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2015
 ÉTUDE
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New York et Genève, 2015

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 LY ÉTUDE SUR LES TRANSPORTS MARITIMES 2015

TABLE DES MATIÈRES

Note ................................................................................................................................................................................... ii
Remerciements................................................................................................................................................................... iii
Liste des tableaux, graphiques et encadrés .......................................................................................................................... v
Abréviations........................................................................................................................................................................ vii
Notes explicatives ............................................................................................................................................................... viii
Catégories de navires utilisées dans l’Étude sur les transports maritimes ............................................................................... ix
Résumé.............................................................................................................................................................................. x

1. L’ÉVOLUTION DU TRAFIC MARITIME INTERNATIONAL ................................................. 1

A. Situation économique et perspectives au niveau mondial ................................................................................ 2
%. 7raƂc maritime mondial................................................................................................................................. 5
C. Durabilité et résilience des systèmes de transport maritime............................................................................. 24

2. LA STRUCTURE, LE RÉGIME DE PROPRIÉTÉ ET L’IMMATRICULATION

DE LA FLOTTE MONDIALE.......................................................................................... 35
A. Structure de la ƃotte mondiale ....................................................................................................................... 36
%. Régime de propriété et d’exploitation de la ƃotte mondiale .............................................................................. 42
C. Mise en service de porte-conteneurs et connectivité des transports maritimes réguliers.................................... 46
D. Immatriculation des navires ........................................................................................................................... 48
E. Construction, démolitions et nouvelles commandes de navires ........................................................................ 50

3. LES TAUX DE FRET ET LES COÛTS DU TRANSPORT MARITIME.................................... 55

A. Déterminants des coûts du transport maritime ............................................................................................... 56
B. Coûts du transport International ..................................................................................................................... 63
C. Évolution récente des taux de fret .................................................................................................................. 66

4. LES PORTS ............................................................................................................... 77

A. Évolution des ports et faits nouveaux les concernant ....................................................................................... 78
B. Exploitants internationaux de terminaux ......................................................................................................... 79
C. DéƂs rencontrés par les ports en matière de durabilité.................................................................................... 86

5. LES QUESTIONS JURIDIQUES ET L’ÉVOLUTION DE LA RÉGLEMENTATION .................... 93

A. Nouveaux éléments importants dans le droit des transports ............................................................................ 94
B. Évolution de la réglementation relative à la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre
dues au transport maritime international et autres questions liées à l’environnement ........................................ 98
C. Autres évolutions législatives et réglementaires dans le secteur des transports................................................. 105
D. État des conventions ..................................................................................................................................... 114
E. Facilitation des échanges et développement durable ....................................................................................... 114
TABLE DES MATIÈRES Y

LISTE DES TABLEAUX, GRAPHIQUES ET ENCADRÉS

Tableaux
1.1 Croissance économique mondiale, 2012-2015 (Variation annuelle en pourcentage) ......................................... 2
1.2 Croissance du volume des échanges de marchandises, 2012-2014 (Variation annuelle en pourcentage) ........... 4
1.3 Évolution du traƂc maritime international, diverses années (En millions de tonnes) ............................................ 7
1.4 a) 7raƂc maritime mondial de 2006 à 2014, par type de fret, par groupe de pays
et par région (En millions de tonnes) .............................................................................................................. 8
1.4 b) 7raƂc maritime mondial de 2006 à 2014, par type de fret, par groupe de pays et par région
(Part en pourcentage) ................................................................................................................................... 10
1.5 Principaux producteurs et consommateurs de pétrole et de gaz naturel, 2014
(Part de marché mondial en pourcentage) ...................................................................................................... 17
1.6 4uelques-uns des principaux vracs secs et l’acier} principaux producteurs, utilisateurs, exportateurs
et importateurs, 2014 (Parts en pourcentage du marché mondial) ................................................................... 19
1.7 Estimation des ƃux de marchandises conteneurisées sur les principales routes Est-2uest fréquentées
par les porte-conteneurs, 2009-2014 (En millions d’EVP; variation annuelle en pourcentage) ........................... 22
er
2.1 Flotte mondiale par grandes catégories de navires, 2014-2015 (Chiffres au 1 janvier et
en milliers de tpl; part en pourcentage indiquée en italiques) ........................................................................... 37
2.2 Répartition par ¿ge des navires de la ƃotte marchande mondiale, par catégorie de navire,
au 1er janvier 2015 (En pourcentage du nombre total de navires et en tpl)........................................................ 40
er
2.3 Les 35 principaux pays propriétaires de la ƃotte mondiale, au 1 janvier 2015 (tpl) .......................................... 43
2.4 Les 50 principales compagnies de transport maritime régulier au 1er mai 2015
(Nombre de navires et jauge nette totale, par ordre décroissant des EVP) ......................................................... 44
er
2.5 Mise en service de porte-conteneurs sur certaines routes, 1 mai 2015 .......................................................... 47
er
2.6 Les 35 pavillons d’immatriculation des plus grandes ƃottes enregistrées, au 1 janvier 2015 (En tpl) ................ 49
2.7 Répartition de la capacité en tpl des différentes catégories de navires, par groupe de pays
d’immatriculation, janvier 2015 (Chiffres au 1er janvier, en pourcentage de tpl;
croissance annuelle en points de pourcentage indiquée en italique)................................................................. 50
2.8 Livraisons de navires neufs, par grandes catégories de navires et par pays de construction, 2014
(En milliers de tjb) ......................................................................................................................................... 51
2.9 Tonnage déclaré vendu à la casse, par principales catégories de navires et principaux pays
de démolition, 2014 (En milliers de tjb) .......................................................................................................... 52
3.1 Marchés du transport maritime conteneurisé et taux de fret ............................................................................ 68
3.2 Indices « Baltic Exchange tanker » ................................................................................................................. 69
3.3 Récapitulation du secteur des transports par navires-citernes – cours au comptant des produits
« blancs » et des produits « noirs », 2010-2014 (Worldscale) .......................................................................... 70
4.1 TraƂc des ports à conteneurs de 80 paysterritoires et économies en développement
et économies en transition, 2012-2014 (En EVP)............................................................................................ 80
4.2 Les 20 premiers terminaux à conteneurs et leur traƂc, 2012 (En EVP; variation en pourcentage) ....................... 82
4.3 Productivité aux postes d’accostage des principaux terminaux du monde par niveau de productivité, 2014
(Mouvements de conteneurs, par navire, par heure et pour toutes les tailles de navires).................................... 83
4.4 Principaux ports du monde par niveaux de productivité, 2014 (Mouvements de conteneurs,
par navire, par heure et pour toutes les tailles de navires; variation en pourcentage) ......................................... 84
5.1 Parties contractantes à diverses conventions internationales relatives aux transports maritimes,
au 30 juin 2015 ........................................................................................................................................... 115
5.2 Exemples d’articles de l’Accord sur la facilitation des échanges (AFE) qui pourraient soutenir
les objectifs de développement durable (2DD) et contribuer à leur réalisation ................................................... 117
YL ÉTUDE SUR LES TRANSPORTS MARITIMES 2015

Graphiques
1.1 Indice de production industrielle de l’2CDE et indicateurs du PIB mondial, du commerce mondial
de marchandises et du commerce maritime mondial, 1975-2014 (1990 = 100) .............................................. 6
1.2 Commerce maritime international, diverses années (En millions de tonnes chargées) ........................................ 7
1.3 Structure du traƂc maritime mondial, 2014 .................................................................................................... 12
1.4 a) TraƂc maritime mondial par groupe de pays, 2014 (Part en pourcentage du tonnage mondial) .......................... 12
1.4 b) Participation des pays en développement au traƂc maritime mondial, diverses années
(Part en pourcentage du tonnage mondial) ..................................................................................................... 13
1.4 c) TraƂc maritime mondial, par région, 2014 (Part en pourcentage du tonnage mondial) ....................................... 14
1.5 TraƂc maritime mondial en tonnes-milles par type de fret, 2000-2015 (En milliards de tonnes-milles) ............... 16
1.6 a) Commerce mondial de marchandises conteneurisées, 1996-2015 (En millions d’EVP;
variation annuelle en pourcentage) ................................................................................................................ 21
1.6 b) Estimation des ƃux de marchandises conteneurisées sur les principales routes Est-2uest fréquentées
par les porte-conteneurs, 1995-2014 (En millions d’EVP) ............................................................................... 23
1.6 c) Répartition des échanges de marchandises conteneurisées entre les routes maritimes, 2014
(Variation annuelle en pourcentage du commerce mondial en EVP).................................................................. 23
2.1 Croissance annuelle de la ƃotte mondiale, 2000-2014 (En pourcentage de tpl) ................................................ 36
2.2 Flotte mondiale par grandes catégories de navires, 1980-2015 (Chiffres au 1er janvier et
part en pourcentage des tpl).......................................................................................................................... 37
2.3 Années des contrats de construction pour les navires livrés en 2014 (En tpl).................................................... 38
er
2.4 Navires de la ƃotte mondiale par catégorie et par année de leur construction (tpl au 1 janvier 2015) ................ 39
2.5 Pourcentage des livraisons de navires (nombre de navires) équipés de systèmes de traitement
des eaux de ballast, par grandes catégories de navires, 2007-2014 ................................................................ 41
2.6 Présence des compagnies de transport maritime régulier} nombre moyen de compagnies par pays
et capacité moyenne de charge de conteneurs des navires mis en service (EVP),
par compagnie et par pays (2004-2015)........................................................................................................ 48
2.7 Tonnage en commande dans le monde, 2000-2015 (En milliers de tpl) ........................................................... 52
3.1 Déterminants des coûts du transport maritime ............................................................................................... 56
3.2 Corrélation statistique entre les articles de l’Accord de l’2MC sur la facilitation des échanges (AFE)
et certains indicateurs d’efƂcacité commerciale.............................................................................................. 57
3.3 La « non-corrélation » de la distance et des coûts du transport maritime .......................................................... 59
3.4 Coûts de transport et LSBCI, 2012 et 2013.................................................................................................... 60
3.5 Coûts de transport et économies d’échelle ..................................................................................................... 62
3.6 Coûts du transport international} coûts du fret en pourcentage de la valeur des importations,
par groupes de pays; moyennes sur dix ans, 1985-2014................................................................................ 64
3.7 Croissance de la demande et de l’offre de transport maritime conteneurisé, 2000-2015
(Taux de croissance annuels) ......................................................................................................................... 67
3.8 Indice « Baltic Exchange Dry », 2012-2015 (Année de référence de l’indice 1985 = 1 000 points).................... 71
3.9 Gains journaliers des vraquiers, 2008-2015 (En dollars par jour) ..................................................................... 72
5.1 L’indice de développement humain et le nombre de mesures notiƂées au titre des engagements
de la catégorie A .......................................................................................................................................... 118

Encadrés
1.1 Exemples d’autoréglementation et de mesures volontaires dans le secteur du transport maritime...................... 25
5.1 État actuel de la série de normes IS2 28000.................................................................................................. 109
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CHAPITRE 1 : L’ÉVOLUTION DU TRAFIC MARITIME INTERNATIONAL 

TaEleau  Évolution du traƂc ParitiPe international diverses années En Pillions de tonnes

Autres Total
Année Pétrole et gaz Principaux vracsa marchandises solides (toutes marchandises)
 1 440 448 717 2 605
 1 871 608 1 225 3 704
 1 755 988 1 265 4 008
 2 163 1 295 2 526 5 984
 2 422 1 709 2 978 7 109
 2 698 1 814 3 188 7 700
 2 747 1 953 3 334 8 034
 2 742 2 065 3 422 8 229
 2 642 2 085 3 131 7 858
 2 772 2 335 3 302 8 409
 2 794 2 486 3 505 8 784
 2 841 2 742 3 614 9 197
 2 829 2 923 3 762 9 514
 2 826 3 112 3 903 9 842
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GRQQÆHVSXEOLÆHVVXUOHVVLWHV:HEGHOp¦WDWGXVHFWHXUSRUWXDLUHHWGHVRXUFHVVSÆFLDOLVÆHV/HVGRQQÆHVGHRQW
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12 000

10 000

8 000

6 000

4 000

2 000

0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Marchandises conteneurisées 102 152 234 371 598 969 1 076 1 193 1 249 1 127 1 280 1 393 1 464 1 544 1631
Autres marchandises solides 1 123 819 1 031 1 125 1 928 2 009 2 112 2 141 2 173 2 004 2 022 2 112 2 150 2 218 2272
Cinq principaux vracs 608 900 988 1 105 1 295 1 709 1 814 1 953 2 065 2 085 2 335 2 486 2 742 2 923 3112
Pétrole et gaz 1 871 1 459 1 755 2 050 2 163 2 422 2 698 2 747 2 742 2 642 2 772 2 794 2 841 2 829 2 826

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8 ÉTUDE SUR LES TRANSPORTS MARITIMES 2015

TaEleau  a TraƂc ParitiPe Pondial de  ½  Sar t\Se de fret Sar grouSe de Sa\s et Sar région
En Pillions de tonnes

Marchandises chargées Marchandises déchargées

Groupe de pays Année Produits Produits

Pétrole Marchandises Pétrole Marchandises
Total pétroliers Total pétroliers
brut solides brut solides
et gaziers et gaziers

Millions de tonnes

Monde 2006 7 700,3 1 783,4 914,8 5 002,1 7 878,3 1 931,2 893,7 5 053,4
2007 8 034,1 1 813,4 933,5 5 287,1 8 140,2 1 995,7 903,8 5 240,8
2008 8 229,5 1 785,2 957,0 5 487,2 8 286,3 1 942,3 934,9 5 409,2
2009 7 858,0 1 710,5 931,1 5 216,4 7 832,0 1 874,1 921,3 5 036,6
2010 8 408,9 1 787,7 983,8 5 637,5 8 443,8 1 933,2 979,2 5 531,4
2011 8 784,3 1 759,5 1 034,2 5 990,5 8 797,7 1 896,5 1 037,7 5 863,5
2012 9 196,7 1 785,7 1 055,0 6 356,0 9 188,5 1 929,5 1 055,1 6 203,8
2013 9 513,6 1 737,9 1 090,8 6 684,8 9 500,1 1 882,0 1 095,2 6 523,0
2014 9 841,7 1 710,3 1 116,1 7 015,3 9 808,4 1 861,5 1 122,6 6 824,2
Pa\s déveloSSés 2006 2 460,5 132,9 336,4 1 991,3 4 164,7 1 282,0 535,5 2 347,2
2007 2 608,9 135,1 363,0 2 110,8 3 990,5 1 246,0 524,0 2 220,5
2008 2 715,4 129,0 405,3 2 181,1 4 007,9 1 251,1 523,8 2 233,0
2009 2 554,3 115,0 383,8 2 055,5 3 374,4 1 125,3 529,9 1 719,2
2010 2 865,4 135,9 422,3 2 307,3 3 604,5 1 165,4 522,6 1 916,5
2011 2 982,5 117,5 451,9 2 413,1 3 632,3 1 085,6 581,3 1 965,4
2012 3 122,9 125,2 459,7 2 538,0 3 700,2 1 092,6 556,5 2 051,1
2013 3 188,3 114,4 470,5 2 603,4 3 679,4 1 006,7 556,6 2 116,0
2014 3 370,8 111,8 486,7 2 772,3 3 744,1 985,4 552,4 2 206,3
Pa\s en transition 2006 410,3 123,1 41,3 245,9 70,6 5,6 3,1 61,9
2007 407,9 124,4 39,9 243,7 76,8 7,3 3,5 66,0
2008 431,5 138,2 36,7 256,6 89,3 6,3 3,8 79,2
2009 505,3 142,1 44,4 318,8 93,3 3,5 4,6 85,3
2010 515,7 150,2 45,9 319,7 122,1 3,5 4,6 114,0
2011 505,0 132,6 42,0 330,5 156,7 4,2 4,4 148,1
2012 544,2 135,6 40,3 368,3 148,1 3,8 4,0 140,3
2013 551,9 145,1 32,1 374,8 77,4 1,1 10,6 65,7
2014 591,2 136,1 43,4 411,8 80,1 0,9 11,2 67,9
Pa\s en déveloSSePent 2006 4 829,5 1 527,5 537,1 2 765,0 3 642,9 643,6 355,1 2 644,3
2007 5 017,2 1 553,9 530,7 2 932,6 4 073,0 742,4 376,3 2 954,3
2008 5 082,6 1 518,0 515,1 3 049,6 4 189,1 684,9 407,2 3 097,0
2009 4 798,4 1 453,5 502,9 2 842,0 4 364,2 745,3 386,9 3 232,1
2010 5 027,8 1 501,6 515,6 3 010,5 4 717,3 764,4 452,0 3 500,9
2011 5 296,8 1 509,4 540,4 3 247,0 5 008,8 806,7 452,1 3 750,0
2012 5 529,6 1 524,9 555,0 3 449,7 5 340,1 833,1 494,7 4 012,4
2013 5 773,4 1 478,5 588,2 3 706,7 5 743,4 874,2 527,9 4 341,3
2014 5 879,7 1 462,4 586,0 3 831,3 5 984,3 875,3 559,0 4 550,0
CHAPITRE 1 : L’ÉVOLUTION DU TRAFIC MARITIME INTERNATIONAL 9

TaEleau  a TraƂc ParitiPe Pondial de  ½  Sar t\Se de fret Sar grouSe de Sa\s et Sar région
En Pillions de tonnes suite

Marchandises chargées Marchandises déchargées

Groupe de pays Année Produits Produits

Pétrole Marchandises Pétrole Marchandises
Total pétroliers Total pétroliers
brut solides brut solides
et gaziers et gaziers

Millions de tonnes

Afrique 2006 721,9 353,8 86,0 282,2 349,8 41,3 39,4 269,1
2007 732,0 362,5 81,8 287,6 380,0 45,7 44,5 289,8
2008 766,7 379,2 83,3 304,2 376,6 45,0 43,5 288,1
2009 708,0 354,0 83,0 271,0 386,8 44,6 39,7 302,5
2010 754,0 351,1 92,0 310,9 416,9 42,7 40,5 333,7
2011 723,7 338,0 68,5 317,2 378,2 37,8 46,3 294,1
2012 757,8 364,2 70,2 323,4 393,6 32,8 51,0 309,8
2013 815,3 327,5 82,4 405,3 432,2 36,6 65,3 330,3
2014 761,3 301,4 78,3 381,6 466,0 36,4 69,3 360,3
APérique 2006 1 030,7 251,3 93,9 685,5 373,4 49,6 60,1 263,7
2007 1 067,1 252,3 90,7 724,2 415,9 76,0 64,0 275,9
2008 1 108,2 234,6 93,0 780,6 436,8 74,2 69,9 292,7
2009 1 029,8 225,7 74,0 730,1 371,9 64,4 73,6 234,0
2010 1 172,6 241,6 85,1 846,0 448,7 69,9 74,7 304,2
2011 1 239,2 253,8 83,5 901,9 508,3 71,1 73,9 363,4
2012 1 282,6 253,3 85,9 943,4 546,7 74,6 83,6 388,5
2013 1 263,7 240,0 69,8 953,9 569,4 69,4 89,4 410,7
2014 1 283,6 232,0 72,6 979,0 606,9 70,0 92,7 444,3
Asie 2006 3 073,1 921,2 357,0 1 794,8 2 906,8 552,7 248,8 2 105,3
2007 3 214,6 938,2 358,1 1 918,3 3 263,6 620,7 260,8 2 382,1
2008 3 203,6 902,7 338,6 1 962,2 3 361,9 565,6 286,8 2 509,5
2009 3 054,3 872,3 345,8 1 836,3 3 592,4 636,3 269,9 2 686,2
2010 3 094,6 907,5 338,3 1 848,8 3 838,2 651,8 333,1 2 853,4
2011 3 326,7 916,0 388,2 2 022,6 4 108,8 697,8 328,0 3 082,9
2012 3 480,9 905,8 398,1 2 177,0 4 386,9 725,7 355,5 3 305,7
2013 3 686,9 909,4 435,2 2 342,4 4 728,7 767,4 369,2 3 592,1
2014 3 826,8 927,3 434,3 2 465,2 4 897,2 768,0 392,6 3 736,5
Océanie 2006 3,8 1,2 0,1 2,5 12,9 0,0 6,7 6,2
2007 3,5 0,9 0,1 2,5 13,5 0,0 7,0 6,5
2008 4,2 1,5 0,1 2,6 13,8 0,0 7,1 6,7
2009 6,3 1,5 0,2 4,6 13,1 0,0 3,6 9,5
2010 6,5 1,5 0,2 4,8 13,4 0,0 3,7 9,7
2011 7,1 1,6 0,2 5,3 13,5 0,0 3,9 9,6
2012 8,3 1,6 0,8 5,9 13,0 0,0 4,6 8,4
2013 7,5 1,6 0,8 5,1 13,1 0,8 4,1 8,2
2014 8,1 1,6 0,9 5,5 14,2 0,9 4,4 8,9
 ÉTUDE SUR LES TRANSPORTS MARITIMES 2015

TaEleau  E TraƂc ParitiPe Pondial de  ½  Sar t\Se de fret Sar grouSe de Sa\s et Sar région
Part en Sourcentage

Marchandises chargées Marchandises déchargées

Groupe de pays Année Produits Produits

Pétrole Marchandises Pétrole Marchandises
Total pétroliers Total pétroliers
brut solides brut solides
et gaziers et gaziers

En pourcentage
Monde 2006 100,0 23,2 11,9 65,0 100,0 24,5 11,3 64,1
2007 100,0 22,6 11,6 65,8 100,0 24,5 11,1 64,4
2008 100,0 21,7 11,6 66,7 100,0 23,4 11,3 65,3
2009 100,0 21,8 11,8 66,4 100,0 23,9 11,8 64,3
2010 100,0 21,3 11,7 67,0 100,0 22,9 11,6 65,5
2011 100,0 20,0 11,8 68,2 100,0 21,6 11,8 66,6
2012 100,0 19,4 11,5 69,1 100,0 21,0 11,5 67,5
2013 100,0 18,3 11,5 70,3 100,0 19,8 11,5 68,7
2014 100,0 17,4 11,3 71,3 100,0 19,0 11,4 69,6
Pa\s déveloSSés 2006 32,0 7,4 36,8 39,8 52,9 66,4 59,9 46,4
2007 32,5 7,5 38,9 39,9 49,0 62,4 58,0 42,4
2008 33,0 7,2 42,3 39,7 48,4 64,4 56,0 41,3
2009 32,5 6,7 41,2 39,4 43,1 60,0 57,5 34,1
2010 34,1 7,6 42,9 40,9 42,7 60,3 53,4 34,6
2011 34,0 6,7 43,7 40,3 41,3 57,2 56,0 33,5
2012 34,0 7,0 43,6 39,9 40,3 56,6 52,7 33,1
2013 33,5 6,6 43,1 38,9 38,7 53,5 50,8 32,4
2014 34,3 6,5 43,6 39,5 38,2 52,9 49,2 32,3
Pa\s en transition 2006 5,3 6,9 4,5 4,9 0,9 0,3 0,3 1,2
2007 5,1 6,9 4,3 4,6 0,9 0,4 0,4 1,3
2008 5,2 7,7 3,8 4,7 1,1 0,3 0,4 1,5
2009 6,4 8,3 4,8 6,1 1,2 0,2 0,5 1,7
2010 6,1 8,4 4,7 5,7 1,4 0,2 0,5 2,1
2011 5,7 7,5 4,1 5,5 1,8 0,2 0,4 2,5
2012 5,9 7,6 3,8 5,8 1,6 0,2 0,4 2,3
2013 5,8 8,3 2,9 5,6 0,8 0,1 1,0 1,0
2014 6,0 8,0 3,9 5,9 0,8 0,0 1,0 1,0
Pa\s en déveloSSePent 2006 62,7 85,6 58,7 55,3 46,2 33,3 39,7 52,3
2007 62,4 85,7 56,9 55,5 50,0 37,2 41,6 56,4
2008 61,8 85,0 53,8 55,6 50,6 35,3 43,6 57,3
2009 61,1 85,0 54,0 54,5 55,7 39,8 42,0 64,2
2010 59,8 84,0 52,4 53,4 55,9 39,5 46,2 63,3
2011 60,3 85,8 52,2 54,2 56,9 42,5 43,6 64,0
2012 60,1 85,4 52,6 54,3 58,1 43,2 46,9 64,7
2013 60,7 85,1 53,9 55,4 60,5 46,4 48,2 66,6
2014 59,7 85,5 52,5 54,6 61,0 47,0 49,8 66,7
Afrique 2006 9,4 19,8 9,4 5,6 4,4 2,1 4,4 5,3
2007 9,1 20,0 8,8 5,4 4,7 2,3 4,9 5,5
2008 9,3 21,2 8,7 5,5 4,5 2,3 4,7 5,3
2009 9,0 20,7 8,9 5,2 4,9 2,4 4,3 6,0
2010 9,0 19,6 9,4 5,5 4,9 2,2 4,1 6,0
2011 8,2 19,2 6,6 5,3 4,3 2,0 4,5 5,0
2012 8,2 20,4 6,6 5,1 4,3 1,7 4,8 5,0
2013 8,6 18,8 7,6 6,1 4,5 1,9 6,0 5,1
2014 7,7 17,6 7,0 5,4 4,8 2,0 6,2 5,3
CHAPITRE 1 : L’ÉVOLUTION DU TRAFIC MARITIME INTERNATIONAL 11

TaEleau  E TraƂc ParitiPe Pondial de  ½  Sar t\Se de fret Sar grouSe de Sa\s et Sar région
Part en Sourcentage suite

Marchandises chargées Marchandises déchargées

Groupe de pays Année Produits Produits

Pétrole Marchandises Pétrole Marchandises
Total pétroliers Total pétroliers
brut solides brut solides
et gaziers et gaziers

En pourcentage
APérique 2006 13,4 14,1 10,3 13,7 4,7 2,6 6,7 5,2
2007 13,3 13,9 9,7 13,7 5,1 3,8 7,1 5,3
2008 13,5 13,1 9,7 14,2 5,3 3,8 7,5 5,4
2009 13,1 13,2 7,9 14,0 4,7 3,4 8,0 4,6
2010 13,9 13,5 8,7 15,0 5,3 3,6 7,6 5,5
2011 14,1 14,4 8,1 15,1 5,8 3,7 7,1 6,2
2012 13,9 14,2 8,1 14,8 5,9 3,9 7,9 6,3
2013 13,3 13,8 6,4 14,3 6,0 3,7 8,2 6,3
2014 13,0 13,6 6,5 14,0 6,2 3,8 8,3 6,5
Asie 2006 39,9 51,7 39,0 35,9 36,9 28,6 27,8 41,7
2007 40,0 51,7 38,4 36,3 40,1 31,1 28,9 45,5
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TranspaciƂTue Europe-Asie TransatlantiTue

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Grahpique 16 b) Estimation des ƃux de marchandises conteneurisées sur les principales routes Est-Ouest
fréquentées par les porte-conteneurs, 1995-2014 (En millions d’EVP)

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Intrarégionale Principale route

et Est-Ouest
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50
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0
1980 1990 2000 2010 2015
Pétroliers 49,7 37,4 35,4 35,3 28,0
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Navires de charge 17,0 15,6 12,7 8,5 4,4
classiques
Porte-conteneurs 1,6 3,9 8,0 13,3 13,0

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Tableau 21 Flotte mondiale par grandes catégories de navires, 2014-2015 (Chiffres au 1er janvier
et en milliers de tpl part en pourcentage indiquée en italiques)
Variation en pourcentage
Principales catégories de navires 2014 2015
2015/2014
Pétroliers 482 447 489 388 1,4 %
28,6 % 28,0 %
Vraquiers 728 322 760 468 4,4 %
43,1 % 43,5 %
Navires de charge classiques 77 507 76 731 -1,0 %
4,6 % 4,4 %
Porte-conteneurs 215 880 227 741 5,5 %
12,8 % 13,0 %
Autres catégories}: 185 306 194 893 5,2 %
11,0 % 11,1 %
Navires gaziers 46 335 49 675 7,2 %
2,7 % 2,8 %
Chimiquiers 41 688 42 181 1,2 %
2,5 % 2,4 %
Ravitailleurs 69 513 74 174 6,7 %
4,1 % 4,2 %
Transbordeurs et autres navires ½ passagers 5 531 5 797 4,8 %
0,3 % 0,3 %
Autres/n.d. 22 241 23 066 3,7 %
1,3 % 1,3 %
Total mondial 1 689 462 1 749 222 3,5 %
100 % 100 %
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2. Répartition par âge des navires
de la ƃotte marchande mondiale
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Graphique 2.3 Années des contrats de construction pour les navires livrés en 2014 (En tpl)

25 000
Milliers de tpl

20 000

Autres
15 000
Porte-conteneurs
Navires de charge
classiques
10 000
Vraquiers secs

Pétroliers
5 000

–
2000

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

Année du contrat

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Graphique 2.4 Navires de la ƃotte mondiale par catégorie et par année de leur construction
(tpl au 1er}janvier 2015)

180
Millions de tpl
160

140

120

100

80 Autres

Porte-conteneurs
60
Navires de charge
40 classiques
Vraquiers secs
20
Pétroliers
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Avant 1990

Année de construction
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Tableau 2.2 Répartition par ¿ge des navires de la ƃotte marchande mondiale, par catégorie de navire,
au 1er janvier 2015 (En pourcentage du nombre total de navires et en tpl)

Groupe de pays
0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20 + Âge moyen Âge moyen Variation
Catégories
ans ans ans ans ans 2014 2015 2015/2014
de navires
Monde}:
Navires 47,50 18,68 11,12 11,55 11,15 9,07 9,15 -0,09
Vraquiers
tpl 51,88 18,73 10,46 9,94 8,99 8,08 7,98 0,10
Taille moyenne
80 338 73 728 69 145 63 323 59 290
des navires (tpl)
Monde}:
Navires 20,94 34,31 17,61 17,55 9,60 10,88 10,70 0,18
Porte-conteneurs
tpl 34,88 34,22 16,58 10,18 4,14 8,23 8,19 0,04
Taille moyenne
74 310 44 487 42 001 25 869 19 235
des navires (tpl)
Monde}:
Navires
Navires 10,68 14,89 7,70 8,96 57,76 24,86 24,18 0,68
de charge
classiques
tpl 22,09 18,86 10,05 10,17 38,83 17,97 17,76 0,21
Taille moyenne
8 297 5 388 6 086 4 885 2 758
des navires (tpl)
Monde}:
Navires 18,74 21,72 12,69 8,32 38,54 18,37 17,92 0,45
Pétroliers
tpl 29,90 32,59 22,83 10,04 4,64 8,98 8,51 0,47
Taille moyenne
83 196 78 871 95 231 65 702 6 521
des navires (tpl)
Monde}:
Navires 16,55 16,87 9,22 8,88 48,48 22,22 21,86 0,36
Autres
tpl 20,41 26,49 12,31 9,16 31,62 15,65 15,30 0,35
Taille moyenne
6 619 8 547 7 574 5 834 3 962
des navires (tpl)
Monde}:
Navires 14,94 15,64 8,35 7,96 53,12 20,25 19,89 0,35
Tous les navires
tpl 38,71 25,50 14,90 9,92 10,97 9,63 9,41 0,22
Taille moyenne
42 873 30 899 34 042 23 160 6 095
des navires (tpl)
Pays en
développement}: Navires 20,28 17,71 8,64 9,24 44,12 19,76 19,43 0,33
Tous les navires
tpl 41,55 20,45 10,97 10,98 16,05 10,37 10,20 0,17
Taille moyenne
36 453 21 879 25 241 22 128 6 788
des navires (tpl)
Pays développés}:
Navires 20,20 21,02 12,79 11,24 34,76 18,52 18,17 0,35
Tous les navires
tpl 37,46 29,00 17,56 9,10 6,88 8,90 8,65 0,25
Taille moyenne
52 026 39 690 40 847 24 649 7 142
des navires (tpl)
Économies
en transition}: Navires 7,29 7,71 3,68 4,03 77,30 28,82 28,12 0,70
Tous les navires
tpl 20,21 22,70 15,56 12,57 28,97 15,56 15,03 0,53
Taille moyenne
17 659 20 706 27 366 20 029 2 398
des navires (tpl)
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Graphique 2.5 Pourcentage des livraisons de navires (nombre de navires) équipés de systÅmes
de traitement des eaux de ballast, par grandes catégories de navires, 2007-2014

60 %

Porte-conteneurs
50 %

40 %

30 %

Pétroliers
20 %
Tous navires
Vraquiers secs
10 %

0%
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

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Tableau 2.3 Les 35 principaux pays propriétaires de la ƃotte mondiale, au 1er janvier 2015 (tpl)

Nombre de navires Transport de port en lourd

Pavillons Total en
Classement Pays/territoires Pavillon Pavillon Pavillon Pavillon étrangers en pourcentage
Total Total
(tpl) propriétaires national étranger national étranger pourcentage du total
du total mondial
1 Grèce 796 3 221 4 017 70 425 265 209 004 526 279 429 790 74,80 % 16,11 %
2 Japon 769 3 217 3 986 19 497 605 211 177 574 230 675 179 91,55 % 13,30 %
3 Chine 2 970 1 996 4 966 73 810 769 83 746 441 157 557 210 53,15 % 9,08 %
4 Allemagne 283 3 249 3 532 12 543 258 109 492 374 122 035 632 89,72 % 7,04 %
5 Singapour 1 336 1 020 2 356 48 983 688 35 038 564 84 022 252 41,70 % 4,84 %
République
6 775 843 1 618 16 032 807 64 148 678 80 181 485 80,00 % 4,62 %
de Corée
7 Hong Kong (Chine) 727 531 1 258 56 122 972 19 198 299 75 321 271 25,49 % 4,34 %
8 États-Unis 789 1 183 1 972 8 731 781 51 531 743 60 263 524 85,51 % 3,47 %
9 Royaume-Uni 477 750 1 227 12 477 513 35 904 386 48 381 899 74,21 % 2,79 %
10 Norvège 848 1 009 1 857 17 066 669 29 303 873 46 370 542 63,20 % 2,67 %
Province chinoise
11 117 752 869 4 681 240 40 833 077 45 514 317 89,71 % 2,62 %
de Taiwan
12 Bermudes 5 317 322 289 818 41 932 611 42 222 429 99,31 % 2,43 %
13 Danemark 392 538 930 15 286 153 20 893 511 36 179 664 57,75 % 2,09 %
14 Turquie 576 954 1 530 8 321 506 19 366 264 27 687 770 69,95 % 1,60 %
15 Monaco 260 260 23 929 323 23 929 323 100,00 % 1,38 %
16 Italie 596 207 803 15 961 983 6 040 199 22 002 182 27,45 % 1,27 %
17 Inde 697 147 844 14 546 706 7 268 449 21 815 155 33,32 % 1,26 %
18 Brésil 228 163 391 3 150 493 17 308 798 20 459 291 84,60 % 1,18 %
19 Belgique 87 156 243 7 302 545 12 787 196 20 089 741 63,65 % 1,16 %
Fédération
20 1 291 448 1 739 5 920 435 12 403 644 18 324 079 67,69 % 1,06 %
de Russie
République
21 157 70 227 3 986 804 14 093 340 18 080 144 77,95 % 1,04 %
islamique d’iran
22 Suisse 47 291 338 1 403 668 16 492 768 17 896 436 92,16 % 1,03 %
23 Indonésie 1 504 153 1 657 12 908 577 4 120 935 17 029 512 24,20 % 0,98 %
24 Pays-Bas 775 445 1 220 6 589 901 10 415 708 17 005 609 61,25 % 0,98 %
25 Malaisie 466 142 608 8 430 359 7 707 526 16 137 885 47,76 % 0,93 %
Émirats
26 95 684 779 472 967 14 845 550 15 318 518 96,91 % 0,88 %
arabes unis
27 Arabie saoudite 86 155 241 2 004 631 11 358 349 13 362 980 85,00 % 0,77 %
28 France 180 277 457 3 517 344 7 636 312 11 153 656 68,46 % 0,64 %
29 Chypre 141 179 320 3 811 947 6 858 661 10 670 608 64,28 % 0,62 %
30 Viet Nam 786 92 878 6 527 639 1 510 645 8 038 284 18,79 % 0,46 %
31 Koweit 42 27 69 5 293 213 2 462 656 7 755 869 31,75 % 0,45 %
32 Canada 209 139 348 2 743 006 5 004 054 7 747 060 64,59 % 0,45 %
33 2man 6 31 37 5 842 7 008 489 7 014 331 99,92 % 0,40 %
34 Suède 101 234 335 1 248 460 5 194 955 6 443 415 80,62 % 0,37 %
35 Qatar 56 70 126 888 093 5 471 554 6 359 647 86,04 % 0,37 %
Total pour les 35 principaux
18 410 23 950 42 360 470 985 656 1 171 491 033 1 642 476 689 71,32 % 94,69 %
pays propriétaires de navires
Tous les autres pays propriétaires 2 962 2 486 5 448 35 004 138 51 845 622 86 849 760 59,70 % 5,01 %
Pays propriétaires inconnus 717 5 234 918 0,30 %
T2TAL M2NDIAL 48 525 1 734 561 367 100,00 %
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Tableau 2.4 Les 50 principales compagnies de transport maritime régulier au 1er mai 2015
(Nombre de navires et jauge nette totale, par ordre décroissant des EVP)

Part de Commandes Taille moyenne

Nombre Taille moyenne Commandes
Classement Exploitant marché EVP (Nombres des navires
de navires des navires (EVP)
% (EVP) de navries) commandés
1 Maersk Line A/S 13,45 2 526 490 478 5 286 91 080 9 10 120
Mediterranean Shipping
2 13,22 2 483 979 451 5 508 498 680 36 13 852
Company (MSC) SA
3 CMA CGM S.A. 8,00 1 502 417 375 4 006 182 500 16 11 406
Evergreen Marine
4 Corporation (TaiZan) 5,08 954 280 204 4 678 354 000 23 15 391
Limited (Evergreen Line)
COSCO Container Lines
5 4,55 854 171 158 5 406 119 500 10 11 950
Limited (COSCON)
China Shipping
6 Container Lines 4,00 751 507 136 5 526 19 100 1 19 100
Company Limited
+apag-Lloyd
7 3,90 732 656 145 5 053 0 -
Aktiengesellschaft
+anjin Shipping
8 3,41 640 490 104 6 159 0 -
Company Limited
Mitsui O.S.K. Lines
9 3,19 599 772 111 5 403 122 300 6 20 383
Limited (MOL)
10 APL Limited 2,91 545 850 96 5 686 0 -
Orient Overseas
11 Container Line Limited 2,77 520 328 103 5 052 143 656 8 17 957
(OOCL)
+amburg
Sudamerikanische
12 2,66 498 902 104 4 797 0 -
Dampfschifffahrts-
Gesellschaft KG
Nippon <usen Kabushiki
13 2,63 494 953 104 4 759 112 000 8 14 000
Kaisha (N<K)
<ang Ming Marine
14 2,60 487 771 103 4 736 182 000 13 14 000
Transport Corporation
+yundai Merchant
15 Marine Company 2,13 399 791 65 6 151 60 000 6 10 000
Limited (+MM)
KaZasaki Kisen Kaisha
16 2,12 397 623 77 5 164 110 960 8 13 870
Limited (
K
Line)
PaciƂc International
17 Lines (Private) 1,99 374 849 139 2 697 22 905 6 3 818
Limited (PIL)
United Arab Shipping
18 1,98 372 841 53 7 035 214 300 13 16 485
Company (S.A.G.) (UASC)
=im Integrated Shipping
19 1,58 296 554 66 4 493 0 -
Services Limited
Compania Sud
20 Americana de Vapores 1,26 237 567 40 5 939 18 000 2 9 000
S.A. (CSAV)
Wan Hai Lines
21 1,07 200 970 88 2 284 0 -
Limited
22 X-Press Feeders 0,67 126 009 87 1 448 0 -
MCC Transport
23 (Singapore) 0,58 109 662 62 1 769 0 -
Private Limited
24 Delmas 0,53 99 078 47 2 108 0 -
CHAPITRE 2 : LA STRUCTURE, LE RÉGIME DE PROPRIÉTÉ ET L’IMMATRICULATION
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Tableau 2.4 Les 50 principales compagnies de transport maritime régulier au 1er mai 2015
(Nombre de navires et jauge nette totale, par ordre décroissant des EVP) (suite)

Part de Commandes Taille moyenne

Nombre Taille moyenne Commandes
Classement Exploitant marché EVP (Nombres des navires
de navires des navires (EVP)
% (EVP) de navries) commandés
SITC Container Lines
25 0,41 76 765 63 1 218 14 400 8 1 800
Company Limited
Korea Marine Transport
26 Company Limited 0,40 75 779 46 1 647 5 400 1 5 400
(KMTC Line)
27 Nile Dutch Africa Line BV 0,40 75 678 29 2 610 0 -
United States Military
28 0,36 68 334 58 1 178 0 -
Sealift Command
Compania Chilena
29 de Navegacion 0,32 59 906 14 4 279 18 030 2 9 015
Interoceanica S.A. (CCNI)
30 CNC Line Limited 0,32 59 787 26 2 300 0 -
BBC Chartering &
31 Logistic GmbH & 0,31 57 570 93 619 0 -
Company KG
TS Lines Company
32 0,31 57 477 36 1 597 0 -
Limited
Safmarine Container
33 0,28 52 638 23 2 289 0 -
Lines N.V.
Arkas Konteyner ve
34 0,28 52 180 36 1 449 5 000 2 2 500
Tasimacilik A.S.
35 Seago Line 0,27 50 688 22 2 304 0 -
Simatech Shipping &
36 0,24 45 947 19 2 418 8 700 2 4 350
ForZarding L.L.C.
Sinotrans Container
37 Lines Company Limited 0,23 43 447 36 1 207 16 000 4 4 000
(Sinolines)
Regional Container Lines
38 0,23 43 371 29 1 496 0 -
Public Company Limited
ANL Singapore Private
39 0,22 41 660 12 3 472 0 -
Limited
40 Gold Star Line Limited 0,22 41 474 17 2 440 0 -
HaƂz Darya Shipping
41 0,22 41 337 9 4 593 0 -
Company (HDS Line)
42 Grimaldi Group S.p.A. 0,21 40 262 41 982 0 -
43 Unifeeder A/S 0,20 36 711 37 992 0 -
Westfal-Larsen
44 0,19 35 151 17 2 068 0 -
Shipping AS
45 SZire Shipping Limited 0,18 34 333 24 1 431 0 -
46 Seaboard Marine Limited 0,17 32 358 26 1 245 0 -
Sinokor Merchant
47 0,17 31 969 32 999 0 -
Marine Company Limited
Spliethoff
s
48 0,17 31 454 36 874 0 -
Bevrachtingskantoor B.V.
Heung-A Shipping
49 0,17 31 332 31 1 011 5 400 3 1 800
Company Limited
Samudera Shipping Line
50 0,16 30 995 26 1 192 3 600 2 1 800
Limited
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des navires mis en service (EVP), par compagnie et par pays (2004-2015)

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Tableau 2.6 Les 35 pavillons d’immatriculation des plus grandes ƃottes enregistrées,
au 1er janvier 2015 (En tpl)

Tonnage de Taille Croissance

Part du total Part du total Part
Pavillon Nombre de port en lourd moyenne du tonnage,
mondial mondial cumulative
d’immatriculation navires (en milliers des navires 2015/2014
(navires) (navires) (tpl)
de tpl) (tpl) (en pourcentage)
Panama 8 351 9,33 352 192 20,13 20,13 44 052 0,91
Libéria 3 143 3,51 203 832 11,65 31,79 65 018 0,31
«les Marshall 2 580 2,88 175 345 10,02 41,81 67 990 13,32
Hong Kong (Chine) 2 425 2,71 150 801 8,62 50,43 63 575 6,47
Singapour 3 689 4,12 115 022 6,58 57,01 33 830 8,52
Malte 1 895 2,12 82 002 4,69 61,70 43 898 8,69
GrÅce 1 484 1,66 78 728 4,50 66,20 63 286 4,45
Bahamas 1 421 1,59 75 779 4,33 70,53 54 322 2,54
Chine 3 941 4,41 75 676 4,33 74,85 20 756 -1,28
Chypre 1 629 1,82 33 664 1,92 76,78 32 000 3,96
«le de Man 1 079 1,21 23 008 1,32 78,09 55 441 -2,28
-apon 5 224 5,84 22 419 1,28 79,38 5 558 7,47
NorvÅge 1 558 1,74 20 738 1,19 80,56 15 339 -1,20
Italie 1 418 1,58 17 555 1,00 81,57 14 556 -11,22
Royaume-Uni 1 865 2,08 17 103 0,98 82,54 16 059 -0,35
République de Corée 673 0,75 16 825 0,96 83,51 10 099 -3,13
Danemark 7 373 8,24 16 656 0,95 84,46 26 606 13,94
Indonésie 1 604 1,79 15 741 0,90 85,36 3 681 2,29
Inde 1 174 1,31 15 551 0,89 86,25 10 157 -1,39
Antigua-et-Barbuda 650 0,73 12 753 0,73 86,98 10 909 -3,45
Allemagne 3 561 3,98 12 693 0,73 87,70 22 230 -11,69
États-Unis 1 613 1,80 12 683 0,73 88,43 6 089 2,59
République-Unie de Tanzanie 1 313 1,47 11 703 0,67 89,10 46 256 -1,54
Bermudes 1 245 1,39 11 511 0,66 89,75 71 946 2,69
Malaisie 1 777 1,99 9 232 0,53 90,28 6 793 -0,95
Turquie 2 471 2,76 8 820 0,50 90,79 8 181 -2,64
Pays-Bas 1 412 1,58 8 651 0,49 91,28 7 536 0,34
Belgique 756 0,85 8 609 0,49 91,77 45 548 21,96
Viet Nam 674 0,75 7 351 0,42 92,19 4 499 0,81
Fédération de Russie 963 1,08 7 221 0,41 92,60 2 974 2,45
France 670 0,75 6 882 0,39 93,00 16 042 -8,85
Philippines 646 0,72 6 850 0,39 93,39 6 149 6,19
KoZeÌt 765 0,86 5 440 0,31 93,70 40 002 37,91
ThaÌlande 749 0,84 5 070 0,29 93,99 7 636 0,86
Province chinoise de TaiZan 586 0,66 4 829 0,28 94,27 18 431 8,05
Total, 35 principaux pavilllons 72 377 80,90 1 648 937 94,27 94,27 27 697 3,53
Total mondial 89 464 100,00 1 749 222 100,00 100,00 22 757 3,54
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 ÉTUDE SUR LES TRANSPORTS MARITIMES 2015

Tableau 2.7 Répartition de la capacité en tpl des différentes catégories de navires, par groupe de pays
d’immatriculation, janvier 2015 (Chiffres au 1er janvier, en pourcentage de tpl
croissance annuelle en points de pourcentage indiquée en italique)

Navires
Total de
Pétroliers Vraquiers de charge Porte-conteneurs Autres
la ƃotte
classiques
Total mondial 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00
Pays développés 22,70 26,26 17,82 28,38 26,81 25,75
-0,02 -0,09 -0,05 -0,02 0,54 -0,08
Pays dont l’économie 0,71 0,78 0,26 5,35 0,03 1,22
est en transition 0,00 0,01 0,01 -0,03 0,00 0,01

Pays en développement 76,36 72,91 81,90 65,41 73,14 71,45

0,03 0,08 0,06 -0,05 -0,55 0,05
dont}:
Afrique 13,14 17,18 9,98 5,96 20,19 9,93
-0,46 -0,25 -0,44 0,06 -1,11 -0,51
Amérique 26,74 20,68 31,93 22,57 19,75 31,53
-0,68 -0,24 -0,63 -0,76 -2,24 -0,66
Asie 26,05 21,46 29,46 33,92 28,00 18,92
0,27 -0,07 -0,10 0,67 2,27 -0,08
Océanie 10,42 13,60 10,53 2,95 5,20 11,07
0,85 1,10 0,87 0,03 0,74 0,76
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0,24 0,05 0,01 0,86 0,02 1,57
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0,00 0,00 -0,03 0,10 0,01 0,02
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Tableau 2.8 Livraisons de navires neufs, par grandes catégories de navires et par pays
de construction, 2014 (En milliers de tjb)

République Reste
Chine -apon Philippines Total mondial
de Corée du monde
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Vraquiers 13 304 1 588 10 791 869 167 26 719

Navires de charge classiques 585 329 199 372 1 485

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Gaziers 119 3 528 666 14 4 328

Chimiquiers 113 185 188 57 543

Ravitailleurs 714 1 485 51 956 3 206

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navires ½ passagers

Autres 42 835 391 147 1 415

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Graphique 2.7 Tonnage en commande dans le monde, 2000-2015 (En milliers de tpl)

350 000

300 000

250 000

200 000
Vraquiers
150 000 secs

100 000 Pétroliers

50 000
Porte-conteneurs

0 Navires de charge
Vraquiers secs
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 classiques
33 721 35 757 24 144 32 066 55 850 68 878 75 988 106 896 249 289 322 903 302 797 306 458 232 138 139 516 172 539 169 734
Pétroliers 39 546 53 919 65 896 63 678 82 258 97 474 102 010 169 883 184 196 192 252 148 307 134 044 94 936 72 843 85 844 94 851
Porte-conteneurs
11 922 18 348 17 121 14 225 33 004 45 241 54 351 57 938 79 665 74 408 58 821 45 860 51 614 40 685 46 795 37 977
Navires de charge
classiques 3 325 3 053 2 984 2 881 3 587 4 638 7 139 10 070 14 389 16 657 14 315 13 051 9 526 6 172 4 226 3 058

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Tableau 2.9 Tonnage déclaré vendu ½ la casse, par principales catégories de navires
et principaux pays de démolition, 2014 (En milliers de tjb)

Lieux inconnus Divers et

Total
Inde Chine Bangladesh Pakistan Turquie du sous-continent autres lieux
mondial
indien inconnus
Pétroliers 393 827 368 2 227 86 160 420 4 482
Vraquiers 1 576 2 771 2 888 1 458 151 111 143 9 098
Navires de charge
719 301 313 65 349 259 2 008
classiques
Porte-conteneurs 3 455 777 303 32 63 139 4 769
Gaziers 215 8 62 28 29 342
Chimiquiers 136 3 10 13 34 1 196
Ravitailleurs 127 6 199 331 9 26 697
Transbordeurs
et autres navires 74 13 19 67 22 194
½ passagers
Autres 270 168 106 53 12 609
Total 6 965 4 873 4 269 4 127 839 271 1 051 22 394
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Graphique 3.1 Déterminants des coûts du transport maritime

Ports
s Infrastructure et
superstructure
s Productivité
des ports
s ModÅle de
l’opérateur du port
s Tarifs portuaires Flux commerciaux
Produit expédié s Déséquilibre
s Volume de commercial
l’expédition s Volume du
s Valeur commerce
s Type de produit s Complémentarité
des échanges

Déterminants
des coûts du
commerce maritime
international Structure du secteur
Facilitation maritime
s Facilitation des s Concurrence
échanges s Offre de liaisons
s Faciliation des réguliÅres
transports s Réglementation

Coûts d’exploitation Position dans les

des navires réseaux mondiaux de
transport maritime
s Équipage
s Combustible s Connectivité
de soute s Centralité
s Immatriculation s Distance

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Graphique 3.2 Corrélation statistique entre les articles de l’Accord de l’OMC sur la facilitation des échanges
(AFE) et certains indicateurs d’efƂcacité commerciale

Art. 1 - Publication
0,70
Art. 12 - Coopération Art. 2 - Consultations
douanière 0,60

0,50

0,40 Art. 3 - Décisions

Art. 11 - Transit anticipées
0,30

0,20
Indice de performance logistique
Indice de facilité de faire des affaires
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Art. 4 - Procédures
Art. 10 - Formalités de recours

Art. 5 - Impartialité
Art. 9 - Transit intérieur

Art. 8 - Coopération entre Art. 6 - Redevances et

les organismes présents impositions
aux frontières
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Graphique 3.7 Croissance de la demande et de l’offre de transport maritime conteneurisé, 2000-2015

(Taux de croissance annuels)

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2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 (estimations)
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Tableau 3.1 Marchés du transport maritime conteneurisé et taux de fret

Marché 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

TranspaciƂque (Dollars par E4P)
Shanghai–côte ouest des États-Unis 1 372 2 308 1 667 2 287 2 033 1 970
Variation en pourcentage 68,21 -27,77 37,19 -11,11 -3,10
Shanghai–côte est des États-Unis 2 367 3 499 3 008 3 416 3 290 3 720
Variation en pourcentage 47,84 -14,03 13,56 -3,7 13,07
ExtrÇme-Orient–Europe (Dollars par E4P)
Shanghai–Europe du Nord 1 395 1 789 881 1 353 1 084 1 161
Variation en pourcentage 28,24 -50,75 53,58 -19,88 7,10
Shanghai–Méditerranée 1 397 1 739 973 1 336 1 151 1 253
Variation en pourcentage 24,49 -44,05 37,31 -13,85 8,86
Nord-Sud (Dollars par E4P)
Shanghai–Amérique du Sud (Santos) 2 429 2 236 1 483 1 771 1 380 1 103
Variation en pourcentage -7,95 -33,68 19,42 -22,08 -20,07
Shanghai–Australie/Nouvelle-=élande (Melbourne) 1 500 1 189 772 925 818 678
Variation en pourcentage -20,73 -35,07 19,82 -11,57 -17,11
Shanghai–Afrique de l’Ouest (Lagos) 2 247 2 305 1 908 2 092 1 927 1 838
Variation en pourcentage 2,56 -17,22 9,64 -7,89 -4,62
Shanghai–Afrique du Sud (Durban) 1 495 1 481 991 1 047 805 760
Variation en pourcentage -0,96 -33,09 5,65 -23,11 -5,59
Intra-asiatique (Dollars par E4P)
Shanghai–Asie du Sud-Est (Singapour) 318 210 256 231 233
Variation en pourcentage -33,96 21,84 -9,72 0,87
Shanghai–est du -apon 316 337 345 346 273
Variation en pourcentage 6,65 2,37 0,29 -21,10
Shanghai–République de Corée 193 198 183 197 187
Variation en pourcentage 2,59 -7,58 7,65 -5,08
Shanghai–Hong Kong (Chine) 116 155 131 85 65
Variation en pourcentage 33,62 -15,48 -35,11 -23,53
Shanghai–golfe persique (DoubaÌ) 639 922 838 981 771 820
Variation en pourcentage 44,33 -9,11 17,06 -21,41 6,36
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Tableau 3.2 Indices ˆ Baltic Exchange tanker ˜

Variation en 2015
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 pourcentage (premier
(2014/2013) semestre)

Dirty Tanker Index 1 510 581 896 782 719 642 777 21 853

Clean Tanker Index 1 155 485 732 720 641 605 607 0,33 678

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Tableau 3.3 Récapitulation du secteur des transports par navires-citernes Ŷ cours au comptant des produits ˆ}blancs}˜ et des produits ˆ}noirs}˜, 2010-2014 (Worldscale)
Variation en
Catégories de navire Routes 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 pourcentage
Déc. 2014/Déc. 2013
Déc. Déc. Déc. Déc. Janv. Févr. Mars Avril Mai Juin Juill. Août Sept. 2ct. Nov. Déc.
VLCCULCC
(200 000}tpl)
Golfe persique–Japon 61 59 48 64 63 49 40 41 34 41 50 52 40 45 57 77 20,3 %
Golfe persique–République de Corée 56 56 46 61 46 48 40 38 34 40 45 44 36 46 53 62 1,6 %
Golfe persique–CaraïbescÑte est
36 37 28 37 31 33 29 26 25 26 27 25 20 24 30 34 -8,1 %
de l’Amérique du Nord
Golfe persique–Europe 57 59 26 .. n.d. 30 30 30 27 41 28 29 26 25 32 32 n.d.
Afrique de l’2uest-Chine .. 58 47 61 57 54 45 42 39 40 48 51 45 49 59 63 3,3 %
Suezmax
(100 000–160 000}tpl)
Afrique de l’2uest-Europe
118 86 70 102 109 59 62 60 58 70 85 69 59 76 102 91 -10,8 %
du Nord-2uest
Afrique de l’2uest-CaraïbescÑte est
103 83 65 97 102 57 60 60 52 64 81 63 56 79 91 79 -18,6 %
de l’Amérique du Nord
Méditerranée-Méditerranée 113 86 67 99 157 67 67 65 67 73 98 77 65 84 106 95 -4,0 %
Aframax
(70 000–100 000}tpl)
Europe du Nord-2uest-Europe
162 122 93 135 165 118 92 93 96 102 122 115 93 100 113 113 -16,3 %
du Nord-2uest
Europe du Nord-2uest-CaraïbescÑte est
120 .. 80 .. 121 87 85 n.d. 70 80 90 n.d. 90 89 104 110 n.d.
de l’Amérique du Nord
Caraïbes-CaraïbescÑte est
146 112 91 155 243 113 101 98 113 104 157 104 84 123 151 108 -30,3 %
de l’Amérique du Nord
Méditerranée-Méditerranée 138 130 85 100 167 87 94 92 81 81 98 100 85 92 166 106 6,0 %
Méditerranée-Europe du Nord-2uest 133 118 80 107 204 83 89 87 65 74 98 104 79 92 185 108 0,9 %
Indonésie-ExtrÇme-2rient 111 104 90 99 109 97 86 86 87 96 101 110 93 90 105 116 17,2 %
Panamax
(40 000–70 000}tpl)
Méditerranée-Méditerranée 168 153 168 113 213 189 n.d. 118 n,a n.d. n.d. 128 120 100 n.d. n.d. n.d.
Méditerranée-CaraïbescÑte est
146 121 160 105 150 115 114 115 n.d. n.d. 100 113 118 110 123 130 23,8 %
de l’Amérique du Nord
CaraïbescÑte est de l’Amérique
200 133 156 141 229 162 n.d. 109 121 114 162 147 118 113 148 150 6,4 %
du NordGolfe du Mexique
Tous les navires-citernes
transportant des produits «}blancs}»
70 000–80 000}tpl Golfe persique-Japon 125 105 116 81 73 78 88 90 91 82 87 116 108 114 115 102 25,9 %
50 000–60 000}tpl Golfe persique-Japon 128 119 144 93 88 98 110 93 111 110 105 120 125 132 127 110 18,3 %
CaraïbescÑte est de l’Amérique
35 000–50 000}tpl 158 155 162 .. 103 105 101 100 96 91 142 100 95 100 131 175 n.d.
du NordGolfe du Mexique
25 000–35 000}tpl Singapour-Asie de l’Est 193 .. 220 167 158 n.d. 168 180 n.d. n.d. n.d. 176 130 180 158 180 7,8 %
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Graphique 3.8 Indice ˆ Baltic Exchange Dry ˜, 2012-2015 (Année de référence de l’indice 1985 1 000 points)

2 500

2 000

1 484
1 500

1 140
1 000 910
796
500

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Graphique 3.9 Gains journaliers des vraquiers, 2008-2015 (En dollars par jour)

45 000

40 000

35 000

30 000

25 000
Panamax
20 000 Capesize
Supramax
15 000 Handysize

10 000

5 000

0
2010 Juin

2011 Juin

2012 Juin

2013 Juin

2014 Juin

2015 Juin
2011 Février

2012 Février

2013 Février

2014 Février

2015 Février
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2012 Avril

2013 Avril

2015 Avril
2010 Août

2011 Août

2012 Août

2013 Août
2010 Octobre

2011 Octobre

2012 Octobre

2013 Octobre

2014 Octobre
2010 Décembre

2011 Décembre

2012 Décembre

2013 Décembre

2014 Décembre
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Tableau 4.1 TraƂc des ports ½ conteneurs de 80 pays/territoires et économies en développement

et économies en transition, 2012-2014 (En EVP)

Chiffres Variation en Variation en

Pays/territoires 2012 2013 préliminaires pourcentage pourcentage
pour 2014 2013-2012 2014-2013
Chine 161 318 524 170 858 775 181 635 245 5,91 6,31
Singapour 32 498 652 33 516 343 34 832 376 3,13 3,93
République de Corée 21 609 746 22 588 400 23 796 846 4,53 5,35
Malaisie 20 873 479 21 168 981 22 718 784 1,42 7,32
Hong Kong (Chine) 23 117 000 22 352 000 22 300 000 -3,31 -0,23
Émirats arabes unis 18 120 915 19 336 427 20 900 567 6,71 8,09
Province chinoise de TaiZan 14 976 356 15 353 404 16 430 542 2,52 7,02
Indonésie 9 638 607 11 273 450 11 900 763 16,96 5,56
Inde 10 279 265 10 883 343 11 655 635 5,88 7,10
Brésil 9 322 769 10 176 613 10 678 564 9,16 4,93
Viet Nam 7 509 119 9 036 095 9 424 699 20,33 4,30
Égypte 8 140 950 8 248 115 8 810 990 1,32 6,82
ThaÌlande 7 468 900 7 702 476 8 283 756 3,13 7,55
Panama 7 217 794 7 447 695 7 942 291 3,19 6,64
Turquie 6 736 347 7 284 207 7 622 559 8,13 4,65
Arabie saoudite 6 563 844 6 742 697 6 326 861 2,72 -6,17
Philippines 5 686 179 5 860 226 5 869 427 3,06 0,16
Mexique 4 799 368 4 900 268 5 273 945 2,10 7,63
République islamique d’iran 5 111 318 4 924 638 5 163 843 -3,65 4,86
Sri Lanka 4 321 000 4 306 200 4 907 900 -0,34 13,97
Afrique du Sud 4 360 100 4 694 500 4 831 462 7,67 2,92
Fédération de Russie 3 930 515 3 968 186 3 903 250 0,96 -1,64
Chili 3 596 917 3 722 980 3 742 520 3,50 0,52
Oman 4 167 044 3 930 261 3 620 364 -5,68 -7,88
Colombie 2 991 941 2 746 038 3 127 994 -8,22 13,91
Maroc 1 826 100 2 558 400 3 070 000 40,10 20,00
Pakistan 2 375 158 2 485 086 2 597 395 4,63 4,52
Pérou 2 031 134 2 086 335 2 234 582 2,72 7,11
Costa Rica 1 329 679 1 880 513 1 960 267 41,43 4,24
République dominicaine 1 583 047 1 708 108 1 795 221 7,90 5,10
Équateur 1 594 711 1 675 446 1 786 981 5,06 6,66
Argentine 1 986 480 2 141 388 1 775 574 7,80 -17,08
Bangladesh 1 435 599 1 500 161 1 655 365 4,50 10,35
-amaÌque 1 855 400 1 703 900 1 638 100 -8,17 -3,86
République bolivarienne
du Venezuela 1 249 500 1 348 211 1 416 970 7,90 5,10
Bahamas 1 202 000 1 400 000 1 399 300 16,47 -0,05
KoZeÌt 1 126 668 1 215 675 1 277 674 7,90 5,10
Guatemala 1 158 400 1 211 600 1 273 392 4,59 5,10
Liban 882 922 1 117 300 1 210 400 26,55 8,33
Nigéria 877 679 1 010 836 1 062 389 15,17 5,10
Kenya 903 400 894 000 1 010 000 -1,04 12,98
Angola 750 000 913 000 1 000 000 21,73 9,53
Uruguay 753 000 861 000 904 911 14,34 5,10
<émen 760 192 820 247 862 079 7,90 5,10
Ukraine 748 889 808 051 849 262 7,90 5,10
République arabe syrienne 737 448 795 707 836 288 7,90 5,10
CHAPITRE 4 : LES PORTS 81

Tableau 4.1 TraƂc des ports ½ conteneurs de 80 pays/territoires et économies en développement

et économies en transition, 2012-2014 (En EVP) (suite)

Chiffres Variation en Variation en

Pays/territoires 2012 2013 préliminaires pourcentage pourcentage
pour 2014 2013-2012 2014-2013
Ghana 735 229 793 312 833 771 7,90 5,10
Jordanie 703 354 758 919 797 624 7,90 5,10
Côte d’ivoire 690 548 745 102 783 102 7,90 5,10
Djibouti 681 765 735 624 773 141 7,90 5,10
Trinité-et-tobago 651 332 702 787 738 630 7,90 5,10
Honduras 665 354 670 726 704 934 0,81 5,10
Maurice 576 383 621 917 653 635 7,90 5,10
République-Unie
487 786 526 321 638 023 7,90 21,22
de Tanzanie
Tunisie 529 956 571 823 600 986 7,90 5,10
Soudan 498 938 538 354 565 811 7,90 5,10
Libye 369 739 434 608 456 773 17,54 5,10
Sénégal 396 822 428 171 450 008 7,90 5,10
4atar 393 151 424 210 445 845 7,90 5,10
Congo 385 102 415 525 436 717 7,90 5,10
Bénin 359 908 388 341 408 146 7,90 5,10
Papouasie-Nouvelle-
337 118 363 750 382 301 7,90 5,10
Guinée
BahreÌn 329 470 355 498 373 628 7,90 5,10
Cameroun 323 917 349 507 367 332 7,90 5,10
Algérie 317 913 343 028 360 522 7,90 5,10
Mozambique 289 411 312 274 328 200 7,90 5,10
Cuba 265 281 286 238 300 836 7,90 5,10
Géorgie 256 929 277 226 291 365 7,90 5,10
Cambodge 254 760 274 886 288 905 7,90 5,10
Myanmar 215 945 233 005 244 888 7,90 5,10
Guam 208 181 224 628 236 084 7,90 5,10
Gabon 174 597 188 390 197 998 7,90 5,10
El Salvador 161 000 180 600 189 811 12,17 5,10
Madagascar 160 320 172 986 181 808 7,90 5,10
Croatie 155 724 168 026 176 596 7,90 5,10
Aruba 147 716 159 385 167 514 7,90 5,10
Namibie 115 676 124 815 131 180 7,90 5,10
Brunéi Darussalam 112 894 121 813 128 026 7,90 5,10
Nouvelle-Calédonie 102 423 110 514 116 150 7,90 5,10
Nicaragua 93 737 96 472 101 392 2,92 5,10
Total partiel 443 672 437 466 256 062 491 169 015 5,09 5,34

Autres déclarants 689 351 739 276 761 420 7,24 3,00

Total déclaré 444 361 788 466 995 338 491 930 435 5,09 5,34

Total mondial 624 480 174 651 200 742 684 429 339 4,28 5,10

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 ÉTUDE SUR LES TRANSPORTS MARITIMES 2015

Tableau 4.2 Les 20 premiers terminaux ½ conteneurs et leur traƂc, 2012 (En EVP variation en pourcentage)
Variation Variation
Nom du port 2012 2013 2014 en pourcentage en pourcentage
2013-2012 2014-2013
Shanghai 32 529 000 36 617 000 35 290 000 12,57
Singapour 31 649 400 32 600 000 33 869 000 3,00 3,89
Shenzhen 22 940 130 23 279 000 24 040 000 1,48 3,27
Hong Kong (Chine) 23 117 000 22 352 000 22 200 000 -3,31 -0,68
Ningbo 15 670 000 17 351 000 19 450 000 10,73 12,10
Busan 17 046 177 17 686 000 18 678 000 3,75 5,61
Guangzhou 14 743 600 15 309 000 16 610 000 3,83 8,50
4ingdao 14 503 000 15 520 000 16 580 000 7,01 6,83
DubaÌ 13 270 000 13 641 000 15 200 000 2,80 11,43
Tianjin 12 300 000 13 000 000 14 060 000 5,69 8,15
Rotterdam 11 865 916 11 621 000 12 298 000 5,83
Port Klang 10 001 495 10 350 000 10 946 000 3,48 5,76
Kaohsiung 9 781 221 9 938 000 10 593 000 1,60 6,59
Dalian 8 064 000 10 015 000 10 130 000 24,19 1,15
Hambourg 8 863 896 9 258 000 9 729 000 4,45 5,09
Anvers 8 635 169 8 578 000 8 978 000 -0,66 4,66
Xiamen 7 201 700 8 008 000 8 572 000 11,20 7,04
Tanjung Pelepas 7 700 000 7 628 000 8 500 000 -0,94 11,43
Los Angeles 8 077 714 7 869 000 8 340 000 5,99
Jakarta 6 100 000 6 171 000 6 053 000 1,16 -1,91
Total, 20 premiers ports 284 059 418 296 791 000 310 116 000 4,48 4,49
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Tableau 4.4 Principaux ports du monde par niveaux de productivité, 2014 (Mouvements de conteneurs,
par navire, par heure et pour toutes les tailles de navires variation en pourcentage)

Productivité Productivité Productivité

Variation en Variation en
au poste au poste au poste
Port Pays pourcentage pourcentage
d’accostage, d’accostage, d’accostage,
2013/2012 2014/2013
2012 2013 2014
Jebel Ali Émirats arabes unis 81 119 138 47 % 16 %
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Qingdao Chine 96 126 125 31 %
Nansha Chine 73 104 119 42 % 14 %
Yantian Chine 78 106 117 36 % 10 %
Khor al Fakkan Émirats arabes unis 74 119 108 61 % -9 %
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Yokohama Japon 85 108 105 27 % -3 %
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CHAPITRE 5 : LES QUESTIONS JURIDIQUES ET L’ÉVOLUTION DE LA RÉGLEMENTATION
Tableau 5.1 Parties contractantes ½ diverses conventions internationales relatives
aux transports maritimes, au 30 juin 2015
Titre de la Convention
Convention des
Nations}Unies de 1974
relative ½ un code de
conduite des conférences
maritimes
Convention des
Nations}Unies sur le
transport de marchandises
par mer, 1978 (RÅgles de
Hambourg)
Convention internationale
sur les privilÅges et
hypothÅques maritimes
de}1993
Convention des
Nations}Unies sur le
transport multimodal
international de
marchandises de 1980
Convention des
Nations Unies de 1986
sur les conditions
d’immatriculation
des}navires
Convention internationale
de 1999 sur la saisie
conservatoire
des navires

Date ou conditions États contractants
d’entrée en vigueur
Entrée en vigueur le Algérie, Arabie saoudite, Bangladesh, Barbade, Belgique, Bénin, Burkina
6}octobre 1983 Faso, Burundi, Cameroun, Cap-Vert, Chili, Chine, Congo, Costa Rica, CÑte
d’Ivoire, Cuba, Égypte, Espagne, Éthiopie, Fédération de Russie, Finlande,
France, Gabon, Gambie, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinée, Guyana, Honduras,
Inde, Indonésie, Iraq, Italie, Jamaïque, Jordanie, Kenya, Koweït, Liban,
Libéria, Madagascar, Malaisie, Mali, Maroc, Maurice, Mauritanie, Mexique,
Monténégro, Mozambique, Niger, Nigéria, Norvège, Pakistan, Pérou,
Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, République centrafricaine, République de Corée,
République démocratique du Congo, République tchèque, République-Unie
de Tanzanie, Roumanie, Sénégal, Serbie, Sierra Leone, Slovaquie, Somalie,
Soudan, Sri Lanka, Suède, Togo, Trinité-et-Tobago, Tunisie, Uruguay, Venezuela
(République bolivarienne du), Zambie
(76)
Entrée en vigueur le Albanie, Autriche, Barbade, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroun,
1er}novembre 1992 Chili, Égypte, Gambie, Géorgie, Guinée, Hongrie, Jordanie, Kazakhstan,
Kenya, Lesotho, Liban, Libéria, Malawi, Maroc, Nigéria, 2uganda, Paraguay,
République arabe syrienne, République dominicaine, République tchèque,
République-Unie de Tanzanie, Roumanie, Saint-Vincent-et-les Grenadines,
Sénégal, Sierra Leone, Tunisie, Zambie
(34)
Entrée en vigueur le Albanie, Bénin, Congo, Équateur, Espagne, Estonie, Fédération de Russie,
5}septembre 2004 Lituanie, Monaco, Nigéria, Pérou, République arabe syrienne, Saint-Kitts-Et-
Nevis, Saint-Vincent-et-les Grenadines, Serbie, Tunisie, Ukraine, Vanuatu
(18)
Non encore entrée Burundi, Chili, Géorgie, Liban, Libéria, Malawi, Maroc, Mexique, Rwanda,
en vigueur – doit être Sénégal, Zambie
ratiƂée par 30 parties (11)
contractantes
Non encore entrée Albanie, Bulgarie, CÑte d’Ivoire, Égypte, Géorgie, Ghana, Haïti, Hongrie, Iraq,
en vigueur – doit Libéria, Libye, Maroc, Mexique, 2man, République arabe syrienne
être ratiƂée par 40
parties contractantes (15)
représentant au moins
25}% du tonnage mondial,
aux termes de son
annexe}III
Entrée en vigueur le Albanie, Algérie, Bénin, Bulgarie, Congo, Équateur, Espagne, Estonie, Lettonie,
14}septembre 2011 Libéria, République arabe syrienne
(11)

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Tableau 5.2 Exemples d’articles de l’Accord sur la facilitation des échanges (AFE) qui pourraient soutenir
les objectifs de développement durable (ODD) et contribuer ½ leur réalisation

Articles de l’AFE de l’OMC 4uelques extraits de l’énoncé des ODD

Article premier  Publication et disponibilité
des renseignements
Article 2  Possibilité de présenter des
observations et renseignements avant
l’entrée en vigueur et consultations
Article 3  Décisions anticipées
Article 4  Procédures de recours ou
de réexamen
Article 5  Autres mesures visant à renforcer
l’impartialité, la non-discrimination
et la transparence
Article 6  Disciplines concernant les
redevances et impositions imposées à
l’importation et à l’exportation ou à l’occasion
de l’importation et de l’exportation,
et les pénalités
Article 7  Mainlevée et dédouanement des
marchandises
Article 8  Coopération entre les organismes
présents aux frontières
Article 9  Mouvement des marchandises
destinées à l’importation sous contrÑle
douanier
Article 10  Formalités se rapportant à
l’importation, à l’exportation et au transit
Article 11  Liberté de transit
Article 12  Coopération douanière
Article 23.2  Comité national de
la facilitation des échanges
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« l’accès public à l’information » (16.10)
« le dynamisme, l’ouverture, la participation et la représentation à tous les
niveaux caractérisent la prise de décisions » (16.7)
« Mettre en place des institutions efƂcaces, responsables et transparentes à
tous les niveaux » (16.6)
« Promouvoir l’état de droit aux niveaux national et international et donner à
tous accès à la justice » (16.3)
« Accroître nettement l’accès aux technologies de l’information et des
communications et faire en sorte que tous les habitants des pays les moins
avancés aient accès à Internet » (9.c)
« Réduire nettement la corruption et la pratique des pots-de-vin » (16.5)
« Renforcer l’utilisation des technologies clefs, en particulier de l’informatique
et des communications » (17.8)
« Parvenir à un niveau élevé de productivité économique par la diversiƂcation,
la modernisation technologique et l’innovation » (8.2)
« La capacité des institutions Ƃnancières nationales » (8.10)
« Un niveau élevé de productivité économique par la diversiƂcation,
la}modernisation technologique et l’innovation » (8.2)
« Une infrastructure régionale et transfrontière » (9.1)
« Appuyer, notamment dans le cadre de la coopération internationale, les
institutions nationales chargées de renforcer, à tous les niveaux, les moyens
de prévenir la violence et de lutter contre le terrorisme et la criminalité, en
particulier dans les pays en développement » (16.a)
« Les partenariats publics, les partenariats public-privé et les partenariats avec
la société civile » (17.17)
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118 ÉTUDE SUR LES TRANSPORTS MARITIMES 2015

Graphique 5.1 L’indice de développement humain et le nombre de mesures notiƂées

au titre des engagements de la catégorie A

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au titre des engagements de la catégorie A
35

30

25
y = 59,126x-19,785
R² = 0,3748
20

15

10

5
Indice du développement humain
0
0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9

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Photo credit : © Jan Hoffmann

ISBN 978-92-1-212410-0

Printed at United Nations, Geneva

1522633 (F)–March 2016–615

UNCTAD/RMT/2015

United Nations publication

Sales No. F.15.II.D.6