Lecture 3

Basic Structure of Instructions:

1. Use Clear Language:

- Be clear and concise in your instructions.
- Use simple and straightforward language.
Example: "Please write your name at the top of the page."
2. Use Imperative:
- Use imperative verbs to give direct instructions.
Example: "Take a seat, please."
3. Specify Actions:
- Clearly specify the actions you want the person to take.
Example: "Open your textbook to page 45."
4. Give Positive Instructions:
- Frame instructions positively, telling what to do rather than what not to do.
Example: "Please speak more slowly" instead of "Don't speak too fast."
Providing Details:
1. Add Context:
- Provide additional information or context when necessary.
Example: "After reading the passage, answer the questions."
2. Use Sequencing Words:
- Use words like "first," "next," and "then" to indicate the order of actions.
Example: "First, complete the introduction. Next, move on to the conclusion."
3. Clarify Steps:
- Break down complex instructions into clear steps.
Example: "In the first step, gather all the materials. In the second step, mix the ingredients."
Asking for Confirmation:
1. Encourage Questions:
- Invite questions to ensure understanding.
Example: "If you have any questions, feel free to ask."
2. Seek Confirmation:
- Ask for confirmation to make sure the person understood.
 Example: "Can you please repeat the instructions to make sure you got them right?"
Some examples of Instructions:
1. Classroom Instructions:
- "Take out your notebooks and turn to page 10."
- "Listen carefully and answer the questions."
2. Cooking Instructions:
- "Preheat the oven to 350 degrees."
- "Stir the ingredients until well mixed."
3. Office Instructions:
- "Please submit your report by 5 PM."
- "Review the document and provide feedback."
4. Everyday Situations:
- "Hold the door open for the person behind you."
- "Press the button to call the elevator."
Feel free to use these examples as a starting point, and adapt them based on your
specific needs or scenarios…
We will take the example below of an operating mode as a basic set of instructions for a
simple chemical reaction : Example of a reaction between baking soda (sodium bicarbonate)
and vinegar (acetic acid) to produce carbon dioxide gas:

Title: Baking Soda and Vinegar Reaction

Materials:
- Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate)
- Vinegar (acetic acid)
- A small container or cup
- Measuring spoons

Procedure:
1. Gather Materials:
- Collect all the necessary materials.
2. Measure Baking Soda:
- Using a measuring spoon, measure out a specific amount of baking soda. For example,
one teaspoon.
3. Prepare Vinegar:
- Pour a small amount of vinegar into the container. You can use the same measuring spoon
to measure the vinegar, for example, one tablespoon.
4. Combine Ingredients:
- Carefully add the measured baking soda to the vinegar in the container. Observe the
reaction that occurs.
5. Observe Reaction:
- Watch for the bubbling and fizzing as the baking soda reacts with the vinegar. This is the
release of carbon dioxide gas.
6. Note Observations:
- Record any observations you make during the reaction. For example, note changes in
color, temperature, or the production of gas.
7. Understand the Reaction:
- Understand that the chemical reaction is producing carbon dioxide gas, which causes the
fizzing. The reaction can be represented as follows:

NaHCO3 + CH3COOH → CO2 + H2O+NaCH3COO

8. Dispose of Residues:
- Safely dispose of any residues left in the container.
Safety Precautions:
- Wear protective eyewear to prevent any accidental splashes.
- Perform the reaction in a well-ventilated area.
Remember to adapt these instructions based on the specific details of your experiment or
reaction, and always follow appropriate safety measures when working with chemicals.