Aurel Rustoiu Silver Jewellery in The Ea

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ACADÉMIE ROUMAINE
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DACIA LXI, 2017

R E V U E D ’A R C H É O L O G I E E T D ’ H I S T O I R E A N C I E N N E
JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANCIENT HISTORY
Z E I T S C H R I F T F Ü R A R C HÄO L O G I E U N D G E S C H I C H T E D E S A LT E RT U M S
Ж У Р Н А Л А Р X Е О Л О Г И И И Д Р Е В Н Е Й И С Т О Р И И
SOMMAIRE
CONTENTS
I N H A L T
ÉTUDES
CRISTIAN EDUARD ŞTEFAN, Miniature vessels from Şoimuş – La Avicola (Ferma 2), Hunedoara County.
A case study ........................................................................................................................................................ 7
GERGANA KABAKCHIEVA, The results of the archaeological research at Ulpia Oescus between 2013 and 2018.... 71
MIRCEA VICTOR ANGELESCU, VALENTIN BOTTEZ, IRINA ACHIM, Histria. New research on the Early
Christian basilicas in the southern part of the acropolis...................................................................................... 103
ISTVÁN BOTÁR, Village and church. The relation between the ecclesiastical topography and the medieval
settlement system in Csík-seat (East-Transylvania, Romania).............................................................................. 155
NOTES ET DISCUSSIONS
AUREL RUSTOIU, Silver jewellery in the Early La Tène cemeteries from Banat. The hybridization of bodily
ornaments ............................................................................................................................................................ 183
DANIEL SPÂNU, Der Vogelreiter von Surcea. Hintergründe eines keltischen Mythos im spätlatènezeitlichen
Dakien.................................................................................................................................................................. 207
VALENTIN BOTTEZ, The Gerusia of Istros revisited.................................................................................................. 223
CONSTANTIN C. PETOLESCU, Notes prosopographiques (IX)................................................................................. 241
COMPTES RENDUS
Agnieszka Tomas, Inter Moesos et Thraces. The rural hinterland of Novae in Lower Moesia (1st – 6th centuries AD),
Archaeopress, 2016, Roman Archaeology 14 (Adriana Panaite)........................................................................ 247
IN MEMORIAM
Zoe Petre (23 août 1940 - 1 septembre 2017) (Alexandra Liţu)...................................................................................... 253
ABRÉVIATIONS............................................................................................................................................................... 261
N O T E S E T D I S C U S S I O N S
SILVER JEWELLERY IN THE EARLY LA TÈNE CEMETERIES

FROM BANAT. THE HYBRIDIZATION OF BODILY ORNAMENTS
AUREL RUSTOIU*
Keywords: Banat, La Tène, Celts, graves, silver jewellery, silver rings, filigree
Abstract: The analysis of silver jewelleries from the La Tène cemeteries in Banat shows that they originated from different
cultural areas. For example, the saddle‑shaped silver rings belong to the Central‑Western European La Tène cultural
area, the annular silver ornaments from Timişoara – Cioreni and Aradu Nou originated from the local north‑western
Balkans environment, while the pieces made in the filigree technique point to the influence of the jewellery workshops
from the eastern Mediterranean and the northern Balkans. The manner in which these ornaments were integrated into the
costume assemblages illustrates the hybridization of bodily ornamentation within the more general process of cultural
amalgamation that happened after the Celtic colonization of the eastern and southern Carpathian Basin.
Cuvinte‑cheie: Banat, La Tène, celţi, morminte, podoabe de argint, inele de argint, filigran
Rezumat: Analiza podoabelor de argint din cimitirele La Tène din Banat ilustrează faptul că ele îşi au originea în
arii culturale diferite. De exemplu, inelele de argint în formă de şa aparţin ariei culturale La Tène din centrul şi vestul
Europei, ornamentele de argint inelare de la Timişoara – Cioreni şi Aradu Nou îşi au originea în mediul local nord‑vest
balcanic, în timp ce piesele realizate în filigran indică influenţa atelierelor de bijutieri din bazinul est‑mediteranean şi
din regiunea nord‑balcanică. Maniera în care aceste ornamente au fost integrate în ansamblurile de costum ilustrează
hibridizarea ornamentării corporale printr‑un proces general de amalgamare culturală care s‑a petrecut după colonizarea
celtică a estului şi sudului Bazinului Carpatic.
INTRODUCTION
Celtic groups colonized the eastern and southern areas of the Carpathian Basin at the end of the 4th
century and the beginning of the 3rd century BC, contributing to the appearance of new communities in
which the newcomers cohabited with the indigenous populations. New means of expressing communal
identities subsequently appeared as a result of cultural hybridization1. The related processes can be identified
archaeologically. For example, the inventories recovered from rural settlements and funerary contexts contain
both La Tène ceramic forms and vessels specific to the local environment, suggesting a hybridization of
the culinary practices. In some cases, the funerary rites and rituals illustrate the perpetuation of traditional
funerary practices through which the locals preserved certain symbolic means of expressing their identity.
However, in most cases the newcomers imposed their own funerary norms and the local populations were
assimilated quite fast2.
At the same time, some communities from the eastern and southern Carpathian Basin developed a
complex network of inter‑communal relationships with those from the northern Balkans. These included
* Institute of Archaeology and History of Art, Romanian Academy, Cluj‑Napoca; e‑mail: aurelrustoiu@yahoo.com
1 See,for instance, Džino 2007; Potrebica, Dizdar 2012, p. 171; Rustoiu 2014. The terms “cultural hybridization”
and “hybridization” are used in this article in the way proposed by cultural anthropologists, see different approaches in
Stockhammer 2012; Hodos 2017, p. 5‑6, etc.
2 Rustoiu 2008, p. 65‑98; Rustoiu 2014; Rustoiu, Berecki 2016.
DACIA N.S., tome LXI, Bucarest, 2017, p. 183-205

184 Aurel Rustoiu 2
different practices and patterns of interaction that reached various social levels and influenced the material
culture, technological knowledge and symbolic vocabulary of each of the involved parties. Amongst the
means that facilitated the inter‑communal interactions can be listed the negotiations and agreements concluded
between the leaders of various communities, which were accompanied by gift exchanges and matrimonial
alliances3. The individual and collective mobility, including the activity of small mercenary groups, played
an important role in the circulation of certain goods, practices and ideas from one region to another4.
However, the foreign goods were often reinterpreted and adapted to the visual and symbolic norms
of the adopting community. This was the case, for example, of some jewellery sets from the Thracian or
Illyrian environment in which a series of La Tène elements were integrated, or of some costume assemblages
from the Carpathian Basin which included some jewellery originating from the south. The distribution of
such artefacts and their manufacturing in different cultural environments were also the result of craftsmen’s
mobility from the northern Balkans or the La Tène environment5.
From this perspective, bodily ornamentation is a significant symbolic means of social communication
that allows the visual expression of ethnic or social belonging6. T.S. Turner has remarked that “Man is born
naked but is everywhere in clothes (or their symbolic equivalents) … The surface of the body, as the common
frontier of society, the social self, and the psychobiological individual, becomes the symbolic stage upon
which the drama of socialization is enacted, and bodily adornment (in all its culturally multifarious forms,
from body‑painting to clothing and from feather head‑dresses to cosmetics) becomes the language through
which it is expressed”7.
However, archaeological sources cannot provide all of the information regarding the entire range of
elements which may define a particular assemblage of bodily ornamentation (tattoos, body painting, haircut,
textiles, clothes’ colour, etc.). In spite of this, the preservation of various costume accessories and ornaments
made of metal or other inorganic materials allows the identification of certain visual characteristics which
are common amongst some ethnic or social groups or, on the contrary, of differing individuals originating
from other groups.
In the eastern and southern Carpathian Basin, the analysis of funerary discoveries indicates that costume
elements specific to the colonists’ homeland were preserved at the elites level. They consist of clothing
accessories and jewellery (brooches, chains, belts, annular ornaments, etc.) of the Central‑Western European
La Tène type. Such artefacts are also encountered in funerary inventories which were ascribed to the local
population due to their funerary rite and ritual8, suggesting the adoption of a manner of bodily ornamentation
which was meant to express the integration into the new communities. Nevertheless, the cohabitation of the
colonists with the indigenous population, as well as the contacts and social networks established between
the elites of different cultural areas, contributed to the hybridization of bodily ornamentation through the
adaptation of some local or foreign accessories to the costumes and jewellery assemblages which were
specific to each group in question.
Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to analyse from this perspective the silver jewellery discovered
in the La Tène cemeteries from Banat. This region, nowadays split between Romania, Serbia and Hungary, is
naturally delimited to the north by the lower Mureş River, to the west by the lower Tisza River, to the south
by the Danube downstream to the Iron Gates, and to the east by the southern Carpathians. The communities
from this region first established contacts with those from the Central European La Tène area around the
middle of the 4th century BC, before the Celtic colonization. A series of cemeteries whose funerary rites
and rituals, as well as their inventory, indicate the arrival of the Celts in the region appeared later. These
cemeteries belong to a unitary horizon which was part of the La Tène B2a sub‑phase. The total number of
graves identified in these cemeteries is reduced (in comparison with other contemporaneous cemeteries
from the Carpathian Basin), suggesting a small‑scale migration. At the same time, these cemeteries define
3 Rustoiu 2012.
4 Rustoiu 2006.
5 Rustoiu 2012; Rustoiu, Berecki 2014.
6 See Eicher 1995; Aldhouse‑Green 2004a, p. 40‑53; Aldhouse‑Green 2004b; Arnold 2008, p. 375‑379; Wells
2008, p. 64‑84, etc.

7 Turner 2012, p. 486.
8 See, for example, grave 17 at Remetea Mare: Rustoiu, Ursuţiu 2013a, p. 326, fig. 12/1.
3 Silver jewellery in the early La Tène cemeteries from Banat. The hybridization of bodily ornaments 185
an advancing route followed by the Celtic groups from the north to the south at the end of the 4th century
and the beginning of the 3rd century BC9.
THE SILVER JEWELLERY AND THEIR CONTEXTS OF DISCOVERY
The earliest funerary context of this kind was accidentally discovered in 1981 at Timişoara – Cioreni
(Timiş County). The cremation burial, partially damaged by construction works, had the remains placed in a
lidded urn. The inventory comprises one wheel‑made vessel of the La Tène type (the funerary urn; fig. 1/7),
one handmade bowl (used as lid; fig. 1/8), a silver bracelet or torques (fig. 1/1; 2), fragments of a bronze
bracelet (fig. 1/2), one pair of bronze brooches with a ring‑shaped zoomorphic foot (fig. 1/3‑4 and fig. 3) and
one bronze item damaged by fire (probably an element of a belt with astragals; fig. 1/6). The silver ornament
was made of twisted wire and has pointed open ends. Its dimensions: diameter – 82 mm; maximum diameter of
the wire – 3‑4 mm. The diameter suggests that the object is more likely a torques. According to the inventory,
the grave is dated to the La Tène B1/B2a (350‑330/320 BC)10.
At Aradu Nou, during rescue excavations carried out in 2010 along the future ring road of Arad, were
found 16 graves belonging to a La Tène cemetery11. Two of them contain silver jewellery. The inhumation
grave Cx 42 contained a skeleton laid in the supine position. The jewellery and costume accessories consist
of two tubular anklets made of bronze sheet (fig. 4/9‑10), one simple iron bracelet worn on the right hand
(fig. 4/4), one silver ring on the left ring finger (fig. 4/1), three iron brooches of the early La Tène type (fig.
4/6‑8), one amber ring found close to the neck (fig. 4/3), one iron ring on the left hip (fig. 4/2) and one tubular
object made of bronze sheet on the chest (fig. 4/5). The ring made of silver wire resembles the shape of a
saddle (Sattelringe or Schaukelringe in German literature), with the diameters of the oval loop of 18 × 19 mm.
The diameter of the wire is of 1.5 mm. Dating: La Tène B2a (330/320‑290/280 BC)12.
Grave Cx 50 is also an inhumation, with the skeleton laid in the supine position. The jewellery and
costume accessories consist of two bracelets made of bronze rods, two silver earrings or hair‑loops (found
below the shoulders), two silver tubes with filigree decoration, over 400 beads made of coloured or translucent
glass (spherical, bi‑truncated or amphora‑shaped), amber and coral beads, stone and clay pendants (all found
around the neck, on the chest and the pelvis), etc. The earrings or hair‑loops (fig. 5) were made of twisted
silver wire. One end is rolled up to form a spiral, whereas the other is pointed. Dimensions: diameters –
18 × 20 mm and 15 × 16 mm; diameter of the wire – 1.5‑2 mm. The tubes, of which one is fragmentary
preserved (fig. 6), were made of silver sheet; a silver wire was transversally wrapped around each of them,
forming a meander on the tube’s middle. Dimensions: length of the complete tube – 16 mm; diameter –
5 mm. Dating: La Tène B2a (330/320‑290/280 BC)13.
Other silver ornaments come from the inventory of cremation grave 1, containing a lidded urn, from
the cemetery at Remetea Mare – Gomila lui Pituţ (Timiş County). The urn contained, aside from the cremated
bones, one ankle loop (or bracelet?) made of bronze sheet (fig. 7/1), one iron bracelet with a plug fastener
(Steckverschluss; fig. 7/5), one simple iron chain (fig. 7/6) and one iron belt buckle having a willow leaf shape
(fig. 7/3), two iron brooches of the early La Tène type (fig. 7/2, 4), four bi‑truncated silver beads with filigree
decoration (fig. 7/7; 8/2) and two saddle‑shaped silver rings (fig. 7/8; 8/1). The burial pit contained, near the
urn, one iron sword of the Hatvan‑Boldog type (fig. 7/9) and the iron sword chain of the loop‑in‑loop type
(fig. 7/11), one iron spear head (fig. 7/12) and one iron brooch (fig. 7/10). The location of these grave goods
and their functions suggest a double burial.
9 Rustoiu, Ursuţiu 2013a; Rustoiu, Ferencz 2017.
10 Medeleţ, Bejan 1983; Medeleţ mss.a; Rustoiu 2012, p. 360, pl. 3. For absolute and relative chronology used
in this paper, see Gebhardt 1989, p. 74‑127 and Rustoiu 2016a, p. 239‑240.
11 The graves were unearthed in 2010 during the rescue excavations along the ring road bypassing Arad (Site
B_04, Km 8+540‑8+840). The rescue excavations were carried out by Adrian Ursuţiu. A monograph of the cemetery
will be published by Aurel Rustoiu and Adrian Ursuţiu. This group of graves could possibly belong to the cemetery at
Aradu Nou – Grădinile C.A.P. which was discovered in 1967 during the excavation of an irrigation canal (see Dörner
1968, p. 11‑12; Crişan 1974, p. 40‑44).
12 Rustoiu, Ursuţiu 2013a, p. 325, fig. 9A; Rustoiu, Ursuţiu forthcoming.
13 Rustoiu, Ursuţiu 2013a; Rustoiu, Ursuţiu 2013b; Rustoiu, Ursuţiu forthcoming.
186 Aurel Rustoiu 4
Fig. 1. The inventory of the grave from Timişoara – Cioreni. 1. silver; 2‑6. bronze. Different scales
(after Rustoiu 2012).
Fig. 3. Bronze brooches with zoomorphic ring‑shaped

Fig. 2. Silver bracelet or torques from Timişoara – foot from Timişoara – Cioreni
Cioreni (scale in cm; photo A. Georgescu). (scale in cm; photo A. Georgescu).
Fig. 4. The inventory of grave Cx 42 at Aradu Nou. 1. silver; 5, 9‑10. bronze; 2, 4, 6‑8. iron; 3. amber (scale in cm).
188 Aurel Rustoiu 6
Fig. 5. Silver spiral earrings from grave Cx 50 at Aradu Nou (scale in cm).
Fig. 6. Small silver filigree tubes from grave Cx 50 at Aradu Nou (scale in cm).
Fig. 7. The inventory of grave 1 at Remetea Mare. 7‑8. silver; 1. bronze; 2‑6, 9‑12. iron (after Rustoiu 2008).
190 Aurel Rustoiu 8
Fig. 8. Saddle‑shaped silver rings and silver filigree beads from grave 1 at Remetea Mare
(scale in cm; after Rustoiu 2008).
The saddle‑shaped rings were made of silver wire. Their diameters are of 14 mm and 13 mm,
respectively. As concerning the bi‑truncated silver beads with filigree decoration, two of them have a diameter
of 8 mm and the remaining two of 7 mm. Dating: La Tène B2a (330/320‑290/280 a.Chr.)14.
THE ANALYSIS OF THE DISCOVERIES
The annular ornament made of twister silver wire which was found in the funerary inventory from
Timişoara – Cioreni (fig. 1/1) has a local origin. Nearly similar artefacts, made of silver or bronze, have been
found in the Illyrian environment from southern Pannonia and in the central and north‑western Balkans in
contexts dated in general to the end of the 5th century and the 4th century BC (fig. 9). Among the examples
can be mentioned four silver pieces from grave 2 at Beremend in southern Hungary15, three pieces from the
probably double burial at Velika in Croatia16, and the finds coming from funerary contexts at Glasinac in
Bosnia and Herzegovina17. Another silver piece was recently discovered in a female inhumation grave from
the cemetery on the Csepel Island on the Danube, near Budapest, which was dated to the La Tène B118.
Bronze examples are known at Donja Dolina19. In some cases, these bracelets have open ends similar to the
piece from Timişoara – Cioreni. In other cases, one end is either flattened or rolled up while others have the
ends either interlinked or twice spiralled. Their dimensions are variable, in general between 50 and 65 mm.
In grave 2 at Beremend, four such pieces were worn on the right arm above the elbow, which explains the
14 Medeleţ mss.b; Rustoiu 2008, p. 111‑115, fig. 55, 57/2.

15 Jerem 1973, p. 81, fig. 7/2‑5.
16 Popović 1996, p. 106, fig. 2‑3; Dizdar, Potrebica 2002, p. 114, pl. 1‑4.
17 Fiala 1893, p. 136, fig. 21; Stratimirović 1893, p. 122, fig. 21.
18 Horváth 2016.
19 Marić 1964, pl. 14.
Fig. 9. Distribution of the brooches with zoomorphic ring‑shaped foot (see the list of finds in Rustoiu 2012, with additions
from Božič 2015 and Horváth 2016) and of the twisted silver bracelets and necklaces. The circles define the geographic
areas and sites where these artefacts are associated. List of brooches with zoomorphic ring‑shaped foot – AUSTRIA:
1 Matzelsdorf. HUNGARY: 2 Csepel Island; 3 Győr – Újszállás; 4 Liter; 5 Pilismarot – Basaharc; 6 Püspökhatvan;
7 Sopron – Bécsidomb; 8 Szentendre. ROMANIA: 9 Pecica; 10 Timişoara – Cioreni; 11 Timișoara – Freidorf;
12 Fântânele – Dealul Popii (variant). BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: 13 Donja Dolina. SERBIA: 14 Adorjan;
15 Banjska Stena; 16 Kostolac. BULGARIA: 17 Veliko Târnovo. List of twisted silver bracelets and necklaces ‑
HUNGARY: 1 Beremend; 2 Csepel Island. ROMANIA: 3 Timişoara – Cioreni. CROATIA: 4 Velika. BOSNIA AND
HERZEGOVINA: 5 Donja Dolina; 6 Glasinac.
relatively large diameters of these ornaments. Regarding the artefact from Timişoara – Cioreni, its diameter of
82 mm indicates that it was worn either as an armlet, similarly to the finds from Beremend, or as a necklace,
which is more likely given that it is quite large and flexible. The piece from the Csepel Island was found
around the deceased’s neck, thus pointing to a possible similar use for the artefact from Timişoara – Cioreni.
The earrings or hair‑loops from grave Cx 50 at Aradu Nou belong to the same horizon of local northern
and north‑western Balkans ornaments. The spiral earrings with a twisted body, made of silver or bronze, were
typologically classified by B. Jovanović in three variants: a. earrings with one rolled up end; b. earrings with
192 Aurel Rustoiu 10
Fig. 10. Distribution of spiral earrings: white dots = Hallstatt D – La Tène B1; black dots = La Tène B2a. ROMANIA:
1 Aradu Nou. SERBIA: 2 Kostolac – Repnjak; 3 Kostolac – Pecine; 4 Belgrade – Karaburma. BOSNIA AND
HERZEGOVINA: 5 Donja Dolina.
one loop‑shaped end; c. earrings with one conical end20. The finds from grave Cx 50 at Aradu Nou belong
to the first variant.
Chronologically, the ornaments of this type appeared at the end of the Early Iron Age and the beginning
of the Late Iron Age, in the 5th‑4th centuries BC, being used until the La Tène B2a, at the end of the 4th century
and the beginning of the 3rd century BC. One grave from Donja Dolina, dated to the end of the Early Iron
Age21, and graves 63 and 67 from the cemetery at Belgrade – Karaburma22, as well as those from Kostolac –
Repnjak and Kostolac – Pecine23, belong to the beginning of the Late Iron Age, thus providing the point of
reference for these chronological limits. Regarding their distribution area, these ornaments are present in
the north‑western Balkans and the southern Carpathian Basin (fig. 10). Sometimes the morphology of these
earrings is similar to that of some bracelets belonging to the aforementioned type, again underlining their
local origin.
In inhumation burials from the Belgrade – Karaburma cemetery, these pieces were found on both sides
of the skulls, indicating their use as earrings. In grave Cx 50 from Aradu Nou, these rings were located below
the shoulders, on the chest, suggesting that they could have been tied to the hair. These examples illustrate
the different manner in which such ornaments were worn from one community to another.
20 Jovanović 1994, p. 116.
21 Gavranović 2007, p. 413‑414, fig. 11.
22 Todorović 1972, p. 26‑28, pl. 23, 25; Ljuština, Spasić 2012, p. 394; Ljuština 2013, p. 96‑97, fig. 7.
23 Jacanović 1987; Jovanović 1994; Jovanović 2007.
The saddle‑shaped silver ring (fig. 8/1) from grave Cx 42 at Aradu Nou and the two similar objects from
grave 1 at Remetea Mare belong typologically to the La Tène cultural area, unlike the aforementioned pieces.
Rings with a similar shape were made of gold, silver or bronze. While analysing the gold rings from the La
Tène environment, J. Waldhauser ascribed them to the type 500 and identified five morphological variants24.
These are also encountered in the Carpathian Basin and pieces belonging to the first variant (simple, made
of wire having a circular cross‑section) are commonly found in funerary inventories.
The rings in question were used over a longer period of time, being found in funerary contexts dated
to the La Tène B1 – La Tène C1. In the peripheral areas from the Scordiscian environment and the Lower
Danube, the saddle‑shaped silver rings made of flattened wire or with filigree decoration are present in
contexts belonging to the La Tène D125.
Regarding their distribution area, these rings were found from western Switzerland and south‑western
Germany to Transylvania and Banat, sporadically reaching the Lower Danube. In the Carpathian Basin, they
are mostly concentrated in south‑western Slovakia and Lower Austria, then spreading to the south and east26
(fig. 11). In cemeteries from this area were identified around 80 examples coming from over 60 funerary
contexts. The proportion between the rings made of gold and those of bronze is about 1/4, while the proportion
between the gold ones and the silver examples is about 1/2. This proportional variability could indicate a
certain hierarchization of the social structure of the respective communities which was signalled by wearing
similar ornaments made of different metals, in spite of the apparent egalitarian or pseudo‑egalitarian features
of the Central European Celtic society during the 4th‑3rd centuries BC27. At the same time, they could also
indicate that styles of bodily ornamentation promoted by the local elites were adopted and imitated by ordinary
people who used bronze versions of these jewelleries.
In over 70% of the contexts identified in the Carpathian Basin, the saddle‑shaped rings come from
inhumation burials28. Moreover, these ornaments rarely appeared in graves with weapons (for example at
Ludas, Vác‑Gravel pit or Remetea Mare29), which may suggest that they were mainly worn by women.
However, anthropological analyses performed in certain cemeteries have shown that some of the graves
without weapons belonged to men. This is the case of grave 565 at Pottenbrunn30, or of graves 95 and perhaps
9 at Malé Kosihy31. Still, the costume assemblages of these individuals are similar to those encountered in
burials with weapons from other regions, for example in Bohemia32. Children burials containing such rings
are rarely found33.
Regarding the manner of wearing them, in inhumation burials some saddle‑shaped rings were found
on the right hand but mostly on the left hand, the proportion between these two cases being around 1/2. In
the majority of cases (ca. 65%) a single ring was worn. However, there are cases (over 25%) in which two
rings were worn, either as a pair of saddle‑shaped rings or one of this type combined with a different ring
made of metal, lignite or glass. Lastly, three or four rings were rarely worn (four and one case respectively;
ca. 10%). The use of two or more rings seems to be more frequent in the north‑western area of the Carpathian
Basin, especially in cemeteries from south‑western Slovakia34. The presence of two rings in some graves
from Transylvania and Banat, for example at Pişcolt35, Fântânele (unpublished) or Remetea Mare, could be
related to the attempts to preserve certain traditions from the colonists’ homeland or to the mobility of certain
individuals moving from the west to the east after the colonization phase. Moreover, a recent analysis of
24 Waldhauser 1998, fig. 5.
25 Rustoiu 2016b, p. 341‑345, with previous bibliography.
26 A detailed analysis of the saddle‑shaped rings from the Carpathian Basin in Rustoiu 2016b, with previous
bibliography.
27 Schönfelder 2007a, p. 296; Schönfelder 2007b, p. 18‑20.
28 Rustoiu 2016b.
29 Szabó, Tankó, Czajlik 2012, p. 30, no. 8; Hellebrandt 1999, p. 79, no. 3, pl. 40/9; Medeleţ mss.b; Rustoiu
2008, p. 111‑115, fig. 55; 57/2.

30 Ramsl 2002, p. 59, 145‑146, fig. 55, pl. 67/11a.
31 Bujna 1995, p. 19, 33, pl. 3B/3, 13C/1.
32 Waldhauser 1987, p. 39‑40, fig. 5.
33 See grave 75 at Palarikovo: Benadik 1975, p. 98, fig. 7‑8; Bujna 2005, p. 73.
34 Statistics and lists of finds in Rustoiu 2016b.
35 Németi 1992, p. 62, no. 6, fig. 2/6.
the use of metal anklets in the Carpathian Basin underlined the presence of some specific patterns in bodily
ornamentation which are specific to south‑western Slovakia, being also sporadically encountered in western
and north‑western Romania36. This fact suggests the same connections between the two regions, probably a
consequence of individual mobility.
Fig. 11. Distribution of saddle‑shaped rings in the Carpathian Basin (after Rustoiu 2016b). Dots = cemeteries (small
dots = 1 piece; medium dots = 2‑3 pieces; large dots = more than 3 pieces). Squares = settlements. Triangles = jewellery
hoards. For the list of discoveries see Rustoiu 2016b, p. 338‑339, tab. 1.
The tubes with filigree decoration found in grave Cx 50 at Aradu Nou (fig. 6) and the four silver beads
with a similar decoration from grave 1 at Remetea Mare (fig. 8/2) belong typologically to the Mediterranean
and the Balkans areas. Similar tubes made of silver or gold were used over a longer period and in different
ways, spreading from the eastern Mediterranean to the north, in the Balkans and the Carpathian Basin. In the
cemeteries from Sindos and Trebenište in ancient Macedonia, dated to the 6th century and first half of the 5th
century BC, such gold tubes were included in necklaces alongside beads and pendants, either undecorated
or decorated with filigree or granulation37. During the same period, longer variants of these tubes, made
of silver, were included in the lavish inventories of some burials discovered in the central Balkans, for
36 Brezňanová 2012.
37 Sindos 1985, p. 264‑265; Popović 1956, p. 100, pl. 6/23.
example at Pećka Banja in Kosovo and Kruševica in Serbia38. Lastly, a similar silver tube was found
together with ten silver beads made in the same technique (the tube is unpublished: fig. 13; for the beads
see below) in a female inhumation grave recently unearthed in the cemetery at Szeged‑Kiskundorozsma,
dated to the La Tène B139.
In Thrace, similar pieces were identified in the funerary inventory of the Malkata tumulus from Shipka,
dated to the end of the 4th century BC. Two gold tubes with filigree decoration served as the ends of a
loop‑in‑loop type chain made of gold, while two other similar pieces made of silver were attached to the
ends of a chain affixed on the shoulders with two brooches of the “Thracian” type. These chains and their
accessories were produced in local workshops using Greek prototypes40.
One silver tube with filigree decoration was included in the deposit belonging to a goldsmith which was
found in the Illyrian environment at Ošanići near Stolac, in Bosnia‑Herzegovina41. The deposit contained,
among other things, metallurgical tools, raw materials, semi‑finished and finished products, and was hidden
in the second half of the 3rd century or the beginning of the 2nd century BC, but it also contained earlier pieces
dated to the 4th‑3rd centuries BC42. Its composition reflects the activity of a group of craftsmen over a few
generations, producing objects specific to different cultural areas: Greek, Illyrian or Celtic. The mobility of
such craftsmen more likely contributed to the technological transfers and the circulation of various goods
both through time and from one cultural space to another.
The silver tubes with filigree decoration are also encountered in some deposits or hoards containing
jewellery from the Scordiscian area and the neighbouring regions during the La Tène D1. For example,
from a hoard of silver jewellery which was accidentally found at Hrtkovci, in Serbia, were recovered 26
tubes with filigree decoration which probably belonged to a necklace43. Similar artefacts also come from the
hoard discovered at Židovar in southern Serbian Banat44. Lastly, one hoard discovered at the end of the 19th
century between Szárazd and Regöly in southern Hungary included, among other things, silver chains of
the loop‑in‑loop type with pendants attached. The ends of these chains were fitted with tubes having filigree
decoration45. The silver tubes from Aradu Nou were associated with numerous beads made of glass, amber
and coral, all probably belonging to several necklaces. In this case they more likely served as fitting ends
for these necklaces.
The bi‑truncated beads with filigree decoration from Remetea Mare have analogies made of silver or
gold in the eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans, this type of ornaments being already used in the Greek
Archaic period. Gold pieces of this kind were discovered in the Sindos cemetery, near Thessaloniki46. They
were part of some necklaces together with other types of beads and pendants or tubes with filigree decoration.
From Macedonia, this type of jewellery spread northward in the Illyrian and Thracian environment at the end
of the Early Iron Age and the beginning of the Late Iron Age (fig. 12).
For example, four silver beads with filigree decoration were found at Umčari, near Belgrade, together
with a group of silver objects including belts of the Mramorac type, one brooch and two omega‑shaped
pins, which were all dated to the 5th century BC47. Six other silver beads belonging to the same period were
accidentally found at Nikinci, on the Sava River48. In the north‑western Balkans, silver pieces were identified
in tumulus 4 at Glasinac – Čavarine and in the inhumation graves 1 and 2 from tumulus 35 at Glasinac –
Gosinja planina49. The latter finds belong to the Glasinac Vb phase, being dated to the second half of the 4th
century and the beginning of the 3rd century BC. Moreover, grave 1 also contains brooches of the early Dux
38 Jevtović 1990, p. 187, 190, no. 137/11, 138/12.

39 Pilling, Ujvári 2012, p. 224.
40 Kitov, Tonkova 1996, p. 39, 41; Tonkova 1999, p. 187, fig. 7.
41 Marić 1978, p. 29, no. 38, pl. 25; Gebhard 1991, p. 9, fig. 11.
42 A synthesis of the opinions regarding the chronology of this deposit in Treister 2001, p. 280‑281.
43 Dautova‑Ruševljan, Jevtić 2006, p. 296, fig. 6.
44 Jevtić, Lazić, Sladić 2006, p. 57, 154‑156; Jevtić 2007, p. 39.
45 Hadaczek 1907, p. 170, pl. 2/8‑9; Szabó 1999, fig. 65.
46 Sindos 1985, p. 200‑203, 264‑265.
47 Garašanin 1960, p. 88, fig. 8.
48 Vasić 2005, p. 68, fig. 12‑15.
49 Benac, Čović 1957, p. 23, pl. 47/10, 16‑18.
Fig. 12. Distribution of silver and gold filigree beads. HUNGARY: 1 Kosd; 2 Szeged-Kiskundorozsma; 3 Szentlőrinc.
ROMANIA: 4 Remetea Mare – Gomila lui Pituţ; 5 Zimnicea. BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: 6 Glasinac – Čavarine;
7 Glasinac – Gosinja planina; SERBIA: 8 Kovin; 9 Nikinci; 10 Umčari. BULGARIA: 11 Seuthopolis.
GREECE: 12 Sindos.
type. Similar silver beads were also identified in graves 41 and 44 from the Illyrian cemetery at Szentlőrinc,
in southern Hungary, which belongs to a pre‑Celtic horizon corresponding to the La Tène A‑B1 in the Central
European chronology50. Ten beads recently discovered in the inhumation graves 45 from the cemetery at
Szeged‑Kiskundorozsma belong to the same chronological horizon51 (fig. 13). Lastly, some silver beads were
discovered together with a coral necklace in grave 39 at Kosd, dated to the La Tène B252.
In the Thracian environment from the eastern Balkans, gold beads with filigree decoration come from
grave 2 of the tumulus 2 at Seuthopolis, being associated with two gold brooches of the Pestrup type, dated
to the La Tène B2, and two silver brooches of the “Thracian” type53. Ten other nearly similar silver beads
come from a grave discovered at Zimnicea which was dated to the second half of the 4th century BC54.
50 Jerem 1968, p. 186, fig. 25/41‑1, 26/44‑2, pl. 40/1.
51 Pilling, Ujvári 2012, p. 224.
52 Schmid‑Sikimić 2000, p. 153, fig. 9.
53 Dimitrov, Čičikova 1978, p. 53; Domaradzki 1984, fig. 33; Anastassov 2011, p. 234, fig. 23.
54 Alexandrescu 1980, p. 31, no. 50, fig. 50/9‑12.
Fig. 13. Silver beads and one tube (arrow) with filigree decoration from inhumation grave 45 from the
Szeged‑Kiskundorozsma cemetery (scale in cm; courtesy of Z. Pilling and F. Újvári, photos D. Pópity and J. Olgyay,
Móra Ferenc Museum Szeged, Hungary).
The beads with filigree decoration continued to be worn in the Scordiscian environment also at the end
of the Late Iron Age. For example, four beads of this type come from the hoard of silver jewellery found at
Kovin, dated to the first half of the 1st century BC55. They are associated with jewellery of local origin (spiral
bracelets, brooches of the Jarak type, pendants made of silver sheet) and also with pieces which illustrate
technologically and morphologically the perpetuation of older traditions from the northern Balkans and the
southern Carpathian Basin. This is the case of the flared tubes with filigree decoration or the saddle‑shaped
rings with a similar decoration.
Summarising the aforementioned observations, it can be noted that the silver jewellery from La Tène
burials in Banat have different origins. Some of them belong to the repertoire of bodily ornaments specific
to the local populations of the end of the Early Iron Age and the beginning of the Late Iron Age. Others were
brought over by the Celtic colonists and belong typologically to the Central European La Tène area. The
relations with the Balkans populations and the Mediterranean area are illustrated by a series of jewellery
coming from the south. All of these jewelleries were either integrated into costume assemblages specific
to the communities from Banat, or were worn according to the norms of bodily ornamentation specific to
the communities from the Balkans. The manner in which these jewelleries were perceived and used within
different styles of bodily ornamentation is discussed below.
55 Rašajski 1961, p. 23, no. 6, pl. 1/3; Tasić 1992, pl. 12/42.
DISCUSSION
The silver bracelet or torques from Timişoara – Cioreni is associated with a pair of bronze brooches
having a ring‑shaped foot decorated with stylised griffins or dragons (Fig. 1/1, 3‑4). Brooches of this type
are found alone or in pairs in the La Tène environment from northern Hungary, in Transdanubia, where
the workshop which produced them more likely functioned (Fig. 9). From this area, some brooches spread
southward in the Illyrian environment at Donja Dolina, and then in western Romania and among the
populations from the Lower Danube56. The list of finds was recently completed with the pieces discovered
in the cemetery on the Csepel Island57, the older find from Matzelsdorf in Lower Austria and the fragmentary
brooch, probably reused as pendant over a longer period58, which comes from a “Gepidic” grave at Adorjan
near Kanjiža in Bačka, Serbia59. Recently, one similar brooch was found in an early La Tène settlement at
Timișoara – Freidorf60. The brooch discovered in the region of Veliko Târnovo, in Bulgaria, is hybrid: the
spring and the bow are similar to those of the “Thracian” type brooches, while the foot is similar to that of
the zoomorphic brooches. These features suggest that the brooch in question was more likely made by a
local artisan familiarised with the output of Thracian workshops61. Regarding the chronology, the brooches
recently found in the Csepel Island cemetery are associated with other costume accessories typical to the La
Tène B1 phase62. At the same time, a zoomorphic brooch which was linked to an early Dux type brooch with
a chain comes from the surroundings of Szentendre, in the vicinity of Budapest63. This association suggests
a dating to the end of the La Tène B1 and the beginning of the La Tène B2 sub‑phase (the middle and the
second half of the 4th century BC). One nearly similar Dux brooch made of silver comes from the hoard
of jewellery found at Čurug, in northern Serbia64. This hoard, which belongs to a pre‑Celtic horizon, also
contains other brooches, bracelets, rings, etc. of the Balkans type, and can be more likely dated to the middle
of the 4th century BC65. The brooches having a zoomorphic ring‑shaped foot also have the bow decorated
with geometric motifs. Some of these decorative elements are also encountered on a series of Dux type
brooches, like the one discovered at Oradea – Sere, in north‑western Romania66 or the brooch from grave
202 belonging to the first horizon of the Pişcolt cemetery, dated to the LTB1/B267. The artefacts in question
define the end of the period in which the zoomorphic pieces were also worn.
Taking into consideration the jewellery’s chronology, in particular that of the silver torques and the
brooches, the grave from Timişoara – Cioreni can be dated to the middle of the 4th century BC or immediately
after that, thus being earlier dated than the arrival of the first groups of Celtic colonists in the region in the
La Tène B2a.
If the distribution area of the annular ornaments made of twisted silver or bronze wire is compared with
that of the brooches having a zoomorphic ring‑shaped foot, one can observe that the two categories of costume
accessories are mostly associated in southern Pannonia and north‑western Balkans, Donja Dolina representing
an important point of reference for the cultural interactions between the north and the south. The belts with
astragals were also popular at the end of the Early Iron Age and the beginning of the Late Iron Age in the same
region68. Accordingly, the costume assemblage from the inventory of the grave at Timişoara – Cioreni, which
56 Szabó 1974; Binding 1993, p. 39, pl. 39; Rustoiu 2008, p. 118, fig. 58; Rustoiu 2012, p. 359‑360, fig. 2 –
distribution map.
57 Horváth 2016.
58 For the reuse of prehistoric and Roman objects in Migration period contexts, see Rustoiu 2015a.
59 Božič 2015.
60 Information kindly provided by Andrei Georgescu (Timişoara), who investigated the site.
61 Mircheva 2007, p. 71; Măndescu 2010, p. 358.
62 Horváth 2016.
63 Szabó 1974, p. 71‑72, fig. 1.
64 Grbić 1928, pl. 1/5; Ljuština 2010, p. 61, pl. 4/1.
65 La Tène B1 according to Božič 1981; middle of the 4th century BC according to Tasić 1992, p. 12; second half
of the 4th century BC according to Vasić 1999, p. 117.

66 Rustoiu 2005, p. 60, fig. 4/3.
67 Németi 1988, fig. 10/2.
68 See the distribution area of the belts with astragals in Jerem 1973, fig. 10; Jerem 1974, fig. 4; Jovanović 1998;
Dizdar, Tonc 2018, fig. 2.

combines La Tène elements (zoomorphic brooches) with accessories of north‑western Balkans and southern
Pannonian type (the silver annular ornament and perhaps the belts with astragals, if the melted remains indeed
belonged to one such object), has analogies in the aforementioned area of cultural interference. Connections
with this area seem also to be suggested by the funerary rite. The cemeteries of the end of the Early Iron
Age and the beginning of the Late Iron Age located westward of Banat, in Srem and Bačka (ascribed to the
Srem group) consist of inhumation burials69. Thus, the grave from Timişoara – Cioreni does not belong to
this group. At the same time, its funerary inventory is different from the ones encountered in the area of the
Vekerzug culture, where some cremation burials in urn were also discovered70, so any connection with the
central and northern parts of the Great Hungarian Plain can be excluded. On the contrary, both inhumation
and cremation burials are documented in the area of the Donja Dolina – Sanski Most group71; some of their
inventories include jewellery sets which combined local and La Tène elements.
On the basis of these observations, it can be said that the grave from Timişoara – Cioreni reflects the
connections established between the communities from Banat and those from the north‑western Balkans in
the period preceding the Celtic colonization. Furthermore, the burial in question could have belonged to a
woman originating from the aforementioned region, and in this case her presence might suggest a possible
matrimonial alliance between the elites of the communities from two different areas. Regarding the association
of zoomorphic brooches with the twisted silver necklace from the Csepel Island cemetery, as well as the
presence of other types of costume accessories made of bronze or of various types of glass and coral beads72,
these can also be related to the same distant connections and the individual mobility of the first half or the
middle of the 4th century BC.
Following the Celtic arrival in Banat during the La Tène B2a, the relationships with the western and
north‑western Balkans seem to have continued during the last two or three decades of the 4th century and the
beginning of the 3rd century BC, alongside the integration of local elites within the new communities that
resulted from this colonization. This hypothesis is supported by the jewellery from grave Cx 50 at Aradu
Nou. The silver spiral earrings are specific to the indigenous style of bodily ornamentation preceding the
Celtic horizon and they continued to be used in the later period. However, this type of jewellery is associated
with costume accessories belonging to the La Tène cultural area (brooches, belts, etc.). Their use seems to
indicate the tendency of local people to integrate into the new communities by accepting a particular style of
bodily ornamentation that was specific to the newcomers while also preserving certain indigenous elements.
Some relevant examples are provided by graves 63 and 67 from Belgrade – Karaburma and the grave from
Kostolac – Repnjak which was already mentioned above.
Grave Cx 50 from Aradu Nou also contained more than 400 beads made of glass, amber and coral.
The glass ones have different shapes and colours: bi‑truncated or spherical, blue, green or translucent,
or translucent amphora‑shaped, etc. The amber and coral beads were only summarily finished. All these
beads were assembled in a series of rows, some having fasteners consisting of two silver tubes with filigree
decoration of Mediterranean origin. A similar provenance more likely had the coral and the amphora‑shaped
glass beads which were found in some burials from the Carpathian Basin or the Illyrian environment at
the end of the Early Iron Age and the beginning of the Late Iron Age73. Among the populations from the
western and north‑western Balkans, such pieces are often associated with bi‑truncated beads made of amber
or glass74. Accordingly, the jewellery from Aradu Nou could have come from the region in question, once
again illustrating the connections between the communities from Banat and those from the western areas
which were facilitated by the major route of communication along the Sava valley.
In spite of these intra‑ and inter‑community cultural connections, Celtic colonists largely maintained
and imposed their own symbolic norms of expressing identity which were specific to their original lands. The
burials containing weapons as well as the majority of those without weapons adhered to the ancestral funerary
69 Ljuština 2010, p. 61‑64 with bibliography.
70 Chochorowski 1985; Kemenczei 2009.
71 Čović 1987; Marić 1964.
72 Horváth 2016; Horváth 2017.
73 For the coral beads from the north‑western Balkans and the Carpathian Basin see Schmid‑Sikimić 2000; for
the amphora‑shaped glass beads see Popović 1997; Schönfelder 2007c, p. 308‑309, 318‑321, fig. 2; Rustoiu 2011a,
p. 95‑96, fig. 4; Rustoiu 2015b.
74 For the distribution of amber beads in the Balkans see Palavestra 1993.
rites and rituals. At the same time, the jewellery and costume accessories largely illustrate the preservation of a
traditional visual code of bodily ornamentation. Grave Cx 42 from Aradu Nou provides a relevant example. The
annular jewellery (bronze tubular anklets, one simple iron bracelet on the right hand, one saddle‑shaped silver
ring on the left ring finger) and the Dux type brooches belong to a costume assemblage that is functionally
similar to those from the early inhumation burials from the La Tène cemeteries in the middle Danube basin75,
and other areas in Central Europe76. Grave 118 from Maňa, grave 1 from Hronovce‑Domaša, or graves 35,
172, 177 and 181 from Pişcolt provide some examples77.
The urn from grave 1 at Remetea Mare contained, aside from the cremated bones, one set of jewellery
and costume accessories which also belonged to the La Tène repertoire of bodily ornamentation. The Dux
type brooches, the fragmentary tubular ring made of bronze sheet, the iron bracelet, the saddle‑shaped silver
rings, the iron belt buckle and chain have analogies in female graves from the cemeteries of the middle Danube
in the La Tène B2a78. The panoply of weapons and the Dux type brooch laid in the funerary pit near the urn
indicate a male inventory. Accordingly, the burial could have been double, unless the woman was buried with
weaponry. Anthropological analysis of the cremated bones will clarify this question.
The funerary urn from the grave at Remetea Mare also contained four bi‑truncated silver beads with
filigree decoration. Their distribution illustrates the connections with southern Danubian regions at the end of
the 4th century and the beginning of the 3rd century BC. These social interactions are also confirmed by other
discoveries from the same cemetery. For example, female grave 3 is the only inhumation while all others are
cremations. Its inventory included one local handmade bowl, one small wheel made bi‑truncated vessel of the
La Tène type, one iron tweezers, one “Thracian” bronze brooch and one element of a belt with astragals which
was reused as pendant. As it was already argued79, both the funerary rite (unique within the entire cemetery)
and the inventory (especially the costume accessories of northern and north‑western Balkans origin) suggest
that the deceased originated from a community living south of the Danube, perhaps in a contact zone between
the Thracian and the Illyrian area where inhumation was at least partially, if not exclusively, practised. She
could have arrived in the community from Banat due to a matrimonial alliance concluded sometime in the
first half of the 3rd century BC between the Celts from Banat and a southern Danube community. This kind
of social connections, which implied the mobility of certain people, also contributed to the circulation of
manufactured goods, like the silver jewellery with filigree decoration from Remetea Mare from one cultural
space to another. Furthermore, these direct contacts also contributed to the circulation of different customs
and ideas from one community to another and the integration of some types of jewellery of Mediterranean
or northern Balkans origin into the La Tène costume assemblages illustrates this process. Such gold or silver
jewellery made in the filigree or granulation technique played an important role in the spreading of this
decorative style in the Carpathian Basin80. However, the artisans from the Celtic environment adapted this
decorative style to their own technique of bronze casting, inventing the pseudo‑filigree or pseudo‑granulation,
so only the visual element was transferred, but not the related technology.
CONCLUSIONS
The analysis of silver jewelleries from the La Tène cemeteries in Banat shows that they originated from
different cultural areas. For example, the saddle‑shaped silver rings belonged to the Central‑Western European
La Tène cultural area, the annular silver ornaments from Timişoara – Cioreni and Aradu Nou originated
from the local north‑western Balkans environment, while the pieces made in the filigree technique point
to the influence of the jewellery workshops from the eastern Mediterranean and the northern Balkans. The
manner in which these ornaments were integrated into the costume assemblages illustrates the hybridization
of bodily ornamentation within the more general process of cultural amalgamation that happened after the
Celtic colonization of the eastern and southern Carpathian Basin.
75 See Furman 2012, p. 274, type 3, variants 3‑4; see also Brezňanová 2012.
76 For example, in Bohemia: see variant 220 of the ornaments defined by Waldhauser 1987, p. 39‑40, fig. 5.
77 See Brezňanová 2012 with bibliography.
78 See, for example, Bujna 2003; Bujna 2005; Bujna 2011.
79 Rustoiu 2004‑2005; Rustoiu 2008, p. 126‑134; Rustoiu 2011b, p. 166‑168.
80 Szabó 1975; for the influence of Thracian jewellery on the Celtic one, see Tonkova 2006.
The process of integration of the indigenous population into the new communities which were
established upon Celtic arrival differed from one community, or even social group, to another. In some cases,
the locals adopted costumes and ornaments specific to the newcomers, which may suggest the tendency to
integrate into the new communities, even if the indigenous funerary practices were still preserved. In other
cases, mostly at the elite level, certain traditional ornaments were combined with costume accessories of the
La Tène type, leading to the appearance of hybrid styles of bodily ornamentation whose aim was to express
a particular social identity which appealed symbolically to both the locals and the newcomers.
On the other hand, the colonists largely preserved their own code of bodily ornamentation, the tendency
being demonstrated archaeologically by the presence of ornaments and costume accessories specific to their
original homeland from Central Europe. However, the social contacts established between the elites of the
communities from Banat and those from the northern and north‑western Balkans facilitated a series of cultural
exchanges between them. These contacts included agreements, gift exchanges, matrimonial alliances and
the like, and contributed to the individual mobility through which both the “visible” cultural goods (objects)
and the “invisible” ones (practices, ideas, beliefs, etc.) circulated from one environment to another. Among
many other things, this individual mobility played an important role in the spreading of certain elements of
“fashion”, like ornaments and costumes accessories. These objects were taken over and adapted to the style
of bodily ornamentation that was specific to a certain community or social group. This is the case of the
Pestrup type brooches originating from the Central‑Western European environment, which were discovered
in “Thracian” graves from Bulgaria, or of the silver beads with filigree decoration of eastern Mediterranean
or Balkans type, which were found in the Celtic environment.
Lastly, the circulation of certain elements of bodily ornamentation from one geographic and cultural
space to another, as well as their integration into different costume assemblages according to the social norms
and visual codes of each community, contributed to their increasing popularity. One result is their imitation
in the local manner, according to the technological knowledge of the craftsmen from the regions in question.
For example, bronze Pestrup type brooches specific to the La Tène environment were imitated in gold at
Seuthopolis. In the opposite direction, the popularity of Mediterranean silver jewellery made in the filigree
or granulation technique contributed to the appearance of bronze imitations using the pseudo‑filigree and
pseudo‑granulation.
Acknowledgments
The author wishes to thank Marija Ljiuština (Belgrade), Milena Tonkova (Sofia), Martin Furman
(Žilina), Katalin Almássy (Čelákovice), Andreea Drăgan (Cluj‑Napoca), Andrei Georgescu (Timişoara),
Marko Dizdar (Zagreb) and Peter C. Ramsl (Viena) for providing useful information, and to the reviewers
for suggestions and comments.
This work was supported by a grant of Ministry of Research and Innovation, CNCS ‑ UEFISCDI,
project number PN‑III‑P4‑ID‑PCE‑2016‑0353, within PNCDI III.
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ABRÉVIATIONS
(AAI)TerraAntBalc – (Acta Associationis Internationalis) Terra Antiqua Balcanica, International Association

Terra Antiqua Balcanica, Sofia
(A)ARMSI – Analele Academiei Române. Memoriile Secţiunii Istorice, Bucureşti
ACMI – Anuarul Comisiunii Monumentelor Istorice, Bucureşti
ActaArchCarp – Acta Archaeologica Carpatica, Kraków
ActaAntHung – Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest
ActaArchHung – Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest
ActaMN – Acta Musei Napocensis, Muzeul Național de Istorie a Transilvaniei, Cluj‑Napoca
ActaMP – Acta Musei Porolissensis, Muzeul Judeţean de Istorie şi Artă, Zalău
AÉ – L’Année Épigraphique, Paris
Aetas – Aetas. Történettudományi folyóirat, Szeged
American Antiquity – American Antiquity, Society for American Archaeology, Washington
AMSMG – Atti e Memorie della Società Magna Grecia, Roma
AnB (S.N.) – Analele Banatului (Serie Nouă), Muzeul Banatului, Timişoara
Antiquity – Antiquity. A Review of World Archaeology, Durham, UK
AnUBucureşti – Analele Universităţii din Bucureşti
AOR … – Arheologičeski otkritija i razkopki prez ... g.
ArchBulg – Archaeologia Bulgarica, Sofia
ArchClass – Archeologia Classica, Roma
ArchéologiaParis – Archéologia, Paris
ArchÉrt – Archeológiai Értesítő, Budapest
ArchKorr – Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, Mainz
ArchRozhledy – Archeologické Rozhledy, Praha
Argesis – Argesis, Muzeul Judeţean Argeş, Piteşti
ArhMed – Arheologia Medievală, Asociația arheologilor medieviști din România
ArhVestnik – Arheološki vestnik, Ljubljana
BARIntSer – British Archaeological Reports. International Series, Oxford
BARSuppSer – British Archaeological Reports. Supplementary Series, Oxford
BÉ – Bulletin Épigraphique, Paris
BerRGK – Bericht der Römisch‑Germanischen Kommission des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts,
Frankfurt am Main
BICS – Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies of the University of London
BMJTAG – Buletinul Muzeului Județean „Teohari Antonescu”, Giurgiu
Brukenthal Acta Musei – Brukenthal Acta Musei, Muzeul Naţional Brukenthal, Sibiu
BSNR – Buletinul Societăţii Numismatice Române, Bucureşti
CA – Cercetări Arheologice, Muzeul Naţional de Istorie a României, Bucureşti
Caiete ARA – Caiete ARA. Arhitectură, Restaurare, Arheologie, Asociaţia ARA, Bucureşti
CCA. Campania ….. – Cronica Cercetărilor Arheologice din România, București
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Aurel Rustoiu Silver Jewellery in The Ea

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Aurel Rustoiu Silver Jewellery in The Ea

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ACADEMIE ROUMAINE

EDITURA ACADEMIEI ROMÂNE

Rédacteur en chef adjoint :

Secrétaire de rédaction : RALUCA KOGĂLNICEANU

Rédaction éditoriale : MONICA STANCIU

Toute commande sera adressée à :

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DACIA LXI, 2017

SILVER JEWELLERY IN THE EARLY LA TÈNE CEMETERIES

DACIA N.S., tome LXI, Bucarest, 2017, p. 183-205

2008, p. 64‑84, etc.

THE SILVER JEWELLERY AND THEIR CONTEXTS OF DISCOVERY

Fig. 3. Bronze brooches with zoomorphic ring‑shaped

THE ANALYSIS OF THE DISCOVERIES

14 Medeleţ mss.b; Rustoiu 2008, p. 111‑115, fig. 55, 57/2.

2008, p. 111‑115, fig. 55; 57/2.

38 Jevtović 1990, p. 187, 190, no. 137/11, 138/12.

of the 4th century BC according to Vasić 1999, p. 117.

Dizdar, Tonc 2018, fig. 2.

(AAI)TerraAntBalc – (Acta Associationis Internationalis) Terra Antiqua Balcanica, International Association

DACIA N.S., tome LXI, Bucarest, 2017, p. 261-263

DissPann – Dissertationes Pannonicae. Ex Instituto Numismatico et Archaeologico Universitatis de Petro

Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie des Historischen Seminars der Westfälischen Wilhelms‑Universität,

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