA AS
D - p a A a s g coe

Co in

bauemes new

P d
O

eyneld's Iranspot Theorem

extensine)
(tim) ohanga o any pperty fe
Rat
Cystem
Rote oChangr el hi ppety
wuthin he Cortrl tume +
he
hu net rate O u
thu Contrel valumt.
poeperty em
 N Preperty nP nass

DN PdV +nPdA
Dt /sustm CV C

Ahis tonm 0
stead fle
Cenatdton mass

0
Om0 Nm nn1

aA
ed N
+Jje5.
A

Ensmottn u n a t mermentum

n
N m

Dm vyum
CV A
D+
p AV +p (s.d2)
dt
CV A

memerdum theorem)
Conseruwation of memuntum (onqudan)

N m (x)

*) Bptem =, 1(l pRxo)dy

6
D L V

+ SP(®x3)T.d
Tenqua)T

CS
Censeouotion o enea
8 -S SE
AE
- AE
ystm
Sw dE
olt

RT snm
epdV + ep
DE CS
Dt/ stm CV

1epdV+ S p d
8 CV
CS
8t
CV.
eq" so
a
entay
inol
pro
 dn

f fA
W fd
PA d
PAd
m PAdn

pussure
l e u werk,
en

eu ++
SW
DE
Dt 8ptam
6

CV

+fa +92)ps.
C
 stamine
neng cq alon a

3P
8,t)
P-Pls,t)
AS

steady flow-
dt
d ods
ds

Wok dene - f ds

d ds - J ds
d
ds

2
J C
E +C

ó theemprussihlk ,

uud a
9 csalong
Atuamline

( 3 - J . (ompresATble
O teodg
@ Sdeal flos iauuty bedy
only bedy
4CO OAumgtiens
l o ca" ehtamline
 enaulli eq" fp a a vMsces fAud

+
Pa 2

Pa
du to fsiction
h Loss ohead
head lost

hsad enaj haghet

neteS n Lunea memertum

FM h

D m Systom fetornl
pdv+ (3p(
cV

a0nt tnerhal{
eleaity of qlud
o mo e t n c e .

elochy oleuw wnt

uclatiu
Cemduo elume

(orstouidy <guotièn (
gtnuval)
Side nett
pAv+ n)dA -o
 Memerchum flux fo Maticrnony CV
T p ( T . i ) dA

CS
Bussueeice
pruusuoe s unifotm
P-A) dA (=o if
CS
pame
n nen-invd cal
Memertum e
eq

dh apul
a
(inedtial)
olt
Cocal'e
Owrt
O)
S + XR
u+ dd t + x
dih d R

d
Ounglan
z
Occele

2 KVrul t cxxR)
(ceuelis) (Cebujpdal)
memetum eq" becoms
ne

2 f - o dm
CV
CV
a Pav) *J%uP%nA
on n t Paqe
 d x + 23
d +xx)_
dxR+ d dt
Vul tin
uelume 8 fid e take
Cercbel taki vi(ulbai
otherurse w e
Secend tintegral,
LOt inwhal f a m e )

contburl velume
lgenaral)
defemahlk
bc, e
3pdv)+ CS
c

Ne dite
m a m u n t u m

Cansuuatitn

Censider
equatrien (LM
(LM) >

(pav)+ TP )dA
dt

nitten
0s-
b
ConC o n
dz ditferumdial
2p)dx dy lemevd.
 mementum în{lur con be tten as
PwT drdy0
py bdxdz
+
put dy d +
Hhis v is
efperet han V/

memertum Geuttlux
dz +|put+2*dy
puis+puis) dxldy
dr dz

pw+ (pwt)dz|dxdy
-

nfbun )
eflux (ntflun
ou3)+2(pud) +2(pw®]dadydz
momentum

didnt understand fthis

yeu

pat, Leók at pre f difforent'ad

Contthudy ea
Com Wute,
Nes s e

drdydr (PU)+2 (Pui+ 2.(po

F
po
 an be utten a-
brackd tom
Abene
t)+2(Pwv)
(puT)42 (pe
) +
V2 +.(p®)|+2+u3 +u0

by conttnucdy en
b tom 0.
this tom he

teral accelh of ths partda -

u p y i n g CV
at M a t insot
o abeuL phsstm

dt
drdy dz
t

twms,
Can
h dindad

srfaa foas
forces
e a &
berdt
berdt fores
qnautotdnal once
gnautatbnal
a

body etas magrtè foree,etc.

lectrectatt e ,
Can Wute,
enbedy

dtgravit Pg dadydz
thoa ant o)
Gthan o u (
Similorty
tor deoueactoltca
 43 Thc Diflerential Fquation of Lincar Momentum 225

The surface forces are due to the stresses on the sides of the control surface. These
stresses, as discussed in Chap. 2, are the sum of hydrostatic pressure plus viscous
stresses T which arise fron motion with
velocity gradients
T Tyx T
Try Ty (4.24)
Tyz PtT

The subscript notation for stresses is gven in Fig. 4.3.

I is not these stresses but their gradicnts, or differences, which cause a net force
on the differential control surface. This is seen by referring to Fig. 4,4, which shows

xy

Ozx

G=Stress inj
direction on a face
Fig. 4.3 Notation for stresses. normal toi axis

(Oyx dy)
dy dx d:

a, dx dy

a,, dy d : - (, d) dy d:

, d d

Fig. 4.4 Elemental carte ian fied

Control volume showing the urfae
forces in the x direction only.
dr) de dvy
only the -directed stresses to avoid cluttering up the drawing. For example, the left-
ward force o,, dy d: on the left face is balanced by the rightward force , dy dz on
the right face, leaving only the net rightward force (ao,Jür) dr dy dz on the right face.
The same thing happens on the other four faces, so that the nct surface force in the x
direction is given by

dFur ()+ dy(,)+(o,) dx dy d (4.25)

We see that this force is proportional to the element volume. Notice that the stress terms
are taken from the top row of the aray in Eq. (4.24). Splitting this row into pressure
plus viscous stresses, we can rewrite Eq. (4.25) as

dE= dP
ox
+ )+(7)+(7a)
dy
(4.26)

In exactly similar manner, we can derive the y and z forces per unit volume on the
control surface

d=P
dy
+
dx
(T) +Ty)+
dy )
dF
dV (4.27)
ay
Now we multiply Eqs. (4.26) and (4.27) by i, j, and k, respectively, and add to obtain
an expression for the net vector surface force
(d

dVsur -Vp +
=

(4.28)
VISCOus

where the viscous force has a total of nine terms:

dF =i 4+ dT+
viscousS ox ay z

+iT + dTy4 T;
+ax dy dz

dT Ty d7
+ x dy (4.29)
Since cach term in
parentheses in (4.29) represents the
nent vector
divergence of a stress-compo-
acting on the x, y, and z laces, respectively, Eq. (4.29) is sometimes ex
pressed in divergence formn

V Ti
/ viscoUs (4.30)

Ty T.
where Tiy Tay Tyy T:y
(4.31)
Tyz T
 4 Dhtlerential Eiquuation of Lancar Momentum227

s the visu stess iensN atung m the clement. The surface foree is thus the sum of
t rssarr gradeni v t r and the dvergene of the viseeus stress tenson. Substitut-
ing unto Eg 4and utulizmg Ey (4.23), we have the hasic dhtterential momentum
quatn tix an nfinmtesimal element

TP T P 4.32)
dt

whe (4.33)
a:
We can also epres Eq. (4.3) in wonds:

Gravity fone e r unit volume + pressure forre per unit volume

VISOUs tore perunit volumc = density X acceleration

(4.34)
Equation (4.32) is so brief and compact that its inherent complexity is almost invisi-
ble. It is a vector oquation. each of whose component equations contains nine terms.
Let us therefore write out the component equations in full to illustrate the mathemati-
cal ditficulties inherent in the momentum
equation:
P = A+u *"
PS (4.35)

PS

This is the differential momentum equation in is full glory, and it is valid for any fluid
in any general motion. particular fluids being characterized by particular viscous-stress
terms. Note that the last three "convective" terms on the right-hand side of each com-
ponent equation in (4.35) are nonlinear. which complicates the general mathematical
analysis.

Inviscid Flow: Euler's Equation Equation (4.35) is not ready to use until we write the viscous stresses in terms of ve-
locity components. The simplest assumption is frictionless tlow 7 = 0. for which Eq.
(4.35) reduces to

P-Tp =p (4.36)
This is Euler's equation for inviscid low. We show in Sec. 4.9 that Euler's
equation
can be integrated along a streamline to yield the frictionless Bernoulli equation, (3.75)
or (3.77). The comnplete analysis of inviscid flow fields, using continuity and the
Bernoulli relation, is given in Chap. 8.

Newtonian Fluid: For a newtonian fluid, as discussed in Sec. 1.7, the viscous stresses are proportional to
Navier-Stokes Equations the element strain rates and he cocfficient of viscosity. For incompressible flow, the
generalization of Eq. (1.23) to three-dimensional viscous flow is

w
T 2u Ty2u T 2u
dy

du dw du
+ TN Tx (4.37)
dx

du dw
TyTzy = ay
dy
where is the viscosity coefficient. Substitution into Eq. (4.35) gives the differential
momentum equation for a newtonian fluid with constant density and viscosity
u au du
PS
ap+ax 2 P d

pS ap +ax
ay
, P du
di (4.38)

PS ap+ax 4w+ P
dw
dt
These are the Navier-Stokes equations, named after C. L. M. H. Navier (1785-1836)
and Sir George G. Stokes (1819-1903), who are credited with their derivation. They
are second-order nonlinear partial differential equations and are quite formidable, but
surprisingly many solutions have been found to a variety of interesting viscous-flow
problems. some of whichare discussed in Sec. 4.11 and in Chap. 6 (see also Refs. 4

and 5). For compressible flow, see eq. (2.29) of Ref. 5.

Equation (4.38) has four unknowns: p, u, u, and w. It should be combined with the
incompressible continuity relation (4.12) to form in these four unknowns.
fourequations
We shall discuss this again in See. 4.6, which presents the appropriate boundary con-
ditions for these equations.