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~
C A N A U A
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Consultant
INTRODUCTION...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
I - DEFINITION DE LA DESERTIFICATION
Genera lites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Desertification et changements climatiques .......... 5
Desertification et capacite de charge ............... 10
Desertification et succession ecologique. ... ... .. . 16
Generalites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
La transition vers une approche d'ecodeveloppement .. 45
Transfert de pouvoir et ecodeveloppement ............ 50
Regenration autonome ................................ 50
Aide liee a la reconstitution de l'environnement .... 52
L'avenir de la lutte contre la desertification :
Pessimisme ou optimisme modere ...................... 54
IV - ANNEXES
V - BIBLIOGRAPHIE
1
INTRODUCTION
I - DEFIKITIOR DE LA DESERTIFICATIOK
tres accentuees.
Desertification et changements climatiques
Aperc;u general
Aperc;u general
47
Regeneration autonome
!,
1
A travers le Sahel, des particuliers et des associationc:o
s'engagent dans des activites agricoles qui reconstituen
l'environnement naturel avec peu ou aucune assistanc
gouvernementale tradi tionnelle. L' un des exemples les plus notable•
est le developpement du jardinage durant la saison seche dans le.
villes et les faubourgs saheliens. Les terres de choix situees 1
51
- Figures 1 a 7
55
TABLEAU I
1 - Dimension temporelle
2 - Dimension spatiale
b- Les benefices S
1
accroissent pour des zones eloignees
Des projets tels que les programmes de protection des bassins
d 1 eau n 1 ont pas souvent pu attirer beaucoup de participation de la
part des populations rurales car les benefices de la reconstitution
de 1 1 environnement ne sont recoltes que dans le long terme par un
public d 1 aval vivant loin de la region. Les programmes regionaux
de gestion sont souvent difficiles a mettre en oeuvre car les
effets sont ressentis sur une grande etendue pendant une longue
periode de temps. Par contre, les programmes de "banque de
fourrage" menes en direction de familles individuelles ont de
meilleures chances de reussite.
3 - Tangibilite
TABLEAU I I
TECHNOLOGIES ET METHODES
V - AMELIORATIONS GENETIQUES
- Reproduction de cultures A,S,H,T
- Reproduction d'animaux A,S,H,T
VI - UTILISATIONS AMELIOREES DES ANIMAUX
- Systemes allies de culture/betail utilisant
de petitis ruminants A,S,H,T
- Traction animale A,S,H,T
- Aquaculture A,S,H,T
VII - SYSTEMES AMELIORES DE REDUCTION DES PERTES DE
PLANTES NUISIBLES
- Gestion integree des plantes nuisibles
Quarantaines A,S,H,T
Resistance au hotes A,S,H,T
Controles culturels A,S,H,T
. Controles biologiques A,S,H,T
. Pesticides A,S,H,T
VIII - TECHNOLOGIES D'APRES RECOLTE
- Stockage des cereales A,S,H,T
- Mouture et traitement des produits alimentaires economisant
la main d'oeuvre A,S,H,T
IX - AMELIORER LA SANTE ANIMALE
- Appui veterinaire A,S,H,T
- Nutrition animale A,S,H,T
e Nar~nol copolofs
- - · -lnlernol~ nal boundoroes
- - - lnd ocolet rhe lerrito-y of for,., Sponi•l
Wetlern Sahara)
\
·l BENIN f
{ ~ N ;G E RIA
r \..
~ ;;?'
. ..~.
l }r·-·'::--..,- f''
·~r'i9-iifl~'
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'
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... ' ;;·· ~.
1{ -
(/"
,.. ._,- "-(
:;5
C/\MEROON) ff ' ' \
~·
~·.. , \
CENTRAL
8anou•~
. .•-1,.1.~,
.
\ ,· -
Figure 3
Evolution of Rainfall In Selected African Cities
(Courel and Cuq , 1986:16)
mm -- - - ---
:ooo
aoo . ; • .· .
.......
500
··,. ~
-·· ......... .,..,.... ··-···-···- ... ....... ...
......... ···::-~-::·· .... ·:.::: .~ ..... ,:::..::::: ...:::·- · .·- .. ·...::::.····· ......... ·.:: ;_;,.......;~.... ............. ..
. · ~· · ·.-::.
:- .,
.....---....-../~--
........... ..
•oo ··..• '
··................ -... ............ ··.
.........
~00 -------
------ --- .......... _- - --
-------------------------.....----,----------- --
LAB£ (Guinee) moy 1583 mm ... - ... - ... NIAMEY(Ni ~r) moy 568 mm
----- BOUGOUNI (Mali) moy 12~9mm .........--.... DAKAR (Sen~/) moy 512 mm
-·-·-·- BAMAKO (Mali J moy 1070 mm - - - - TOMBOUCTOU(Ma/1) moy 200mm
Rainfall tend~~ci~s in West Atr~a since 1927. Straight, smooth lines are the average
prec1p1tat1on tor each city. Note tendancy for declining rainfall from the late 1960's.
Figure 2
Evolution of Rainfall lsohyets In West Africa
(CILSS/Programme Allemand, 1988:409)
j
' ~. 0
----------- - -·
lsohyets in 1961-70; 1971-80 and 1981-1987. Note how the average rainfall isohyets have
progressively shifted southwards from the early 1960's.
-----
- ----
- - - --
- - ., ·- --
~
Figure 4
Estimated Hu.man Carrying Capacity In Africa
(Baumer, 1987:192)
Ttrrlto-rt ou IO COPOC i\ ~
dt chorot n t dl •4 d•ooutt
tOO •000
o•
Note that in the Sahelian zone it is estimated that the carrying capacity is exceeded while in
the coastal zones the carrying capacity has not yet been met. Estimation based on
FAO calculations .
Figure 5
Ott"ttr f1cto" . t 9· Other l1ctors Ot~r lattOfs. •-t · IO( IAlll fliNG
. uten1•on of c11h uopp•nq
~ ~
• no othe r fonn of UP•t al accumul•tton
· w t t tr in ~ry 1f1V tt lf . mtthlrutltiOf\ of •q rt<vhur t
· ntwwtlh . •nc ttlstd moneu ry nttd1
.. oou lthon q•owth
· lou of o tht t \0\Htl\ of ,,come . d ' '!uptton or IOC••' 'Y"'"'
l J !d'--------,l
Gtow\h of h n · ; 1Pft'11tOn of tvltl'VIItd l f U (jrowlh of wood GROWTH Of
ttcxk " "' mbttt Otcrtut of bl'ow ~ uod coruumpttOn OIMANOON
NAT URAl
I
RIIO URCII
llltduct ton of
PIUOt l l lttl
Ch1n9t '"
1
Otnruct•on of Q ' "~ layer
l~t i e1
com po1•t •on
ICOLOG I( Al
(QNIIQUIN(II
D
0.
m .oo.too ••
3. en septembre l983 m
~
tOOalXlCht
,....... 100.,
ll, en Septembre 198..::1
i
\ I
/ I
I i
. I
I
r
5. en septe~bre l987
D<~:.o~~~~~o
D 2~0-~00 ·~·/he
rn ~ 00· 7 ~0 ~Q /I.e
illiiD 7~C·I2:.0lQ/hO
&"2 > ~~~0 1~/t.o
Note that in September, 1981 dry herbaceous (grass) biomass ranged from more than 1200
kg/hectare in the south of the Ferlo to less lhan 200 kg/hectare along the Senegal
river in the north. As the drought of 1983·84 progressed, the production of grass tell
dramatically. But with the return of abundant rainfall in 1987, the area rapidly
recovered, far surpassing the quantity of biomass produced in 1981!
:I
I
r
r
i 1\-- - -----7·:-:::!:_·-=-:---=- =--r-----l;·----
;-,1_
--·-r-------------·-------- ------- ---- .. -
Carte ho 17: LES TYPES DE ZONES
r.·~-~ ~: .'·~-.~ DE DESERTIFICATION AU SAHEL
)
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I I ' -· /
l20" ' .,
/ ' - ,- I
I . f /
-·-· /
/
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I ' ' /
'
ca
(.)
MAURITANIE '·
'-. '\.,. /
/
- - ·NIGER·
/
;:: MALl 'l _./'
.
--
c(
CAP VERT \..-:
VI&n
CD-.:t
~~ 0 r·
p
==~
_
cam
(X)
c:CO
.....
<>"i/
/
/
CD-Q
S::.c:
ca<1l
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c:=
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10 .. GUINEE BISSAU
(.)~
=01
-
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....
CD~,
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CDU)
o_J 0 200 400 80011m ...._
I
-u
0-
I
VI
CD
a.
>-
D· · · Desertification
generafisee
eolienne
C"J Zone desertique ..L.U.... Fronts pronni"!rs
~
rr==D Desertification eolienne .. , ....... ~.: Avoncee du desert ~ Zones peuplees occidentee s I
ponctuelle et hydrique generolisee
......
...
C»
m f?~se_r ti ficotion per aureoles
Jotntrves •••• Fronge cotiere dunoire ~ Zones arochidiers et coronnieres i
anciennes
:::1 frr-n . I!
0 , u__u Desertification par fronts 000(• Frurlge cotiere siJfine muma .... Zones alluvi c.1 lp j I I
u.
DESERTIFICATION BIBLIOGRAPHY
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