VAN
•
DUNG
•
li THUYh HIEN TAO
•
THONG DAY
•
HOC
•
MON GIAO DOC
•
HOC
•
? / '
OCACTRUONGSUPHAM
T heo quan diem dq.y hC?c (DH)truyen thong, mC?i
yeu to cua qua trinh DH deu xoay quanh nglfoi
dq.y, vi$c ITnh hQi tri thuc duqc thlfc hi~n theo ca
che"binh thong nhau": ngLIO'i dq.y cung cap kien thLtc
va ngLIO'i hC?C tiep thu mQt each thL,J dQng. Song, theo
Li thuyetkien tq.o (lTKT), mL,Jc dich cua vi$c DH khong
chi la truyen thv kien thLtc ma chu yeu la tam thay aol
ho?c phcit trien cac quan ni?m cua nguai hc;c, giup hC?
kien tq.o tri thU'c m6'i, qua d6 phat trien tri tu$, nhan
each ban than . MQt trong nhling nguyen t~c mang
tinh d$c trLing cua DH theo LTKT la nguoi dq.y khong
cung cap s~n tri thvc ma chi cung cap "ca hQi" giup
nguoi hC?c tlf kien tq.o tri thU'c cho minh. Chinh vi v~y,
trong DH mon Gi8od1,1ch9c(GDH)theo LTKT, ngoai
xac d!nh "m~c tieu ket qua" - ITnh hQi tri thvc, ki nang
giao dL,JC con can quan tam den "mL,JC tieu qua trinh" -
tlIC la nglfOi h9C dq.t dLtqc ket qua d6 thong qua qua
trinh nao.
1. NQi dung, chuang trinh DH mon GOH
theo LTKT
Theo J. Bruner, de dam bao cho cau true chVO'ng
trinh c6 kha nang san sinh ra cai m6i va slic mq.nh
thi cau true ChlfO'ng trinh mon hQC phai thoa man
hai dieu ki~n: 1) BQ khung cua mQt linh VlfC khoa
hQC Vcti cac nguyen t~C, cac ytlfOng CO' ban Va khai
quat nhat chiem v! tri trung tam; 2) Vua svc v6'i trinh
dQ cua hQC Vien Va tq.o ra dlfQ'C hVng thu hQC t~p cua
nglfoi h9c ... (1 ). Tac gia Ph6 DU'c Hoa cho r~ng:
"thuyet kien lE,10 ddi hoi cai g9i 18. chuong trinh chuan.
Thay vao d6 khuyen khfch vi?c sJd1,1ng cac chucmg
trinh ca bi?t h6a ngud'i h9c, dur;c thief ke'uu tien cho
nh?n thtic h9c sinh" (2).
Hi~n nay, n9idung DH m6n GDH trongcactrvong
sLt phq.m dVQ'c thiet ke chu yeu theo logic n¢i dung
khoa hc;>e giao dt,Jc, v6i d~c diem n6i b?t la chu tr9ng den
h~ thong tri thVC Ii thuyet, Slf phat trien tuan llf CUa cac
khaini$m, nguyen t~c .... Trang DH GOH, vi$c tuan thu
n9i dung chLtO'ng trinh la m9t nguyen t~c ''toi cao" ma
bat cugiang vien (GV) nao cOng can thlfc hi$n, nh~m
dam bao cho nhling tri thLtc giao dtJC Cung cap Cho
(ki2-10/2013)
•
ThS. NGUYEN TH! HUONG*
nglfOi hQC mang tinh h$thong. Song, m$ttrai cua yeu
cau nay la lam cho chlfctng trinh hc;>e tr&nen "kh6 cling",
a
kh6ng tq.o ra dlfQ'C hU'ng thU nglfOi hQC. Tuy nhien,
theo LTKT, yeu cau DH b9 m6n lq.i nhan mq.nh den
nhling "khai ni$m 16'n" trong chLtctng trinh, t?p trung
vao nhling van de gan gOi v6i thl/C te giao dL,JC ma sinh
vien (SV) quan tam, hU'ng thu, kich thich tlf duy trong
h9c t?P va chu d¢ng xay dt,mg kien thLrc GD Hcho minh.
Nhling tri thU'c GD H dl!Q'c giang dq.y trong trl!ong
SL! phq.m bao gom ca tri tht.fc Ii thuyet Va thlfC hanh
nh~m cung cap cho ngUOi hQC ca tri tht.fc, ki nang,
kixao va thai dQ tich ClfC ve nghe DH nh~m chua'n
b! cho hQ vling bLtac trong nghe nghi~p cua minh.
LTKT quan ni$m hC?c t~p la vi~c "tim hieu ynghia"
nen chu y vao nhling "khai ni~m nen tang" chv
kh6ng phai la nhling slf vi~c roi rq.c. Do v?y, DH
m6n GOH theo LTKT cung t~p trung vao nhling
van de Ian, nhling tri thU'c Ii lu~n GOH can hinh
a
thanh ho~c thay doi nguoi hqc. Tuy nhien, khi
DH theo hLtcl'ng tiep c~n nay, GV can phai thiet ke
cac nqi dung DH thanh cac "tinh huong pht.fc hqp",
tu
gan gUi vcl'i CUQC song de do CO the kich thich
ht.fng thu cua ngLtoi hQc, giup hQ d~ dang bqc IQ
nhling quan ni$m CU am inh Ve hQC t~p, Va nhat la
t90 dieu ki~n de hQ biet "dong h6a" va "dieu t.fng" tri
thl.fc m6'i.
2. Phuang phap d~y hQC (PPDH) mon GOH
theo LTKT
DH theo LTKT la m9t each tiep c?n DH. Theo
each tiep c~n nay, vi$c hinh thanh tri tht.fc, kT nang
a
G0 H SV hoan toan kh6ng phai dlfq'c "r6f' nhling tu
"cai binh Ian" ma thlfc slf d6 la m9tqua trinh kien tq.o tri
thCtc, tl,(xay dlf.1g mcS'itren kinh nghi~m da c6va th6ng
qua qua trinh tLtO'ng tac tich Cl/C vcl'i Gv bq.n hQC va
I
n(lidung hc;>et?p. NhLtv?y, nhling phL!O'ng phap ''truyen
thtJ m<?t chieu" se khong con hi$u qua trong each tiep
c?n nay, can thiet phai doi mai va c6 nhling phuang
phap phu hQ'p hon.
* Khoa Quan Ii giao d~c, Truong D~i hqc sll' ph~m Ha Nqi
T~p chi Gilio_ dye so 320 j 35
 Tlm hieu cac PPDH giup nglfO'i hQC kien t90 kien
thU'c, d~c bi$t nhan m9nh den cac kinh nghi$m dl!qc
huy d(>ng de xay dlfng kien thLrc, A. Sherman va S.A.
Scott, (D?i hQc Calgary, Canada) co de xuat cac
phLtO'ng phap va hlnh thL!c to chU'c DH nhlf:- The'hi?n
va fhlfc hanh {Demonstration and Practice); - Thao
lu?n ve'cac cau hoi(Discussion on focus question);
- Nghien ct1u cfien hinh (Case study analyes); - Nghien
ct.Ju ca nh8n/ aong cf9i (Research individual or Tear
based);- Phattrien cac ytlldng va trinh bay(Develoing
posters and displays); - Tro chO'i va module (G'ame
and Simutations); · PhllO'ng phap phong vanltinh
huong c6 fhlfc ho?c gia cfinh (Interviews real or
mock), ... (3). De t90 dieu ki$n cho sv co the tl! mlnh
xay dlfng tri thU'c GOH dlfa tren nhling kinh nghi$m
da co, DH GOH theo LTKT khong "chi djnh" vi$c Slt
dt,mg mQt Vai phl!O'ng phap ClJ the, nhlfng khuyen
khich v~n dt,mg quan diem DH tinh huong (4) va co
thev?n dl,lng phoi ket hQP nhieu phlfO'ng phap, phlfO'ng
ti$n khac nhau (PPDH tlnh huong, PPDH kham phci
co hlfci'ng dan, PPDH hqp tac, PPDH dlf an, ... ).
3. Ho~tdqng cua GV va SV trong quatrinh DH
mon GOH theo LTKT
1) £Jo/ v6i GV:Tuy tu tv&ng va nen tang CO' ban
cua LTKT la d~t vai tro cua chu the nh?n thU'c vao vj
tri hang dau cua qua trlnh nh~n thU'c nhlfng khong
phai vi the ma vai tro nglfO'i d9y khong con quan
trQng. Theo Tran Kieu (5), trong DH theo LTKT, GV
dong th&i phai givvai tro t6 chuc, chan doan, hu6'ng
dan, kham pha, thlfC nghi$m, nghien ClrU, ... Va can
lam tot duqc cac nhi$m v~ sau day: - TC).o dieu ki$n
toi da cho SV b9c 19 va trao doi nhling quan ni$m
cua mlnh ve van de GOH duqc de c?p den; chu yt6'i
nhling quan ni$m sai, chlfa chinh xac cua sv de
giup hQ thay d6i; - Sv d~ng cac "ki thu?t tuang tac"
nhlf tlfO'ng tac nhom , tlfO'ng tac gilia sv v&i van de
hQC t~p, tlfO'ng tac xa hQi, tlfO'ng tac ngon ngli ... de
thuc day qua trlnh nMn thL!c cua sv nh~m xay dlfng
I' tri thU'c cho ban than; - TC).O khong khi, moi trlfO'ng
hQC t~p soi n6i, khuyen khich Slf Chia Se, hieu biet
trong t~p the nh~m kh~c ph~c tam Ii n,1t re, e ng9i va
th~ d¢ng &SV ngltO'i hQC. Muon v~y, GV can c6trlnh
dQ van h6a, Slf thau hieu SV Va ngh$ thu~t, kinh
nghi$m ung xllvci'i sv.
Ben CC).nh d6, GV can c6 m(>t so ki nang sau:
1) Huy a<?ng trai nghi?m ctla SV, gom: - Xay dlfng
h$ thong cau hoi kiem tra kien thvc co lien quan den
361 T~p chi Giao dye so 320
bai hQc mci'i; -Xay dlfng tlnh huong DH co chi/a mau
thuan gilia kien thU'c cu va m&i; - Neu cau hoi va tlnh
huong DH dung thO'i diem; - Gqi ma de SV nh& l9i
nhling kien thU'c da co lien quan den bai h9c; 2) Ket
no/ tri tht.Jc, gom: - Gioi thi$u mLJC tieu bai hQc; - G~n
ket kien thLrc cu da dlfqc huy d(>ng v&i kien thU'c can
tlm du&i d9ng "van de"; - Yeu cau SV trinh bay cac
dlf doan cua mlnh ve van de hQC t~p; 3) To'cht.Jc cho
sVtranh lu?n khoa hQc, gom: -Dt! doan trvci'c ykien
ma SV se dlfa ra; - Phan lo9i cac y kien thanh cac
nhom d9i di$n; - To cht!c, khich 1$ sv l?p lu?n de
kh~ng djnh dlf doan CUa minh; - f)jnh hu&ng CUQC
tranh lu?n di den mvc tieu bai hQc; - Tong ket cac y
kien , yeu cau SV phat bieu kien thU'c chuan; 4) To'
cht.Jc cho S V v?n d1,mg tri tht.Jc mai, gom: - Svu tam ,
thiet ke nhvng tin ti huong giao dvc de v?n dt,mg tri
thU'c m6'i; - Xay dlfng h$ thong cac cau hoi de kiem
tra tri th t!c m6'i.
2) Doi v6i SV: LTKT luon d~t nguai h9c vao vj tri
Chu th~ CUa qua trJnh hQC t?p, biettl/tlm toi, phat hi$n tri
thuc cho ban than ch u khong phai do cac yeu to "ben
ngoar' mang den. Vi v~y1 trong qua trinh DH GOH
theo LTKT, sv ding luon phai the hi$n vai tro chu the
cua mlnh thong qua cac nhi$m Vl) nhlf:- Tiep nh~n cac
cau hoi, tlnh huong DH m¢tcach chu d¢ng;- Trinh bay
nhling quan diem, hieu biet CUa minh VS van de hQC
t~p;- Tvong tac v6i GV va b?n hQC trong qua trlnh kien
tC).o tri thuc; -Tlf mlnh ITnh hQi nQi dung DH, ...
4. Ki~m tra • danh gia trong DH mon GOH
theo LTKT
1) Danh gia ket qua, dlfa tren ba tieu chi: kie'n
thtic, thai OQ va kT nang giao d1,1c ma nglfO'i hQC d?t
duqc so v&i m~c tieu de ra (chu yeu dlfa theo cac tieu
chi danh gia cua B.J. Bloom).
2) £Janh gia qua trinh (tuc la danh gia "con dLIO'ng"
ma ngVO'i hQC di den ket qua). Day la each danh gia
"d~c trvng" trong DH theo LTKT, v6'i cac tieu chi nhlf:
mUC dQ ti ch Clf.C cua ngvO'i hQC trong vi$c dlfa ra cac
quan ni$m CUa mlnh Ve van de hQC t~p; Slf tlfO'ng tac
gilia nglfO'i hQc v&i ngvO'i d9y, ngvO'i hQc v&i nglfO'i hQc
trong qua trlnh xay dLfng kien thuc ... Ngoai ra, DH
theo LTKT con quan tam den chu the cua qua trlnh
kiem tra - danh gia: ngvai d?Y khong phai la chu the
duy nhat trong kiem tra - danh gia ma dan chuyen
djch sang tl! danh gia va danh gia "dong d~ng".
5. Cac buac DH mon GOH theo LTKT
1) Huy dqng trai nghi~m: • M1,1c tieu: Khuyen
(ki2 -10/2013)
 khich nglfcYi hQC XaC d!nh nhli'ng khai ni$m, kinang CO
lien quan den bai h9c; - Tien trinh: GV va SV 1$p ke
ho9ch det90 ra trai nghi$m; GV giup SV xl'rli cac kien
thvc da c6 de to ch Lie va phan lo9i kien th Lie; - Gae kT
thu?t DH, gom dqng nao, phan lo9i; thao lu$n, phan
hoi, cau hoi "dong m&'. Vaitrocua GV la 1$p keho9ch,
hoi, ghi nh$n; SV CO nhi$m VL:J la Chia Se, trao doi,
phan tich kien thvc cua ban than b~ng each tra IO'i cac
cau hoi ..
2) Ket no/ tri thtic: - Ml.!c tieu: gi6'i thi$u nhling
thong tin va ki nang m&i b~ng each xay dlfng cau noi
de g~n ket kinh nghi$m trlfOC do CUa ngVO'i hQC v6'i
th6ng tin m6'i (cai da biet v6'i cai chva biet), tlt d6 dva
ra nhO'ng di.! doan tra IO'i cho tin h huong; - Tien trinh:
GV gi6'ithi$u mL,JC tieu cua bai hQC va lien h$v6'i nhli'ng
kien thvc dvqc chia se trong bv6'c 1. Cac nh6m (ca
nhan) dva ra nhli'ng dlf doan cua minh; 3) Kithu?t
DH, gom: chia nh6m, trinh bay cua ngvai hQc, sv
dL,Jng mau dong vai ...
3) Tranh /u~n khoa hqc:- Ml.!C tieu: cac y kien
dvqc "cQ xM', tranh -lu$n v6'i nhau de di den y kien
thong nhat, dan t&i "kien thvc chu~n"; - Tien trinh: to
chLtc Cho ngVO'i hQC trao dO'i, thao lu~n, danh gia Ve
CaC phan doan (quan ni$m) dVqc dlla ra, h/a ChQn
phan doan (quan ni$m) thich hqp: + neu sv dl!a ra
dlfdoan chinh xac, GV secung sv hQP thvc h6a kien
thL!c, chuyen sang bu&c tiep theo; + Neu sv dua ra
dlf doan chua chinh xac (c6the chua dung m<?t phan,
c6the sai hoan toan), GV se gqi yngu&i hQc xay dl.fng
nhli'ng phan doan m6'i; KTthu?t DH, gom: thao lu~n.
tranh lu~n ung h9 - phan doi ...
4) V~n dl;lng trithtic:-Ml.jc tieu: cung cap co hqi
Cho ngl!O'i hQC V$n dl,JnQ th6ng tin Va ki nang m6'i vao
tinh huong m&i; - Tien trinh: GV va SV 1$p ke ho9ch
ho9t dqng. sv lam vi$c theo nh6m' theo c$p ho$c ca
nhan de hoan thanh nhi$m VL,J; - Kithu?t DH, gom:
phvong phap h9c t~p hqp tac, trinh bay nhom ho~c
canhanva ho9td<;ing nhom. GV dong vaitr6hotrqva
danh gia; sv dong vai tr6 l~p ke ho9ch, sang t90, giai
quyet van de, trinh bay va danh gia.
Cac bl!6'c DH tren day co the dvqc thiet ke thanh
cac ho9t d<;ing trong qua trinh giang d9y va tuy theo
tt.fng bai d?Y co the v~n dL,Jng cac bv&c m¢t each
linh ho9t.
to
6. Cac yeu anh huang den DH mon GOH
theo LTKT
1) Cacyeu to' chu quan: - Thong thv&ng, khi
(ki2-10/2013)
d9y cac kien thvc GOH , GV thl16'ng trinh bay luon
khai ni$m roi IL! minh (ho~c yeu cau SV) la'y vi dlJ de
phan tlch , hieu khai ni$m. Cach DH nay da vi ph9m
nguyen t~c cua DH theo LTKT; - Tam the ngvai
h9c: sv thvang ng9i chia se nhling quan ni$m cua
minh trv&c t$p the; mU'c d9 thL:J dqng cao (nhat la sv
sv ph9m). flay la tr& ng9i Ion doi v&i DH b9 mon
theo LTKT.
2) cac yeu to'khach quan: kiem tra, danh gia
n$ng ve gh i nh& kien thvc; chl!a co co che, chinh
sach khuyen khich ngvOi d9y v~n dt,mg DH theo LTKT;
moi trvang hQc t$p chva th$t SL! phu hqp. ·
•**
DH mon GOH theo l TKT trong trv&ng sl! ph9m
mang mt,1c tieu "kep": vt.!a trang bi nhling tri thU'c, ki
nang ve giao dt,JC cho SV; vt.!a t?O dieu ki$n cho cac
em duqc trai nghi$m trong each DH m6'i va de dang
v$n dt,1ng Ii thuyet trong qua trinh DH sau nay. flay la
mQt hVOng nghien CllU phU hqp VOi XU the phat trien
Chung CUa giao dL,JC the giOi Cung nhV thlfC tien giao
dt,1c d?ih9cd'Vi$t Nam, doihoi m¢tslfcog~ng 16'n cua
ca cac nha quan Ii, cac GV khi v$n dt,1ng LTKT trong
DH b9 mon. D
(I) Phan Tr9ng NgQ. D~y hQc va phU'O'llg phap d~y
h9c trong nha tnremg. NXB Df].i h9c su phfi.m, H. 2005.
(2) Pho Due Hoa. D~y hQc tich ct;rc va each tiep c~n
trong d1,1y h9c ti~u h9c. NXB Dr;1i h9C su phr;zm, H.
2009.
(3) Bernd Meier - Nguyen Van CU'ang. "Li luQ.n dq.y
hqc hi~ n dq.i • M9t sf) van v~ dfii m&i p/urong phap
dq,y hqc" (Tai li~u h9c t?p) . Potsdam. Ha N(>i, 2009.
(4) Handbook for the Bed Master of teaching
program. Uni versity of Calgary. Canada, 2007.
(5) Tran Kieu. "Buac cttlu c16"i mai phuang phap dr;iy
h9C a trung h9C ca so" (Ph6n I : Nhung vd/1 d~ Ii
lu(ln).De tai cap BO (ma s6 B94-37-07PP). 1995.
Tai litu tham khao
I. Nguyen Hliu Chau. NhOng v~n de CO' ban ve chU'011g
trinh va qua trinh d1,1y hQc. NXB ·ciao dftc, H.2005.
2. Phan Thi Hong Vinh. Phlf01lg phap giang di,iy giao
d~c hQc. NXB Dr;ii h9c su ph9m H.2007.
SUMMARY
Teaching pedagogy according to the constructivist
theory emphasizes major concepts in the program,
focusing on matters rele1rant to educational practice
which students are interested in. This teaching ap-
proach stimulates students' creative thinking to build
up their own pedagogical knowledge.
T~p chi Giao dye so 320 137