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Le présent simple
Le présent simple (present simple en anglais) est le premier temps que nous
apprenons en anglais. Le présent simple désigne un fait, une habitude, une routine,
une opinion… Bref, une vérité générale.
To Work To Be To Have To Do To Go
I Work Am Have Do Go
Exemples :
Le présent continu (present continuous) est une action qui a lieu dans le moment
présent, et qui n'est pas encore achevée.
To Work To Be To Have To Do To Go
You Are working Are being Are having Are doing Are going
We Are working Are being Are having Are doing Are going
You Are working Are being Are having Are doing Are going
They Are working Are being Are having Are doing Are going
Exemples :
Le prétérit simple
Le prétérit simple (past simple) est une action qui est terminée, et qui n'a pas de lien
avec le présent. C'est un temps souvent utilisé pour raconter une histoire.
To Work To Be To Have To Do To Go
Exemples :
Le prétérit progressif
Le prétérit progressif (past continuous) est une action en cours qui s'est déroulée
dans le passé. L'action se déroule avant un élément déclencheur qui se situe dans le
passé.
To Work To Be To Have To Do To Go
I Was working Was being Was having Was doing Was going
You Were working Were being Were having Were doing Were going
He / She / It Was working Was being Was having Was doing Was going
We Were working Were being Were having Were doing Were going
You Were working Were being Were having Were doing Were going
They Were working Were being Were having Were doing Were going
Exemples :
I was working when the Notre Dame fire started. : J'étais en train de
travailler lorsque l'incendie de Notre Dame a commencé.
You were being chased by a thief when the police came.: Vous étiez en
train de vous faire poursuivre par un voleur lorsque la police est venue.
He was having a nap when the boss called him. : Il était en train de faire
une sieste lorsque son patron l'a appelé.
They were still doing their homework when their dad came home. : Ils
étaient toujours en train de faire leurs devoirs lorsque leur père est arrive à la
maison.
We were going to call you when you knocked at the door. : Nous étions
sur le point de t'appeler lorsque tu as frappé à la porte.
Le Present Perfect simple est une action dans le long terme, qui a commencé dans
le passé, mais qui continue toujours dans le présent. Le present perfect désigne
aussi des actions qui ont commencé mais qui n'ont pas été terminées.
To Work To Be To Have To Do To Go
I Have worked Have been Have had Have done Have gone
You Have worked Have been Have had Have done Have gone
He / She / It Has worked Has been Has had Has done Has gone
We Have worked Have been Have had Have done Have gone
You Have worked Have been Have had Have done Have gone
They Have worked Have been Have had Have done Have gone
Exemples :
I have worked as a secretary for 3 years: J'ai travaillé en tant que secrétaire
pendant 3 ans.
You have been unsubscribed from this newsletter for 2 weeks.: Cela fait 2
semaines que vous avez été désinscrit à la newsletter.
He has had two books published in the last few years. : Il a publié 2 livres
au cours de ces dernières années.
They have done nothing to finish their homework on time. : Ils n'ont rien
fait pour finir leurs devoirs à temps.
We have gone from 2% to 5% . : Nous sommes passés de 2 à 5%.
To Work To Be To Have To Do To Go
Have been Have been Have been Have been Have been
I
working being having doing going
Have been Have been Has been Has been Has been
You
working being having doing going
He / She / Has been Has been Have been Have been Have been
It working being having doing going
Have been Have been Have been Have been Have been
We
working being having doing going
Have been Have been Have been Have been Have been
You
working being having doing going
Have been Have been Have been Have been Have been
They
working being having doing going
Exemples :
I have been working as a secretary for 3 years now: Cela fait 3 ans que je
travaille en temps que secrétaire.
What have you been doing lately? : Qu'avez-vous fait dernièrement ?
They have been going to the gym for a while now. Cela fait un certain
temps qu'ils vont à la salle de sport.
Le Past Perfect (aussi appelé "pluperfect") est une action dans le passé qui a un
rapport avec une autre action dans le passé. Celle-ci a été terminée avant une autre
action.
Conjugaison : had + participe passé
To Work To Be To Have To Do To Go
I Had worked Had been Had had Had done Had gone
You Had worked Had been Had had Had done Had gone
He / She / It Had worked Had been Had had Had done Had gone
We Had worked Had been Had had Had done Had gone
You Had worked Had been Had had Had done Had gone
They Had worked Had been Had had Had done Had gone
Exemples :
I could feel how hard they had worked on this projet. : J'ai pu ressentir à
quel point ils ont travaillé dur dans ce projet.
You had studied hard before the exam: Tu avais beaucoup étudié avant
l'examen.
The exam had started when I arrived: L'examen avait commence lorsque je
suis arrivé.
I wish they had done this sooner. J'aurais aimé qu'ils aient fait ça plus tôt.
Le Past Perfect Continuous (aussi appelé "pluperfect" continu) est une action qui se
déroulait dans le passé.
To Work To Be To Have To Do To Go
Had been Had been Had been Had been Had been
I
working being having doing going
Had been Had been Had been Had been Had been
You
working being having doing going
He / She / Had been Had been Had been Had been Had been
It working being having doing going
Had been Had been Had been Had been Had been
We
working being having doing going
Had been Had been Had been Had been Had been
You
working being having doing going
Had been Had been Had been Had been Had been
They
working being having doing going
Exemples :
Le futur est une action qui se déroule à l'avenir, sans lien direct vers le présent.
To Work To Be To Have To Do To Go
Exemples :
Be Going To / To Be About To
Cette forme particulière du futur indique des intentions, et des prédictions basées sur
le présent. C'est une action qui est sur le point d'être arrivée.
Conjugaison :
o verbe To Be conjugué + Going To + Infinitif
o verbe To Be conjugué + About To + Infinitif
Exemples :
We're going to have ice cream for dinner. Nous aurons de la glace pour
dîner.
I'm about to go to the grocey store. Do you want to come with me? Je
vais aller au supermaché. Veux-tu venir avec moi ?
Exemples :
Le "future perfect" est utilisé pour décrire une action qui sera complétée dans le futur.
Exemples :
I will have finished this report by 6pm. J'aurai fini ce rapport avant 18h.
L'IMPÉRATIF
L'impératif en anglais est simple. Il s'agit simplement du verbe à l'infinitif sans le "to".
Exemples :
Let's go : Allons-y
Go ! : Allez !
Conjugaison
Le présent progressif (ou "présent continu") se forme ainsi: To be + -ing
To read (lire)
You are reading You are not reading Are you reading...?
You are reading You are not reading Are you reading...?
They are reading They are not reading Are they reading...?
I'm reading.
Je lis (en ce moment).
He's working.
Il est entrain de travailler.
Attention à l'ordre des mots dans les questions: seul l'auxiliaire précède le sujet:
Are your parents coming? (et non: Are coming your parents?)
Ils viennent, tes parents?/ Tes parents viennent?
"What are you doing?" "I'm waiting for you." (et non I wait...)
"Qu'est-ce que tu fais?" "Je t'attends."
Certains verbes n'ont pas de forme progressive. Ils se mettent donc toujours au présent simple,
même lorsqu'ils se rapportent au moment présent.
Quelques autres exceptions: To hate, to prefer, to know, to like, to believe.... (ces verbes n'ont
pas de forme progressive)
On emploie aussi le présent progressif dans les descriptions, et pour parler des actions en
cours.
C'est le temps de la narration au passé, employé notamment avec des indications datées comme
yesterday, ago, when... Il exprime une action passée achevée qui s'est déroulée à un moment
précis "Betty went to the post office yesterday" ou une habitude passée sans aucun rapport avec
le présent "I lived in Britain before my moving to Italy".
Conjugaison
To wait (régulier), to think (irrégulier) :
La forme du verbe est la même à toutes les personnes. Notez qu'il n'y a une différence entre un
verbe régulier et irrégulier qu' à l'affirmation,
et que la finale -ed ne se met pas dans les questions et les négations. (On ne dit pas Did I
waited? ou I did not waited).
Attention aux verbes irréguliers!!!
To be To Have
I was I had
We were We had
Remarques:
Après t ou d, -ed se prononce /id/. Après les autres consonnes, le e de -ed ne se prononce pas.
to hope: I hoped.
to try: tried
Le prétérit simple s'emploie souvent avec des indications de temps relatives au passé (des
dates, des adverbes comme yesterday, last...,ago,etc...).
On emploie aussi le prétérit simple pour indiquer une succession d'actions dans un récit :
Last Monday, I went to see the Managing Director. A big dog came into his office.
I looked at it...
Lundi dernier, je suis allé voir le directeur. Un gros chien est entré dans son
bureau. Je l'ai regardé...
Conjugaison
To sing (chanter) was/were + V-ing
You were singing You were not singing Were you singing...?
He / She/ It was singing He / She / It was not singing Was he/ she/ it singing...?
You were singing You were not singing Were you singing...?
They were singing They were not singing Were they singing...?
Il se construit comme le présent continu, sauf que l'auxiliaire être est conjugué au prétérit.
Notez que l'action qui est au prétérit progressif est celle qui a commencé en premier.
Le prétérit progressif ne s'emploie pas pour parler d'habitudes ou d'actions répétées dans le
passé contrairement à l'imparfait en français. On emploie alors le prétérit simple.
We often went to Australia when I was a child. (et non: we were often going...)
Nous allions souvent en Australie quand j'étais petit.
Certains verbes n'ont pas de forme progressive (voir leçon présent continu): to know, to like, to
hate, to believe, to want... On emploie toujours avec ces verbes une forme simple même si un
temps progressif s'impose.
Remarque: L'imparfait français ne se traduit par le prétérit progressif que lorsqu'on peut le
remplacer par: "J'étais entrain de " + verbe.
Je lisais un livre = J'étais entrain de lire un livre: donc I was reading a book.
Nous allions souvent en Allemagne: on ne peut pas dire nous étions entrain
d'aller... alors prétérit simple: We often went to Germany.
Conjugaison
To sing (chanter) was/were + V-ing
You were singing You were not singing Were you singing...?
Affirmation Négation Interrogation
He / She/ It was singing He / She / It was not singing Was he/ she/ it singing...?
You were singing You were not singing Were you singing...?
They were singing They were not singing Were they singing...?
Il se construit comme le présent continu, sauf que l'auxiliaire être est conjugué au prétérit.
Notez que l'action qui est au prétérit progressif est celle qui a commencé en premier.
Le prétérit progressif ne s'emploie pas pour parler d'habitudes ou d'actions répétées dans le
passé contrairement à l'imparfait en français. On emploie alors le prétérit simple.
We often went to Australia when I was a child. (et non: we were often going...)
Nous allions souvent en Australie quand j'étais petit.
Certains verbes n'ont pas de forme progressive (voir leçon présent continu): to know, to like, to
hate, to believe, to want... On emploie toujours avec ces verbes une forme simple même si un
temps progressif s'impose.
Remarque: L'imparfait français ne se traduit par le prétérit progressif que lorsqu'on peut le
remplacer par: "J'étais entrain de " + verbe.
Je lisais un livre = J'étais entrain de lire un livre: donc I was reading a book.
Nous allions souvent en Allemagne: on ne peut pas dire nous étions entrain
d'aller... alors prétérit simple: We often went to Germany.
Conjugaison
To sing (chanter) was/were + V-ing
You were singing You were not singing Were you singing...?
He / She/ It was singing He / She / It was not singing Was he/ she/ it singing...?
You were singing You were not singing Were you singing...?
They were singing They were not singing Were they singing...?
Il se construit comme le présent continu, sauf que l'auxiliaire être est conjugué au prétérit.
Notez que l'action qui est au prétérit progressif est celle qui a commencé en premier.
Le prétérit progressif ne s'emploie pas pour parler d'habitudes ou d'actions répétées dans le
passé contrairement à l'imparfait en français. On emploie alors le prétérit simple.
We often went to Australia when I was a child. (et non: we were often going...)
Nous allions souvent en Australie quand j'étais petit.
Certains verbes n'ont pas de forme progressive (voir leçon présent continu): to know, to like, to
hate, to believe, to want... On emploie toujours avec ces verbes une forme simple même si un
temps progressif s'impose.
Remarque: L'imparfait français ne se traduit par le prétérit progressif que lorsqu'on peut le
remplacer par: "J'étais entrain de " + verbe.
Je lisais un livre = J'étais entrain de lire un livre: donc I was reading a book.
Nous allions souvent en Allemagne: on ne peut pas dire nous étions entrain
d'aller... alors prétérit simple: We often went to Germany.
You have started You have not started Have you started...?
He / She/ It has started He / She / It has not started Has he/ she/ it started...?
You have started You have not started Have you started...?
They have started They have not started Have they started...?
I have started.
J'ai commencé.
he has arrived.
Il est arrivé.
Il faut bien préciser que l'auxiliaire utilisé est toujours "have" même s'il y a le verbe être en
français.
On remarque de nombreuses différences d'emploi entre le present perfect et le passé
composé.
On emploie le present perfect simple pour indiquer une relation entre un fait passé et la
situation présente.
Une phrase au present perfect peut souvent se remplacer par une phrase au présent.
I'm glad that you have passed your exam = You have your diploma now.
Attention, lorsqu'il n'y a pas de rapport entre une action terminée et le moment présent, il faut
utiliser obligatoirement le prétérit.
On emploie le present perfect avec des adverbes tels que: ever, never, already, yet, so far...
Ces petits mots traduisent: "jusqu'à présent".
Avec les Mots Since et For qui indiquent un moment précis ou une durée, le verbe de la
principale est généralement au present perfect ou pluperfect.
Conjugaison
To come (venir) WILL + Base verbale
He / She/ It will come He / She / It won't come Will he/ she/ it come...?
l'Emploi du Futur
Le Futur se construit généralement avec will + infinitif sans to. A la première personne, on peut
aussi employer Shall sans différence de sens. Will et Shall se contractent en 'll. La contraction
de will not est won't, celle de shall est shan't.
We'll do it ourselves.
Nous le ferons nous-mêmes.
We won't be there.
Nous ne serons pas là.
Shall we go!
Allons-y!
En français, on utilise le présent pour parler du futur proche; En anglais on utilise le présent
progressif et non le présent simple.
If you tell me that again, I will not stay with you anymore. (menace).
Si tu me redis cela, je ne reste pas avec toi davantage.
Shall we go?
On y va?
Subordonnées de temps
On n'emploie pas de futur dans une subordonnée temporelle (introduite par "when", "as soon
as", "while", "as long as"...).
I'll have been living here for two years next Thursday.
Jeudi prochain, cela fera deux ans que je vis ici.
Conjugaison
To live (vivre) HAD + Participe Passé (V-ed)
You had lived You had not lived Had you lived...?
He / She/ It had lived He / She / It had not lived Had he/ she/ it lived...?
You had lived You had not lived Had you lived...?
They had lived They had not lived Had they lived...?
Le pluperfect (ou "past perfect") simple se forme toujours ainsi: Had + participe passé.
I had played.
J'avais joué
l'Emploi du Pluperfect
Le pluperfect simple correspond généralement au plus-que-parfait français. Lorsque, à partir
d'un moment du passé, on se réfère à un moment antérieur, on emploie
le pluperfect simple pour parler du moment le plus ancien.
On emploie aussi le pluperfect pour traduire l'expression "Je venais de..." = I had just +
participe passé.
"Here's your cheese, sir." "But I ordered some meat." (et non ...I had ordered).
" Voici votre fromage, monsieur." "Mais j'avais commandé de la viande."
Remarque: Après l'expression "It was the first time", on emploie le pluperfect. (En français on
utilisera un imparfait.)
Attention! Il faut employer le pluperfect simple avec les verbes qui n'ont pas de forme
progressive (rappel des verbes concernés dans la leçon du présent progressif).
I had known her friends for three years.
Je connaissais ses amis depuis trois ans.