Analyse morphologique et biomécanique de l’épaule et

du membre supérieur des enfants avec une paralysie

obstétricale du plexus brachial : impact sur les
thérapeutiques
Christelle Pons

To cite this version:

Christelle Pons. Analyse morphologique et biomécanique de l’épaule et du membre supérieur des en-
fants avec une paralysie obstétricale du plexus brachial : impact sur les thérapeutiques. Médecine
humaine et pathologie. Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2018. Français. �NNT :
2018BRES0083�. �tel-03506205�

HAL Id: tel-03506205

https://theses.hal.science/tel-03506205
Submitted on 2 Jan 2022

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 THESE DE DOCTORAT DE

L'UNIVERSITE
DE BRETAGNE OCCIDENTALE
COMUE UNIVERSITE BRETAGNE LOIRE

ECOLE DOCTORALE N° 605

Biologie Santé
Spécialité : Analyse et traitement de l’information et des images médicales

Par
Christelle PONS

Analyse morphologique et biomécanique de l’épaule et du membre

supérieur des enfants avec une paralysie obstétricale du plexus
brachial: impact sur les thérapeutiques.
Thèse présentée et soutenue à Brest, le 5 décembre 2018
Unité de recherche : LaTIM INSERM UMR 1101

Rapporteurs avant soutenance : Composition du Jury :

Laurence CHEZE Professeur, Université Lyon 1 Laurence CHEZE Professeur, Université Lyon 1

Franck FITOUSSI Professeur, Université Pierre et Franck FITOUSSI Professeur, Université Pierre et Marie
Marie Curie Curie

Présidente du Jury
Marie-Agnès GIROUX-METGES Professeur, Université
Bretagne Loire

Raphael GROSS Maître de conférences, Université

Bretagne Loire

Directeur de Thèse
Sylvain BROCHARD Professeur, Université Bretagne Loire

Co-Directrice de Thèse
Valérie BURDIN Professeur, Institut Mines Telecom
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1 Anatomie de l’épaule et du membre supérieur 9

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2 La paralysie obstétricale du plexus brachial 22

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3 Synthèse de l’introduction 38

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1 Article 1 : Quantification des volumes et des formes des muscles squelettiques chez
l'homme en IRM: revue systématique de validité et fiabilité. 42

2 Article 2 : Morphologie musculaire en IRM et fonction des muscles de l’épaule chez l’enfant
sain 85

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3 Article 3 : Morphologie musculaire en IRM et fonction musculaire de l’épaule chez l’enfant
avec paralysie obstétricale du plexus brachial 98

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1 Exploration IRM 139

2 Exploration en analyse quantifiée du mouvement 141

3 Modélisation biomécanique 142

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Annexe 1: muscles du membre supérieur, innervation, mobilisation(s) principale(s) 182

Annexe 2: supporting information article 1 184

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Annexe 3: Segmentation automatique par réseau de neurones 237

Annexe 4: supporting information article 4 247

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#%! !

#&! Abstract

! %%!
#'! Aims: The aim of this study was to report the metrological qualities of techniques currently

#(! used to quantify skeletal muscle volume and 3D shape 20!?8/91?4!/0>!@/1?=9=52;/9!:.6;986.

#)!

#*! Methods: A systematic review was conducted (IE=6@8E=!HBS%#+")+)#(+)c. PubMed, Web

$+! of Science, Cochrane and Scopus databases were searched using relevant keywords and

$"! inclusion/exclusion criteria. The quality of the articles was evaluated using a customized scale.

$#!

$$! Results: Thirty articles were included, 6 of which included pathological muscles. Most

$%! evaluated 9=F8E!92:G!:.6;986a!P/E12/994!=E!;=:@981894!/.1=:/12;!/0>!:/0./9!techniques were

$&! assessed in 10 and 24 articles, respectively. Manual slice-by-slice segmentation reliability was

$'! good-to-excellent (n=8 articles) and validity against dissection was moderate to good(n=1).

$(! Manual slice-by-slice segmentation was used as a gold-standard method in the other articles.

$)! Reduction of the number of manually segmented slices (n=6) provided good to excellent

$*! validity if a sufficient number of appropriate slices was chosen. Segmentation on one slice

%+! (n=11) increased volume errors. The! S83=E:/12=0! =3! /! I/E/:81E2;! T@8;232;! _Gd8;1! eSIT_c!

%"! :81?=>!e0f&c!decreased the number of manually-segmented slices required for any chosen level

%#! of error. Other automatic techniques combined with different statistical shape or atlas/images-

%$! based methods (n=4) had good validitya! T=:8! @/E12;.9/E21286! F8E8! ?25?925?18>! 3=E! 6@8;232;!

%%! :.6;986a![xcept for manual slice by slice segmentation, reliability has rarely been reported.

%&!

%'! Conclusions: X?8!E86.916!=3!1?26!64618:/12;!E8<28F!?89@!1?8!;?=2;8!=3!/@@E=@E2/18 segmentation

%(! techniques, according to the purpose of the measurement. C0!?8/91?4!@=@.9/12=06J!18;?02^.86!

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M#"! segmentation techniques depending on the muscle, the need for precision and the available time.

M#&! Such uses could include diagnosis of a disease, evaluation of a treatment response, monitoring

M#%! of disease progression or measurement for research purposes. Further research is required to

M#@! confirm the validity!64!F.3/.*!0*+1)V8?V0*+1) segmentation and automatic techniques, except

M$#! for DPSO for which there is sufficiently strong supporting evidence. The reliability of most

M$$! techniques in current use also needs to be confirmed, except for manual slice-by-slice

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 Journal of Biomechanics 47 (2014) 2730–2737

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Biomechanics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jbiomech
www.JBiomech.com

In vivo pediatric shoulder muscle volumes and their relationship

to 3D strength
Hyun Soo Im a, Katharine E. Alter a,b, Sylvain Brochard a,c,d, Christelle Pons c,
Frances T. Sheehan a,n
a
Functional and Applied Biomechanics Section, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
b
Mt Washington Pediatric Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
c
Rehabilitation Medicine Department, University Hospital of Brest, Brest, France
d
LaTIM, INSERM U1101, Brest, France

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In the pediatric shoulder, injury and pathology can disrupt the muscle force balance, resulting in severe
Accepted 28 April 2014 functional losses. As little data exists pertaining to in vivo pediatric shoulder muscle function,
musculoskeletal data are crucially needed to advance the treatment of pediatric shoulder pathology/
Keywords: injury. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a pediatric database of in vivo volumes for the
Torque major shoulder muscles and correlate these volumes with maximum isometric flexion/extension,
MRI internal/external rotation, and abduction/adduction joint moments. A methodology was developed to
Children derive 3D shoulder muscle volumes and to divide the deltoid into sub-units with unique torque
Reliability producing capabilities, based on segmentation of three-dimensional magnetic resonance images. Eleven
Rotator cuff
typically developing children/adolescents (4F/7M, 12.0 73.2 years, 150.8 716.7 cm, 49.27 16.4 kg)
Injury
participated. Correlation and regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between
volume and maximum, voluntary, isometric joint torques. The deltoid demonstrated the largest
(30.4 71.2%) and the supraspinatus the smallest (4.8 70.5%) percent of the total summed volume of
all six muscles evaluated. The anterior and posterior deltoid sections were 43.473.9% and 56.673.9% of the
total deltoid volume. The percent volumes were highly consistent across subjects. Individual muscle volumes
demonstrated moderate-high correlations with torque values (0.70–0.94, po0.001). This study presents
a comprehensive database documenting normative pediatric shoulder muscle volume. Using these data a clear
relationship between shoulder volume and the torques they produce was established in all three rotational
degrees-of-freedom. This study furthers the understanding of shoulder muscle function and serves as a
foundation for evaluating shoulder injury/pathology in the pediatric/adolescent population.
& 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

1. Introduction
Shoulder stability and function are predominantly maintained
by a balance of muscle forces (Ackland and Pandy, 2011; Boettcher
et al., 2010; Otis et al., 1994). As such, congenital conditions (e.g.,
brachial plexus palsy (Kozin et al., 2010) and cerebral palsy
(Abel et al., 2003; Brochard et al., 2012)) can cause muscle imbalances
and skeletal deformities, resulting in functional losses in both the
pediatric and adult populations. Sports related injuries, which have
been viewed as primarily adult issues, are now becoming prominent
in pediatric populations as participation in high-level competitive
n
Correspondence to: National Institutes of Health, Building 10 CRC RM 1-1469,
10 Center Drive MSC 1604, Bethesda, MD 20892-1604, USA. Tel.: þ1 301 451 7585;
fax: þ1 301 451 7536.
E-mail address: fsheehan@cc.nih.gov (F.T. Sheehan).
sports is taking place at earlier ages (Davis, 2010; Emery, 2006).
Unfortunately, much of the existing knowledge regarding shoulder
function originates from adult cadaver and modeling studies. Since
evidence suggests that children may not be scaled versions of adults
(Neu et al., 2002; Tonson et al., 2008), in vivo pediatric shoulder
musculoskeletal data are needed to enhance the understanding of
typical shoulder function and improve the management and treat-
ment of pediatric shoulder pathology/injury.
Although it is well accepted that an individual muscle's volume
can predict its force generating capacity (Akagi et al., 2009;
Blazevich et al., 2009; Fukunaga et al., 2001), establishing this
relationship for the shoulder presents unique challenges. Specifi-
cally, the largest shoulder muscle (deltoid) has multiple lines of
action, which enables it to generate torques on humerus in opposite
directions (Ackland and Pandy, 2011; Brown et al., 2007; Kuechle
et al., 2000). Specifically, the anterior deltoid segments produce

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.04.049
0021-9290/& 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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