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Elt 208 2
Elt 208 2
G RO U P E D E T R AVA I L
D1•33
EXPERIENCES EN MATIERE
DE DETECTION DES DECHARGES
PARTIELLES E. Gulski (Pays-Bas)
E. Lemke (Allemagne)
sur les câbles des réseaux de M. Gamlin (Suisse)
E. Gockenbach (Allemagne)
distribution électrique W. Hauschild (Allemagne)
E. Pultrum (Pays-Bas)
G R O U P E D E T R AVA I L D 1 . 3 3 « T E C H N I Q U E S D E M E S U R E E N H A U T E
T E N S I O N » , G R O U P E D ’ A C T I O N 0 5 « M E S U R E D E S D E C H A R G E S PA RT I E L L E S »
WORKING GROUP
D1•33
G RO U P E D E T R AVA I L D 1 • 3 3 S U I T E
2. Methods applied
FIGURE 4 - Exemples d'évaluations statistiques obtenues par la méthode DAC for detection and
appliquée à un câble de distribution électrique : (a) configuration de la DP par
rapport à la phase, (b) amplitude de décharge partielle par rapport à son location of PD pulses
emplacement dans les 3 phases du câble (les points noirs représentent les
accessoires), (c) intensité de la décharge partielle par rapport à son emplacement
dans les 3 phases du câble, (d) carte des positions des défauts de décharge partielle 2.1 PD Measuring Circuit
créée à partir de l'intensité des décharges partielles pour des magnitudes
particulières.
To detect discharges in power cables a
FIGURE 4 - Examples of statistical evaluation obtained using DAC method applied to
a distribution power cable: (a) phase-resolved PD-pattern, (b) PD amplitude versus PD measuring system applied has to be in
PD site location in all 3 phases of the power cable (black dots indicate accessories), line with the international standards IEC
(c) PD intensity versus PD site location in all 3 phases of the power cable,
(d) PD fault position map created on the basis of PD magnitude intensity for 60270 [12] and IEC 60885-3 [13]. In fig-
particular PD magnitudes. ure 1 a principal circuit is shown.
G RO U P E D E T R AVA I L D 1 • 3 3 S U I T E
G RO U P E D E T R AVA I L D 1 • 3 3 S U I T E
50/60 Hz. In the last ten years different test the natural frequency (equ. (2)) which is 3.3 Damped AC Voltages (20-
equipment has been developed, to ener- variable, because of the different lengths 1000 Hz)
gize the cable externally. With regard to PD of the cables to be tested [18-22]. The fre-
measurements a number of characteris- quency converter of such a Frequency In order to reduce the power demand
tics can be defined here: Tuned Resonant Circuit (FTRC) circuit for energizing the cable capacitance, the
✔ the main goal of using external exci- regulates also the height of the voltage by generation of Damped AC voltages (DAC)
tation voltages is to create partial discharges pulse-width modulation (Fig. 8b). can also be used as an alternative to other
in the cable system similar to the service The fixed test frequency equal to methods of generating the test voltage for
situation and to be able to use testing volt- power frequency of the ITRC circuit guar- field partial discharge measurements [3-
ages higher than operating voltages, antees identical stress as under service con- 5,7,8,14,15].
✔ the energizing procedure has to be ditions, whereas FTRC circuits operate In general the test-set for generation
non-destructive, in a frequency range 20 Hz (for extremely damped AC excitation voltages consists of
✔ the PD detection and evaluation long cables) and up to 300 Hz (for no-load a direct voltage source, which charges with
have to be comparable to the routine test case respectively cables of few metres). The continuously increasing voltage the cable
as done at the cable manufacturer place. inductance can be designed according to capacitance prior to initiation of the oscil-
In the following the principals of dif- the cable network of the user in such a way lation (figure 11 and 12). After the cable
ferent widely available energizing meth- that e.g. 80% of test cases are within a quite capacitance is charged to the desired peak
ods for distribution power cable systems narrow frequency range 35 to 100 Hz. But voltage, a switch connects the cable to the
will be discussed briefly; for more details the whole frequency range 20 to 300 Hz is inductor. In this type of circuit the capaci-
see the publications mentioned in the sec- acceptable for representing power fre- tance of the cable oscillates with the induc-
tion “References”. quency [22] and standardized for high- tance of the external inductor at a frequency
voltage cables [28-29]. The draft of the of equ. (2). where C is the cable capacitance
“horizontal” IEC standard 60060-3 con- and L is the inductance of the external
3.1 Tuned Resonant Test Volt- siders 15 to 300 Hz, but there is not yet inductor. The oscillation frequency is typ-
ages an IEC standard for distribution cables. ically several tens of Hz to several hundreds
Independent of background noise on- of Hz. The rate of decay of the damped AC
For testing cables series resonant cir- site FTRC have to be combined with ded- voltage wave is determined by the losses in
cuits are much more efficient than com- icated noise suppression techniques in the test circuit, including the cable, the cable
pensated transformer circuits. They are order to reject the heavy disturbing pulses accessories and the inductor. In particular,
based on an oscillating circuit mainly con- created by the power electronics inside the for short cable length, to reduce the influ-
sisting of the capacitance C of the cable exciting unit. ence of the cable length on the resulting
under test and the inductance L of the so- oscillatory frequency an additional capaci-
called test reactor. Its natural frequency tor CL parallel to the test object may be used.
is given by equation (2) 3.2 Very Low Frequency Volt- The experiences as obtained in the field of
ages (0.1 Hz) testing [9,10,11,14,15,] have shown that the
frequency of those “damped AC voltage”
An effective way to reduce the capac- types range from 40 Hz to a few hundred
itive power demand of the cable during Hz e.g. 600 Hz and do not influence PD
Resonance is reached, if the frequency test is to reduce the frequency of the test magnitude, see the example in figure 13.
of the exciting voltage is identical to the voltage, i.e. to apply a Very Low Frequency
natural frequency (equ. (2)). There are two (VLF). An introduced and widely accepted
principles to reach resonance (figure 8): frequency in this respect is 0.1 Hz.
The original concept bases on two DC 4. Conclusions
a) The natural frequency is tuned by supplies which vary between zero and plus
the inductance of the test reactor (variable or minus twice the test voltage (peak). The 1) The detection, location and classi-
gap in the core) to the value of power fre- two outputs are then averaged, resulting in fication of partial discharges in distribu-
quency (50/60 Hz). Such Inductively an AC voltage, [6, 16], figure 9. Nowadays a tion power cables at an early stage may
Tuned Resonance Circuit (ITRC) is excited sinusoidal VLF generator is basically a high prevent unexpected outages. As a result
via a conventional power supply with reg- voltage amplifier: A signal generator pro- maintenance actions can be planned.
ulating transformer (Fig. 8a). duces the desired wave shape (e.g.0.1 Hz sine 2) For economical reasons other exci-
b) The frequency of the exciting volt- wave) which is amplified to the desired level. tation voltages than power frequency may
age is tuned by a frequency converter to Figure 10 shows the test set-up schematically. be used.
G RO U P E D E T R AVA I L D 1 • 3 3 S U I T E
FIGURE 13 - Exemple de mapping de DP, réalisé pour un câble 10kV, au papier sans plomb (PILC)
testé pour 2 fréquences d’ondes amorties (DAC) : 242 Hz et 583 Hz.
FIGURE 13 - Example of PD mapping as made for a 10kV paper insulated lead cable (PILC) power cable
tested at two different DAC voltage frequencies: 242 Hz and 583Hz.
génération de tensions alternatives amor- de ces « tensions alternatives amorties » va défauts détectés, à savoir la tension
ties (DAC) représente une autre solution de 40 Hz à quelques centaines de Hz, 600 d’amorçage de la DP, sa magnitude
pour obtenir la tension de test nécessaire Hz par exemple, et qu’elle n’influence pas et sa configuration par rapport à
à la mesure in situ des décharges partielles la magnitude des décharges partielles. Voir la phase dans un temps relative-
[3-5,7,8,14,15]. l’exemple de la figure 13. ment court, ce qui représente une
En général, le montage de génération appréciable réduction des coûts.
de tensions d’excitation alternatives amor- b) Les contraintes infligées par le test
ties se compose d’une source de tension ne doivent causer aucun dommage
continue qui charge la capacitance du 4. Conclusions supplémentaire à l’isolation du
câble d’une tension en augmentation câble.
continue avant le déclenchement de l’os- 1) La détection, la localisation et la c) Les procédures de mesure des
cillation (figures 11 et 12). Une fois la capa- classification précoce des décharges par- décharges partielles doivent res-
citance du câble chargée à la tension de tielles dans les câbles de distribution peut pecter les normes internationales
crête désirée, un commutateur établit le permettre d’éviter des coupures, et donc CEI 60270 et CEI 60885-3, afin de
contact entre le câble et l’inductance. Dans de planifier les actions de maintenance. permettre le plus de comparaisons
ce type de circuit, la capacitance du câble 2) Pour des raisons économiques, il est possibles entre les tests de terrain et
oscille avec l’inductance externe à une fré- possible d’utiliser des tensions d’excitation ceux de laboratoire.
quence donnée par l’équation (2), où C est à des fréquences autres que celle de l’ali-
la capacitance du câble, et L l’inductance mentation.
externe. La fréquence d’oscillation est en 3) Les tensions d’excitation à des fré-
général de plusieurs dizaines de Hz. La quences autres que celle de l’alimentation 5. Références
vitesse d’amortissement de l’onde de ten- sont acceptables, pourvu que l’application (Voir anglais) ■
sion alternative est déterminée par les de règles de reconnaissances adéquates
pertes dans le circuit de test, y compris le permette de trouver des défauts signifi-
câble et ses accessoires et l’inductance catifs.
externe. Pour réduire l’influence de la lon- 4) Pour mettre sous tension les câbles
gueur du câble sur la fréquence oscillatoire électriques, on a le choix entre différentes
obtenue, notamment dans le cas de câbles sources de tension. Les points importants
courts, on peut employer un condensateur pour la mesure des décharges partielles
supplémentaire CL en parallèle avec l’ob- peuvent se résumer de la façon suivante :
jet du test. L’expérience de tests in situ a) Les tests doivent fournir des infor-
montre [9,10,11,14,15,] que la fréquence mations réalistes sur la nature des
3) Excitation voltages other than [6] W. Boone, G.C. Damstra, W.J.L. [18] W. Schufft et. al.: Powerful fre-
power frequency are acceptable as long Jansen, C. de Ligt: A very low frequency quency-tuned resonant test systems for
as realistic defects can be found by appli- high voltage generator for testing cables after-laying tests of 110kV XLPE cables. 9th
cation of suitable knowledge rules. after laying. 5th ISH Braunschweig, August ISH Graz (1995) paper 49.86
4) To energize power cables different 1987 [19] W. Hauschild, W. Schufft, J.
excitation voltage sources are available. [7] E. Gulski, J.J. Smit, P.N. Seitz, M. Spiegelberg: Alternating voltage on-site test-
The important features of PD measure- Tuner: On-site PD diagnostics of power ing of XLPE-cables: The parameter selec-
ments can be summarized as follows: cables using Oscillating Wave Test System. tion of frequency tuned resonant test sys-
a) The PD tests should ensure realistic 12th ISH London (1999). tem. 10th ISH Montreal (1997) 4 pp. 75-78
information on the nature of detected [8] E.R.S. Groot, Ph. Wester, E. Gulski, [20] P. Mohaupt et. al.: High voltage
defects e.g. PD inception voltage, PD F.J. Wester, C.G.N. de Jong, M. van Riet, testing using series resonance with variable
magnitude and PD phase-resolved pat- D.M. Harmsmen, J. Pellis, H. Geene: Tools frequency. 10th ISH Montreal (1997) 4,
terns within a relatively short testing for quality assessment of distribution cable pp. 351-354
time, which results in an appreciable networks, CIRED 2001, paper 3.17 [21] W. Hauschild, P. Coors, W. Schuft,
cost benefit. [9] R. Plath, W. Kalkner, I. Krage: Ver- R. Plath, U. Herrmann K. Polster: The
b) The stress during the test should gleich von Diagnosesystemen zur technique of AC on-site testing of HV
not cause further damage in the cable Beurteilung des Alterungszustandes cables by frequency tuned resonant test
insulation. PE/VPE-isolierter Mittelspannungskabel. systems. CIGRE Session Paris (2002)
c) The PD measuring procedures Elektr.wirtschaft 96 (1997). paper 33-304
should follow the line in the relevant [10] V. Colloca, A. Fara, M. de Nigris, [22] E. Gockenbach, W. Hauschild: The
international standards IEC 60270 and G. Rizzi: Comparison among different selection of the frequency range for HV on-
IEC 60885-3, to enable as much as diagnostic systems for medium voltage site testing of extruded cable systems. IEEE
possible the comparison of field tests cable lines, paper 1-53, Cired 2001, paper Insulation Magazine 16 (2000) 6.
with laboratory conditions. 1.53. [23] E. Hetzel, R. McKinlay: Diagnos-
[11] Y. Muramoto, E. Gulski, F.J. tic field testing of paper-insulated lead-
Wester, J.J. Smit: PD inception conditions covered MV cable. Jicable 1995, Versailles
and PD pattern of defects in PILC, 2001 [24] E. Pultrum, E. Hetzel: VLF dis-
5. References IEEE 7th ICSD, June 25-29, 2001. charge detection as a diagnostic tool for
[12] IEC 60270 (2001): Partial Dis- MV cables. IEEE PES Summer Meeting,
[1] E. Lemke, R. Röding, W. Weißen- charge Measurements. Berlin (1997)
berg: On-site testing of extruded power [13] IEC 60885-3 (1988): Test meth- [25] N. van Schaik, E.F. Steennis, A.
cables by PD measurements at SI voltages. ods for partial discharge measurements on van Dam, B.J. Grotenhuis, M.J. van Riet,
CIGRE Symp. Vienna (1987) paper 1020- lengths of extruded power cable. C.J. Verhoeven : Condition based mainte-
02. [14] E. Lemke, P. Schmiegel, H. Elze, nance on MV cable circuits as part of asset
[2] F. Farneti, F. Ombello, E. Bertani, D. Rußwurm: Procedure for evaluation of management; CIRED 2001, Amsterdam
W. Mosca: Generation of oscillating waves dielectric properties based on Complex [26] Cigre Electra No. 193/December
for after-laying test of HV extruded cable Discharge Analyzing (CDA). IEEE Intern. 2000, pp. 12-21
links. CIGRE Session Paris (1990) paper Symp. on El. Ins. Montreal (1996) 385-388. [27] IEC 62067: Cables with extruded
21-10. [15] E. Gulski, F.J. Wester, J.J. Smit, P.N. insulation and their accessories for rated
[3] R. Bach, W. Kalkner: Comparative Seitz, M. Turner: Advanced PD Diagno- voltages above 150 kV up to 500 kV. – Test
study on alternative test voltages for layed sis of MV Power Cables using Oscillating methods and requirements
medium voltage cables. 7th ISH Dresden Wave Test System, IEEE EI Magazine [28] IEC 60840 (Draft): Power cables
(1991). March/April 2000, Vol. 16 No.2. with extruded insulation and their acces-
[4] R. Plath: Oscillating voltages als [16] P. Groenefeld, R.v. Ohlhausen: sories for rated voltages above 30 kV up to
Prüfspannung zur Vor-Ort Prüfung und A very low frequency 200kV generator as 150 kV – Test methods and requirements.
TE-Messung kunstoffisolierter Kabel. a precondition for testing insulating mate- [29] IEC 60060-3 (Draft): High-volt-
Doctoral Thesis, TU Berlin (1994). rials with 0.1Hz AC voltage, 4th ISH Sym- age test techniques – Definitions and
[5] E. Lemke, P. Schmiegel: Complex posium, Athens (1983) requirements for on-site tests. ■
Discharge Analysing (CDA) - an alterna- [17] M. Lang et. al.: A variable fre-
tive procedure for diagnosis tests of HV quency series resonant test set for after lay-
power apparatus of extremely high capac- ing tests on XLPE cables. CIGRE Session
ity. 9th ISH Graz (1995) paper 5617. Paris (1994) paper 21-105