Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
by
BELDJOUDI Iymane
Board of Examiners:
2013-2014
ABSTRACT
In this twenty-first century, the concept of good governance has gained great
and achieving sustainable development. This Mémoire discusses the issue of good
governance in the Arab World in general and Algeria particularly. It tackles the
political situation in the Arab World by stating its nature, discussing issues, and
Organization and its many organs. The central point of this Mémoire is the
Ce travail nous mené a avoir une idée générale sur la partie théorique de
beaucoup . D’études ont été réalisée dans ce domaine par des organisations
en plus de l’ étude des problèmes dont souffre les pays Arabes come :
dans le monde arabe a partir des aides que les organisations internationales
ﺗﮭﺪف ھﺪه اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮة اﻟﻰ اﻋﻄﺎء ﻧﻈﺮة ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻨﻈﺮي ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺮاﺷﺪ ﻛﻤﻔﮭﻮم ﺳﯿﺎﺳﻲ
.ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻄﺮق 1989م ﻣﮭﻢ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻜﺎﺛﻔﺖ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ اﺑﺤﺎث و ﺗﻘﺎرﯾﺮ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ و دوﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻨﺪ
اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺨﺺ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻨﻈﺮي اﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺮاﺷﺪ و اﺳﺒﺎب ظﮭﻮره و ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﮫ و
اﺑﻌﺎده و ﻓﻮاﻋﻠﮫ .ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ دﻟﻚ ﻣﻔﮭﻮم اﻟﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺮاﺷﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﻼم .اﻻﺳﻼم ﯾﻤﻠﻚ ﺟﺬورا
ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺮاﺷﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ ﻟﮫ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﻌﯿﻨﺎت .ﺗﺴﻌﻰ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮة اﻟﻰ دراﺳﺔ
اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﮫ اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ و ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ .ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ
اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ و ھﻲ اﻟﻔﺴﺎد اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﻲ و اﻟﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺴﻠﻄﻮي .ﺑﻌﺪ دﻟﻚ
ﺗﺪرس اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮة ﺣﻠﻮل و طﺮق ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺮاﺷﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪات اﻟﺘﻲ
ﺗﻘﺪﻣﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ اھﻤﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻨﻚ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة .ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮة
ﻛﺤﺎﻟﺔ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﺠﺰاﺋﺮﯾﺔ و ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺘﮭﺎ ﻣﻨﺪ ﺗﺒﻨﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺮاﺷﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺆﺷﺮات اﻟﺤﻜﻢ
Dedication
Malika. My brothers :Amine and Houssam and my sisters: Ikram, Nouha, Nouzha
and Abir .
and Ataf.
Acknowledgments
I owe a special thank for my supervisor Dr.Maameri for her supervision and
advices in writing my memoire during a whole year. She was very helpful and
kind. And I have benefited from her experience and I have the honor to be her
Also, I would like to thank my whole family for their help, support and
Finally, I would like to thank all the teachers who have taught me during my five
years.
iv
List of Acronyms
FH Freedom House
GG Good Governance
TI Transparency International
WB World Bank
List of Illustrations
pages:
Table of content
Abstract
Résumé
ﻣﻠﺨﺺ
Dedication ………………………………………………………..…………..ii
Acknowledgments……………………………………………….……......…iii
List of illustrations…………………………………………………….….…...v
General Introduction……………………………………………….….…..…1
Introduction……………………………………………………………………5
1-2-3Social Reasons…………………………………………...............10
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..24
Introduction ………………………………………………..…..…………….…..26
2-2-2 Authoritarianism…………………………………….……………..32
Conclusion…………………………………………………….....………………39
Introduction……………………………………………………….….………….40
Conclusion …………………………………………………..……...……………58
General Conclusion………………………………………...…….…………..…60
INTRODUCTION
In the beginning of the nineties, the subject of good governance spread all
over the world. Since then, the use of the concept of good governance has been
organizations like the United Nations Development Program and the World Bank in
governance has become a worldwide concept that aims to improve state laws, and
human rights. Hence, good governance became the basic requirement for achieving
Group and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the concept of good
theoretical bases set out by the United Nations Organization. Due to such
which include the individual state or government, the private sector and the civil
society.
corruption. More, corrupt governments are the type of government for most
2
developing countries. One of these groups of the developing countries is the Arab
World or MENA (Middle East and North Africa). MENA suffers from different
governance and has made efforts in its attempt to achieve it fully or at least
partially. International organizations have made a great effort in helping the Arab
World, in general, and Algeria particularly to move towards better governance and
achieve their goals. The most important goals are attaining sustainable development
components, measurable indicators, dimensions and actors. Also, the thesis aims to
state the reasons that made good governance a very important concept. For this, by
investigating the Arab world and good governance, it seeks to specify the major
reasons that kept the MENA region far from reaching good governance. More
undertaking to reveal the reasons that caused its adoption in Algeria and
government policies that attempt to materialize it. Furthermore, the thesis sheds
lights on the Algerian experience under good governance through the World Bank’s
What are the components, bases and goals of good governance? How can it be
promoted and achieved in the Arab world? What are the reasons that caused Algeria
implementation? Finally, to what extent has Algeria been successful in its efforts to
reach it?
To achieve its aims, this mémoire combines two methods of work: The
historical and the analytical method. The historical method has explanation ability.
It offers the historical background of good governance and the reasons that led to its
emergence. More, it gives us the factors that led to the development of good
governance as a concept. Though the analytical method, the mémoire analyzes the
particular. In citation style, this master thesis relies on the seventh edition of the
policy document Governance for Sustainable Human Development (1997) and the
in the Middle East and North Africa: Enhancing Accountability and Inclusiveness
(2003). These documents serve as reliable sources for the definition of the concept
good governance and its measures, components and actors. The work also relied
the historical background of good governance and the different reasons which led
to its emergence. Abdullah Al-Ahsan and Stephen B. Young’s book Guidance for
good governance and the characteristics of bad governance. The two last sources
4
are very beneficial because they provide important information about good
governance.
The first chapter of my mémoire deals with the theoretical part of good
governance. It looks at the different political, economic and social reasons that led
different regional and international organizations such as the UNDP and World
Bank. More, it deals with its different components, measures, actors (state, private
sector and civil society) and its political, economic and administrative dimensions.
to its goals.
World. It deals with the various political characteristics in MENA region and
reveals that MENA region countries are similar in limited political freedoms and
civil rights even if they adopt different political systems. These systems are
The last chapter deals with the Algerian experience after its adoption of
good governance. First, it tackles the different reasons that led to the adoption of
Chapter I
Introduction:
The use of good governance concept has been taken into great consideration
Development Bank, United Nations Development Program, and the World Bank.
Good governance became a worldwide concept seen as the best way to manage the
different political, economic and social affairs of countries and societies. It works to
interpretations namely by the World Bank (WB) and United Nations Development
.i.e.: political, economic and social reasons. It relies on certain components and
measurements set by the WB and the UNDP. Also, good governance can be
realized only by an effective interaction of its three actors: the state or government,
the private sector, and the civil society. Three dimensions are needed for the
There are many definitions of the concept of good governance because of its
(United Nations: Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific 1). It is
the “forms of political system and the manner in which power is exercised in
government because it does not only include the governmental institutions but
After the World Bank’s use of this concept, many other national, regional,
and international organizations started using this concept in their reports and
Development Bank. These are organizations that focus achieving certain goals
international organizations. GG was presented for the first time to the world in
World Bank‘s report of 1989. This report was about governance in Sub-Saharan
Africa. World Bank re-presented and defined good governance in its 1992 report
World Bank set out three major points that are related to good
in making the best use of resources and is equitable. And it promotes the
social reasons:
mainly the lack of accountability and transparency and the absence of a strong
the emergence of good governance is due to the failure of the state. It is clear that
when the government is “unable to be responsive to the needs of the public” and
fails to commit to its promises and reforms, especially in the developing countries
where the state became the indirect basic achiever of the development, this leads
to increased demands for more civil society and private sector involvement. (382-
383).
global concept through the globalization of democratic values and human rights
international levels. It also plays a great role in spreading new meanings for GG
such are sustainable development and human rights and increasing international
Governance”).
development” (UNDP, 1997), there are two basic points that challenged the
supranational and worldwide social and economic trends [that] are challenging the
The emergence of the need for good governance is due to economic reasons
too. Mustafisur set out certain reasons that led to the emergence of GG. The reasons
are: the globalization of the free market economy, individuality and neo–liberalism,
and neo-classical schools based on Adam Smith’s theory the “invisible hand.”
Together, they stand for individual freedom and free market. The neo-classical
school, particularly, believes that “government should not intervene in the market
and the only way to encourage growth is to allow free trade and free market” (384).
This led to an urgent call for the participation of the private sector and the civil
words, improve their role in achieving sustainable development especially the role
of private sector. The UNDP points out that the private sector wants a “more
conducive market environment and a better balance between state and market.” It is
clear that these points focus on the importance of reducing the role of the state and
Through goals of GG, we can extract the social reasons that led to its emergence.
These include: the spread of poverty which cause the collapse of living standards,
oppression and disrespect of human rights, and the crises of the unemployment,
governance:
Participation:
Participation means that all people have the right to have an opinion in
important components that realizes and protects human rights, which is the ability
the engagement of all citizens, including the participation of the private sector and
Transparency:
public and state clear by the flow and access to governmental information which
Accountability:
public and these officials have to give answers and explanations. Accountability
general public from bad exploitation and misconduct of power (5). It also
Rule of Law:
This means that all citizens are under the rule of law regardless of their
interests and funds (UNDP 5). It relies on the principle of separation of political
principle falls. For that, we can say that rule of law promotes the principle of
Responsiveness:
citizens and to deliver services (5). The absence of government responsiveness was
one of the major political reasons that led to the emergence of good governance.
12
implementing laws and projects that are effective and responsive to the needs of the
Equity:
Equity involves the need for equal opportunities among citizens in order to
Consensus-oriented:
state and citizens have to agree about how to realize good governance; they should
look for the best and general interests which have to be above the personal one (5).
Strategic Vision:
According to the UNDP, both “leaders and the public should have a broad
with a sense of what is needed for such development. There should also be an
Inclusiveness:
overseeing local public service agencies” (W. B MENA Report 2003 3).
Accountability:
Internal Accountability:
separation of powers and the different measures put by the government to control
the right to question their government about its actions and decisions; the
government’s duty is to give answers about its policy and actions (28-29).
The United Nations Development Program and The World Bank have
which they can study regimes, identify weaknesses, and suggest solutions for
them.
Each year, from 1990 till 2013, UNDP made reports on different regions
of the world and about different topics that are mostly related to human
developed over these years. In 1990, human development was defined as the
“the expansion of people’s freedoms to live their lives as they choose” (14).
are three dimensions that are mentioned in UNDP’s reports from 1990 to 2013;
they are: “long healthy life, knowledge and resources for decent standard of life”
(UNDP 2013 HDr 147). They are basically focused on sustainable human
means the expanse of citizen’s abilities and choices. Second, cooperation. It refers
sustainability. It means the government ability to response for the needs of present
Finally, security. It means that citizens have the right to live safely without
UNDP had adopted other angles that are related to human development,
and they are: In its 1995 report, the GII. i.e. gender inequality indicator which
between men and women. (UNDP HDr 2010 17). Second, Gender Empowerment
report 31); also, the difference in the earned income between men and women.
on life conditions, poverty and income. (UNDP 5). In 2002 HDr, UNDP
included other indicators like Freedom Index which included: First, political
liberties. They include citizens’ choice of their leaders, and the ability to control
The measurable bases of the World Bank have been proposed in MENA
Development Report 2003 and Policy Research Working Paper entitled ” The
indicators to measure the management of state affairs, and they are two elements.
First, the “index of the quality of administration in the public sector. [it] measures
the efficiency of the bureaucracy, the rule of law, the protection of property rights,
the level of corruption, the quality of regulations, and the mechanisms of internal
dimensions include in three major points. First point is the process by which the
governments are picked, controlled and changed. Second, the government ability
to design sound policies and implemented them effectively. Third one is respect
for institutions that govern social and economic interactions by state and citizens
Matters” 1).
2. Political Stability and Absence of Violence refers to the likelihood that the
public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its
5. Rule of Law indicates extent to which agents have confidence in and abide
by the rules of society, including the quality of property rights, the police,
power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms
The management of the state and society through the concept of good
each other. First, the political dimension stands on the basic role the state must
eliminate all kinds of administrative corruption. Third, the economic one relates to
the positive and effective role of government through providing support to the
private sector, and activating the civil society through opening ways for its
achieved only through concerted efforts of each of its actors and through an
effective integrated relationship of the state (government), private sector and civil
society. The UNDP’s 1997 policy document in discusses the actors of good
governance:
The state is a group of political institutions that serve the public interest. It
has certain functions such as exercising power and control, holding responsibility
and fair to the public. More, one of its goals is to open opportunities to the public
to achieve and sustain their ambitions. Furthermore, the state institutions must
provide people with equal opportunities and the right to access to governmental
facilitate the economic atmosphere for the private sector and improve the
Development” 6).
because the private sector is also considered as the basic source of producing
sector plays a great role as a key partner. In addition to that, it can secure jobs and
The civil society is situated between the state and citizens (Roy 1). It is
organizations that help to serve people’s needs. The civil society has became an
The concept of good governance is not new. The UNDP and the World
this concept in the beginning of the nineties. Yet, in history certain examples of
good governance existed. The major and most significant example is the Islamic
worked for its development and the result was a great civilization which raised the
The Holy Quran and the Prophet’s Sunnah are the basic and main sources
of laws and rules in Islam. They focus on different domains such as politics. Both
the Holy Quran and Sunnah contain values and principles to control the behavior
of people and preserve their rights and ensure the practice of their duties. Two of
the most memorable Muslim figures are the caliphs Abu Baker, who was known
as “Siddiq,” and Omar Ben El-Khattab. The latter was named El-Farouk because
he has distinguished between right and wrong in governing people and state
to good governance. Hence, in Islam, good governance appeared along with the
22
first caliph Abu Baker who had succeeded to the prophet Mohamed peace be upon
him, he said:
I have been given authority over you although I am not the best of
is to tell the truth to a leader; treason is to hide it. The weak among
wills. The strong among you shall be weak in my eyes until I get
the right from him. If people do not follow in the way of Allah, He
In addition to this, there are certain points that encourage and refer to the
rule of law, the participation and protection of citizens’ rights, and the prevention
of power misuse and spread of corruption. Also, the people have the right of
accountability; they have the right to decide either to deposit their leader or keep
him in office for the protection of the state and their rights.
system. The Holy Quran said in Surah Al-nissaa, Verse: 58 that Allah commands
Allah commands justice even with the violators and opponents as it was
stated in Surah Al-Maida, verse: 08: Allah made injustice and oppression two of
23
the vilest deeds that meet with the hardest punishment as well as in Surah
Ibrahim, verse: 42 and surah Al-Shurah, verse: 42: There exists no justice without
equality. Islam stated that brotherhood and equality are general and are not
specified to a certain race or sex; i.e.: equality in Islam is guaranteed for all
and this is the reason that has led to the successful spread of Islam all over the
world. As a good example for equality in Islam, the companions of the Prophet
Mohammed, peace be upon him, have different backgrounds and origins other
than Arabian, namely Bilal, the Mua’thin. He was from Al-Habasha (Ethiopia)
and used to be a slave for one of the Arab lords of Quraish. In addition to him,
there were other companions such as Salman Al-Farissi who was from Persia and
verse: 13. The meaning of this verse is that Allah created people in different
nations and tribes not to fight but to meet and exchange ideas and benefits for
corporation and solidarity. Also, no nation or tribe is better than the others due to
its background or wealth because the prophet Mohammed said in one of his
Hadith that there is no difference between Arab and other races but piety; more,
he symbolized people as dental comb, i.e.: all people are similar to each other, no
equality before law, equality before judiciary. In equality before law, there is no
permission to intercession for the offenders. In other terms, the application of law
24
man. In speaking of equality before law, the best proof is the saying of our
Fatima steals, he would apply the same punishment on her by cutting her hand.
Al-Shura (consultation):
The system of rule must be based on shura in addition to adalah. Whenever the
basis of shura is broader, the rule will be fairest, as it was stated in Surah Al-
Omran, verse: 159. Also, in the Holy Quran Surah Al-Shura, verse: 36-38, the
Amana (Trust):
are also other important characteristics like amana. Amana (trust) is an important
feature of dealing between people. Allah commands people to deal with each
Quran, Surah Al-Nissaa, verse: 58, Allah commands us to give people their rights,
i.e.: it is forbidden to take something that does not belong to you. This Islamic
Conclusion:
theoretical level, the researcher has come to the following points: good
25
increasing role of the private sector and the civil society, and good and effective
it stressed the importance of the indicators that control and keep governance
performance away from being bad one. Bad governance is the antithesis of good
governance as it destroys societies at all levels. This is particularly the case of the
this point it moves to clarify the position of the Arab World vis-à-vis this
Algeria.
26
Chapter II
Introduction:
East and North Africa) region is the term which is used mostly in the international
organizations’ reports. The Arab world, as many of the other regions of the world,
The MENA region has witnessed in the last four years revolutions that
have brought about significant political changes in the Arab political history.
Basically, these revolutions were a result of and a reaction to the authoritarian rule
that characterizes the region. Tunisia is considered to be the birth place of the so-
called Arab Spring which took place in December 2010; demonstrations and
protests spread then into the other Arab countries like Egypt, Libya, and Yemen.
The major problem that led to the failure of the previous Arab regimes was
democracy. It is obvious that the Arab world suffers from many problems either in
others. Concerning the differences, the Arab World can be divided into two types
of governments: monarchies and the republics. The Arab states need to undertake
mainly shortages of political liberties and rights. Politically speaking, the Arab
states are not doing well if one compares it to the other regions of the world. The
UNDP’s AHDr 2002 and AHDr 2003 (Arab Human Development Report)
analyses reveal that citizens of the Arab states do not have a strong liberty in
political life. From a score of 0.0 - 1.0, UNDP’s figures for the year 1998-1999
indicate that the average value of freedom scores in the Arab countries is the
lowest in the world with approximately 0.2 while the other regions scored 0.4 to
1.0 (27). The UNDP in its AHDr 2002 stated clearly that “the region is tied up
More, the UNDP’s AHDr 2004 stated that Arab region citizens do not
enjoy high level of freedom in practicing freedoms like freedom of opinion and
freedom of expression, and freedom of press. More, journalists, the press and the
organization (NGO) which writes reports on different regions and countries, the
Arab region scored the lowest level in voice and accountability. In 1996, the
region scored 30/100; in 2012, the level of voice and accountability decreased by
which are free, partly free, and not free. “A ‘free’ country is one where there is
open political competition, a climate of respect for civil liberties, and independent
media. A ‘partly free’ country is one in which there is limited respect for political
rights and civil liberties, corruption, and weak rule of law. A ‘not free’ country is
one where basic political rights are absent and basic civil liberties are widely and
systematically denied” (Freedom House Freedom in the World 2011 3). In the
Freedom House report: Freedom in the World 2014: The Democratic Leadership
Gap, the status of countries in the Arab region are as the following: 6% are free,
28% are partly free, and 66% are not free. These percentages are equivalent to 1
country is free, 5 countries are partly free and 12 countries are not free.
These statistics indicate that, generally, Arab people do not enjoy their full
political rights and civil liberties. More, they suffer from their governments’
the Freedom House statistics, one can argue that the MENA region is in need to
improve its freedom status, political rights and civil liberties. In addition, MENA
women in particular.
29
type which includes two types of rule: monarchical rule and the republican rule.
Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates. These countries are
ruled by kings and princes who inherited rule from their families (Nolting 9-10).
Sudan, Egypt, Yemen, Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Mauritania, Somalia, and
movements” (10).
The MENA region has experienced in its history many difficulties and
issues in politics especially in recent years. These political issues have damaged
the stability of the Arab countries. The political issues in the MENA region are
many; yet, the major ones which led to state instability are corruption and
authoritarianism.
and Cures,” this global phenomenon has not appeared lately (Vito Tanzi May 4).
According to the World Bank, “corruption is the abuse of power for private
and countries (qtd. 8). For Transparency International, and NGO that fights
Corruption is an old and global phenomenon spread all over the world, not
the state and any political organization with the prerogative to allocate resources
corruption is defined as “any transaction between private and public sector actors
domains. Types of corruption are several, yet the widely-spread ones are bribery
reports on corruption around the world. The CPI ranks 178 countries according to
corruption is a serious problem and governments should move rapidly to find the
In the Corruption Perceptions Index 2013, the Middle East and North
Africa region, 84% of countries score a percentage below 50%; at the top of this
group is United Arab Emirates and at the bottom is Sudan. The figure below
shows corruption in MENA compared to one of the less corrupted countries in the
world, Norway.
32
the Arab world, the coming section provides a brief definitions and explanations
Definition of Authoritarianism:
choice.”
public participation and opinion from political life. In other words, it requires
absolute obedience to the ruling authority and to its decisions. This type of
government has certain forms. These forms are: personal despotism, monarchy,
regimes (Authoritarian Rule 58). The table below identifies and defines the
countries worked as a perfect example for such regime type and its forms, mainly
Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia, Iraq, Libya, and Syria. In the Arab world,
34
“hybrid form of authoritarianism” (3). This hybrid form includes monarchy, ruling
inherited by a royal family. The example for this form of authoritarianism in the
Arab world is the Gulf countries. The Monarchical Gulf states are Bahrain, Qatar,
Oman, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait. In the ruling president form, authority and
power is held by a president. The best example for this form of authoritarianism in
the Arab world is Iraq and its ruling president. In the ruling parties form, a
country is ruled by one single party. After independence, Algeria had been ruled
under this form of the authoritarian rule. FLN was Algeria’s single political party.
As certain regions in the world, MENA region has political deficits. Issues
of the Arab world are several but the most prominent ones are corruption and
authoritarianism. These two issues have left and done a lot of problems to Arab
international organizations, mainly: the World Bank and UNDP, have developed
strategies and ways for the MENA region. In addition, the USA provides
assistance.
The World Bank MENA Development Report 2003: Better Governance for
Development in the Middle East and North Africa: Enhancing Inclusiveness and
35
Accountability discusses solutions for the issues that are related with governance
in the region. The World Bank gives some solutions consisting of strategies and
The World Bank’s five pathways to better governance for the MENA
administrative and internal accountability measures. The last four pathways are all
intended for gaining a stronger accountability (177). The five pathways are
discussed below:
The first one is about making laws to protect the equal rights and freedoms that
the citizens must enjoy (156). The second fundamental step is to control laws to
assure that equal participation and equal treatment are respected by the public
agencies (156).
The World Bank argues that the MENA region has to cover its governance gap by
governance gap between MENA and the world, five steps are necessary: greater
public disclosure, freedom of information, public debate, open, fair and regular
of government: the executive branch, the legislative branch and the juridical one.
Each branch checks the other branches’ decisions and actions mainly to avoid
misconduct of power by the officials. The MENA countries do not have a strong
achieve these steps to promote good governance through three points: stronger
three steps. First, increased competition among public service agencies; second,
keep the public closer to their leaders; third, more active role for community
stronger and have a high level of offering and delivering services (165-166).
accountability. This pathway has four steps. The first step is public expenditure
implementation of policies and for treating all citizens fairly and competently”
(171). The last step is ethics of the public service. This step is required in both
civil society organizations as well as the government; they need to work by ethics
As the World Bank, the UNDP wrote reports on the MENA region. Those
include two major interests which are: human development and good governance.
Opportunities for Future Generations, The UNDP stated out that the MENA
region has three deficits: the freedom deficit, the women’s empowerment deficit
For the UNDP, the pathways for getting good governance are: reforming
political representation, civil-service capacity and the rule of law” (114). This step
public administration and services and the rule of law and the judiciary. The
second step is liberating capabilities through voice and participation, which are
civil action. There are two fundamental points (117). “First, legal and
United States of America. USA wrote global reports in the years 2012, 2013,
three reports, USA emphasizes on its commitment to help the MENA region
tools, the United States will work with and help build the capacity
enhancing and improving the rule of law and human rights, good governance,
39
political competition and consensus, building civil society ( Fiscal Year 2012
Conclusion:
MENA, as many other regions, has to adopt and works to improve good
by limited political rights and civil freedoms. All countries of MENA suffer from
corruption and authoritarianism. These issues are the motivating causes for most
the World Bank and UNDP, good governance is the solution. They have
enhance rule of law and reinforce civil society participation. Hence, the MENA
achieve and realize sustainable development and political stability. In this context,
Chapter III
Introduction:
protects human rights, and leads to sustainable development in societies. For that,
many countries have adopted good governance. Algeria is one of these countries.
The Algerian government has given priority to good governance and has done
efforts to reach good governance or one of its components. Hence, the emergence
reasons. More, after the adoption of good governance, Algeria has done efforts to
realize it. The Algerian experience can be studied and analyzed through the World
World Bank, for example, has developed indicators which are used in studying
governance all over the world. One of these indicators is the Worldwide
country‘s governance. This could be done mainly through six indicators which
quality, rule of law, and control of corruption. These indicators are useful, because
people can see and know how their governments perform and what rank does their
political reasons. First, political analysts and scientists consider that Algerian rule
(Authoritarian Rule 60). Second, at the political level, the Algerian leaders
holding office showed many weaknesses. The lack of certain values such as the
rule of law and public participation place Algeria among the lesser democracy
economic and social reasons. Unemployment and poverty are widespread and
forms; most common among them is bribery and the illegal appropriation of
public resources for personal gain. There are many cases of corruption in Algeria;
42
caused “the scandal of the century” with theft estimated at 87 billion Dinars ($ 1.2
Perceptions Index 2013, Algeria ranks 94/175 countries far behind Morocco
which ranked 37 and Tunisia which ranked 41. This means that Algeria is
privileges that are not under any kind of control and accountability,
neither by word nor by action. These acts weakened the civil spirit of
management public affairs, and tarnished the concept of the state and
Governance:
The different reasons and circumstances that faced the Algerian society,
economy, and politics pushed Algeria to rethinking about new reforms to realize
whole chapter was introduced. The Constitution recognizes and protects human
rights, especially the political ones, as it is stated in articles 41, 42 and 43. These
articles state different political freedoms and civil rights such as freedom of
opinion, freedom of assembly, and right to form associations and political parties
(Algerian Constitution).
attempt came to be official when Algeria drafted the first constitution that moved
the country towards the multi-party system rather than the single party rule (Yale
Univ 1).
The fight against corruption and bribery has become one of our main
corruption became one of the major priorities of Algeria (79). For that Algeria
looked for the most successful solutions to put an end to this serious phenomenon.
developed mechanisms that make periodic evaluation for African countries in the
special session summit of the African Union Organization (AUO) held in Sirte,
among the African states for the purpose of promoting development. A conference
held at Algiers in May 2001 for further coordination. In July 2001, the initiative
was adopted at the African summit conference in Lusaka, Zambia under the name
of the New African Initiative (NAI). The presidential committee for the
announcement of the final version of the committee was made at Abuja, Nigeria
in October 2001 under the name of the official name of the New Partnership for
Africa, support democratic values and promote good governance, drive economic
growth and development through the promotion of trade and investment, improve
information, and finally, optimal and rational exploitation of natural and human
resources ( 80-81).
45
In studying the Algerian experience requires the use of the World Bank’s
1) voice and accountability: this step indicates the aspects that are
5) rule of law;
Algeria tried to deal with these characteristics. This is illustrated through the
constitution of 1989. In this constitution, Algeria had moved from a single party
the Study of the Algerian Experience Reality (2009), Algerian women have
improved their conditions and have occupied all fields: health, education,
judiciary and even the military field. According to statistical data for the year
Algerian women have occupied important offices like Khalida Toumi, the
minister of Culture, and Louisa Hanoune, head of the Labour Party. Yet, Azaroal
adds that the participation of women in the political life is weak when compared
parliament is weak. In the National People’s Assembly (APN) during the period
1997-2002, there were only 13 women representatives while men numbered 376
representatives from the total number of 389 deputies. In the period 2002-2007,
3.34% of women in the first period and 6.94% in the second one. In the upper
house of the Algerian Parliament, the National Council, during the period 1998-
2001, women held five seats while men occupied 139 of the total 144 seats. The
women holding four seats while men holding 140 seats of the total 144 seats.
These statistics are equivalent to 3.47% of women in the first period and 2.78% in
women’s situation in society, yet Algerian women are still witnessing political
exclusion.
civil rights in several articles as it was mentioned above. Yet, the Freedom House
48
reports revealed the opposite. Algeria is considered to be a not free county in the
recent report of 2014 by scoring 6 or 7. It should be noted that countries that score
1 are considered to be free, those which score 6 or 7 are considered to be not free
and those which score 3 or 4 are considered to be partly free (Freedom House,
Algeria has witnessed a long deep crisis in the period 1990-1999. This
Chadli Ben Jadid in January 1992. After Chadli’s resignation, Liamine Zeroual
Accord meeting December 14 and 15, 1994. The meeting agreed on amending
the Constitution as a step to solve the country’s problems and to avoid crises like
that of 1992. Some of these amendments were related to the enforcement of the
peace and stability in Algeria. But because of the non – security conditions and
where Zeroual has stopped by introducing a Civil Harmony Law (wifaq watani) to
and education.
As the table above shows that HDI in Algeria, started to improve in 1995
till 2005. Azaroal argued that the reason behind this evolution is the development
of the public policies in different domains (152). He added that the level of
population in the resent years, we find that: population moved from 33.5 Million
in July 2006 to 33.8 Million in January 2007, and then it jumped to 34.4 Million
in January 2008. In Algeria, the literacy rate has improved from 65.50 % in 1998
to 76.3% in 2005. According to the Ratio and levels of schooling in Algeria, knew
a rapid development in the different levels such as: the level of primary education,
the level of higher education and the level of professional education. The reasons
that led to the progress of education in Algeria are several and the most important
one such as: doubling the number of institutions of higher education which
number of employees reached six Million and increased in 2007 which reached
9.3 Million. The reason behind this improvement is the efforts that have done by
Algeria which they are: the establishment of the National Agency for Youth
(158).
about 10% and youth unemployment rate to about 25% . This progress is due to
the reforms took by the Algerian authorities such as : the National Agency for
Insurance.
countries, worked on the adoption of reforms and changes in its economic policy
structural adjustment. This policy relies on different reforms such as: raising
economic reforms, leaving the investment field to the private sector, liberating
institutions. Algeria has developed and adopted different reforms in its own
economic policy to achieve the following goals : enhancing the visibility of the
economic role of the state, developing greater national wealth and Putting social
and cultural policy that works with national challenges. (141-142). In addition to
this policy, Algeria had established the economic rehabilitation program. This
Algerian government devoted for this program 525 Milliard Dinar for the period
Hussein added that Algeria still has impropriate ground for improving and
committing to its economic reforms. This problem is due some obstacles such as :
Rule of law requires the insurance of respecting human rights, equality and
protect citizens from discrimination. To assure the protection of these rights there
promoting the respect of human rights. The proof for this attempt is the
53
rights and duties and the assurance of the basic freedoms; in addition to that, the
organizations.
The constitution of 1996 presented certain articles that are related to the
protection of human rights. The article 29 stated that all citizens are equal before
the law. The article 31 indicated that institutions’ aim to guarantee equality
between male and female citizens in rights and duties. The article 32 stated that
stated that single defense or by the assembly on the fundamental rights of man and
the individual and collective freedoms, guaranteed. Article 34 stated that the State
guarantees the inviolability of rights. And warns of any physical or moral violence
regional and international human rights charters and organizations. At the regional
level, Algeria has joined legislation to protect the rights of the disabled in 2002,
its accession to the African Charter on Human and Peoples 1983 , Cairo
countries in 1990, the approval of the Arab Charter on Human Rights as amended
rights organizations such as: Algerian League for the Defense of Human Rights,
which was founded in 1985 and Noor Association for the protection and
However, in the Actual fact we find that Algeria is far away from the rule
political system is non –law state. This is due to certain factors such as: near-
absolute control over the judiciary by the executive branch (Hussein 135). This
led to the possibility of the ineffectiveness of laws and the Algeria’s association
organizations.
always occupies the final ranks. Algeria has done a lot of efforts to fight
corruption mainly the emission of laws that prevent and control corruption.
authority has passed Corruption Fighting Law was signed by the parliament in
2005 which issued in February 20. 2006. This law came to prevent and fight
prevention. this law specifies identity and characteristic of crimes that are related
55
Algeria has formed devices to control corruption such as: National Committee for
corruption affaires. Also, the scandal of the century El-Khalifa Bank which
185).
2005:
Good governance is the best way to rule countries affaires and realize
society. For that, countries all over the world work hard to achieve good
governance. Algeria is one of these countries. The previous subtitles discussed the
Algeria has done a lot of efforts to enhance and improve its governance
problems and issues such as: corruption. By comparing Algeria with the other
countries, we find that Algeria ranked among countries that have bad or poor
performance through the six W.B indicators during the period (1996-2000-2003-
2005).
(1996-2005) had increased. From 1996 to 2000, voice and accountability has
declined. From 2000 to 2005, this indicator increased noticeably from 12.5 to 25
which means that Algerian efforts to improve this indicator in general were
successful.
1996 to 2003, political stability and absence of violence indicator was in the
57
bottom by scoring less than 10. This was due to the security situation in Algeria,
over 20, this score indicates the effectiveness of the national reforms to brought
peace and stability to Algerian society and the most important one is “wifaq
watani”.
25 because of the black decade and increased from 2000 nearly 25 to 35 in 2003
2000, regulatory quality did not witnessed any progress till 2003 which
progressed from 15 to 30, but in 2005 it declined to approximately 28. This is due
Rule of law in Algeria progressed in 1996 - 2003 more than 30, yet it
declined to less than 25 in 2000 and less than 30 in 2005. This is because of the
one of the major obstacles that prevent the right application of laws. Lack of the
continued progress which gained the highest score in 2005 above 40. This was the
the absence of violence and control of corruption, Algeria has made a noticeable
progress that reflects the effectiveness of the reforms. Yet, even though Algeria
has recorded significant improvements, they still too weak and far to be achieved
countries’.
Conclusion:
Algeria, as many other countries, has adopted good governance for its
mainly corruption, poverty and unemployment. The features that reveal Algeria’s
willingness to achieve good governance are many; yet the major ones are the
in different domains, mainly in the political life, and laws that fight corruption.
The Algerian experience was studied and analyzed through the World Bank’s
WGI which include voice and accountability, political stability and absence of
corruption. Algeria has done a lot of efforts to reach good governance. Yet, the
Algerian government has to commit itself strongly to regulations and reforms. For
59
General Conclusion
best way to manage and rule a country at different levels, particularly its
economy, politics, and society. Good governance is the solution to the different
encourages and ensures human rights including participation of the public at large
Furthermore, it is the only and the best way to realize sustainable development in
The Middle East and North Africa region (MENA) has a specific situation.
This region suffers from corruption and authoritarian governments. These issues
are the major obstacle for the Arab world to reach a good level of government
corruption in the world show that the MENA region always has the highest scores
monarchies, single ruling parties and lasting ruling presidents. For that, it is clear
that democracy in the Arab world is weak. As a result, the most important
are absent. Corruption and authoritarianism are the causes of the uprising of the
61
Arab people in several of the Arab World countries. Also, these issues prevent the
Algeria, like most of the other Arab countries, has certain reasons that
push it to adopt good governance. These reasons are political, economic and
social ones. Algeria has done efforts to realize good governance; as an example,
the introduction of various laws meant for fighting corruption. As the study of the
show, Algeria still has much to do to achieve good governance. It is important for
every country to adopt and realize good governance for its importance in
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. ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻐﺎﻧﻢ." "اﻟﻔﺴﺎد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻔﻘﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﯿﺔ و ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺎل اﻟﻌﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰاﺋﺮ.,ﻋﺎدل اﻧﺰارن
.اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ اﻻﻓﺮﯾﻘﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ."”اﻟﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺮاﺷﺪ اﻟﻤﻔﮭﻮم و اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت.ﺑﻠﻮﺻﯿﻒ اﻟﻄﯿﺐ
65
.http://www.bchaib.net/mas/.
ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻌﺰﯾﺰ ,ﺧﯿﺮة .دور اﻟﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺮاﺷﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ اﻟﻔﺴﺎد اﻻداري و ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﺘﺮﺷﯿﺪ اﻻداري
.ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮ .اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ .ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ و اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ .ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺤﺎج ﻟﺨﻀﺮ .ﺑﺎﺗﻨﺔ.
ازروال ,ﯾﻮﺳﻒ .اﻟﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺮاﺷﺪ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻻﺳﺲ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ و اﻟﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ دراﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ واﻗﻊ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺠﺰاﺋﺮﯾﺔ .
ﻣﺪﻛﺮة .ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﻨﺔ 2009.