Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
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". . . all procedures involving partial or total removal of the female ". ... toutes les procédures impliquant l'ablation partielle ou totale des organes génitaux
external genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for externes de la femme ou toute autre lésion des organes génitaux féminins pour des
non-medical reasons." raisons non médicales".
It is estimated that more than 125 million girls and women have On estime que plus de 125 millions de filles et de femmes ont subi une forme ou une
undergone some form of genital mutilation/cutting, and more than autre de mutilation génitale ou d'excision, et plus de trois millions de filles, rien qu'en
three million girls in Africa alone are at risk of undergoing the Afrique, risquent de subir cette pratique chaque année.
practice every year.
En 2012, l'Assemblée générale des Nations unies a adopté une résolution visant à
In 2012, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution intensifier les efforts mondiaux pour l'élimination des mutilations génitales féminines et
to intensify global efforts for the elimination of FGM/C. This course de l'excision. Ce cours mettra en lumière les leçons tirées de la position mondiale unifiée
will highlight the lessons learned from the unified, global stance en faveur de l'élimination des MGF/E, en plus de présenter des pratiques prometteuses et
towards the elimination of FGM/C, in addition to outlining promising des études de cas.
practices and case studies.
Sources : OMS 2008 ; UNICEF 2013
Sources: WHO 2008; UNICEF 2013
Terminology Terminologie
Despite more than 30 years of advocacy work, the terms used to Malgré plus de 30 ans de travail de sensibilisation, les termes utilisés pour décrire cette
describe the practice (e.g., "mutilation" and "cutting") are still the pratique (par exemple, "mutilation" et "coupure") font toujours l'objet de débats.
subject of debate.
Certains craignent que les parents n'en veuillent pas à l'idée qu'ils "mutilent" leurs
Some fear that parents may resent the implication that they are filles. Le terme "mutilation" est moins critique et correspond mieux aux termes
"mutilating" their daughters. The term "cutting" is less judgmental utilisés dans de nombreuses langues locales.
and corresponds better to terms used in many local languages.
Cependant, de nombreuses organisations et militants pour la santé et les droits
However, many women's health and human rights organizations and humains des femmes utilisent le terme "mutilation" non seulement pour décrire la
activists use "mutilation" not only to describe the practice but also to pratique mais aussi pour souligner la violation fondamentale des droits humains des
underscore the basic violation of women's human rights. femmes.
Previously, some referred to the practice as "circumcision" to equate Auparavant, certains qualifiaient la pratique de "circoncision" pour assimiler l'E/MGF
FGM/C to male circumcision. However, this term obscures the à la circoncision masculine. Cependant, ce terme occulte les graves effets physiques
serious physical and psychological effects of cutting women's et psychologiques de l'excision des organes génitaux des femmes et ne fait pas la
genitals and fails to distinguish between the various types of cutting. distinction entre les différents types d'excision.
En raison de ce débat permanent, l'USAID utilise le terme "mutilation génitale
Due to this continual debate, USAID uses "female genital féminine/excision". Notez que ce terme ne se traduit pas directement dans de
mutilation/cutting." Note that this term does not directly translate nombreuses langues indigènes. Les personnes qui pratiquent l'E/MGF peuvent avoir
into many indigenous languages. Those who practice FGM/C may des conceptions très différentes de cette pratique, et utilisent donc des descriptions
have very different conceptions about the practice, and therefore et des termes différents pour la désigner.
use different descriptions and terms for it. Source : FNUAP 2015
Source: UNFPA 2015a
Highlight Mettre en évidence
“Efforts to empower women cannot begin with using language that "Les efforts visant à renforcer l'autonomie des femmes ne peuvent pas commencer
offends them.” — Rainbo.org par l'utilisation d'un langage qui les offense". - Rainbo.org
"Les mutilations génitales féminines visent les petites filles, les bébés filles - des anges
"Female genital mutilation targets little girls, baby girls—fragile fragiles qui sont impuissants, qui ne peuvent pas se défendre. C'est un crime contre
angels who are helpless, who cannot fight back. It's a crime against a
un enfant, un crime contre l'humanité. C'est un abus. C'est absolument criminel et
child, a crime against humanity. It's abuse. It's absolutely criminal
nous devons y mettre un terme". - Waris Dirie
and we have to stop it." — Waris Dirie
Ces deux citations soulignent les sentiments passionnés concernant la terminologie
Both of these quotes underscore the passionate feelings regarding utilisée pour décrire les MGF/E.
the terminology used to describe FGM/C.
Types of FGM/C Types de MGF/E
Female genital mutilation comprises all procedures involving partial Les mutilations génitales féminines comprennent toutes les procédures impliquant
or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to l'ablation partielle ou totale des organes génitaux externes de la femme ou d'autres
the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. lésions des organes génitaux féminins pour des raisons non médicales.
En 2008, la déclaration commune OMS/UNICEF/FNUAP a classé les mutilations
In 2008, the WHO/UNICEF/UNFPA Joint Statement classified female
génitales féminines en quatre types :
genital mutilation into four types:
Type I
Type I
Type II
Type II
Type III Type III
Type IV Type IV
Although the extent of genital tissue cutting generally increases Bien que l'étendue de la coupe des tissus génitaux augmente généralement du type I
from Type I to III, there are exceptions. Severity and risk are closely au type III, il existe des exceptions. La gravité et le risque sont étroitement liés à
related to the anatomical extent of the cutting, including both the l'étendue anatomique de la coupure, y compris le type et la quantité de tissu coupé,
type and amount of tissue that is cut, which may vary between the qui peuvent varier selon les types.
types. Le type IV comprend une grande variété de pratiques qui n'entraînent pas l'ablation
de tissus des organes génitaux.
Type IV comprises a large variety of practices that do not remove Les filles et les femmes ne savent pas toujours avec certitude quelle procédure a été
tissue from the genitals. pratiquée sur elles. En outre, l'ampleur de l'excision peut varier considérablement
d'une communauté à l'autre en fonction des conditions dans lesquelles la pratique
Girls and women may not always be certain which procedure was
est pratiquée, de l'instrument utilisé et du praticien.
performed on them. Moreover, the extent of the cutting may vary
significantly from community to community depending upon the Les pages suivantes fournissent plus de détails sur les différences entre les quatre
conditions in which the practice is performed, the instrument used, types de MGF/E.
and the practitioner. Sources : OMS 1997 ; OMS 2015a
The following pages will provide more details about the differences
between the four types of FGM/C.
This practice is also referred to as clitoridectomy. Cette pratique est également appelée clitoridectomie.
Source: WHO 2008 Source : OMS 2008
Highlights Faits marquants
Type I is the most common among countries that practice FGM/C. Le type I est le plus courant parmi les pays qui pratiquent l'E/MGF. Source : UNICEF 2005 ;
Source: UNICEF 2005; UNFPA 2015a FNUAP 2015a
Type II Type II
Type II: Refers to the partial or total removal of the clitoris and the Type II : ablation partielle ou totale du clitoris et des petites lèvres, avec ou sans excision
labia minora, with or without excision (surgical removal or cutting) (ablation ou coupe chirurgicale) des grandes lèvres. La zone affectée est surlignée en
of the labia majora. The affected area is highlighted in orange. orange. Source : OMS 2008
Source: WHO 2008
Faits marquants
Highlight Dans un certain nombre de pays, tels que le Burkina Faso, le Cameroun, la Sierra Leone, le
In a number of countries, such as Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Sierra Ghana, la Guinée-Bissau, le Kenya et le Mali, l'excision du clitoris (type II) est le plus
Leone, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, and Mali, excision of the clitoris fréquemment pratiquée. Source : UNICEF 2013)
(Type II) is most frequently practiced. Source: UNICEF 2013a
Le saviez-vous ?
Did you know? En français, le terme "excision" est souvent utilisé comme un terme général couvrant tous
In French, the term "excision" is often used as a general term covering les types de mutilation génitale féminine/excision. Source : OMS 2015b
all types of female genital mutilation/cutting. Source: WHO 2015b
Type III and Type IV Type III et type IV
Type III: Refers to the narrowing of the vaginal orifice, with creation Type III : Rétrécissement de l'orifice vaginal, avec création d'un sceau de recouvrement,
of a covering seal, by cutting and sewing the labia minora and/or the par coupe et couture des petites lèvres et/ou des grandes lèvres - avec ou sans excision
labia majora together—with or without excision of the clitoris. The du clitoris. La zone affectée est mise en évidence en orange.
affected area is highlighted in orange.
Cette pratique est également appelée infibulation.
This practice is also referred to as infibulation.
Type IV : Désigne toutes les autres procédures préjudiciables aux organes génitaux
Type IV: Refers to all other harmful procedures to the female féminins à des fins non médicales (par exemple, piqûre, perçage, incision, grattage et
genitalia for non-medical purposes (e.g., pricking, piercing, incising, cautérisation).
scraping, and cauterization).
Les raisons, le contexte, les conséquences et les risques des diverses pratiques
The reasons, context, consequences, and risks of the various regroupées sous le type IV varient énormément. Ces pratiques sont généralement moins
practices subsumed under Type IV vary enormously. These practices bien connues et étudiées que les types I, II et III.
are generally less well known and studied than Types I, II, and III.
Source: WHO 2008 Source : OMS 2008
Highlight
In Somalia, Eritrea, Niger, Djibouti, and Senegal, more than one Faits marquants
out of five girls has undergone Type III (infibulation). En Somalie, en Erythrée, au Niger, à Djibouti et au Sénégal, plus d'une fille sur cinq a
Source: UNICEF 2013a subi une infibulation de type III.
Source : UNICEF 2013a
Sources: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre 2005; UNICEF 2005; Sources : Centre de recherche Innocenti de l'UNICEF 2005 ; UNICEF 2005 ; UNICEF
UNICEF 2013a 2013a
After taking the Knowledge Recap, you’ll get to review the correct
answers, and in some cases, read an explanation.
Question 1 de 6
How many types of FGM/C currently exist?
In this session, we highlight some country-specific prevalence rates as Dans cette session, nous mettons en évidence certains taux de prévalence spécifiques à des
well as in-country variations and discuss the challenges to measuring pays ainsi que les variations au sein des pays et nous discutons des défis que pose la mesure
FGM/C prevalence. de la prévalence de l'E/MGF.
Global Prevalence Rates Knowledge Check Taux de prévalence mondiale - Vérification des connaissances
Before starting this session, take this quiz to test your awareness of this Avant de commencer cette session, répondez à ce quiz pour tester vos connaissances sur ce
subject. sujet.
The Knowledge Check introduces you to course session material and Le contrôle des connaissances vous présente le matériel de la session de cours et vous permet
allows you to test your initial understanding of the subject matter. de tester votre compréhension initiale du sujet.
1 de 3
According to DHS, which of the following countries are in Group 1 with a
FGM/C prevalence rate of 80% or more? Ghana ; Cameroon ; Egypt ;
Guinea et Both c and d
2 de 3
The most reliable and extensive data on the prevalence and nature of
FGM/C are provided by: Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) ;
Sample population surveys et Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS)
Both a and c
3 de 3
It is important to consider disaggregated data by country/region
because national prevalence averages can disguise significant in-country
variations in FGM/C prevalence rates. Vrai Faux
The table provides recent data from DHS and MICS, indicating that Le tableau présente des données récentes provenant des EDS et des MICS, indiquant que
FGM/C prevalence varies significantly from country to country, la prévalence des MGF/E varie considérablement d'un pays à l'autre , allant de
from as low as 1% in Cameroon and Uganda to as high as 98% in 1 % au Cameroun et en Ouganda à 98 % en Somalie, 96 % en Guinée et 93 % à Djibouti.
Somalia, 96% in Guinea, and 93% in Djibouti.
Source : EDS et MICS, indiquant que la prévalence des MGF/E varie considérablement
Source: PRB 2014 d'un pays à l'autre, de 1 % au Cameroun et en Ouganda à 98 % en Somalie, 96 % en
Guinée et 93 % à Djibouti : PRB 2014
FGM/C Prevalence in Africa
The majority of girls at risk of undergoing FGM/C live in Africa and Prévalence de l'E/MGF en Afrique
the Middle East. In Africa, these countries form a broad band from La majorité des filles qui risquent de subir l'E/MGF vivent en Afrique et au Moyen-Orient.
Senegal in the west to Somalia in the east. En Afrique, ces pays forment une large bande allant du Sénégal à l'ouest à la Somalie à
l'est.
Source: UNICEF 2013a
Source : UNICEF 2013a
Country Groupings by Prevalence Rates
Often countries are discussed and examined based on their prevalence rates.
As a result, five general groupings have been established:
What Disaggregated Data Reveals Ce que révèlent les données désagrégées
Although the five groupings are useful in providing a broad sense Bien que les cinq groupes soient utiles pour donner une idée générale de la pratique
of the practice in each country for which national-level data are dans chaque pays pour lequel des données de niveau national sont disponibles, les
available, DHS and MICS also permit national-level data to be EDS et les MICS permettent également de ventiler les données de niveau national par
disaggregated by age group, urban-rural residence, household groupe d'âge, résidence urbaine ou rurale, richesse des ménages, éducation des
wealth, women's education, and region or province. femmes et région ou province.
La possibilité d'analyser les données désagrégées sur la prévalence est d'une
The possibility of analyzing the disaggregated data on importance cruciale car les moyennes nationales peuvent dissimuler d'importantes
prevalence is of crucial importance because national averages variations à l'intérieur d'un pays, comme illustré ci-dessous.
can disguise significant in-country variation, as illustrated below.
Example of FGM/C Prevalence within Senegal Exemple de la prévalence de l'E/MGF au Sénégal
Senegal provides an excellent example of in-country variation. Le Sénégal offre un excellent exemple de variation à l'intérieur d'un même pays.
FGM/C Prevalence in the United States Prévalence des MGF/E aux États-Unis
The Population Reference Bureau (2015) reports that more than Selon le Population Reference Bureau (2015), plus de 500 000 femmes et filles aux
500,000 women and girls in the United States are estimated to be États-Unis seraient concernées ou menacées par les MGF/E. Ce nombre a plus que
affected by or at risk of FGM/C. This number has more than doublé depuis 2000. Les principales raisons de cette prévalence croissante sont la
doubled since 2000. The main reasons for the increasing croissance démographique et l'augmentation de l'immigration internationale, en
prevalence include population growth and increased particulier en provenance des pays africains.
international immigration, especially from African countries.
Il existe généralement trois types de cas qui touchent les femmes aux États-Unis :
There are generally three types of cases that affect women in the
US: Les immigrantes : Les cas les plus fréquents concernent des femmes immigrées qui
s'installent aux États-Unis, mais qui ont déjà subi une MGF/E dans leur lieu de
Immigrants: The most common cases involve immigrant naissance.
women who move to the US, but had already
undergone FGM/C in their birthplaces. L'excision en vacances : Il s'agit souvent d'enfants d'immigrés, qui sont envoyés à
l'étranger (souvent en se faisant dire qu'ils partent en "vacances") pour y subir
Vacation cutting: This often involves children of immigrants, l'intervention. En 2013, une loi fédérale a rendu illégal pour les parents/tuteurs
who are sent abroad (often being told they are going on d'envoyer sciemment leurs filles à l'étranger pour qu'elles subissent une MGF/E.
“vacation”) to have the procedure done. In 2013, a federal law
made it illegal for parents/guardians to knowingly send their Sous terre : Bien que la pratique de la MGF/E soit illégale aux États-Unis depuis 1996,
girls abroad to undergo FGM/C. dans certaines communautés, des professionnels de la santé pratiquent la MGF/E à la
Underground: Even though performing FGM/C has been illegal demande des parents. Dans d'autres cas, les parents font venir quelqu'un à la maison
in the US since 1996, in some communities, medical pour pratiquer l'intervention.
professionals will perform FGM/C at the request of parents.
Pour en savoir plus sur la pratique de la MGF/E en Amérique, consultez le site
Other times, parents will have someone come to the home to
Underground in America d'ABC News : FGM.
perform the procedure.
To learn more about the FGM/C practice in America, see ABC Sources: Equality Now 2015; PRB 2015
News’ Underground in America: FGM.
Bias: Selection bias is a huge factor, as the data only includes Biais : le biais de sélection est un facteur énorme, car les données ne comprennent
women who survived FGM/C. que les femmes qui ont survécu à l'E/MGF.
Recall: It may be impossible for some women to remember any Rappel : Il peut être impossible pour certaines femmes de se souvenir de détails
details regarding the experience, especially for those who had concernant l'expérience, en particulier pour celles qui ont subi l'intervention dans la
undergone the procedure in early childhood or infancy. petite enfance ou la petite enfance.
Cultural context: Certain common consequences may be
Contexte culturel : Certaines conséquences courantes peuvent être considérées
considered "normal" and not associated with the practice in
comme "normales" et non associées à la pratique dans les groupes où la prévalence
groups where FGM/C prevalence is high. For example, a
de l'E/MGF est élevée. Par exemple, un chercheur a un jour interrogé une femme qui
researcher once interviewed a woman who reported taking up
a déclaré avoir mis jusqu'à 15 minutes pour vider sa vessie pour être normale. Dans
to 15 minutes to empty her bladder to be normal. In a
une communauté où tout le monde est infibulé, cela peut ne pas être signalé comme
community where everyone is infibulated, this may not be
une "miction difficile".
reported as "difficult urination."
Fear: Women and girls may fear reporting that they (or their Peur : Les femmes et les filles peuvent craindre de déclarer qu'elles (ou leurs filles)
daughters) have undergone FGM/C, due to legal sensitivities. ont subi une MGF/E, en raison de sensibilités juridiques.
For all of these reasons, a number of hospital-based and Pour toutes ces raisons, un certain nombre d'études hospitalières et
epidemiological studies have been developed to provide a clearer épidémiologiques ont été développées afin de fournir une image plus claire des
picture of the health dimensions of this harmful practice. dimensions sanitaires de cette pratique nocive.
Sources: UNICEF 2013a; Morison and Scherf 2001; WHO 2006; Yoder Sources : UNICEF 2013a ; Morison et Scherf 2001 ; OMS 2006 ; Yoder et al 2008
et al 2008
Global Prevalence Rates Knowledge Recap
Now that you’ve completed this session, test your knowledge on this
subject. Taking this quiz will reinforce key points and identify gaps in
learning.
After taking the Knowledge Recap, you’ll get to review the correct
answers, and in some cases, read an explanation.
Question 1 de 4
According to DHS, which of the following countries
are in Group 1 with a FGM/C prevalence rate of 80%
or more?
Choisissez-en un Ghana Cameroon Egypt Guinea Both c and d
Question 2 de 4
The most reliable and extensive data on the
prevalence and nature of FGM/C are provided by:
Choisissez-en un Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)
Sample population surveys Multiple Indicator Cluster
Surveys (MICS) Both a and c
Question 3 de 4
Disaggregated data allow for the analysis of FGM/C
prevalence rates by:
Choisissez-en un Age group Urban-rural residence Ethnic
group Province All of the above
Question 4 de 43
It is important to consider disaggregated data by
country/region because national prevalence averages
can disguise significant in-country variations in
FGM/C prevalence rates.
Choisissez-en un Vrai Faux
You got 4 of 4 possible points.
Your score: 100 %
Socio-Demographic Factors Correlated with Facteurs sociodémographiques en corrélation avec l'E/MGF
FGM/C4 Cette session met en lumière les résultats des recherches con
This session highlights the research findings regarding the possible
correlations between different socio-demographic factors and FGM/C.
Ethnic groupings rarely correspond to clearly defined national and Les groupes ethniques correspondent rarement à des divisions administratives
international administrative divisions. nationales et internationales clairement définies.
Different groups that practice FGM/C may be present in the same Différents groupes qui pratiquent l'E/MGF peuvent être présents dans les mêmes
provinces or districts.
provinces ou districts.
In certain countries, inter-ethnic marriage has become increasingly
common. As a result, a sharp and stable boundary may not always Dans certains pays, le mariage interethnique est devenu de plus en plus courant. Par
exist between practicing and non-practicing ethnic groups. conséquent, une frontière nette et stable n'existe pas toujours entre les groupes
ethniques pratiquant l'E/MGF et ceux qui ne la pratiquent pas.
Ethnic groups may have subgroups that differ with respect to
FGM/C practices. Les groupes ethniques peuvent avoir des sous-groupes qui diffèrent en ce qui
concerne les pratiques de l'E/MGF.
Available survey data from 28 countries of both high and low Les données d'enquête disponibles dans 28 pays à forte et à faible prévalence
prevalence show that the expected prevalence of FGM/C is generally montrent que la prévalence attendue de la MGF/E est généralement plus élevée chez
highest among daughters of women with no education. FGM/C les filles de femmes sans éducation. La prévalence de l'E/MGF tend à diminuer
prevalence tends to decrease substantially as a mother’s considérablement lorsque le niveau d'éducation de la mère augmente.
educational level rises.
Le Soudan et la Somalie sont les seules exceptions. Dans ces pays, la prévalence des
Sudan and Somalia are the only exceptions. In these countries, the MGF/E est positivement corrélée à l'augmentation du niveau d'éducation des mères.
prevalence of FGM/C is positively correlated to increased mothers’
educational levels. Sources : Centre de recherche Innocenti de l'UNICEF 2007 ; UNICEF 2013a
Increasing international pressure for the abandonment of FGM/C Une pression internationale croissante pour l'abandon de l'E/MGF
Increasing number of anti-FGM/C national legislation Augmentation du nombre de législations nationales contre les MGF/E
Positive results from FGM/C abandonment interventions Résultats positifs des interventions en faveur de l'abandon des MGF/E
Underreporting of FGM/C practice due to legal sensitivities Sous-déclaration de la pratique des MGF/E en raison de sensibilités juridiques
It is worth noting that in countries with very low national FGM/C
Il convient de noter que dans les pays où la prévalence nationale des MGF/E est très
prevalence, the practice tends to be concentrated in select areas. In
faible, la pratique a tendance à se concentrer dans certaines zones. Au Ghana, en Irak et
Ghana, Iraq, and Togo, the region with the highest level of FGM/C in
au Togo, la région où le taux de MGF/E est le plus élevé dans chaque pays a connu une
each country experienced significant drops in prevalence between
baisse significative de la prévalence entre les femmes âgées de 45 à 49 ans et les filles de
women aged 45 to 49 and girls aged 15 to 19. However, clear
patterns of change across age groups have not been observed in 15 à 19 ans. Toutefois, on n'a pas observé de tendances claires de changement entre les
countries with low national prevalence, such as Cameroon, Niger, groupes d'âge dans les pays où la prévalence nationale est faible, comme le Cameroun, le
and Uganda. Niger et l'Ouganda.
Sources: UNFPA 2015a; UNICEF 2005; UNICEF 2013a Sources : UNICEF 2013a
Health Complications Knowledge Check Contrôle des connaissances sur les complications de santé
Before starting this session, take this quiz to test your awareness of Avant de commencer cette session, répondez à ce quiz pour tester vos connaissances
this subject. sur ce sujet.
The Knowledge Check introduces you to course session material and
allows you to test your initial understanding of the subject matter. Le contrôle des connaissances vous présente le matériel de la session de cours et vous
Question 1 de 3 permet de tester votre compréhension initiale du sujet.
Health consequences of FGM/C in a girl or woman
can depend on which of the following factors?
Example from the Field: The Gambia Exemple tiré du terrain : La Gambie
The Gambia is a moderately high FGM/C prevalence country, where La Gambie est un pays à prévalence modérément élevée de MGF/E, où trois filles et
three in four girls and women have undergone FGM/C. FGM/C is femmes sur quatre ont subi une MGF/E. La MGF/E est pratiquée sur les filles âgées de
carried out in girls aged from seven days up to preadolescence, and sept jours à la préadolescence, et généralement avant leurs premières règles. À ce jour, il
usually before their first menstruation. To date, there exists no n'existe pas de décret ou de législation nationale interdisant les MGF/E.
national decree or legislation banning FGM/C.
Une étude menée en Gambie, dans laquelle des données d'enquête et des données
A study conducted in The Gambia, in which survey and clinical data cliniques ont été recueillies auprès de 588 patientes, a révélé que les femmes ayant
were collected from 588 female patients, found that women with subi une MGF/E sont quatre fois plus susceptibles de souffrir de complications
FGM/C are four times more likely to suffer complications during pendant l'accouchement, et que leurs nouveau-nés sont quatre fois plus
delivery, and their newborns are four times more likely to have susceptibles de présenter des complications de santé.
health complications.
Les femmes ayant subi des MGF/E de type I et II présentaient une prévalence
Women with Type I and II FGM/C had a significantly higher nettement plus élevée de problèmes de santé à long terme (tels que la dysménorrhée
prevalence of long-term health problems (such as et les douleurs vulvaires ou vaginales), de problèmes liés à une guérison anormale et
dysmenorrhea and vulvar or vaginal pain), problems related to
de dysfonctionnement sexuel.
abnormal healing, and sexual dysfunction.
Les femmes ayant subi une MGF/E étaient également beaucoup plus susceptibles de
Women with FGM/C were also much more likely to suffer
souffrir de complications pendant l'accouchement (déchirure du périnée, travail
complications during delivery (perineal tear, obstructed labor,
stillbirth) and complications associated with anomalous healing after obstrué, mortinaissance) et de complications liées à une guérison anormale après la
FGM/C. Similarly, newborns were found to be more likely to suffer MGF/E. De même, les nouveau-nés étaient plus susceptibles de souffrir de
complications such as fetal distress and caput of the fetal head. complications telles que la détresse fœtale et le traumatisme de la tête du fœtus.
There exist significant limitations in the current literature. The La littérature actuelle présente des limites importantes. Les études susmentionnées
aforementioned studies are limited by being of observational design sont limitées par leur plan d'observation et la petite taille de leur échantillon. Les
and small sample size. The FGM/C types of the women included are types d'E/MGF des femmes incluses sont souvent uniquement auto-déclarés, au lieu
often only self-reported, instead of being documented with a vulvar d'être documentés par un examen de la vulve.
exam.
Sources : OMS 2015a ; Abdulcadir 2014
Sources: WHO 2015a; Abdulcadir 2014
Training of Providers in FGM/C Prevention and Formation des prestataires en matière de prévention et de gestion
Management des MGF/E
Health care provider training is an important component of La formation des prestataires de soins de santé est un élément important pour
improving clinical outcomes for women with FGM/C. However, améliorer les résultats cliniques des femmes ayant subi une MGF/E. Cependant,
FGM/C is not included in the curriculum of most medical, nurse, l'E/MGF ne fait pas partie du programme de la plupart des programmes de
midwifery, and public health training programs. formation en médecine, en soins infirmiers, en obstétrique et en santé publique.
Studies have described a lack of provider awareness of the Des études ont décrit un manque de sensibilisation des prestataires de soins à la
prevalence, diagnosis, and management of FGM/C. In Egypt, poor prévalence, au diagnostic et à la gestion de l'E/MGF. En Égypte, on a signalé que les
knowledge of FGM/C was reported among medical students. In étudiants en médecine connaissaient mal la MGF/E. Au Soudan, un pays où la
Sudan, a country with a high prevalence of FGM/C, a study among prévalence de la MGF/E est élevée, une étude menée auprès de sages-femmes a
midwives found that while 80% of the respondents practice FGM/C,
révélé que si 80 % des personnes interrogées pratiquent la MGF/E, seules 7 % d'entre
only 7% were able to correctly identify the four types.
elles ont pu identifier correctement les quatre types de MGF/E.
Appropriately trained medical personnel could lead to improved
Un personnel médical correctement formé pourrait permettre d'améliorer la
communication, diagnosis, and documentation, and therefore to
better health care and FGM/C prevention for future generations. It is communication, le diagnostic et la documentation, et donc d'améliorer les soins de
important that training also include cultural, psychosexual, and santé et la prévention des MGF/E pour les générations futures. Il est important que
legal information, along with medical and surgical care and la formation comprenne également des informations culturelles, psychosexuelles et
obstetric management. juridiques, ainsi que des soins médicaux et chirurgicaux et une prise en charge
obstétrique.
Source: Abdulcadir 2014
Source : Abdulcadir 2014
Guidance for Providers Orientation pour les prestataires
In 2016, WHO released guidelines for health-care professionals En 2016, l'OMS a publié des lignes directrices à l'intention des professionnels de la
santé qui s'occupent des personnes ayant subi une E/MGF.
involved in the care of those who have been subjected to
FGM/C.
After taking the Knowledge Recap, you’ll get to review the correct
answers, and in some cases, read an explanation.
Question 1 de 6
Health consequences of FGM/C in a girl or woman
can depend on which of the following factors?
Choisissez-en un The extent and type of mutilation/cutting The
cleanliness of the tools used by the practitioner and the setting The
physical condition of the girl or woman All of the above
Question 2 de 6
Which of the following is NOT a potential immediate
complication of FGM/C?
Choisissez-en un Severe shock Anemia Hemorrhage Tetanus
Question 3 de 6
FGM/C is directly associated with obstetric fistula
and/or contracting HIV/AIDS.
Choisissez-en un Vrai Faux
Question 4 de 6
Infertility is NOT a potential long-term consequence
of FGM/C.
Choisissez-en un Vrai Faux
Question 5 de 6
The medicalization of FGM/C has been declining in
the last 20 years.
Choisissez-en un Vrai Faux
Question 6 de 6
Which of the following is NOT a strategy to address
the dangerous trend of medicalization of FGM/C?
Choisissez-en un Prohibiting medicalization through decrees and
health policies. Integrating FGM/C prevention activities into school
curricula. Train doctors and other health professionals in safe FGM
practices. Training doctors, midwives, and nurses on integrating the
prevention and counseling of FGM/C abandonment into services.
You got 6 of 6 possible points.
Your score: 100 %
Interventions: Lessons Learned Interventions : Enseignements tirés
Over the last 30 years, a variety of interventions aimed at eliminating Au cours des 30 dernières années, diverses interventions visant à éliminer l'E/MGF
FGM/C for the next generation have been implemented, with varying pour la prochaine génération ont été mises en œuvre, avec plus ou moins de succès.
degrees of success. This session will highlight a number of these Cette session mettra en lumière un certain nombre de ces interventions et certains
interventions and some of the key lessons learned. des principaux enseignements tirés.
Question 1 de 4
What programmatic components are most important
to ensure the alternative rites of passage approach's
effectiveness?
Choisissez-en un Focus on girls at risk. Engaging parents and other
community members. Focus on ethnic groups that practice FGM/C
as part of a rite of passage ceremony. a and c. All of the above
Question 2 de 4
The most effective approach to ending FGM/C will be
multi-faceted and will involve changing social norms.
Choisissez-en un Vrai. Faux
Question 3 de 4
Which of the following are promising approaches to
FGM/C abandonment? (Check all that apply.)
Choisir Alternative rites of passage. Communication and mass media.
Partnership with religious and traditional leaders. Intergenerational
dialogues.
Question 4 de 4
Which of the following countries do NOT currently
have any laws or decrees criminalizing the practice of
FGM/C?
Choisir Cameroon. Liberia. Sierra Leone. None of these countries
have laws against FGM/C.
Multi-faceted approach that involves changing social Une approche à multiples facettes qui implique un changement des normes sociales :
norms: Changing social norms around harmful practices, such as La modification des normes sociales relatives aux pratiques nocives, telles que l'E/MGF,
FGM/C, takes time and requires buy-in from all members of the prend du temps et nécessite l'adhésion de tous les membres de la communauté, y compris
community, including policy makers, local leaders, health care les décideurs politiques, les dirigeants locaux, les prestataires de soins de santé et les
providers, and community members themselves. membres de la communauté eux-mêmes.
Discussions about FGM/C at all levels of society, starting with the Des discussions sur les MGF/E à tous les niveaux de la société, en commençant par la
family and including boys and men: Data revealed that a large famille et en incluant les garçons et les hommes : Les données ont révélé qu'une grande
proportion of wives do not even know their husbands’ opinions of the partie des épouses ne connaissent même pas l'opinion de leur mari sur cette pratique.
practice. Facilitating discussion of the issue within couples and in Faciliter la discussion de la question au sein des couples et dans les forums qui engagent
forums that engage girls and boys and women and men may les filles et les garçons, les femmes et les hommes, peut accélérer le processus d'abandon
accelerate the process of abandonment by bringing to light lower en mettant en évidence des niveaux de soutien plus faibles que ce que l'on croit
levels of support than commonly believed, especially among men, généralement, en particulier chez les hommes, qui sont susceptibles d'exercer un plus
who are likely to wield greater power in the community. grand pouvoir dans la communauté.
National and local government commitment: Government leaders Engagement des gouvernements nationaux et locaux : Les chefs de gouvernement
must adhere to the commitments that they have made as signatories to doivent respecter les engagements qu'ils ont pris en tant que signataires de conventions
international conventions regarding the protection of the health of internationales concernant la protection de la santé des filles et des femmes en adoptant et
girls and women by passing and enforcing laws that criminalize en appliquant des lois qui criminalisent l'E/MGF.
FGM/C.
Education programs and community sensitization: This is Programmes d'éducation et sensibilisation de la communauté : Il est nécessaire
necessary to inform people about the physical and psychological d'informer les gens sur les effets physiques et psychologiques de la MGF/E sur les filles et
effects of FGM/C on girls and women throughout the world. les femmes dans le monde entier.
Know the context: It is imperative to know the context in which the Connaître le contexte : Il est impératif de connaître le contexte dans lequel la pratique est
practice is being performed. Community-based initiatives that are pratiquée. Les initiatives communautaires conçues spécifiquement dans ce but ont plus de
designed specifically with this in mind are more likely to succeed, chances de réussir, car elles répondent également à une valeur ou à un besoin de la
because they also address a community value or need. communauté.
Specific interventions will be discussed in greater detail throughout Les interventions spécifiques seront discutées plus en détail tout au long du reste de cette
the remainder of this session. session.
International Commitments to Eliminate FGM/C Engagements internationaux pour l'élimination des MGF/E
Over the past 50 years, most governments in countries where FGM/C Au cours des 50 dernières années, la plupart des gouvernements des pays où la MGF/E est
is practiced have ratified international conventions and declarations pratiquée ont ratifié des conventions et déclarations internationales qui prévoient des
that make provisions for the promotion and protection of the health of
women and girls. dispositions pour la promotion et la protection de la santé des femmes et des filles.
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Local Laws to Eliminate FGM/C Lois locales pour l'élimination des MGF/E
To be as effective as possible, national and local laws need to be Pour être aussi efficaces que possible, les lois nationales et locales doivent être soutenues
supported by community educational outreach campaigns and par des campagnes et des activités de sensibilisation de la communauté, afin que les gens
activities, so that people are aware of the law and informed of their connaissent la loi et soient informés de leurs droits. En outre, les lois doivent être
rights. In addition, the laws must be enforced. Otherwise, FGM/C appliquées. Sinon, les praticiens de l'E/MGF et les membres de la communauté ne les
practitioners and community members will not adhere to them. respecteront pas.
To date, Cameroon, The Gambia, Liberia, and Sierra Leone still do À ce jour, le Cameroun, la Gambie, le Liberia et la Sierra Leone n'ont toujours pas de lois
not have any laws or decrees that criminalize the practice of FGM/C. ou de décrets qui criminalisent la pratique des MGF/E.
https://www.globalhealthlearning.org/sites/default/files/page-images/ https://www.globalhealthlearning.org/sites/default/files/page-images/15-
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Examples from the Field: Kenya and Nigeria Exemples sur le terrain : Kenya et Nigeria
Kenya Kenya
In Kenya, a 2011 law passed stating that anyone subjecting a girl to Au Kenya, une loi adoptée en 2011 prévoit que toute personne soumettant une fille à une
FGM/C will be sentenced to jail for seven years or fined 500,000 MGF/E sera condamnée à sept ans de prison ou à une amende de 500 000 shillings, et que
shillings, and anyone who causes death in the process could be liable toute personne causant la mort dans le processus pourrait être condamnée à la prison à vie.
to life imprisonment. In addition, anyone convicted of assisting in the En outre, toute personne reconnue coupable d'avoir aidé à l'exécution de la MGF/E
performance of FGM/C could face a prison sentence of three to seven pourrait être condamnée à une peine de prison de trois à sept ans et à une amende de 100
years and a fine of 100,000 to 500,000 shillings. The bill replaced the 000 à 500 000 shillings. Le projet de loi a remplacé la loi sur l'enfance de 2001, qui
Children’s Act of 2001, which outlawed the practice of FGM/C on interdisait la pratique de l'E/MGF sur les filles.
girls.
Nigeria
Nigeria
En mai 2015, le président sortant a signé une loi révolutionnaire interdisant la pratique de
In May 2015, the outgoing president signed groundbreaking l'E/MGF. Rien qu'au Nigeria, on estime que 20 millions de femmes ont subi cette pratique.
legislation outlawing the practice of FGM/C. In Nigeria alone, an Le Nigéria étant le pays le plus peuplé d'Afrique, cette législation envoie "un signal fort
estimated 20 million women have undergone the practice. As Nigeria non seulement au Nigéria mais aussi dans toute l'Afrique".
is the most populous country in Africa, this legislation sends “a
powerful signal not only within Nigeria but across Africa.” Sources: PRB 2013; Holloway 2015
A major failure of this approach is its sole focus on the supply side of La communauté internationale continue d'appeler tous les travailleurs de la santé à se
the practice. To eliminate the practice, the demand for services needs mobiliser contre les MGF/E dans le cadre de sa déclaration commune plus large publiée
to be addressed. par le FNUAP, l'UNICEF, la Confédération internationale des sages-femmes et la
Fédération internationale de gynécologie et d'obstétrique à l'occasion de la Journée
The international community continues to call on all health workers internationale de tolérance zéro pour les mutilations génitales féminines (6 février 2015).
to mobilize against FGM/C as part of its broader joint statement
issued by UNFPA, UNICEF, the International Confederation of Source : FNUAP, UNICEF, Confédération internationale des sages-femmes et Fédération
Midwives, and the International Federation of Gynecology and internationale de gynécologie et d'obstétrique : Rogo, Subayi et Toubia 2007 ; FNUAP
Obstetrics on International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital 2015b
Mutilation (February 6, 2015).
Source: Rogo, Subayi, and Toubia 2007; UNFPA 2015b
Partnering with Religious and Traditional Leaders Partenariat avec les chefs religieux et traditionnels
In communities where FGM/C is prevalent, religious obligation is Dans les communautés où l'E/MGF est répandue, l'obligation religieuse est souvent utilisée
often used to justify the practice, particularly in Islam. Therefore, the pour justifier la pratique, en particulier dans l'Islam. Par conséquent, l'implication des
involvement of traditional and religious figures is critical in figures traditionnelles et religieuses est essentielle pour lutter contre cette perception
addressing this perception and in creating an enabling et créer un environnement propice au changement.
environment for change.
De 2008 à 2013, environ 21 000 chefs religieux et traditionnels de 15 pays africains (dans
From 2008 to 2013, approximately 21,000 religious and traditional le cadre du programme conjoint FNUAP-UNICEF) ont fait des déclarations publiques
leaders from 15 African countries (in the UNFPA-UNICEF Joint affirmant que l'E/MGF n'est pas une obligation religieuse. En outre, environ 2 900
Programme) made public declarations stating that FGM/C is not a proclamations ont été publiées pour soutenir l'abandon de la pratique.
religious requirement. Additionally, about 2,900 proclamations were
issued in support of the abandonment of the practice. À partir de 2005, le Conseil de la population a développé une approche religieuse pour
impliquer les communautés somaliennes dans la région de Wajir au Kenya, où la MGF/E
Starting in 2005, the Population Council developed a religious- est pratiquée par 97% de la population somalienne. Cette approche visait à susciter un
oriented approach to engage Somali communities in the Wajir region débat sur la position de l'Islam sur les MGF/E et à établir un consensus parmi les érudits
of Kenya, where FGM/C is practiced by 97% of the Somali religieux pour abandonner la pratique. Le partenariat avec les chefs religieux et
population. The approach aimed to generate discussion regarding the traditionnels doit encore être associé à l'engagement de toute la communauté, à
position of Islam on FGM/C and to build consensus among religious l'intégration de la MGF/E dans d'autres programmes de développement et au ciblage
scholars to abandon the practice. Partnering with religious and de l'éducation des jeunes.
traditional leaders must still be coupled with whole community
engagement, mainstreaming FGM/C in other development Sources : Programme conjoint FNUAP et UNICEF 2014 ; Abdi 2008
programs, and targeting youth education.
The "grandmother approach" has also been implemented in the Sources: The Grandmother Project 2012; UNFPA-UNICEF Joint Programme 2014
Amudat region of Uganda, where 50 grandmothers were trained to
develop and deliver messages on abandoning FGM/C. In 2013, the
grandmothers held 10 dialogues encouraging the abandonment of
FGM/C, reaching 114 girls.
While this strategy can temporarily remove the girl or woman from Si cette stratégie permet de retirer temporairement la fille ou la femme de la situation, elle
the situation, it can also be problematic when it fails to address the peut également être problématique lorsqu'elle ne tient pas compte des normes
social norms and pressures driving the practice. Therefore, long- sociales et des pressions qui motivent la pratique. Il convient donc d'examiner les
term implications of removing women and girls from their families implications à long terme du retrait des femmes et des filles de leur famille et de leur
and communities must be examined. communauté.
In Kenya, in particular, girls who face FGM/C ceremonies are given a Au Kenya, en particulier, les filles qui subissent des cérémonies de MGF/E se voient offrir
safe place to live and go to school. The Tasaru Ntomonok Initiative un endroit sûr pour vivre et aller à l'école. L'initiative Tasaru Ntomonok (TNI), mise en
(TNI), established by Kenyan Agnes Pareyio and supported by place par la Kenyane Agnes Pareyio et soutenue par Equality Now, comprend un centre de
Equality Now, includes a residential community-based rescue center secours communautaire résidentiel qui offre des services holistiques aux filles qui fuient
that offers holistic services for girls escaping FGM/C and early les MGF/E et le mariage précoce.
marriage.
En plus de fournir un refuge, la TNI fait participer les membres de la communauté, les
In addition to providing a safe house, TNI also engages community chefs religieux et les forces de l'ordre à des discussions et des formations sur les MGF/E.
members, religious leaders, and law enforcement in discussions and Un aspect important du programme est que la TNI facilite les réunions entre les filles qui
trainings about FGM/C. An important aspect of the program is that ont été sauvées de l'excision et du mariage précoce et leurs familles.
TNI facilitates reunions between girls who have been saved from
cutting and early marriage and their families. Source: PRB 2013
Sources: Rogo, Subayi, and Toubia 2007; Chege, Askew, and Liku
2001; PATH 2005; UNFPA 2014
After taking the Knowledge Recap, you’ll get to review the correct
answers, and in some cases, read an explanation.
To be successful in adapting community-based approaches that have Pour réussir à adapter les approches communautaires qui ont démontré des résultats
demonstrated positive outcomes, it is important to consider positifs, il est important de prendre en compte les caractéristiques communes des
communities' shared characteristics (geographical proximity, ethnic communautés (proximité géographique, groupes ethniques, associations similaires avec la
groups, similar associations with the practice, etc.). It is also pratique, etc.)). Il est également important de demander l'avis des dirigeants locaux, qui
important to seek the opinions of local leaders, who can serve as peuvent servir d'agents de changement, concernant l'applicabilité de l'initiative dans leur
change agents, regarding the applicability of the initiative within their environnement social et culturel unique. (Source : Centre de recherche Innocenti de
unique social and cultural environments. (Source: UNICEF Innocenti
l'UNICEF 2007)
Research Centre 2007)
In Egypt, DHS survey data revealed a decrease in FGM/C prevalence En Égypte, les données de l'enquête EDS ont révélé une diminution de la prévalence de
in women ages 15 to 49, from 96% in 2005 to 91% in 2008. In l'E/MGF chez les femmes âgées de 15 à 49 ans, de 96 % en 2005 à 91 % en 2008. En
addition, only 45% of mothers of 0- to 3-year-olds intended to cut outre, seulement 45 % des mères d'enfants de 0 à 3 ans avaient l'intention d'exciser leurs
their daughters, suggesting a significant decline in the number of girls filles, ce qui suggère une baisse significative du nombre de filles qui seront excisées au
who will be cut over the next 15 years. cours des 15 prochaines années.
Women’s attitudes toward the practice have also changed drastically, L'attitude des femmes à l'égard de cette pratique a également changé radicalement, puisque
as support for FGM/C fell from 82% in 1995 to 54% in 2008. le soutien à l'E/MGF est passé de 82 % en 1995 à 54 % en 2008.
The situation in Egypt is not unique. FGM/C prevalence is also La situation en Égypte n'est pas unique. La prévalence des MGF/E est également en baisse
declining in other countries, such as Kenya and Sierra Leone. dans d'autres pays, comme le Kenya et la Sierra Leone.
In Kenya, overall prevalence of FGM/C has been steadily declining— Au Kenya, la prévalence globale de l'E/MGF est en baisse constante, passant de 38 % des
from 38% of women in 1998 to 27% in 2008. The 2008-9 DHS femmes en 1998 à 27 % en 2008. L'enquête DHS 2008-9 a également révélé que 80 % des
survey also revealed that 80% of women surveyed do not see any femmes interrogées ne voient aucun avantage à l'E/MGF, tandis que 82 % pensent qu'il
benefits of FGM/C, while 82% believe it should be stopped. faut y mettre fin.
According to MICS data among women ages 15 to 49 in Sierra Selon les données de l'enquête MICS parmi les femmes de 15 à 49 ans en Sierra Leone, la
Leone, FGM/C prevalence decreased from 94% in 2006 to 88% in prévalence de l'E/MGF est passée de 94 % en 2006 à 88 % en 2010. Chez les 15-19 ans,
2010. Among 15- to 19-year-olds, those numbers decreased from ces chiffres sont passés d'environ 81 % à 70 %.
about 81% to 70%.
Source : PRB 2014
Source: PRB 2014
Promising Results: Changes in Views and Des résultats prometteurs : Changements de mentalités et
Attitudes d'attitudes
In areas where FGM/C practices are intimately ingrained in cultural Dans les régions où les pratiques d'E/MGF sont intimement ancrées dans les valeurs
values, real change will only come when individuals begin to culturelles, un véritable changement n'interviendra que lorsque les individus
collectively view FGM/C practices as harmful and decide to commenceront à considérer collectivement les pratiques d'E/MGF comme néfastes et
combat them. décideront de les combattre.
Launched in 2003, the FGM-Free Village Model is Egypt’s national Lancé en 2003, le modèle de village sans MGF est le programme national égyptien visant à
program to eradicate FGM/C. By mobilizing the media, policy éradiquer la MGF/E. En mobilisant les médias, les décideurs politiques et les
makers, and religious and medical communities, the model aims to communautés religieuses et médicales, le modèle vise à créer un environnement propice au
create an environment conducive to dialogue on the factors that lead dialogue sur les facteurs qui conduisent à l'E/MGF, en mettant l'accent sur les effets
to FGM/C, with a focus on the practice’s harmful effects and its néfastes de la pratique et sa violation des droits de l'homme.
violation of human rights.
Une évaluation à mi-parcours de 2011 a révélé que le programme a contribué à changer les
A 2011 midterm evaluation found that the program helped change points de vue et les attitudes à l'égard de l'E/MGF. Par rapport aux groupes témoins, les
views and attitudes toward FGM/C. Compared to control groups, femmes des groupes d'intervention étaient six fois moins susceptibles d'exciser leurs filles.
women in intervention groups were six times less likely to cut their En outre, 27 % des femmes du groupe d'intervention estimaient que l'E/MGF devait se
daughters. In addition, 27% of women in the intervention group poursuivre, contre 77 % des femmes des groupes de contrôle.
believed that FGM/C should continue compared to 77% of women in
the control groups. L'évaluation recommande que les efforts futurs adoptent des approches
multisectorielles afin de maintenir la sensibilisation et l'impact pour les générations
The evaluation recommends that future efforts adopt multi- futures.
sectoral approaches in order to sustain advocacy and maintain
impact for future generations. Source : PRB 2014
Health consequences of FGM/C, specifically around whether or - Conséquences de l'E/MGF sur la santé, en particulier si l'E/MGF entraîne ou non un
not FGM/C leads to an increased risk of fistula, HIV/AIDS, and/or risque accru de fistule, de VIH/SIDA et/ou d'infertilité
infertility
- Les approches qui traitent de la médicalisation de l'E/MGF et de l'efficacité de ces
Approaches that address the medicalization of FGM/C and the approches
effectiveness of these approaches
- Formation à la prévention et à la gestion des MGF/E pour les prestataires de soins de
FGM/C prevention and management training for health care santé
providers
- Traitement des personnes ayant subi une MGF/E, comme les procédures de soins
Treatment of persons with FGM/C, such as care procedures for pour les mères ayant subi une MGF/E
mothers with FGM/C
- Expériences des filles en matière de pratique, y compris les conséquences
Girls' experiences of the practice, including psychological psychologiques
consequences
- Dynamiques de changement social et culturel qui conduisent à l'abandon de la
Dynamics of social and cultural change that lead to the pratique
abandonment of the practice
- Impact des mesures juridiques visant à prévenir la pratique
Impact of legal measures to prevent the practice
Sources : OMS 2015a ; Abdulcadir 2014
Sources: WHO 2015a; Abdulcadir 2014
After taking the Knowledge Recap, you’ll get to review the correct
answers, and in some cases, read an explanation.Bas du formulaire
Final Exam
Question Results
1 of 24 How many types of FGM/C currently exist? One ;
Two ; Three et Four
- .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=Y1aHLxBCHF4&feature=emb_logo
Critical Components of a Public Health Emergency Response
USAID’s broad-based and multi-sectoral approach allows the Agency to leverage the Bureau for Global
Health’s Office of Infectious Disease technical expertise to strengthen local capacity worldwide to prevent,
detect, and respond to infectious disease threats.
USAID has established partnerships across the U.S. Government (USG) and with relevant international,
non-governmental, and other organizations to strengthen preparedness efforts for potential disease
outbreaks that could require a global emergency response.
This course will provide an overview of the critical components of public health emergency response using
USAID’s response to the Zika outbreak as a case study of lessons learned.
Objectif
After completing this e-learning course, learners will be able to:
these lessons with you, as well as the challenges The scenarios and characters presented have
response teams face in the throes of a dynamic and been modified from real experiences in the Zika
fluid setting. This course will help USAID and response for the purposes of this course.
NGO program managers rapidly and effectively Information presented in this course is for
respond to future health emergencies. While the learning purposes only and does not necessarily
examples in this course focus on the Zika reflect precisely how the response unrolled in
response, this course can benefit any health any country.
emergency response team.
Imagine This
You are the new program manager at your NGO working on a USAID health systems strengthening project
in Honduras.
You receive an email from your Chief of Party (COP) that includes an USAID Agency Notice that states
that all partners need to be familiar with health emergency response efforts in preparation for future public
health emergencies.
Focusing on the Latin America and the Caribbean region, a highly vulnerable area, the COP has asked that
you focus on critical lessons learned from the response efforts to the recent Zika outbreak.
Read Your Email
Dear Sam,
We are so glad you joined the project. We look forward to learning from and working with you.
USAID just released an Agency Notice on responding to a global infectious disease outbreak. They
would like for us to prepare for a public health emergency that may emerge during the project
period. Please take some time while onboarding to familiarize yourself with previous USAID
emergency response work. Could you share your findings at next week's senior management team
meeting?
History of Zika
Zika Outbreak Timeline
Zika virus was first discovered in 1947 by scientists conducting routine surveillance for yellow
fever in Uganda's Zika forest. In 1952, the first detected human cases were in Uganda and
Tanzania.
From 1969 to 1983, Zika expanded to Asia, including India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Pakistan,
where the virus was detected in mosquitos. In Africa, human cases occurred sporadically, with
mild symptoms. Prior to 2007, there were only 14 documented cases of Zika worldwide,
although Zika symptoms are similar to those of many other diseases, possibly causing health care
providers to miss cases.
In 2007, Zika spread from Africa and Asia to cause the first large outbreak in humans on the
Pacific island of Yap in the Federated States of Micronesia.
In 2013 and 2014, the virus caused outbreaks in four other Pacific islands: French Polynesia,
Easter Island, the Cook Islands, and New Caledonia. The outbreak in French Polynesia generated
thousands of suspected infections.
On March 2, 2015, Brazil notified the World Health Organization of an illness in its northeastern
region characterized by skin rash. From February 2015 to April 2015, nearly 7,000 reported skin
rash infections were from the Brazilian states of Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte, and Bahia.
All cases were mild, with no reported deaths. There were no reports of Zika and no tests
administered. As a result, Zika continued to spread rapidly across Brazil and to more than 50
other countries and territories in the region.The emerging epidemic has had diverse impacts on
population health, coinciding with cases of Guillain–Barré Syndrome and an unexpected
epidemic of newborns with microcephaly and other neurological impairments.
In February 2016, the WHO declared that the recent association of Zika with microcephaly and
other neurological disorders constituted a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.
1. Defines countries’ rights and obligations in handling public health events and emergencies that
have the potential to cross borders.
2. Is an instrument of international law that is legally-binding on 196 countries, including the 194
WHO Member States.
3. Provides the criteria to determine whether or not a particular event constitutes a “public health
emergency of international concern.”
A Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) is a formal declaration by the World Health
Organization. The declaration implies:
1. Constitutes a public health risk to other States through the international spread of disease
2. Potentially requires a coordinated international response.
According to the WHO, the responsibility of determining if an event is a PHEIC rests with the WHO
Director-General. It also requires the convening of a committee of experts: the IHR Emergency Committee.
This committee advises the Director-General on measures to be used during the PHEIC. These
recommendations include health measures to be implemented by the country experiencing the PHEIC or
other countries to prevent or reduce the international spread of disease and avoid unnecessary interference
to international traffic.
The IHR Emergency Committee also advises on determining if the event is a PHEIC in circumstances
where there is inconsistency in the assessment of the event between the Director-General and the affected
country/countries. The Emergency Committee continues to advise the Director-General throughout the
PHEIC, including on any necessary changes to the recommended measures and on determining when to
declare the PHEIC over.1
USAID’s approach allows it to leverage its technical expertise to strengthen local capacity worldwide to:
1. Prevent,
2. Detect, and
3. Respond to infectious disease threats.
USAID/Washington asks its Missions and offices overseas, including those without health programming, to
be aware of local outbreaks and notify it when there is an outbreak that may require international
assistance. This pertains to outbreaks beyond normal seasonal variation and does not pertain to endemic
diseases within a country that are addressed through existing programming.
Missions and overseas offices, including those without health programming, are asked to be prepared to
participate in:
Major outbreaks that have BHA serves as the lead for the USG emergency response to this
potential humanitarian outbreak in coordination with GH, Regional Bureaus, and Missions,
consequences or constitute a including those with no health programming. For BHA to respond,
humanitarian crisis the Chief of Mission must issue a formal USG Disaster Declaration.
Let’s pause to check your understanding of USAID’s four outbreak response phases. For each outbreak
scenario, identify the appropriate USAID response. The following four knowledge check questions will
not be graded.
Question 1 de 4
An Ebola virus disease outbreak occurred in the DRC that does not merit a PHEIC. The outbreak is not
requiring U.S. countrywide or regional emergency response. How would USAID respond? Choisissez-en un
Option A: USAID supports infectious disease response activities around the world, including detection and
monitoring of diseases with pandemic potential. If the outbreak merits international assistance, GH serves as
the technical lead in coordination with Missions and Regional Bureaus. Assistance is based on the severity of
the outbreak, possible impact on the United States, and the demonstrated need to limit spread.
Option B: USAID/GH serves as the technical lead in coordination with Missions and Regional Bureaus.
USAID may consider expanding its Option A response activities, including in countries without health
programming. This does not happen frequently and requires significant USG interagency and internal USAID
coordination.
Option C: BHA serves as the lead for the USG emergency response to this outbreak in coordination with GH,
Regional Bureaus, and Missions, including those with no health programming. For BHA to respond, the Chief
of Mission must issue a formal USG Disaster Declaration.
Option D: BHA serves as the lead and determines the most appropriate response platform based on the
specifics of both the outbreak and the humanitarian crisis. GH supports preparedness activities in neighboring
areas/countries.
Question 2 de 4
The WHO declared the Zika virus disease outbreak a PHEIC, although the situation does not constitute a
humanitarian emergency. How would USAID respond? Choisissez-en un
Option A: USAID supports infectious disease response activities around the world, including detection and
monitoring of diseases with pandemic potential. If the outbreak merits international assistance, GH serves as
the technical lead in coordination with Missions and Regional Bureaus. Assistance is based on the severity of
the outbreak, possible impact on the United States, and the demonstrated need to limit spread.
Option B: USAID/GH serves as the technical lead in coordination with Regional Bureaus and Mission(s).
USAID may consider expanding its Option A response activities, including in countries without health
programming. This does not happen frequently and requires significant USG interagency and internal USAID
coordination.
Option C: BHA serves as the lead for the USG emergency response to this outbreak in coordination with GH,
Regional Bureaus, and Missions, including those with no health programming. For BHA to respond, the Chief
of Mission must issue a formal USG Disaster Declaration.
Option D: BHA serves as the lead and determines the most appropriate response platform based on the
specifics of both the outbreak and the humanitarian crisis. GH supports preparedness activities in neighboring
areas/countries.
Question 3 de 4
An H1N1 influenza outbreak is declared a PHEIC by the WHO, and the situation constitutes a humanitarian
emergency. How would USAID respond? Choisissez-en un
Option A: USAID supports infectious disease response activities around the world, including detection and
monitoring of diseases with pandemic potential. If the outbreak merits international assistance, GH serves as
the technical lead in coordination with Missions and Regional Bureaus. Assistance is based on the severity of
the outbreak, possible impact on the United States, and the demonstrated need to limit spread.
Option B: USAID/GH serves as the technical lead in coordination with Regional Bureaus and Mission(s).
USAID may consider expanding its Option A response activities, including in countries without health
programming. This does not happen frequently and requires significant USG interagency and internal USAID
coordination.
Option C: BHA serves as the lead for the USG emergency response to this outbreak in coordination with GH,
Regional Bureaus, and Missions, including those with no health programming. For BHA to respond, the Chief
of Mission must issue a formal USG Disaster Declaration.
Option D: BHA serves as the lead and determines the most appropriate response platform based on the
specifics of both the outbreak and the humanitarian crisis. GH supports preparedness activities in neighboring
areas/countries.
Question 4 de 4
An Ebola virus disease outbreak occurs in settings with a preexisting or likely USG disaster declaration due to
an ongoing humanitarian crisis or conflict but does not merit the declaration of a PHEIC. How would USAID
respond? Choisissez-en un
Option A: USAID supports infectious disease response activities around the world, including detection and
monitoring of diseases with pandemic potential. If the outbreak merits international assistance, GH serves as
the technical lead in coordination with Missions and Regional Bureaus. Assistance is based on the severity of
the outbreak, possible impact on the United States, and the demonstrated need to limit spread.
Option B: USAID/GH serves as the technical lead in coordination with Regional Bureaus and Mission(s).
USAID may consider expanding its Option A response activities, including in countries without health
programming. This does not happen frequently and requires significant USG interagency and internal USAID
coordination.
Option C: BHA serves as the lead for the USG emergency response to this outbreak in coordination with GH,
Regional Bureaus, and Missions, including those with no health programming. For BHA to respond, the Chief
of Mission must issue a formal USG Disaster Declaration.
Option D: BHA serves as the lead and determines the most appropriate response platform based on the
specifics of both the outbreak and the humanitarian crisis. GH will support preparedness activities in
neighboring areas/countries.
An Ebola virus disease outbreak occurred in the DRC that does not merit a PHEIC. The outbreak is not
requiring U.S. countrywide or regional emergency response. How would USAID respond?
Réponse:
Option A: USAID supports infectious disease response activities around the world, including detection and monitoring of
pandemic potential. If the outbreak merits international assistance, GH serves as the technical lead in coordination with Mi
Regional Bureaus. Assistance is based on the severity of the outbreak, possible impact on the United States, and the demon
limit spread.
Feedback:
Two Ebola outbreaks occurred in the DRC in 2018. One was declared a PHEIC, but the outbreak in the Equateur Province
PHEIC declaration. USAID supports infectious disease response activities worldwide, including detection and monitoring
pandemic potential. During this phase, GH serves as the technical lead for USAID/Washington in coordination with Missio
Regional Bureaus.
Option B: USAID/GH serves as the technical lead in coordination with Missions and Regional Bureaus. USAID may cons
its Option A response activities, including in countries without health programming. This does not happen frequently and r
significant USG interagency and internal USAID coordination.
Option C: BHA serves as the lead for the USG emergency response to this outbreak in coordination with GH, Regional Bu
Missions, including those with no health programming. For BHA to respond, the Chief of Mission must issue a formal US
Declaration.
Option D: BHA serves as the lead and determines the most appropriate response platform based on the specifics of both th
the humanitarian crisis. GH supports preparedness activities in neighboring areas/countries.
But 1 de 1
Question:
The WHO declared the Zika virus disease outbreak a PHEIC, although the situation does not constitute a
humanitarian emergency. How would USAID respond?
Réponse:
Option A: USAID supports infectious disease response activities around the world, including detection and monitoring of
pandemic potential. If the outbreak merits international assistance, GH serves as the technical lead in coordination with Mi
Regional Bureaus. Assistance is based on the severity of the outbreak, possible impact on the United States, and the demon
limit spread.
Option B: USAID/GH serves as the technical lead in coordination with Regional Bureaus and Mission(s). USAID may con
its Option A response activities, including in countries without health programming. This does not happen frequently and r
significant USG interagency and internal USAID coordination.
Feedback:
The 2015–2016 Zika virus epidemic garnered a USAID response in which GH served as the technical lead coordinating re
with Missions in the LAC region.
Option C: BHA serves as the lead for the USG emergency response to this outbreak in coordination with GH, Regional Bu
Missions, including those with no health programming. For BHA to respond, the Chief of Mission must issue a formal US
Declaration.
Option D: BHA serves as the lead and determines the most appropriate response platform based on the specifics of both th
the humanitarian crisis. GH supports preparedness activities in neighboring areas/countries.
But 1 de 1
Question:
An H1N1 influenza outbreak is declared a PHEIC by the WHO, and the situation constitutes a humanitarian
emergency. How would USAID respond?
Réponse:
Option A: USAID supports infectious disease response activities around the world, including detection and monitoring of
pandemic potential. If the outbreak merits international assistance, GH serves as the technical lead in coordination with Mi
Regional Bureaus. Assistance is based on the severity of the outbreak, possible impact on the United States, and the demon
limit spread.
Option B: USAID/GH serves as the technical lead in coordination with Regional Bureaus and Mission(s). USAID may con
its Option A response activities, including in countries without health programming. This does not happen frequently and r
significant USG interagency and internal USAID coordination.
Option C: BHA serves as the lead for the USG emergency response to this outbreak in coordination with GH, Regional Bu
Missions, including those with no health programming. For BHA to respond, the Chief of Mission must issue a formal US
Declaration.
Feedback:
These types of outbreaks are extremely rare but require greater coordination within the USG interagency due to the difficu
environment. BHA serves as the lead for infectious disease events in settings where they are already active or likely to be a
of a USG Disaster Declaration for an ongoing humanitarian crisis. BHA may establish an integrated, multi-sectoral respon
partners to scale up interventions. GH and the Regional Bureaus will support preparedness activities in neighboring at-risk
countries to the outbreak.
Option D: BHA serves as the lead and determines the most appropriate response platform based on the specifics of both th
the humanitarian crisis. GH supports preparedness activities in neighboring areas/countries. Korotoumoutraore475@yahoo
But 1 de 1
Question:
An Ebola virus disease outbreak occurs in settings with a preexisting or likely USG disaster declaration due to
an ongoing humanitarian crisis or conflict but does not merit the declaration of a PHEIC. How would USAID
respond?
Réponse:
Option A: USAID supports infectious disease response activities around the world, including detection
and monitoring of diseases with pandemic potential. If the outbreak merits international assistance,
GH serves as the technical lead in coordination with Missions and Regional Bureaus. Assistance is
based on the severity of the outbreak, possible impact on the United States, and the demonstrated need
to limit spread.
Option B: USAID/GH serves as the technical lead in coordination with Regional Bureaus and
Mission(s). USAID may consider expanding its Option A response activities, including in countries
without health programming. This does not happen frequently and requires significant USG
interagency and internal USAID coordination.
Option C: BHA serves as the lead for the USG emergency response to this outbreak in coordination
with GH, Regional Bureaus, and Missions, including those with no health programming. For BHA to
respond, the Chief of Mission must issue a formal USG Disaster Declaration.
Option D: BHA serves as the lead and determines the most appropriate response platform based on the
specifics of both the outbreak and the humanitarian crisis. GH will support preparedness activities in
neighboring areas/countries.
Feedback:
BHA will respond to an infectious disease event in settings where they are already active or likely to
be active due to a USG disaster declaration for an ongoing humanitarian crisis. BHA may establish an
integrated, multi-sectoral response to enable partners to scale up interventions, including the possible
activation of a Response Management Team/Disaster Assistance Response Team. GH and Regional
Bureaus will support preparedness activities in neighboring at-risk areas or countries to the outbreak.
Session 2: Engaging Government Leadership