Rapport de Stage Chez

Airtel (Fidèlebm) Fin

Transféré par Fidèle Bwira Mweze Fidbm le Aug 23,

2020

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Fidèle bwira mweze Rapport de stage airtel Drc…

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S h b ` |8
Rapport de Stage Chez Airtel(Fidèlebm) Fin
]@SPMJKXP@ I@FLE]HYKXP@ IP ELNBL
CopyrightFKNKUY@]@ I@ J‛@NU@KBN@F@NY UPS@]K@P] @Y
© © All Rights Reserved PNKT@]UKYHK]@
PNKT@]UKY@ EHYGLJKXP@ I@ MPAHTP
Partager ce document P.E.M
MS. =70 MPAHTP

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IP 8 LEYLM]@ HP 8 NLT@FM]@ =38;

Srës`ntë phr ? MRK]H FR@_@ dkiçj`

@tuikhnt `n J= ]ës`hux `t tëjëelffunkehtklns

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ? Signaler

@nehirë ce document
phr ? Kr SHPJ KSLFM@JH

Uup`rvksë phr ? Hss. AK_KMKUGH FHUPIK

O`hn-Egrkst

HNN@@ HEHI@FKXP@ =38;-=3=3

S h b ` |=

]@F@]EK@F@NYU

H j‛kssu` i` e` sthb` `dd`etuë hu s`kn i` jh slekëtë i` tëjëelffunkehtkln Hkrt`j, e`

phrelurs thnt unkv`rskthkr` `t pjus `nelr` prld`ssklnn`j nlus h phru trçs shtksdhkshnt `t
hussk trçs mënëdkqu` iu dhkt qu‛kj h susektë `n nlus un` e`rthkn` iët`rfknhtkln, un`
e`rtktui` hdkn i` nlus prëphr`r hu flni` prld`ssklnn`j.
E` trhvhkj h ëtë un` rëusskt`, e‛`st plurqulk nlus t`nlns ã r`f`rek`r tlut phrtkeujkçr`f`nt
`t ã tëflkbn`r tlut` nltr` r`elnnhksshne` hux S`rslnn`s sukvhnt`s, plur j‛`xpërk`ne`
`nrkegksshnt` `t pj`kn` i‛kntërït qu‛`jj`s nlus lnt dhkt Tkvr` iurhnt un flks i` sthb` `t quk
shns j`ur hpplrt nlus n` phrvk`nirlns phs ã jh dkn i` e`juk-ek.
Sr`fkçr`f`nt, O` f‛`n T`ux jlu`r j‛ët`rn`j Ik`u plur tlut`s s`s f`rv`kjj`s heelfpjk`s
iurhnt nltr` sthb` huprçs i` jh fhksln Hkrt`j Muahvu plur sh prlt`etkln tlut hu jlnb i`
nltr` sthb`.
I`uxkçf`f`nt, o` r`f`rek` fh dhfkjj`, fln pçr` FR@_@ _KGKFK]R@ Iëlbrhtkhs `t
fh fçr` EK]PMHAHI@]GH NBLFMRH Ejhuikn`, f`s p`tkts drçr`s, p`tkt`s sŕurs,
hfks `t elnnhksshne` plur j`ur slutk`n `t j`ur hpplrt.
H tlus j`s f`fmr`s i` jh fhksln Hkrt`j plur j‛heeu`kj `t jh elndkhne` qu‛kjs nlus lnt
heelrië içs nltr` hrrkvë` ihns e`t ëthmjkss`f`nt.
H Kr O@]@FK@ i` Tlihelf, Kr Rkjjy FPNBLFM@ i‛Hkrt`j `t Kr D]HNEKU
NYPFRH i` jh slekëtë L]HNB@ plur nlus hvlkr kntëbrës rhpki`f`nt `t nlus hvlkr
heelriës j`ur elndkhne`, plur j` t`fps qu‛kjs nlus lnt elnsherë tlut hu jlnb i` e`tt`
përkli` sheghnt rëplnir` ã tlut`s nls prëleeuphtklns plur j`ur phrtkekphtkln hu
eg`fkn`f`nt i` e` rhpplrt, plur j`ur heeu`kj syfphtgkqu` `t jh ellpërhtkln
prld`ssklnn`jj` tlut hu jlnb i` nltr` sthb`.
@n dkn, o` r`f`rek` kndknkf`nt nltr` `nehir`ur K r Shph SHPJ KSLFM@JH j` ikr`et`ur
t`egnkqu` i‛Hkrt`j /Uui-Akvu i` nlus hvlkr prlikbuë i`s elns`kjs, nlus hvlkr heelriës sh
elndkhne` tlut hu jlnb i` e`tt` përkli` plur sln `nehir`f`nt trçs mënëdkqu` ã nltr` ëbhri.

S h b ` |5

Ukbj` `t hmrëvkhtklns
=B ? =çf` Bënërhtkln KUIN˓ Knt`brht`i U`rvke`s Ikbkthj N`twlra
5B ? 5çf` Bënërhtkln JY@˓ Jlnb Y`rf @vljutkln
9B ? 9çf` Bënërhtkln FHE? F`ikh hee`ss elntrlj
0B ? 0çf` Bënërhtkln FESH? Fujtkehrrk`r plw`r hfpjkdk`r
HFSU ? Hivhne`i Flmkj` Sgln` Uyst`f FU ? Flmkj` Uthtkln
HPE ? HPtg`ntkdkehtkln E`nt`r FUE? Flmkj` Uwktegknb E`ntr`
MEEG ? Mrlhiehst Elntrlj Eghnn`j LIP? Lut Illr Pnkt
MUE ? Mhs` Uthtkln Elntrljj`r LDIF? Lrtglblnhj Dr`qu`ney Ikvkskln
MUU ? Mhs` Uthtkln Uum-syst`f Fujtkpj`xknb
MYU? Mhs` Yrhnse`kv`r Uthtkln SH? Slw`r hfpjkdk`r
EIFH˓ Eli` Ikvkskln Fujtkpj` Hee`ss SEG ? Shbknb Eghnn`j
IUS? Ikbkthj Ukbnhj Srle`sslr SIP? Slw`r Ikstrkmutkln Pnkt
@IB@? @nghne`i Ihth ]ht`s dlr BUF SFP? Slw`r Flnktlrknb Pnkt
@vljutkln S]P? Slw`r ]hea Pnkt SFP & SUP
@K] ? @qukpf`nt Ki`ntkty ]`bkst`r ]NE˓ ]hikl N`twlra Elntrljj`r
@FU ? @ntr`prks` i` Fhknt`nhne` `t i`s ]]P? ]hikl ]`flt` Pnkt
U`rvke` ]W? ]`e`ptkln
DEF? Dhn elntrùj` fliuj` UEG ? Uynegrlnkshtkln Eghnn`j
DIFH˓ Dr`qu`ney Ikvkskln Fujtkpj` UBUN˓ U`rvknb BS]U Uupplrt Nli`
Hee`ss UKF? Uumserkm`r Ki`ntkty Fliuj`
DG˓ Dr`qu`ney Glppknb UFU? Uglrt F`sshb` U`rvke`
BBUN ˓ Bht`why BS]U Uupplrt Nli` UFUE ? Uglrt F`sshb` U`rvke` E`nt`r
BFUE˓ Bht`why Flmkj` Uwktegknb E`nt`r UU2 ? Ukbnhj U`fhpglr` 2
BFUA˓ Bhusskhn Fknkfuf Ugkdt A`yknb YEG ? Yrhdke Eghnn`j
BS]U ? B`n`rhj Shea`t ]hikl U`rvke` YIFH? Ykf` Ikvkskln Fujtkpj` Hee`ss
BSU? Bjlmhj plsktklnknb syst`f Y]W? Yrhnse`kv`r
BUF? Bjlmhj Uyst`f dlr Flmkj` YW ? Yrhnsfksskln
Elffunkehtkln P@ ? Ps`r `qukpf`nt
GJ] ? Glf` Jlehtkln ]`bkst`r PKY ? Pnkln Knt`rnhtklnhj` i`s
GUISH ? Gkbg Up``i Ilwnjkna Shea`t Yëjëelffunkehtklns
Hee`ss PFYU? Pnkv`rshj Flmkj`
GUSH ? Gkbg Up``i Shea`t Hee`ss Y`j`elffunkehtkln Uyst`f
KIP? Kn Illr Pnkt TJ] ? Tksktlr Jlehtkln ]`bkst`
K@@@? Knstktut` ld @j`etrkehj hni @j`etrlnkes
@nbkn``rs
KKE? Knt`jjkb`nt knt`rdhe` elntrljj`r
KF@K ? Knt`rnhtklnhj Flmkj` @qukpf`nt
Ki`ntkty
KFUK ? Knt`rnhtklnhj Flmkj` Uumserkm`r
Ki`ntkty
KL? Knput-lutput

S h b ` |9

Jkst` i`s Dkbur`s `t Yhmj`hux

Dkbur` 8? Srlt`etkln FR 8+3.....................................................................................................0
Dkbur` =? Srlt`etkln FR 8+8.....................................................................................................0
Dkbur` 5? Ylpljlbk` `n @tlkj`.....................................................................................................4
Dkbur` 9? Ylpljlbk` `n Eghkn`s..................................................................................................4
Dkbur` 0? Ylpljlbk` `n ]knb.......................................................................................................4
Dkbur` 4? Ylpljlbk` `n Mluej`...................................................................................................2
Dkbur` 2? Iksplsktkd Ykjt @j`etrkqu`.............................................................................................;
Dkbur` 7? Iksplsktkd Ykjt Fëehnkqu`............................................................................................;
Dkbur` ;? Hnt`nn` U`etlrk`jj`.....................................................................................................;
Dkbur` 83?Y`egnljlbk` BUF....................................................................................................8=
Dkbur` 88? Utruetur` Jlbkqu` i` jh MMP..................................................................................85
Dkbur` 8=? Ukfpj` elndkburhtkln...............................................................................................85
Dkbur` 85? Dujj Elndkburhtkln.......................................................... @rr`ur ! Ukbn`t nln iëdknk.
Dkbur` 89? Uegëfh i` jh MMP..................................................................................................89
Dkbur` 80? Utruetur` Jlbkqu` i` ]]P......................................................................................80
Dkbur` 84? Shn`j `t Slrt i` ]]P...............................................................................................84
Dkbur` 82? Uegëfh i` j'knt`relnn`xkln i` ]]P.......................................................................84
Dkbur` 87? Knsthjjhtkln MMP `t ]]P.........................................................................................82
Dkbur` 8;? Syjùn` i‛Pn` MYU...................................................................................................8;

Yhmj`hu 8? Yhmj`hu i` Elndkburhtkln Srknekphj` i` jh MMP....................................................85

Yhmj`hu =? Yhmj`hu i` mlri i` ]]P.........................................................................................80

S h b ` |8

Kntrliuetkln
Hu elurhnt i` nltr` phrelurs hu s`kn i` jh dheujtë i`s sek`ne`s kndlrfhtkqu`s, prëeksëf`nt
ihns j` iëphrt`f`nt i` ]ës`hu `t Yëjëelffunkehtkln, kj nlus `st r`elffhnië ã jh dkn i`
eghqu` eyej` i‛`dd`etu`r un flks i` sthb`. E` i`rnk`r s‛`dd`etu`rh qu` ihns j`s knstktutklns
ŕuvrhnt ihns nltr` ilfhkn` `n vu` i` p`re`vlkr un` rëhjktë prhtkqu`, t`jj`s qu` j‛`ns`fmj` i`
elnnhksshne`s sek`ntkdkqu`s hux elurs hpprks.
@thnt dknhjkst` `n ]ës`hu `t Yëjëelffunkehtkln ã j‛Pnkv`rsktë Ehtgljkqu` i` Muahvu, Nlus
n` d`rklns phs j` ghshri i` nlus lrk`nt`r ihns un` `ntr`prks` sur jhqu`jj` nlus n` i`vlns phs
r`trluv`r j` trhvhkj i` nltr` ilfhkn`. Hknsk, Ihns j` ehir` i` j‛lmt`ntklns i` nltr` Jke`ne` `n
]ës`hu `t Yëjëelffunkehtkln ã J‛PEM, nlus hvlns slughktë rëhjks`r nltr` sthb` ihns un`
`ntr`prks` rëplnihnt ã e`s `no`ux e‛`st-ã-ikr` j‛`ntr`prks` utkjkshnt j` rës`hu kndlrfhtkqu` `n
sln s`kn.
E` sthb` i‛un flks `dd`etuë Eg`z HK]Y@J, i‛un` përkli` hjjhnt iu 8`r letlmr` hu 8`r
Nlv`fmr` nlus h p`rfks i‛hmlutkr ã qu`jqu`s lmo`etkds qu` nlus nlus slff`s dkxës `ntr`
hutr`s ? s‛hihpt`r ã i`s tíeg`s prhtkqu`s tlut `n elfpr`nhnt j`s `no`ux, dhkr` i` j‛ëtuikhnt utkj`
ã juk-fïf` `t ã jh slekëtë 1 Nlus knktk`r hu trhvhkj elffun `t ã j‛`sprkt i‛ëqukp`, I‛ïtr`
ehphmj` i` pr`nir` iu r`euj sur un` `xpërk`ne` vëeu` `t i‛`n tkr`r un` hnhjys` pjus bënërhj`
sur j` flni` iu trhvhkj `t i` j‛`ntr`prks`.
E` rhpplrt i` sthb` n‛`st phs i` dhkr` unkqu`f`nt un` prës`nthtkln `xghustkv` i` tlus j`s
hsp`ets t`egnkqu`s qu` nlus hvlns pu hppr`nir`, fhks hussk i` fhnkçr` ejhkr` `t syntgëtkqu`,
i` dhkr` un tlur i‛glrkzln i`s hsp`ets t`egnkqu` `t gufhkns huxqu`js nlus hvlns ëtë
elndrlntës.
Glrfks j‛kntrliuetkln `t jh elnejuskln, E` rhpplrt `st prës`ntë `n i`ux eghpktr`s.
J` pr`fk`r eghpktr` kntktujë « Srës`nthtkln i` j‛@ntr`prks` ± phrj`rh i` j‛`ntr`prks`, sln
dlnetklnn`f`nt, sh struetur`…
J` s`elni eghpktr` kntktujë « Iërluj`f`nt iu sthb` `t i`serkptkln i`s hetkvktës rëhjksës ±
`xpjkqu`rh `n brls `t `n jhrb` j` iërluj`f`nt i` nltr` sthb` @t `ndkn jh elnejuskln bënërhj`

S h b ` |=

EGHSKY]@ 8 ? S]@U@NYHYKLN I@ J‛@NY]@S]KU@

8. Gkstlrkqu`

HK]Y@J `st un` `ntr`prks` i` tëjëelffunkehtkln ëvljuhnt ihns j` s`et`ur i` tëjëpglnk`

e`jjujhkr` `n ]ëpumjkqu` Iëflerhtkqu` iu Elnbl.
@jj` dut erëë` `n iht` iu 88 Hlñt 8;;; slus jh dlrf` i'un` slekëtë ã r`splnshmkjktë jkfktë`.
@jj` `st phssë` phr pjusk`urs trhnsktklns hv`e ikddër`nt`s iënlfknhtklns.
Jh pr`fkçr` trhnsktkln h `u jk`u `n =337 `t fhrqu` j` phsshb` i` E`jt`j ã _hkn. J` flt « _hkn
± skbnkdk` `n hrhm`s ± m`hu, f`rv`kjj`ux ±, i‛lû jh pgrhs` i'httrhetkln ?« _hkn, un flni`
f`rv`kjj`ux ±.
E` eghnb`f`nt lu e`tt` trhnsktkln i` iënlfknhtkln n` s'hrrït` phs jã 1 e`tt` `ntr`prks` i`
tëjëpglnk` e`jjujhkr` phss` i` _hkn `t `st mhptksë` e`tt` dlks ek « HK]Y@J ±, `n Iëe`fmr`
=383.
J`s hetklns hdrkehkn`s iu brlup` _hkn knt`rnhtklnhj lnt ëtë rheg`të`s phr MGH]YK HK]Y@J
jkfkt`i, un brlup` knik`n.
E'`st jh i`uxkçf` dlks, i`puks sln luv`rtur`, qu` e`tt` slekëtë eghnb` i'hpp`jjhtkln `t
i'hetklnnhkr`s, phsshnt i` E`jt`j ã _hkn, puks ã HK]Y@J.

=. Uktuhtkln bëlbrhpgkqu`

Jh ikr`etkln bënërhj` i'Hkrt`j `st knsthjjë` ã Aknsghsh, ã j‛kff`umj` KFFL-KNT@UY, hu n³ 8

iu erlks`f`nt i`s hv`nu`s YEGHI `t Mhs Elnbl, ihns jh elffun` i` jh Blfm` `t `st
kffhtrkeujë hu nufërl iu r`bkstr` i` elff`re` 9277;.
Hkrt`j `st knsthjjë` ã trhv`rs jh ]IE slus dlrf` i` rëbklns ?
h) Aknsghsh, quk elntrùj` j`s prlvkne`s ? i` Aknsghsh, @quht`ur, `t i` Mhniuniu 1
m) J` Brhni Ahshì, quk elfpr`ni j`s prlvkne`s iu Ahshì leeki`nthj `t i` iu Ahshì
lrk`nthj hv`e Fmuok-Fhyk elff` skçb` 1
e) J‛@st, quk `nbjlm` j`s prlvkne`s iu Nlri Akvu `t iu Uui Akvu, iu Fhnk`fh hknsk qu`
jh Srlvkne` lrk`nthj 1
i) J` Mhs ― Elnbl, hv`e Fhthik elff` skçb` 1
`) J` Ahthnbh hv`e Jumufmhsgk elff` skçb`.

5. Lmo`t slekhj

HK]Y@J `st un` `ntr`prks` i` tëjëelffunkehtkln lu elffunkehtkln ã iksthne`. @jj` `st un`
slekëtë ã mut juerhtkd `t i` pr`sthtkln i`s s`rvke`s. J`squ`js slnt i` r`nir` `t hssur`r
j'`ddkehektë i`s lpërhtklns jkë`s ã jh tëjëpglnk` e`jjujhkr`. E'`st prhtkqu`f`nt `n âh qu` s`

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S h b ` |5

oustkdk` sln lmo`t slekhj, `n e` s`ns qu'kj dlurnkt ã jh brhni` plpujhtkln sh fhreghniks` quk
n'`st rk`n i'hutr` qu` jh elffunkehtkln e`jjujhkr` hknsk qu` i'hutr`s s`rvke`s knt`rn`t.

9. Lrbhnkshtkln `t dlnetklnn`f`nt
0. J`s s`rvke`s i‛Hkrt`j

0.8 J` s`rvke` bënërhj ldd`rt phr Hkrt`j

Jh struetur` `t j` dlnetklnn`f`nt i`s s`rvke`s slnt lrbhnksës i` fhnkçr` ã p`rf`ttr` ã e`tt`

`ntr`prks` i` tëjëpglnk` e`jjujhkr` i` rëhjks`r s`s lmo`etkds. Kj s'leeup` i` ?
- J'ëfksskln `t jh rëe`ptkln i`s hpp`js 1
- J'`nvlk i`s UFU 1
- J'`nvlk i`s f`sshb`s vlehux 1
- I`s hpp`js `n elndër`ne` 1
- I`s hpp`js `n brlup` d`rf` 1
- Dj`x, Shy`,Hkrt`jFln`y 1

0.= J` s`rvke` Ejk`nt

J` s`rvke` ejk`nt `st sumikvksë `n i`ux prknekphux pùj`s, ã shvlkr ?
- J` Rhjak` ? e'`st j` elnthet ikr`et hv`e j` ejk`nt (elnthet pgyskqu`)
- J` ehjj e`nt`r ? j` elnthet ã trhv`rs j` tëjëpgln` hv`e j`s ejk`nts.
0.5 Elrplrht` lu hddhkr`s

E` s`rvke` s'leeup` i`s brhnis ejk`nts i` jh slekëtë Hkrt`j, quk, nln s`uj`f`nt slnt `ux-
fïf`s elnslffht`urs i`s prliukts Hkrt`j, fhks r`ikstrkmu`nt ã j`ur tlur e`s prliukts `t @t
hutr`s brlsskst`s hpp`jës I.H, ihns j` ohrbln Hkrt`j, quk v`ut ikr` ? « Ikstrkmut`urs Hbrëës ±. @n i`glrs
i`s ikstrkmut`urs hbrëës, Hkrt`j trhkt` ëbhj`f`nt hv`e j`s slekëtës i` jh pjhe` nlthff`nt j`s pjus `n
vu` slnt ?
- JH ELLS@E EHGK 1
- HO[RH Y@J@ELF
- …
0.9 J` s`rvke` Fhra`tknb
J` s`rvke` fhra`tknb s'leeup` i` jh pumjkektë `t jh prlfltkln i`s prliukts i` jh slekëtë Hkrt`j,
hknsk qu` i`s hetkvktës elnsksthnt ã hfëjklr`r j'kfhb` `t jh fhrqu` hu pumjke.
0.0 Jh Ikr`etkln i`s Dknhne`s

S h b ` |9

@jj` r`prës`nt` j` thmj`hu i` mlri i` jh slekëtë `n fhtkçr` i`s dknhne`s. @jj` bçr` j` phtrkflkn`
i` jh slekëtë ã j'hki` i` j'lutkj elfpthmj` quk hssur` j` elntrùj` i` tlus j`s mk`ns fhtërk`js,
hutlrks` j`s ikddër`nt`s slrtk`s i`s dlnis i` jh slekëtë `t s'leeup` i` jh phsshtkln i`s ëerktur`s
elfpthmj`s `t hnhjys` j`s ikddër`nts elfpt`s.
0.4 J` s`rvke` t`egnkqu`
Kj s'leeup` i`s hetkvktës t`egnkqu`s r`jhtkv`s ã j'heelfpjkss`f`nt i` jh prliuetkln, nlthff`nt
j` elntrùj` i` jh quhjktë iu s`rvke`, jh fhknt`nhne` i`s ëqukp`f`nts kndlrfhtkqu`s `t/lu iu
eghrrlk hutlflmkj` s`jln jh spëekhjktë iu t`egnkek`n.
0.2 Jh ikr`etkln i`s r`sslure`s gufhkn`s
@jj` `st jh plrt` i'`ntrë` `t i` slrtk` i` jh slekëtë. @jj` s'leeup` i` ?
- J'`nehir`f`nt iu p`rslnn`j 1
- J` r`erut`f`nt 1
- J'ëvhjuhtkln , fltkvhtkln `t jh rëfunërhtkln iu p`rslnn`j.

0.7 Jh ikr`etkln ourkikqu`

E`jj`-ek s'leeup` i` jh ellriknhtkln ourkikqu` i`s hetkvktës i'Hkrt`j, thnt hu nkv`hu i` Aknsghsh
qu'hu r`st` i`s skçb`s i'Hkrt`j phrtlut `n ]ëpumjkqu` Iëflerhtkqu` iu Elnbl.
0.; Jh ikr`etkln i`s lpërhtklns
@jj` ellrilnn` j`s hetkvktës lrbhnkshtklnn`jj`s `t t`egnkqu`s r`jhtkv`s ã j'`xëeutkln i`s
nluv`hux trhvhux `t i` jh pjhnkdkehtkln i`s `ntr`tk`ns
0.83 Eg`d Heelunt
Kj `st j` r`splnshmj` iu s`rvke` elfpthmj` `t h plur rùj` i` elfpthmkjks`r tlut`s j`s lpërhtklns
dknhnekçr`s dhkt`s phr j'hb`ne` hdkn i` r`sslrtkr sln ëtht dknhnek`r hprçs un` përkli` i'hetkvktë
ilnnë`. Kj `st slus tut`jj` iu bënërhj fhnhb`r.
0.88 Elff`rekhj Fhnhb`r
E`juk-ek s'leeup` i` jh ellriknhtkln i` tlut`s j`s hetkvktës i` ikddër`nts s`rvke`s iu
iëphrt`f`nt elff`rekhj. Kj hpplrt` i`s kndlrfhtklns iu iëphrt`f`nt elff`rekhj hu bënërhj
Fhnhb`r.
0.8= Ikstrkmutkln sup`rvkskln
E` s`rvke` h ã sh eghrb` j'lrbhnkshtkln iu ekreukt i`s v`nt`s i`s prliukts Hkrt`j `n bënërhj,
i'hssur`r j'heelfpjkss`f`nt iu egkddr` i'hddhkr` f`nsu`j htt`niu i` j'hb`ne` phr j` ehjeuj iu
eufuj i`s heghts i`s ikstrkmut`urs hbrëës.

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JH J@B@NI@ UPKTHNY@ @WSJKEKY@ J‛L]BHNKB]HFF@

I‛HK]Y@J/]IE
! E@L ? Egk`d @x`eutkv` lddke`r lu Srëski`nt Ikr`et`ur Bënërhj 1
! ELL ? Egk`d Lp`rhtknb Lddke`r lu Ikr`et`ur Bënërhj 1
! @H ? @x`eutkv` Hssksthnt lu U`erëthkr` i` Ikr`etkln 1
! KHF ? Knt`rnhj Huikt Fhnhb`r lu Ikr`et`ur i` j‛Huikt Knt`rn` 1
! EHF ? Elrplrht` Hddhkrs Fhnhb`r lu Ikr`et`ur i`s Hddhkr`s 1
! SF ? Srltlelj Fhnhb`r lu ]`splnshmj` i` Srltlelj` 1
! G]I ? Gufhn ]`sslure`s Ikr`etlr lu Ikr`et`ur i`s ]`sslure`s Gufhkn`s 1
! I]IY ? Ikr`etlr ld ]`s`heg, I`v`jlpf`nt hni trhknknb Uthdd lu Ikr`et`ur i`
]`eg`reg`, I`v`jlpp`f`nt `t Dlrfhtkln iu p`rslnn`j 1
! HUF ? Hifknkstrhtkln `t slekhj Fhnhb`r lu Ikr`et`ur i` j‛Hifknkstrhtkln iu sukvk i`s
prlmjçf`s slekhux 1
! JI ? Jëbhj Ikr`etlr lu Ikr`et`ur iu I`v`jlpp`f`nt ourkikqu` 1
! JF ? Jëbhj Fhnhb`r lu Ikr`et`ur Ourkikqu` 1
! JH ? J`bhj Hivks`r lu Elns`kjj`r Ourkikqu` 1
! EYL ? Egk`d Y`egnkehj lddke`r lu Ikr`et`ur iu I`v`jlpp`f`nt Y`egnkqu` 1
! YI ? Y`egnkehj Ikr`etlr lu Ikr`et`ur Y`egnkqu`
! EI ? Lp`rhtklns Ikr`etlr lu Ikr`et`ur i`s lpërhtklns 1
SI ? Srlo`t Ikr`etlr lu Ikr`et`ur i`s prlo`ts 1
! KYI ? KY Ikr`etlr lu Ikr`et`ur i` Y`egnljlbk`s `t U`rvke`s i` j‛kndlrfhtkln 1
! EFL ? Egk`d Fhnhb`r lddke`r lu Ikr`et`ur iu Iëphrt`f`nt i` fhra`tknb 1
! UHI ? Uhj`s Hr`h Ikr`etlr lu Ikr`et`ur i` ]ëbkln i` v`nt`s 1
! UAI ? Uhj`s AnIkr`etlr lu Ikr`et`ur i` v`nt`s i` Aknsghsh
! FI ? Fhra`tknb Ikr`etlr lu Ikr`et`ur iu Fhra`tknb 1
! EI ? Eustlf`rs I`t`etlr lu Ikr`et`ur i` ejk`ntçj` 1
! EDL ? Egk`d Dknhnekhj Lddke`r lu Ikr`et`ur iu Iëphrt`f`nt Dknhnek`r 1
! YF ? Yr`hsurb Fhnhb`r lu Ikr`et`ur i` Yrëslr`rk` 1
! Âh ? Egk`d ld Heeluntknb lu ]`splnshmj` i` jh Elfpthmkjktë 1
! Yhx F ? Yhx Fhnhb`r lu ]`splnshmj` i` jh dksehjktë 1
! DEF ? Dknhne` Elntrljj`r Fhnhb`r lu Ikr`et`ur Elntrùj` i`s ]`e`tt`s 1
! SUF ? Srleur`f`nt & suppjy Fhnhb`r lu Ikr`et`ur i`s
! Hpprlvksklnn`f`nt `t i`s Heghts 1
! HFBK ? Heelunt Fhnhb`r Brlup Knsurhne` lu Ikr`et`ur i` ejk`ntçj` hssurhne`s
eljj`etkv`s.

Shb` |2

EGHSKY]@ = ? I@]LPJ@F@NY IP UYHB@ @Y

I@UE]KSYKLN I@U HEYKTKY@U IP UYHB@
=.8 Kntrliuetkln
Iurhnt jh përkli` i` nltr` sthb`, jh flktkë i` nltr` t`fps ëthkt phssë sur t`rrhkn. Ihns j` mut
i` dhkr` i`s fhknt`nhne`s i`s skt`s 1 Jh pjuphrt i` dlks e‛ëthkt plur j` elfpt` i` j‛lpërht`ur
(Hkrt`j). E` plurqulk ihns e` eghpktr` nlus hjjlns dlehjks`r nltr` htt`ntkln sur j` MYU `t un
p`u sur jh MUE.

=.= Brkjj` i‛hetkvktës G`milfhihkr`s prëvu`s p`nihnt nltr` sthb`

E` prës`nt thmj`hu r`prës`nt` j` ehj`nirk`r g`milfhihkr` i`s hetkvktës `t tíeg`s prëvu`s plur nltr`
sthb`
Iu 8 - 9 Letlmr` @tui`s iëthkjjë`s i` jh MYU `t jh MUE fhks hussk j`urs
elfplshnt`s
Iu 2 - 88 Letlmr` J‛hregkt`etur` `t `xphnskln iu ]ës`hu(J` rknb, mheamln` `t j`s
hutr`s ikddër`nt`s tlpljlbk` utkjksë`s ihns un rës`hu)
Iu 89 - 87 Letlmr` Fhknt`nhne` i`s qu`jqu`s skt`s i` jh vkjj` i` Muahvu.
(SLR@] KNUS@EYKLN), Knsthjjhtkln i`s hnt`nn`s fherl-whv`,
i`s r`etkdy `t brlup`s ëj`etrlbçn`s.
Iu =8 - =0 Letlmr` Uurv`kjjhne` i`s skt`s ã phrtkr iu mur`hu `t s`s `xpjkehtklns
iëthkjjë`s(]LPYHB@ I@ TJHNU,..)
Iu =7 Letlmr` - 8 Nlv`fmr` J`s lni`s `t jh Srlt`etkln i`s hnt`nn`s Fkerl-whv`s

=.5 Brkjj` i‛Hetkvktës olurnhjkçr` prëvu`s `t rëhjksë`s hu elurhnt i` nltr` sthb`

H skbnhj`r qu` j`s sthbkhkr`s eg`z Hkrt`j trhvhkjj`nt s`jln j` syst`f hnbjhks ilne 0 olurs phr s`fhkn`s.
J`s hetkvktës olurnhjkçr`s rëhjksë`s tlut hu jlnb i` nltr` sthb` eg`z Hkrt`j slnt r`prks`s i` jh fhnkçr`
sukvhnt` ihns e` thmj`hu syntgçs` ?

IHY@U HEYKTKY@U HEYKTKY@U OLP]NHJK@]@U ]@HJKU@@U LMU

G@MILFHK]@U
S]@TP@U

8 LEYLM]@ =38; Iëmut iu sthb` `t prks` i` elnnhksshne` i` jh slekëtë Hkrt`j

I]E.
= /83/ =38; @YPI@ J`s ShrJ`s i‛un` MYU ?
I@YHKJJ@@ Jh phrt` Slw`r lu phsskv` (rëbujht`ur, r`eJd`r, lniujhkr`s
5 /83/ =38; I‛PN@ MYU @Y Jh phrt` Qrhnsfksskln i‛un` MYU ? jh fliujhJln `t
MUE iëfliujhJln
- Yrhnsfksskln fkerlwhv`.
- TUHY
- Dkmr` LpJqu`
9 /83/ =38; Jh phrJ` ]hikl i‛un` MYU ? MMP(Utruetur` jlbkqu`, knsthjjhJln
`t jh elndburhJln )

Shb` |7

= çf` U@FHKN@ IP 2 HP 88 LEYLM]@ =38;

2 /83/=38; Hregkt`etur` i‛un rës`hu BUF
7 /83/=38; J` GJ], TJ], HPE `t j` Ghnilv`r lu jh flmkjktë ihns j`
rës`hu.
; / H]EGKY@EYP]@ - BënërhJln i`s hnt`nn`s s`etlrk`jj`s.
83/=38; @Y @WSHNUKLN - Ik_ër`nt`s mhni` i` `rëqu`ne` `t jh t`egnljlbk`
IP ]@U@HPW uJjksë`(=B,5B,9B ,..;33FG_,=833FG_ `t =433FG_)
83 /83/=38; J`s mheamln`s `t j`s ]knbs ?rùj`s, `lneJlnn`f`nt `t Yyp`
88 /83/=38; Ylpljlbk` i`s rës`hux ?
- Hnn`hu, `n @tlkj` ,fhkjj`, `n mus,gk`rhregkqu`,…
5 çf` U@FHKN@ IP 89 HP 87 LEYLM]@ =38;
89 /83/=38; . Knsp`eJln i`s pkjln`s
80 /83/=38; J`s rës`hux i` t`rr` ?fks` ã jh t`rr` ,akt i` t`rr`, phrh`luir`
84 /83/=38; FHKNY@NHNE J`s hpphr`kjs uJjksës plur j‛knsp`eJln i‛un skt` ? j` @hrtg
@ IP UKY@ Y`st`r, j` Sk`i ã elujkss`,`thneg`kt`,oufp`rs,pkne` i` s`rrhb`
82 /83/=38; SLR@] J`s fluv`f`nts i`s hnt`nn`s ?j`s hzkfuts, j` Jjt `t j` mkt
87 /83/=38; KNUS@EYKLN Yyp` i` fhknt`nhne` ?
- Jh fhknt`nhne` prëv`nJv` ? prëv`nJln elntr` j`s
phnn`s
- Fhknt`nhne`s eurhJv`s ? rëphrhJln i`s phnn`s
9 çf` U@FHKN@ IP =8 HP =0 LEYLM]@ =38;
=8 /83/=38; UP]T@KJJHNE@ J`s Ik_ër`nts plrt i‛heeçs ã un` MYU
I@U UKY@U H J`s ëqukp`f`nts Hkrt`j plur jh elndburhJln `t j‛heeçs hu
SH]YK] IP MYU ?Mjet
== /83/=38; MP]@HP J` plrt NFU ?plur j‛heeçs hux skt`s fkerlwhv`s
=5 /83/=38; Jh ehrt` ]YPF,j` rhikljknaElndburhJln plur vlkr j` nkv`hu
i`s skbnhux iu skt`.
=9 /83/=38; ]`prës`nthJln i` eghqu` skt`s phr sln Hir`ss` KS
=0 /83/=38; Elff`nt j` rluthb` i`s Tjhn s‛`_`etu` ihns un rës`hu.
0 çf` U@FHKN@ IP =7 HP 8 nlv`fmr` =38;
=7/83/=38; J@U LNI@U @Y Mhske phrhf`t`r Fkerlwhv`
=;/83/=38; JH J`s lni`s ?
S]LY@EYKLN - J`s lni`s nln klnkshnts (lni`s Fkerlwhv`)
I@U ihnb`r`us`s.
HNY@NN@U - J`s lni`s klnkshnts (j`s Lni`s BUF)flkns
FKE]LRHT@U ihnb`r`us`s
53/83/=38; Jh prlt`eJln Fkerlwhv` 8+3,8+8
58/83/=38; J`s jkhksln skfpj` `t jkhksln prltëbë`s
8 NLT@FM]@
=38;

=.9 I`serkptkln i‛un skt`

=.9.3 Kntrliuetkln
Shrjhnt i‛un skt` ihns j` ilfhkn` i`s tëjëelffunkehtklns, r`nvlk` ã j‛`nirlkt lû `st kfpjhntë
i`s knsthjjhtklns fëehnkqu`s, ëej`etkqu`s `t ëj`etrlnkqu`s plur ëf`ttr` `t r`e`vlkr `t hprçs
trhkt`r j` skbnhj ihns un` zln` mk`n iëdknkt hdkn i` p`rf`ttr` jh elnn`xkln `t j‛ëeghnb`r i`s
kndlrfhtklns lu ilnnë`s.

Shb` |;

=.9.8 I`serkptkln prlpr`f`nt ikt i‛un skt`

Pn skt` `st elnstktuë i` trlks phrtk`s quk slnt ?

! Shrtk` phsskv` (plw`r lu hjkf`nthtkln) elnstktuë` i`s eímjhb`s ëj`etrkqu`s, iu

bënërht`ur, i‛un` e`ntrhj` i‛ëj`etrkektë ëqukpë` i`s mhtt`rk`s. @jj` `st eghrbë` i`
j‛hjkf`nthtkln iu skt`.
! Shrtk` Hetkv` lu trhnsfksskln elnstktuë` i`s fkerlwhv`, i‛un` sthtkln i` mhs`
knt`jjkb`nt` quk bçr` jh elffunkehtkln (trhnsfksskln `t jh rëe`ptkln) i`s ilnnë`s i‛un
skt` ã un hutr`. @jj` `st eghrbë` i` j‛heg`fkn`f`nt i`s ilnnë`s i‛un plknt H v`rs un
plknt M.
! Shrtk` rhikl (Rkr`j`ss, MMP) elnstktuë` i‛un pyjùn` sur j`qu`j ln y trluv` dkxë j`s
hnt`nn`s s`etlrk`jj`s r`jkë`s ã jh sthtkln i` mhs` phr i`s eímj`s `t elnn`et`ur. @jj` `st
eghrbë` i` f`ttr` `n elffunkehtkln lu jkhksln `ntr` un tëjëpgln` flmkj` `t un` sthtkln.

=.9.8.8 Srër`quks plur knsthjjhtkln i‛un skt`

Hvhnt j‛knsthjjhtkln i‛un skt` kj dhut dhkr` un` rhikl pjhnnknb `t hvlkr un ileuf`nt hpp`jë Jkna
muib`t. E` ileuf`nt elfpr`ni ?
- J`s ellrilnn`s i` bëljlehjkshtkln.
- J`s Hzkfut
- Jh fliujhtkln, jh pljhrkshtkln `t j` bhkn
- Jh drëqu`ne`
Pn Jkna muib`t `st un ehjeuj phr ëthp`s p`rf`tthnt i` iët`rfkn`r jh quhjktë i‛un` jkhksln. J`s
iëthkjs vhrk`nt s`jln jh nhtur` iu fëikh, g`rtzk`n, jkbn`, dkmr` lptkqu`, `t j` typ` i` skbnhux `t
i` fliujhtkln.
=.9.8.= Hee`sskln ã un skt`
Slur heeëi`r ã un skt`, kj `st lmjkbhtlkr` i` tluolurs i`fhni`r j` eli` i‛heeçs iu skt` `n
qu`stkln ã phrtkr i` Aknsghsh. Hpr`s rëe`ptklns iu eli`, ln heeçi` hu skt` `n ilnnhnt j` eli`
i‛heeçs hu BUH (hb`nt i` sëeurktë) s` trluvhnt sur j` skt`.

Kj dhut hvlkr un ehsqu`, i`s mltt`s, bkj`t `t un` e`kntur` i` sëeurktë s‛kj dhut dhkr` un` flntë
sur j` pyjùn`. J`s hpphr`kjs i` f`sur` (fujtkfçtr`, tkjt fçtr`, `hrtgt`st`r ...), jh mlusslj`, ejë
i` 83, 85, 89, 84, 8;,=3, ==, ejë ã jhkn` `t jh ejë ã flj`tt`, tlurn` vke`s, slnt j`s lutkjs
hifksskmj`s ihns un skt`.