REPUBLIQUE DU BENIN

MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR

ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE

Université Africaine de Technologie et de Management

Arrêté Ministériel N°003/MESRS/CAB/DC/SGM/DPP/DESUP/SP du 1er Février 2006

Institut Professionnel des Sciences et Technologies

Biotech 2 (IAA2-CQQ2) GBEGAMEY Cumul durée : 20heures

Période : Du 18/09/2023 au 18/10/2023

BIOTECH 2ème Année (troisième Semestre)

MATIÈRE : ANGLAIS TECHNIQUE Chargé du cours : Dr Abudul Kadiri LAURIANO

Deuxième Séance (Durée: 5h)

CHAPTER TWO : PARASITE AND PANDEMICS

Support Cours d’Anglais

I. PARASITE

A) Suitable questions on Parasite?

1) What exactly is a parasite?

A parasite is an organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its food from or at
the expense of its host. There are three main classes of parasites that can cause disease in
humans: protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites. Protozoa.

2) What is a parasite short answer?

Parasite: A plant or an animal organism that lives in or on another and takes its
nourishment from that other organism. Parasitic diseases include infections that are due to
protozoa, helminths, or arthropods. For example, malaria is caused by Plasmodium, a
parasitic protozoa.

3) What is parasite and example?

1/1
04 BP 1361 CADJEHOUN - République du Bénin
Tél. : + (229) 213-086-87 - Fax : + (229) 213-089-85 - Cel : + (229) 954-298-13
e-mail : ipst@uatm-gasa.com
Web : www.uatm-gasa.com GH
 A parasitic relationship is one in which one organism, the parasite, lives off of another
organism, the host, harming it and possibly causing death. The parasite lives on or in the
body of the host. A few examples of parasites are tapeworms, fleas, and barnacles.

4) What causes a parasite in human?

Parasitic infections can be spread in a number of ways. For example, protozoa and helminths
can be spread through contaminated water, food, waste, soil, and blood. Some can be
passed through sexual contact. Some parasites are spread by insects that act as a vector, or
carrier, of the disease.

5) How does a doctor check for parasites?

Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases

1. A fecal (stool) exam, also called an ova and parasite test (O&P) ...
2. Endoscopy/Colonoscopy. ...
3. Blood tests. ...
4. X-ray, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan, Computerized Axial Tomography scan
(CAT)These tests are used to look for some parasitic diseases that may cause lesions in the
organs.

6) Do parasites go away on their own?

Some parasitic infections disappear on their own, especially if your immune system is
healthy and you eat a balanced diet. For parasites that don't go away on their own, your
doctor will generally prescribe oral medication. This treatment is generally effective and
proven to work.

7) Which animal is a parasite?

Animal parasites and their effect on agriculture

A parasite is an organism that lives in or on another and takes its nourishment from that
other organism, or “host.” Parasites of animals and humans come in many forms,
including helminths (worms), arthropods (lice, ticks, mosquitoes, etc.), and protozoa.

8) Who is a parasite person?

A person who receives support, advantage, or the like, from another or others without
giving any useful or proper return, as one who lives on the hospitality of others: They are
greedy politicians, parasites with their snouts in the public trough.

9) What is a parasite kid definition?

noun. definition: a plant, animal, or fungus that lives on or in another living thing,
2/1
04 BP 1361 CADJEHOUN - République du Bénin
Tél. : + (229) 213-086-87 - Fax : + (229) 213-089-85 - Cel : + (229) 954-298-13
e-mail : ipst@uatm-gasa.com
Web : www.uatm-gasa.com GH
 called the host. A parasite gets its food and energy from the host organism. Several diseases
are caused by parasites that live in the intestine.

10) How can you tell if you have a parasite?

The signs of a parasite are often caused by the toxins that it releases into the human
bloodstream. Here are the most common symptoms: Unexplained constipation, diarrhea,
gas, bloating, nausea or other symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. You traveled
internationally and got diarrhea on your trip.

11) What do parasites look like in poop?

In stools, the worms look like small pieces of white cotton thread. Because of their size and
white color, pinworms are difficult to see. The male worm is rarely seen because it remains
inside the intestine. It is best to search for pinworms at night, when the female comes out to
lay her eggs.

12) What is the most common parasite found in humans?

The most common intestinal protozoan parasites are: Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba
histolytica, Cyclospora cayetanenensis, and Cryptosporidium spp.

13) What foods cause parasites?

Sources of food-borne products contaminated with parasites are pigs, cattle, fish, crabs,
crayfish, snails, frogs, snakes and aquatic plants. One of the major factors influencing the
prevalence of parasitic infections in the population is the habit, and traditional popularity of
eating raw or inadequately cooked foods.

14) What diseases are caused by a parasite?

Examples of parasitic diseases that can be bloodborne include African trypanosomiasis,

babesiosis, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, malaria, and toxoplasmosis. In nature, many
bloodborne parasites are spread by insects (vectors), so they are also referred to as vector-
borne diseases.

15) What is the most common parasitic infection?

Some people think of parasitic infections, like malaria, as occurring only in developing
countries or in tropical areas, but parasitic infections exist in North America as well. The
most common ones found in North America include Giardia infections (through
contaminated water) and toxoplasmosis (spread by cats).

16) How do you tell if you have a parasite in your stomach?

Signs and Symptoms

1. Abdominal pain.
3/1
04 BP 1361 CADJEHOUN - République du Bénin
Tél. : + (229) 213-086-87 - Fax : + (229) 213-089-85 - Cel : + (229) 954-298-13
e-mail : ipst@uatm-gasa.com
Web : www.uatm-gasa.com GH
2. Diarrhea.
3. Nausea or vomiting.
4. Gas or bloating.
5. Dysentery (loose stools containing blood and mucus)
6. Rash or itching around the rectum or vulva.
7. Stomach pain or tenderness.
8. Feeling tired.
17) Is there a home test for parasites?
About the Parasitology Test:
By using a simple at-home stool test, the Parasitology test is a direct examination of stool for
ova and parasites (O&P) in order to determine the presence of parasites and/or their eggs in
the gastrointestinal tract. O&P is considered the gold standard of diagnosis for many
parasites.

18) When should you get tested for parasites?

Your doctor might order a stool parasite test for you or your child if you have any
symptoms of a parasite infection. These include: Diarrhea. Bloating.

19) What is the best medicine for parasites?

Popular Parasitic Infection Drugs

• Flagyl. metronidazole. $7.77.

• Stromectol. ivermectin. $180.53.
• Tindamax. tinidazole. $29.10.
• Vaniqa. $177.81.
• Albenza. albendazole. $62.59.
• Emverm. $3,138.82.
• praziquantel. $159.16.
• Benznidazole. $613.95.

B. Vectors

A Vector is a living organism that transmits an infectious agent from an

infected animal to a human or another animal. Vector are frequently arthropods, such as
mosquitoes, ticks, flies, fleas and lice.

C. Hosts

In biology and medicine, a host is a larger organism that harbours a smaller organism;
whether a parasitic; a mutualistic, or a commensialist guest (symbiont). The guest is 4 / 1
04 BP 1361 CADJEHOUN - République du Bénin
Tél. : + (229) 213-086-87 - Fax : + (229) 213-089-85 - Cel : + (229) 954-298-13
e-mail : ipst@uatm-gasa.com
Web : www.uatm-gasa.com GH
 typically provided with nourishment and shelter. Examples include animals playing host
to parasitic worms (eg: Nematodes), cells harbouring pathogenic (disease-causing)
viruses, a bean plant hosting mutualistic (helpful) nitrogen-fixing bacteria. More
specifically in botany, a host plant supplies food resources to micropredators, which have
an evolutionarily stable relationship with their hosts similar to ectoparasitism. The host
range is the collection of hosts that an organism can use as a partner.

II. Pandemics
A) Epidemics, Pandemics, and Outbreaks
You probably know that COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-
2, is a pandemic. But what’s the difference between a pandemic, an epidemic, and an
outbreak? And when does a disease become a public health concern? Here are the basics of
the spread of serious diseases and what you can do to protect yourself, your family, and your
community.
1) Meanings of Outbreak, Pandemic and Epidemic.
An outbreak is when an illness happens in unexpected high numbers. It may stay in one area
or extend more widely. An outbreak can last days or years. Sometimes, experts consider a
single case of a contagious disease to be an outbreak. This may be true if it’s an unknown
disease, if it’s new to a community, or if it’s been absent from a population for a long time.
An epidemic is when an infectious disease spreads quickly to more people than experts
would expect. It usually affects a larger area than an outbreak.
A pandemic is a disease outbreak that spreads across countries or continents. It affects more
people and takes more lives than an epidemic. The World Health Organization (WHO)
declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic when it became clear that the illness was severe and
that it was spreading quickly over a wide area.

2) The number of lives lost in a pandemic depends on:

• How many people are infected

• How severe of an illness the virus causes (its virulence)
• How vulnerable certain groups of people are
• Prevention efforts and how effective they are

The WHO’s pandemic alert system ranges from Phase 1 (a low risk) to Phase 6 (a full
pandemic):

• Phase 1: A virus in animals has caused no known infections in humans.

• Phase 2: An animal virus has caused infection in humans.
• Phase 3: There are scattered cases or small clusters of disease in humans. If the illness is
spreading from human to human, it’s not broad enough to cause community-level outbreaks.
• Phase 4: The disease is spreading from person to person with confirmed outbreaks at the
community level. 5/1
04 BP 1361 CADJEHOUN - République du Bénin
Tél. : + (229) 213-086-87 - Fax : + (229) 213-089-85 - Cel : + (229) 954-298-13
e-mail : ipst@uatm-gasa.com
Web : www.uatm-gasa.com GH
• Phase 5: The disease is spreading between humans in more than one country of one of the
WHO regions.
• Phase 6: At least one more country, in a different region from Phase 5, has community-level
outbreaks.

B)Prevention: Slowing the Spread of Pandemic Disease

There’s no sure way to prevent the spread of disease during an outbreak, epidemic, or
pandemic. It might take scientists a long time to make a vaccine. But it’s easier to make
specific vaccines more quickly now than it was several years ago. Once a vaccine is ready,
people and groups who are more likely to become ill will get it first.
1) In the meantime, you can take other steps to stay healthy:

• Wash your hands often with soap and water. If that’s not an option, use an alcohol-based
hand cleaner or gel sanitizer. Rub it on your hands until they’re dry.
• Don't touch your mouth, nose, and eyes unless you've just washed your hands.
• When you cough or sneeze, cover your mouth and nose with a tissue. Then throw the tissue
in the trash. Wash your hands afterward.
• Avoid crowded places. Stay home if you can.
• Clean and disinfect household surfaces every day.

2) If you get sick:

• Stay home and away from other people. If you want to talk to your doctor, call before you go
to their office. But if you have severe symptoms like trouble breathing, call 911 or go to an
emergency room right away.
• Wear a face mask if you have to go out for medical care. Avoid public transportation, ride-
hailing, and taxis.
• Have only one person care for you, if possible.
• Wash your hands often, and keep household surfaces clean and disinfected.

C) Pandemic Preparation
A pandemic causes economic and social problems because so many people are ill or can’t
work.
Here are a few things you can do to help your family and your community before and
during a pandemic:

• Make an emergency contact list.

• Find local aid organizations in case you need information, support, or health services.
• Find out whether you can work from home.
• Plan home learning activities in case school is closed.
6/1
04 BP 1361 CADJEHOUN - République du Bénin
Tél. : + (229) 213-086-87 - Fax : + (229) 213-089-85 - Cel : + (229) 954-298-13
e-mail : ipst@uatm-gasa.com
Web : www.uatm-gasa.com GH
• Store extra water, food, medicine, and supplies.
• Stay as healthy as you can by getting rest, managing stress, eating right, and exercising.
• Help seniors and neighbors by sharing information and resources.
•

D) Related Definitions
Many diseases are so common that we barely think about them. You might hear
experts use one of these terms to describe them:

• Sporadic means cases are rare and happen unevenly.

• Endemic means a disease is constant and happens about as often as expected.
• Hyperendemic means an illness is constant but people are getting sick at a higher rate.

Cases can also come in a cluster, a group of illnesses in a certain place and time.

E) Notable Past Pandemics

The list of the deadliest pandemics in world history includes:

• The Black Death. Experts think the plague, sparked by bacteria called Yersinia pestis, is
to blame for the illness that tore through Europe in 1347-51. An estimated 25 million
people died.
• The influenza pandemic of 1918. At least 50 million people around the world died of flu
during the outbreak of 1918-19. It’s often called the “Spanish flu,” not because the virus
started there but because Spain was one of the first countries to announce cases.
• Smallpox. The smallpox pandemic stretched over hundreds of years. Experts estimate that
it killed as many as 300 million people in the 20th century alone. Thanks to widespread
vaccine use, it was declared eradicated in 1980.
• HIV and AIDS. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS), and related illnesses have killed about 32 million people around the
world.

F) Influenza Pandemics
Flu also killed millions of people worldwide in other pandemics:

• 1957 (1.1 million)

• 1968 (1 million)
• 2009 (up to 575,000)

GRAMMAR : SINCE – FOR –AGO - DURING

7/1
04 BP 1361 CADJEHOUN - République du Bénin
Tél. : + (229) 213-086-87 - Fax : + (229) 213-089-85 - Cel : + (229) 954-298-13
e-mail : ipst@uatm-gasa.com
Web : www.uatm-gasa.com GH
 END

8/1
04 BP 1361 CADJEHOUN - République du Bénin
Tél. : + (229) 213-086-87 - Fax : + (229) 213-089-85 - Cel : + (229) 954-298-13
e-mail : ipst@uatm-gasa.com
Web : www.uatm-gasa.com GH