moswavlis

jemal biblioTeka
kiknaZe

azris jaWvi
moswavleTa inteleqtis
ganviTarebisaTvis

pirveli nawili

daamtkica saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministrom damxmare

saswavlo masalad maTematikaSi zogadsaganmanaTleblo
skolis V-XI klasebis moswavleTaTvis

gamomcemloba `inteleqti~
Tbilisi
2001
2

didi galaktionis msgavsad yovel bavSvSi aRmzrdeli

`momavalis did saxes~ xedavs da minda es wigni maT mivuZRvna.
`qals patara dahyavs xeliT,
bavSvi zrunviT zrdili,
momavalis didi saxe _
Svili _ Svili _ Svili~.
galaktioni

winamdebare mecnierul-popularuli wigni-almanaxi Taviseburi damxmare wignia,

romelic maTematikis sxvadasxva sakiTxebs moicavs da ZiriTadad zogadsaganmanaT-
leblo skolis moswavleTaTvis aris Sedgenili. maTematikis garda masSi sxva
saintereso sakiTxebzecaa saubari da saxaliso maTematikis Janrs ganekuTvneba.
wignSi mravladaa warmodgenili savarjiSoebi, kiTxvebi, TamaS-gasarTobi Tavsa-
texebi da xelovnebis zogierTi nimuSi, romlebic xels Seuwyoben ymawvilebis
dainteresebas, SemoqmedebiT saqmianobas, damoukidebeli muSaobisa da garkveuli
ti pis inteleqtis ganviTarebas. am mizniT wignSi Setanilia sxvadasxva testebi,
romlebic ganaviTareben farul kanonzomierebaTa aRmoCenis, analitikuri da induqciuri
azrovnebis unar-Cvevebs. nimuSisaTvis ganxilulia zogadi codnis Sesabamisi
inteleqtis koeficientis (ik) dasadgeni ramdenime testi. igi daexmareba maswav-
leblebs saklaso da klasgareSe muSaobaSi.
wignSi ganxiluli sakiTxebi misawvdomia ara marto zogadsaganmanaTleblo
skolis moswavleTaTvis, aramed am sakiTxebiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelTa farTo
wrisaTvis.

redaqtori: arkadi qurCiSvili, Tsu-s ufrosi maswavlebeli.

recenzentebi: romanoz danelia, gamomcemloba `inteleqtis~ direqtoris

moadgile, Jurnal `fizika da maTematika skolaSi~ redaqtoris moadgile,

gela kvirikaSvili, Tsu-s T. gegelias saxelobis respublikuri

fizika-maTematikis saSualo skola-internatis fizikis maswavlebeli,

guram oTinaSvili, Tbilisis 55-e saSualo skolis maTematikis

maswavlebeli.

jemal kiknaZe, 2001.

ISBN 99928-67-93-0 gamomcemloba `inteleqti~, 2001.
 3
Sesavali
mravalwlianma pedagogiurma moRvaweobam da Tanamedrove meToduri literaturis gacnobam damarwmuna,
rom swavlebis tradiciuli meTodebi moiTxovs gadasinjvas da sqolastikisagan ganTavisuflebas.
sqolastika aris skolis muSaobisa da cxovrebis wesis sistema, romelsac skolis gareT ar gaaCnia
araviTari faseuloba, radgan skolas ar SeuZlia moamzados bavSvebi cxovrebisaTvis.
zogjer tradiciuli skola iyenebs mxolod axsnis da naTqvamis sailustraciod cdebsac, magram
aseTi axsna iZleva mxolod zedapirul da formalur codnas, romelic ver mkvidrdeba adamianis
gonebaSi. aseTi codna im norC ylorts waagavs, xes rom Camosxepen da miwaSi CaarWoben. cxadia, igi
male iRupeba. swored aseT zedapirul, ufesvebo codnas iZleva tradiciuli skola, romelic Tavis
naklovanebebs niRbavs uSinaarso, xmamaRali, wyaliviT morakrake mravalsityvaobiT. ra Tqma unda kargi
mexsiereba SesaniSnavi Tvisebaa, magram mas xSirad SecdomaSi Sehyavs pedagogi da mSobeli. saubedurod
gamocdebzec mxolod imas amowmeben, Tu ra daimaxsovra moswavlem. dazepireba ar niSnavs codnaso _
uTqvams frang filosofos, humanist miSel de montens. igi uaryofda sqolastikosTa mTavar meTods
`CavasxaT~ adamianSi codna, rogorc ZabrSi.
saubedurod, xSirad tradiciuli swavleba emyareba mexsierebas, romlis meqanikur gamoyenebas
dauZlurebamde da gamofitvamde mihyavs axalgazrdoba. sinamdvileSi aseTi codnis usargebloba sul
ufro da ufro aSkara xdeba. axla yvelgan (iSviaTad skolaSi) bevrs laparakoben WeSmarit, Rrma
kulturisa da inteleqtis mniSvnelobaze da moazrovne Taobis aRzrdaze.
cxadia, am urTules pirobebSi, rom icxovro, saWiroa iazrovno. swored amitom gagaxseneT didi
frangi filosofosis da maTematikosis rene dekartis gamonaTqvami: `Cogito, ergo sum~.
bevr rameSi veTanxmebi da praqtikulad viyeneb meoce saukunis gamoCenili frangi pedagogis
selesten frenes (1896-1966), originaluri pedagogiuri sistemisa da `pedagogiuri invariantebis~
avtoris mosazrebebs: unda vifiqroT, rom namdvili kulturisaken da inteleqtis ganviTarebisaken
mimavali gza eqsperimentul mosinjvaze gadis. codnis SeZena miiRweva eqsperimentis gziT da ara
wesebisa da kanonebis SeswavliT (gazepirebiT), rogorc zogjer fiqroben. pirvel rigSi wesebisa da
kanonebis Seswavla imasa hgavs, uremi xarebs win davuyenoT. cocxali eqsperimentuli muSaobis
princi pia _ `mefolade mxolod RumelTan SeiZleba gaxde~.
samwuxarod tradiciuli skola aviTarebs mxolod abstraqtuli azrovnebis unars, rac Sorsaa
realuri cxovrebis moTxovnilebisagan. maT visac hi pertrofirebuli (aranormaluri ganviTrebuli)
aqvT inteleqtis es forma, SeuZliaT SesaniSnavad imsjelon nebismier `Wkvianur~ Temaze, magram
sruliad umweoni aRmoCndebian, Tu saqme Seexeba cxovrebasa da garemosTan Seguebas.
arsebobs inteleqtis sxva ti pebic da isini eqsperimentuli mosinjvis procesSi viTardeba.
magaliTad: xeliT Sromis unari, SemoqmedebiTi unari, problemaTa gonivruli, praqtikuli gagebis
unari, Semecnebisadmi mecnieruli midgomis unari, socilaur-politikuri mimarTulebis mqone inteleqti,
romlis mflobelTagan izrdebian da yalibdebian sazogadoebrivi moRvaweni.
kacobrioba yovelTvis maRal Sefasebas aZlevda inteleqtis am sxvadasxvagvar formebs; sworedac
maTi SemweobiT gvyavs xelovnebis genialuri moRvaweni, gamomgoneblebi Tu mecnierebi. aseTi xalxi
ver egueboda swavlebis tradiciul xerxebs da xSirad isini skolaSi CamorCebodnen.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebas esaWiroeba gansxvavebuli mimarTulebis kadrebi _ gamomgoneblebi da
mkvlevarebi, rac saWiroebs inteleqtis sxvadasxva formis ganviTrebas.
cnobilia, rom bavSvis buneba arafriT gansxvavdeba zrdasruli adamianis bunebisagan. gansxvaveba
mxolod gamocdilebasa da ganviTrebis doneSia. arc bavSvs da arc ufross ar uyvars, roca rames
ubrZaneben. yoveli adamiani asea mowyobili _ nebismieri brZaneba TiTqmis avtomaturad winaaRmdegobis
grZnobas iwvevs: adamiani wiTldeba, azri efanteba, da pirveli survili, rac uCndeba, es aris, win
aRudges, ar daemorCilos brZanebas. kanonzomieria Semdegi mtkiceba: nebismieri avtoritaruli brZaneba
yovelTvis Secdomaa. nebismier brZanebas, rogorc wesi, bavSvi Tu ufrosi pasuxobs uaryofiTad _
`ara~! _ mniSvneloba ara aqvs xmamaRla warmoTqvamen am sityvas, Tu xmadabla. amitom saWiroa maTTan
megobruli urTierToba.
am qveyanaze aravis ar uyvars fuWi Sroma, robotiviT moqmedeba, aravis ar exaliseba raime samuSaos
Sesruleba sxvisi Canafiqris mixedviT. yoveli SromiTi saqmianoba damoukidebeli da SemoqmedebiTi
unda iyos. erTi da igive samuSao erTisaTvis mZime monobaa, meoresaTvis Tavisufali SemoqmdebiTi
Sroma, romelic mas yovelTvis did siamovnebas aniWebs.
codnis aTvisebis yvelze efeqturi saSualebaa ara ubralo dakvirveba, axsna da demonstracia,
rogorc mimdinareobs tradiciul skolaSi, aramed Semecnebis bunebrivi, mecnieruli da universaluri
meTodi, romelic ciklurad viTardeba: faqtebis erTobliobis analizisa da problemis dasmiT
4
hipoTezisken; hi poTezidan Teoriuli Sedegebisaken; Sedegebidan maTi interpretaciiT eqsperimentuli
Semowmebisaken da praqtikuli gamoyenebisaken:

2 3
modeli Sedegebi

1 faqtebi 4
eqsperimenti

maSasadame, mkvlevarma (moswavlem) axali movlena rom Seiswavlos, is am movlenis Sesaxeb agrovebs
da asistemebs cnobil faqtebs; dagrovebuli faqtebis safuZvelze Sesaswavli movlenis `meqnizmis~
Sesaxeb agebs models (hi poTezur models), romelic aZlevs ara marto dagrovebuli faqtebis axsnis,
aramed axali, manamde ucnobi movlenis winaswarmetyvelebis saSualebas; bolos, hi poTezasa da miRebul
Sedegebs eqsperimentulad amowmebs. am meTodis fuZemdeblad galileo galilei iTvleba.
winamdebare wigni, romelic gamocdilebisa da sxvadasxva literaturis gacnobis safuZvelze
ymawvilTaTvis Sevadgine, nawilobriv zeviT ganxiluli problemebis gadawyvetas isaxavs miznad. masSi
mocemuli bevri saintereso sakiTxi ZiriTadad maTematikas exeba, magram aq sxva sakiTxebzecaa saubari
da mecnierul-popularulia. masSi mravladaa warmodgenili (pasuxebis gareSe) savarjiSoebi, kiTxvebi,
TamaS-gasarTobi Tavsatexebi da xelovnebis zogierTi nimuSi, romlebic xels Seuwyoben ymawvilebis
dainteresebas, SemoqmedebiT saqmianobas, damoukidebeli azrovnebisa da garkveuli ti pis inteleqtis
ganviTrebas. swored am mizniTaa wignis bolo paragrafSi mocemuli sxvadasxva testebi (zogierTi
fsiqologiuri) da maTi pasuxebi. nimuSisaTvis ganxilulia zogadi codnis inteleqtis koeficientis
(ik) dasadgeni testebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom es kiTxvebi, Tavsatexebi da testebi xels uwyoben faruli
kanonzomierebis aRmoCenas, analitikuri da induqciuri azrovnebis unar-Cvevebis ganviTrebas. wignis
saTauri misi Sinaarsidan gamomdinareobs. moswavlem es wigni ubralod ki ar unda waikiTxos, aramed
bevri ram sakuTari xeliT, damoukideblad unda Seasrulos. vfiqrobT, kiTxvebisa da Tavsatexebis
pasuxebi calke gamovceT.
dainteresebuli mkiTxveli am wignSi ganxilul sakiTxebs (zogjer isini mokled da gacnobis
mizniTaa warmodgenili) ufro Rrmad gaecnoba im literaturaSi, romelic wignis boloSia miTiTebuli.

uRrmes madlobas movaxseneb:

redaqtors, baton arkadi qurCiSvils. recenzentebs, batonebs: romanoz danelias, gela kvirikaSvils
da guram oTinaSvils. agreTve i. gogebaSvilis saxelobis pedmecnierebaTa erovnuli institutis
mecnier-TanamSromlebs, qalbatonebs: iza xuciSvils, eTer guldamaSvils, da Tsu-s T. gegelias saxelobis
respublikuri fizika-maTematikis saSualo skola-internatis maTematikis maswavlebels, baton iuri
fiCxaZes, romlebmac guldasmiT waikiTxes xelnaweri da damexmarnen dasabeWdad momzadebaSi.
gamomcemloba `inteleqtis~ xelmZRvanelebs, maT yvela TanamSromels, gansakuTrebiT ilia xelaias,
romelmac udidesi Sroma gaswia am wignis Seqmnaze da kompiuterul grafikaze.
yvela moswavles, maT Soris Cems SviliSvils _ laSa tabataZes, romelTac stimuli momces am
wignze muSaobaSi, xelnaweri yuradRebiT waikiTxes, zogierTi savarjiSo damoukideblad amoxsnes _
Seamowmes da damexmarnen koreqturis kiTxvaSi.
agreTve madlobas vuxdi yvela mkiTxvels, romelTa saqmian SeniSvnebs madlierebiT miviReb.

jemal kiknaZe
Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo univer-
sitetis Tengiz gegelias saxelobis fizika-maTematikis respubli-
kuri saSualo skola-internatis fizikis maswavlebeli.

gTxovT survilebi da SeniSvnebi gamogzavnoT misamarTze:

 380079, Tbilisi, guram rCeuliSvilis quCa, korp. #3, bina 21.
 29-21-23.
 5

buneba, Sen da gamokvlevebi

romelman Seqmna samyaro ZaliTa miT ZlieriTa,

zegardmo arsni suliTa yvna zeciT monaberiTa,
Cven, kacTa, mogvca qveyana, gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa,
misgan ars yovli xelmwife saxiTa mis mieriTa.
SoTa
vidre raimes Seswavlas Seudgebode, winaswar saWiroa gaerkve, ra ginda, saxeldobr ris gagebas
da Cawvdomas apireb. zogierTi sityvebi: `samyaro~, `buneba~, `fizika~, `maTematika~, `mecniere-
ba~ da sxva mravaljer gsmenia, magram yvelas ar SeuZlia axsnas, Tu ras aRniSnaven isini. saWiroa
gaerkve ara marto maT dedaazrSi, aramed nebismieri sityvis arsSic. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gad-
mocemuli azris gagebas da, miT umetes, masSi Rrmad Cawvdomas ver SeZleb.
Tavidanve zemoT naxsenebi yvela sityvis ganmartebas ar Sevecdebi, radgan vfiqrob, es igivea
vimsjeloT im qveynis Sesaxeb, sadac jer ar vyofilvarT. es TandaTanobiT sxvadasxva saswavlo
procesSi moxdeba. daxmarebas es patara wignic gagiwevT.

Sen _ adamiani, rogorc samyaros sarke

`Cogito, ergo sum~.
Renatus Cartesius
`vazrovneb, maSasadame varsebob~.
rene dekarti

dedamiwa, dedamiwaze da mis gareT, sivrceSi mis, zomebisa da formis, sxeulebamde manZilebis
mze, planetebi, varskvlavebi da sxva, realurad SegrZnebebs.
arsebuli yvelaferi erTad samyaros _ bunebas realur samyaroSi, rom viarseboT, an rom
warmoadgens. gvqondes saSualeba gaviumjobesoT cxovrebis
adamiani samyaros na- pirobebi, saWiroa rac Sei-
wilia, albaT erT-erTi Zleba meti vicodeT am
yvelaze didi saocreba, samyaroze. aucilebelia
rac ki bunebas Seuqmnia. ganvasxvavoT xmeleTi
bunebam mas misca sam- zRvisagan, saWiroa sakvebi
yaros Secnobis saSuale- mcenareebis da cxoveleb-
bebi _ grZnobis orga- is gamravleba, maTi mov-
noebi da tvini. la. sacxovreblebis ageba
adamiani samyaroSi sur. 1 da mtacebeli cxovele-
yvela informacias grZnobis organoebis saSu- bisagan Tavis dacva. ratom ar SeiZleba am miznebis
alebiT iRebs, romelic Tavis tvins gadaecema ganxorcielebisaTvis daveyrdnoT Cveni grZnobe-
(sur. 1). bis organoebs? marTlac xom ase iqcevian primi-
mxedveloba, smena, ynosva, gemovneba, Sexeba _ tiuli civilizaciebi.
ai Cveni `fanjrebi~ garemomcvel samyaroSi. arsebobisaTvis materialuri pirobebis gaum-
tvini amuSavebs giganturi raodenobis sig- jobesebis mcdelobisas iZulebulni varT gavi-
nalebs, romlebic momdinareobs samyarodan da farTovoT Cveni codna gare samyaroze. risTvisac
adamianSi iwvevs siTbosa da sicivis, sigluvisa da saWiroa maqsimalurad davZaboT Cveni grZnobis
simqisis, ferisa da sikaSkaSis, xmaurisa da siCu- organoebi. magram samwuxarod maT zogjer Sec-
domaSi SevyavarT.
6 buneba, Sen da gamokvlevebi

iluziebi
iluziebi

 daakvirdi sur. 2-ze gamosaxul T-s magvar

figurebs, romlebzec gamosaxulia horizonta-
luri da vertikaluri monakveTebi. Seadare maTi
sigrZeebi erTmaneTs. Semdeg gamoiyene saxazavi
da gazome maTi sigrZeebi. a) SemTxvevaSi ver-
tikaluri monakveTi ufro grZeli mogeCveneba,
vidre horizontaluri. Seadare dakvirvebisa da
gazomvebis Sedegebi erTmaneTs. b) SemTxvevaSi
monakveTebis sigrZeebi toli mogeCveneba. gazom-
vebiT miiReb sawinaaRmdego pasuxs.
aq saqme gvaqvs mxedvelobiT (optikur) ilu-
ziasTan. amis mizezi isaa, rom Tvalis mobruneba
horizontaluri mimarTulebiT ufro advilia,
vidre vertikaluri mimarTulebiT.
 aseve daakvirdi sur. 3-ze da sur. 4-ze
mocemuli figurebis AB da AC monakveTebs.
dakvirvebiTa da gazomviT Seadare maTi sigrZee-
bi. gaakeTe daskvna.
 ganixile sur. 5-ze gamosaxuli figura jer
pirdapiri dakvirvebiT, Semdeg gverdidan ise, rom
Tvali rac SeiZleba axlos iyos furclis sib-
rtyesTan. Seadare dakvirvebebi erTmaneTs, gaa-
keTe daskvna.
 daamzade bzriala sur. 6-ze gamosaxuli
muyaos an fanerisagan gamoWrili diskos gamoye-
nebiT. diskoze naCvenebia TeTri da Savi zolebi.
bzriala gaanaTe, daabrune da daakvirdi. dain-
moric kornelis esxeri. `belvederi~*. axav ferebs!
liTografia**. 1958.  sur. 7-ze naCvenebia rkinigza. ori parale-
luri relsi gveCveneba, rom Sors erTdebian. es
sur. 2 wrfivi perspeqtivis magaliTia.
 sur. 8-ze sxivebi miemarTebian Sekrebis
wertilisaken (perspeqtivis centri), moculo-
biTi scenis iluziis SeqmnisaTvis. suraTze ga-
mosaxulia erTnairi zomis maRali yuTebi, mag-
a b ram gveCveneba sxvadasxva sididis _ `Sors~ ufro
didi. am iluziis mizezi aris gamocdileba: rac
A B A C ufro Sorsaa dasakvirvebeli sagani, miT ufro
mcire zomis gveCveneba igi, amitom marjvena yuTi
sur. 3 ufro didi gamoiyureba, vidre sinamdvileSia.
 realisturi maneriT daxatuli suraTi or
ganzomilebiania (sibrtyezea), magram Tu isini
daxatulia wrfivi perspeqtivis Sesabamisad, ma-
sur. 4 Sin Cven is gveCveneba sivrceSi (samganzomilebi-
ani scena). aseTi `moculobiTi gamosaxulebis~
* belvederi (it. Belvedere _ mSvenieri xedi) _ koSki, saidanac gadaiSleba garemos xedi; fanCaturi (talavari) maRlobze.
** liTografia (berZ. lithos qva da graph vwer) _ beWdva specialuri brtyeli qvis zedapiridan, romelzedac
winaswar xataven.
buneba, Sen da gamokvlevebi 7
saukeTeso magaliTebi uamravia. mas xSirad iy-
eneben konstruqtorebi, arqiteqtorebi da mxat-
vrebi.
am saxis kargi magaliTia XX saukunis erT-
erTi yvelaze popularuli adamianis, udidesi
espaneli mxatvris salvador dalis suraTi:
`jvarcma~ (hiperkuburi sxeuli). 1954 w. (sur. 9).
 saocari movlena: mTvare amosvlisas an Cas- sur. 5 sur. 6
vlisas (horizontTan) gveCveneba ufro didi,
vidre maRla caSia aweuli. sinamdvileSi gazom-
vebis Tanaxmad mTvaris xiluli diametri hori-
zontTan ufro pataraa, vinaidan am dros mTva-
re damkvirveblidan ufro Sorsaa. fsiqologebi
Tvlian, rom es faqti ganpirobebulia adamianis
tvinisa da mxedvelobis TvisebebiT. damkvirvebe-
li midrekilia warmoidginos mTvare ufro Sors,
rodesac igi axlos aris dedamiwis zedapirTan
(horizontTan), vidre maSin, rodesac maRlaa caSi.
e. i. is Seucnoblad rogorRac moaTavsebs mTva-
res horizontze. radgan mTvaris kuTxuri zomebi sur. 7 sur. 8
ucvleli rCeba, igi mogveCveneba SesamCnevad didi
horizontTan, sadac mTvare mogveCveneba ufro
daSorebuli (sur. 10).
 iluziebsa da Secdomebs adgili aqvs sxva
grZnobis organoebiT SegrZnebisas: temperatu-
ris, gemos, bgerisa da moZraobis dros.
magaliTad: aiRe sami WurWeli _ cxeli,
Tbili da civi wyliT. marcxena xeli moaTavse
civ wyalSi, marjvena _ cxelSi. cota xnis
Semdeg orive xeli gadaitane Tbil wylian
WurWelSi. ra SeigrZeni?

perspeqtivis
centri
sur. 9.

salvador dali. `jvarcma. hiperkuburi sxeuli~.

8 buneba, Sen da gamokvlevebi
sur. 10.
`mTvariani~ optikuri iluzia:
or Sav diskos aqvs erTnairi zomebi.
(rokisa da kaufmanis suraTis mixedviT).
intu
uiicia
 davuSvaT saaTma Seasrula 6 dartyma 5 wamSi.
ramden wamSi Seasrulebs is 12 dartymas? intui-
cia gvkarnaxobs: 10 wamSi. magram araa swori.
6 dartyma gayofilia 5 dayovnebiT, xolo 12
dartyma _ TerTmetiT. maSasadame swori pasuxia:
11 wami da ara 10 wami. e.i. intuiciam gviRalata!
 mocemuli gaqvT erTnair perimetrebiani
(perimetri aris gverdebis sigrZeTa jami) ori
marTkuTxedi. erTnairi farTobebi eqnebaT Tu
ara orives? albaT ifiqreb, rom erTnairi. mag-
ram rogorc gamoTvlebi gviCvenebs sazogadod
farTobebis toloba ar aris aucilebeli (See-
cade damoukideblad daamtkico).
bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva, erTnair peri-
metrebian romel marTkuTxeds aqvs udidesi far-
Tobi? irkveva, rom kvadrats! (samkuTxedebis
SemTxvevaSi ki tolgverda _ wesier samkuTxeds).
 oci metri siRrmis WaSi bayayi Cavarda da
cdilobs amosvlas. yovel saaTSi 5 metrze amo-
dis, magram me-5 metrze ise iRleba, rom Tavs
ver ikavebs, fexi ucurdeba da 4 metriT ukanve
cocdeba. rogor fiqrob, ramden saaTSi amova
bayayi Widan?
pirobis Tanaxmad bayayi saaTSi erTi metriT
iwevs zeviT, radgan Wis siRrme 20 metria, al-
baT ifiqreb, rom bayayi Widan amova 20 saaTSi.
magram intuicia aqac Segacdens. Tu kargad
dafiqrdebi mixvdebi, rom bayayi Widan amosvlas
moandomebs 16 saaTs.
 intuiciiT Cven vcdebiT mravali sxva situ-
aciis drosac. magaliTad adamiani, romelic
garkveul manZilze imyofeba vaSlis xidan da
xedavs, rom erTi vaSli es-es aris unda Camo-
vardes. mas unda, rom Tofis tyvia moaxvedros
vardnil vaSls. romel wertilSi unda dau-
miznos man, rom tyvia moxvdes vaSls?
albaT ifiqreb vaSlis qveviT, romeliRac wer-
albaT marcxena xeliT wyali geCveneba cxeli,
xolo marjvenaTi igive wyali civi!
 oTaxSi sxvadasxva sagans erTnairi tempera-
tura aqvs. magram, Tu xeliT Seexebi rkinisa da xis
sagnebs, rkina ufro civi mogveCveneba, vidre xe. e.i.
grZnobis organoebi zogjer gvatyueben, xolo
rac erTxel mainc mogvatyuebs, sando araa. de-
kartiseuli eWvis pirveli wyaroa grZnobadi
codna.
maSasadame SegrZnebebi yovelTvis san-
do ar aris!
tilSi, radgan raRac droSi tyvia miaRwevs im
adgilamde, sadac wydeba vaSli, imave droSi vaS-
li Tavisufali vardniT, raRac manZilze daiw-
evs qveviT. magram mtkicdeba, rom gasrola unda
moxdes mowyvetis momentSi da msrolelma unda
daumiznos pirdapir vaSls da ara mis qveviT.
riT SeiZleba Sevewina-
aRmdegoT sxvadasxva sa-
xis iluziebsa da in-
tuiciiT daSvebul Sec-
domebs?
Cveni yvelaze efeq-
turi pasuxia:
maTematikis gamo-
yenebiT!
rodesac aleqsandre
makedonelma (Zv. w. 356-
aleqsandre makedoneli.
romauli marmarilos qandake- 323) ganizraxa msoflios
bis asli. msoflios dampyro- dapyroba, man saberZneTis
bi mefis saxis nakvTebi albaT
gadmocemulia zustad, radgan oikumene* aTenidan gada-
igi Seqmnilia samefo karis
didi moqandakis lisipes mier. itana egviptis erT qa-
laqSi, romelsac man Tavisi Cveuli `mokrZale-
didi aleqsandre.
(pompeis mozaikis detali).
* oikumene (berZ. Oikumene~ _ dasaxleba) _ dedamiwis
adgilebi, romlebic adamianebiTaa dasaxlebuli.
buneba, Sen da gamokvlevebi
bis~ gamo saxeli gadaarq-
va da aleqsandria* uwo-
da. swored iq, aleqsandri-
aSi, evklidem (Zv. w. 300)
dawera pirveli RirsSesa-
niSnavi maTematikuri cod-
nis dokumenti _ Tavisi
klasikuri `sawyisebi~. am
naSromSi gamoyenebuli iyo
evklide. damtkiceba. garda amisa
evklides ekuTvnis naSrome-
bi musikaSi, optikaSi, meqanikaSi, romlebSic Zir-
iTadi roli gamoyofili aqvs maTematikas. maTem-
atika gamovida rogorc idealuri versia imisa,
rac Seadgenda CvenTvis cnobili realuri sam-
yaros agebulebas. samyaroSi mimdinare movle-
gamokvlevebi
es aris ucnobi mxaris `dazverva~, Semdeg
`dalaSqvra~. Cveni mizania dagexmaroT im gzeb-
isa da xerxebis _ meTodebis moZebnaSi, romli-
Tac midiodnen didi maTematikosebi da bunebis
mkvlevarebi, moZraobis mimarTulebas ki Sen
TviTon airCev. gaxsovdes qarTuli andaza: `xer-
xi sjobia Ronesa, Tu kaci moigonebsa~.
daiwyeb ra romelime movlenis SeswavliT, ma-
galiTis amoxsniT, ideiT an faqtiT Sen Seudge-
bi namdvil kvleviT muSaobas. movlenebis Ses-
wavlisas Caatareb dakvirvebebs da cdebs, daag-
roveb faqtebs. maT safuZvelze raRacas ivaraudeb,
e. i. Camoayalibeb egreT wodebul hipoTezas**.
dagebadeba kiTxvebi: ratom xdeba es? ra gamova
Tu gavakeTeb ase? ra SeiZleba gamovides am ma-
galiTidan? da ase Semdeg.
magaliTis an amocanis amoxsna, movlenis Sesas-
wavlad cdis an dakvirvebis Catareba, sxva da
sxva SesaZlo variantebis ganxilva, Sedegis miReba
an imis Segneba, rom dakavebuli xar raRac Rir-
seuliT, Sen siamovnebas moganiWebs (Tu es grZnoba
ar dageufleba, maSin sjobs sxva saqmes mohkido
xeli). zogierT SemTxvevaSi Sen aRmoaCen, rom
winaswar gansazRvruli gzebidan zogierTi
miznamde ar migiyvans. aseT SemTxvevaSi unda eZe-
bo axali ideebi da mimarTulebebi. cxadia gadaw-
yvetilebas iRebs mkvlevari, e. i. Sen.
gamokvlevebisas miznis misaRwevad arsebobs
sxvadasxva xerxebi. cxadia yvelas migneba da gamoy-
eneba Znelia. sasurvelia, Tu erTi da imave prob-
lemas sxvadasxva xerxiT gadawyvitav. yvela xerxi
* Tavisi batonobis gansamtkiceblad igi dapyrobil teritoriebze aarsebda gamagrebul qalaqebs _ aleqsandriebs.
daarsa daaxloebiT 70 aseTi qalaqi.
** hipoTeza (berZ. hypothesis varaudi) _ raime movlenis asaxsnelad wamoyenebuli mecnieruli varaudi, romlis
ueWveloba jer ar aris cdiT damtkicebuli.
9
nebs ZiriTadad Seiswavlis
mecniereba fizika (berZ.
Physis _ niSnavs bunebas).
igi aris erT-erTi Ziri-
Tadi mecniereba bunebis
Sesaxeb. didi italieli
mecnieri galileo ga-
lilei (1564-1642) ambob-
da: `maTematikuri sim-
boloebi aris is damwer-
galileo galilei.
loba, romliTac RmerTma
dawera bunebis udidesi wigni~.
gindaT SeicnoT garemomcveli samyaro,
buneba? iswavleT maTematika! da nurafers
daijerebT damtkicebis gareSe!
misaRebia, magram Sen amoarCie is, romelic ufro
mogwons. maTematikuri gamokvlevebis dros
yovelTvis asea: Sen mas SenTvis ufro moxerxe-
buli da sasiamovno mxridan Sexedav. magram
rogorc ar unda miudge, yovelTvis dagWirdeba
mondomeba, nebisyofa, warmosaxvis unari, orga-
nizebuloba da dro. magram mTavari mainc is
aris, rom gqondes amis survili da ganwyoba!
ganvixiloT umartivesi magaliTi: ra miiReba,
Tu 2347-s gamovaklebT 298-s?
pasuxis miReba SeiZleba sxvadasxva xerxiT:
1. qaRaldisa da fanqris gamoyenebiT saklebs
qveS miuweren maklebs:2347
_
298
Semdeg yvelasaTvis cnobili wesiT bolodan
TanmimdevrobiT asruleben gamoklebas:
a) 17 _ 8 = 9; b) 13_ 9 = 4; g) 2 _ 2 = 0 da
iReben 2049.
2. maklebs daumateben 2-s, miiReben 300 (e.i.
Seavseben mTel aseulamde). Semdeg
2347_300=2047. magram, radgan maklebi gaz-
ardes 2-iT, cxadia sxvaoba Semcirdeboda 2-
iT. e.i. saZiebeli pasuxis misaRebad saWiroa
2047+2=2049.
3. zogierTi moswavle (mag. laSa tabataZe, IV
kl.) cota ucnaurad asrulebs am moqmedebas,
magram sworad! ai ase:
a) 2347
_
298
10
b) 8 _ 7 = 1; g) 10 _ 1 = 9; d) 9 _ 3 = 6;
e) 10 _ 6 = 4; v) 200 _ 200 = 0 da bolos
iRebs pasuxs: 2049.
4. SeiZleba asec:
(2000 + 300 + 40 + 7) _ (200 + 90 + 8) = 2049.
5. kalkulatoriT.
cxadia nebismieri xerxi misaRebia!
magram sjobs vecadoT SevarCioT yvelaze mar-
tivi. am magaliTSi cxadia, yvelaze martivia
kalkulatoris gamoyeneba, magram winaswar
sxva xerxebis Seswavlaa saWiro!
6. sainteresoa, arsebobs kidev sxva xerxi?
yovelgvari gamokvleva SemoqmedebiTi Sro-
maa. aseTi Sroma ki adamians did siamovnebas ani-
Webs... kvleviTi moRvaweobis sfero ki aris mec-
niereba, romelic gamiznulia bunebis, sazoga-
doebis da azrovnebis Sesaxeb axali codnis ga-
mosamuSaveblad.
dasmul kiTxvebs da amoxsnis process xandax-
an amoxsnis magier mivyavarT axal kiTxvebamde.
raime axlis aRmoCenisas ar damSvidde. ikiTxe
(dafiqrdi) ratom da rogor xdeba igi.
magaliTisaTvis daakvirdi da Seiswavle pi-
Tagoras (berZeni maTematikosi) cxrili _ gam-
ravlebis cxrili:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
333=27 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
555=125 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60
7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70
8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80
9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
cxadia es cxrili SeiZleba gagrZeldes usas-
rulod, magram yvela ricxvs xom ver Cavwer-
diT? naturalur ricxvTa simravle: 1, 2, 3, 4...
usasruloa!
samravli (mamravli) ricxvebi: 1, 2, 3, ... 9, 10, ...
moTavsebulia pirveli svetis ujredebSi, xolo
mamravli (samravli) ricxvebi: 1, 2, 3, ... 9, 10, ...
ki _ zemodan pirveli striqonis ujredebSi.
danarCeni ricxvebi namravlebia.
magaliTad 37=73=21. amitom namravli 21
am cxrilis or sxvadasxva ujraSi weria (Sesa-
bamisi horizontaluri da vertikaluri mwkrive-
buneba, Sen da gamokvlevebi
bis gadakveTa). am cxrils Sen maTematikis gakveTi-
lebidan icnob da misi gamoyeneba Zalian advi-
lia.
magram, Tu Sen SegekiTxebian: namravlebis mo-
Zebnis garda ra aris saintereso am cxrilSi?
Sen SegiZlia bevri saintereso ram aRmoaCino
da dasmul kiTxvas upasuxo.
marTlac, SearCie romelime mamravli, vTqvaT
9. daakvirdi Sesabamis vertikalur svetSi an
horizontalur striqonSi daweril ricxvebs _
namravlebs (e.i. 9-ze gamravlebiT miRebul nam-
ravlebs). advilad mixvdebi, rom:
a) `yoveli namravli 9-iT metia Tavis wina
namravlze~,
b) `Tu 9 mravldeba luw ricxvze, namravli
luwia, xolo kentze _ kenti~,
g) `TiToeuli namravlis cifrTa jami to-
lia! da udris 9-s~.
axla wamoiWreba sxva kiTxvebic. ratom aris
namravlis cifrTa jami yovelTvis 9-s toli?
didi ricxvebis 9-ze gamravlebis drosac asea?
risi tolia gamravlebis cxrilSi sxva ricxve-
bze namravlis cifrTa jami? da sxva.
piTagoras cxrilSi gamoyofilia `kuTxeebi~,
daStrixuli da dauStrixavi. SearCie romelime
maTgani.
Sekribe masSi Cawerili ricxvebi da miRebu-
li jami Seadare Sesabamis samravls (an mamravls)
Tavis Tavze samjer gamravlebiT miRebul nam-
ravls. magaliTad:
3+6+9+6+3=27 da 333=27,
aRmoCnda toli!
ase moiqeci sxva `kuTxeebis~ SemTxvevaSic. Se-
giZlia Tu ara, dainaxo raime kanonzomiereba?
dagexmareba Tu ara es kanonzomiereba iwi-
naswarmetyvelo Semdegi? saidan miiReba es kanon-
zomiereba?
piTagora (Zv.w. VI saukune).
portreti rafaelis freskidan.
buneba, Sen da gamokvlevebi
gamokvlevaTa
gamokvlevebi, rom ufro efeqturi iyos da
rac SeiZleba meti sargebloba moitanos saWiroa
Sedegebis sistemaSi moyvana. maSin ufro advi-
lia axali kanonzomierebis SemCneva. aba, daakvirdi
9-ze gamravlebis Sesabamis svets, aq SeimCneva
garkveuli wesrigi (namravlebSi cifrebis gan-
lagebis mixedviT). es ricxvebi rom mTel fur-
celze iyos mimofantuli, usistemod (rogorc
Cvevia zogierT moswavles), maSin raRac wesrigis
danaxva da kanonzomierebis aRmoCena Zneli iqne-
boda.
bunebrivia gamokvlevebis dros dagebadeba sxva-
ra mniSvneloba
mniSvneloba
Tu imuSaveb gulmodgined, bejiTad, gamokv-
levebi ganaviTareben Sens warmosaxvas, inteleqts
da giCveneben rogor SeiZleba maTematikam migiy-
vanos aRmoCenamde. Seecdebi ra amoxsna amocana
an Seiswavlo movlena sxvadasxva xerxebiT, mo-
Zebni ra SenTvis sxvadasxva gzebs, Sen iswavli,
rogor unda ufro ukeT amoxsna ara marto
1 kargad daakvirdi holandieli mxatvris m. k. esxeris suraTs `belvederi~.
aRwere da imsjele dakvirvebis Sedegebis safuZvelze.
m. k. esxeri. `CanCqeri~. liTografia. 1961.
11
organizacia
organizacia
dasxva azrebi. maT Soris mniSvnelovani maSinve
unda Caiwero, imisaTvis, rom ar dakargo an ar
dagaviwydes. zogjer saWiroa suraTebis (naxaze-
bis) Caxatva, Sedegebis gaformebisaTvis cxrilebisa
da grafebis daxazva. gamoiyene SenTvis xelmi-
sawvdomi yvela xerxi. Canawerebi rom ufro mowes-
rigebuli iyos, gamoiyene ujredebiani an mili-
metrula qaRaldi. aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi
isargeble mikrokalkulatoriT. igi dagexmare-
ba swrafad miiRo zusti Sedegebi da rTuli
gamokvlevebi gaxado ufro xelmisawvdomi.
aqvs gamokvlevebs
maTematikuri, aramed cxovrebis mier dasmuli
yvela amocana. ganiviTaro zusti da naTeli
azrovneba. cxadia es mxolod dasawyisia did da
rTul gzaze `mogzaurebisaTvis~. yovelTvis unda
gaxsovdes kiTxvebi: ratom xdeba es? rogor moxde-
boda ama Tu im pirobebSi? ra iqneboda es rom
ase gavakeTo?
gisurvebT warmatebebs!
2 holandieli mxatvari moric kornelis
esxeri ambobs: `wisqvilis borbals var-
dnili wyali moZraobaSi moiyvans, Semdeg
or koSks Soris daxrili arxiT gaedineba
da ramdenime zigzagiT isev CanCqeris
saTavesTan miva. mxolod aucilebelia
drodadro wisqvils aorTqlebaze
dakarguli wyali davumatoT~.
Tqven rogor fiqrobT?
3
Seni azriT ra aris gamosaxuli am suraTze?
12 buneba, Sen da gamokvlevebi

4 5

romeli elifsia didi:

qveda Tu zeda SigniT? es wrewiria?

6 7

kvadratia Tu ara? rogor fiqrobT, aris am suraTebze kvadrati?

8 moifiqre iseTi figurebi, romlebic gamoiwveven optikur iluziebs.

9 amocanebi
1. davuSvaT, Sen da me gvaqvs erTnairi raodenobis Tanxa. ramdeni fuli unda mogce Sen me, rom Cemze
10 lariT meti gagixdes?
2. boTli Rvino Rirs 5 lari. Rvino 4 lariT Zviria boTlze. ra Rirs boTli?
3. vaWarma raRac saqoneli 7 larad iyida da 8 larad gayida. Semdeg igive saqoneli xelaxla iyida 9
larad da gayida 10 larad. ramdeni lari moigo man?
4. zoomaRaziaSi iyideboda didi da patara Tevzebi. didi orjer ufro Zviri Rirda pataraze. myidvelma
iyida 5 didi da 3 patara Tevzi. Tu is amis nacvlad iyidda 3 didsa da 5 patara Tevzs, gadaixdida 2
lariT naklebs. ra Rirda TiToeuli Tevzi?
5. 10 ZaRlsa da katas SeaWames 56 orcxobila. TiToeul ZaRls Sexvda 6 orcxobila, xolo TiToeul
katas _ 5. ramdeni iyo ZaRli da ramdeni kata?

Tavsatexi
cxrianis saidumloeba. dawereT nebismieri samniSna ricxvi, im pirobiT, rom pirveli da
bolo cifrebi gansxvavebuli iyos. es ricxvi Sebrunebuli TanmimdevrobiT dawere da dids
gamoakeli patara. yovelTvis aRmoCndeba saintereso kanonzomiereba: sxvaobis Sua cifri iqneba
9, agreTve pirveli da bolo cifrTa jamic 9!
es imas niSnavs, rom Sen sxvaobas swrafad gamoicnob, Tu gecodineba am sxvaobis pirveli an bolo
cifri.
Tu exla sxvaobas Cawer Sebrunebuli TanmimdevrobiT da am or ricxvs (sxvaobas da mis
Seqceuls) Sekribav, Sen yovelTvis miiReb 1089!
cxrianis aRniSnuli `saidumloeba~ kargi gasarTobi iqneba, Tu amasTan erTad gamoiyeneb
furcelze winaswar daweril ricxvs 6801, misi SebrunebiT miiReba 1089.
moifiqre gasarTobi, rom ufro saxaliso gaxdes da SesTavaze Sen amxanagebs.
cxrianis yvela `idumali~ Tviseba aixsneba im ubralo faqtiT, rom igi aris
aTobiTi sistemis bolo cifri.

 13

fibonaCis ricxvebi. ricxviTi mimdevrobebi

1202 wels, italiaSi gamovida naSromi maTematikaSi, saxelwodebiT `wigni abakze~ (berZ. aba-
kos _ saangariSo CarCo). misi avtori iyo qalaq pizaSi dabadebuli bonaCis vaJiSvili leonardo,
romelsac pizelebi leonardo fibonaCis (daaxl. 1180-1240 w.), mokled fibonaCis eZaxdnen (filius
Bonacci _ bonaCis vaJiSvili).
am wignSi mocemulia Tavsatexi. igi dRemde iqcevs maTematikosebis yuradRebas, im SesaniSnavi
ricxviTi mimdevrobis gamo, romelic Tavsatexis pasuxis Zebnisas miiReba. saocaria, rom es mim-
devroba sruliad moulodnel situaciebSic gvxvdeba.

Tavsatexi
sadRac, yvela mxridan SemoRobil adgilSi viRacam erTi wyvili axaldabadebuli kurdReli
gauSva, rom gaego ramdeni wyvili kurdReli daugrovdeboda erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. kur-
dRlebis buneba iseTia, rom erTi Tvis Semdeg wyvili kurdReli yovel TveSi aCens axal wyvils,
xolo axaldabadebuli wyvili ki _ ori Tvis Semdeg Tavisi dabadebidan. ramdeni wyvili
kurdReli dagrovdeboda Tormeti Tvis ganmavlobaSi erTi wyvili axaldabadebulisagan?
amoxsna
Seecade SeniSno kanonzomiereba, romlis Tanax- badebs _ . TiToeuli dambadebeli wyvili
madac xdeba kurdRlebis gamravleba! erTi Tvis Semdeg aCens Tavis Tavs da axal
SevTanxmdeT aseT aRniSvnebze: kurdRlebis
wyvili, romelic badebs axal wyvils, aRvniSnoT aradambadebel wyvils . erTi Tvis Semdeg
aseTi niSniT , xolo wyvili, romelic ar aradambadebeli wyvili gadadis dambade-

Tveebi sqema wyvilebis

raodenoba

I
ianvari 1

II
Tebervali 1

III
2
marti
IV
aprili 3

V 5
maisi
VI
ivnisi 8

VII
ivlisi
VIII
agvisto
IX
seqtemberi
14
belTa TanrigSi, magram ar iZleva axal
wyvils.
exla yuradRebiT ganixile qvemoT moyvanili
sqema (ukeTesi iqneba Tu, Senc daxazav da imsjeleb
zemoT moyvanili aRniSvnebis Sesabamisad).
aba, scade gaagrZelo sqema. Tu sworad im-
sjeleb VII TveSi (ivlisSi) wyvilebis raodeno-
ba aRmoCndeba 13, VIII TveSi (agvistoSi) _ 21,
IX TveSi (seqtemberSi) _ 34.
axla amovweroT miRebuli wyvilebis raode-
noba erT mwkrivSi: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5,
8, 13, 21, 34, ...
es aris fibonaCis mimdevrobis ramdenime sawyisi
wevri. am mimdevrobis gagrZeleba SeiZleba usas-
rulod. aseT ricxviT mimdevrobebs usasrulo
mimdevrobebs uwodeben (cxadia arsebobs sasru-
li mimdevrobebic).
Seecade fibonaCis mimdevroba gaagrZelo
damoukideblad. amisaTvis saWiroa rogorme miagno
is kanonzomiereba, romlis mixedviTac fibonaCim
miiRo igi. aba, daiwye mesame ricxvidan. rogor
aris is miRebuli wina ori ricxvisagan? aseve
daakvirdi am mimdevrobis nebismier wevrs da mis
win mdgom or wevrs (ricxvs). kanonzomiereba
miageni? kargia! e. i. fibonaCis mimdevrobis
yoveli wevri, dawyebuli mesamedan, udris
wina ori wevris jams.
maSin Sen miiRebdi aseT gagrZelebas:
... 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, ...
axla Tavsatexis kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema ad-
vilia. cxadia, Tormeti Tvis ganmavlobaSi
wyvilebis raodenoba iqneba 144.
maTematikidan SenTvis cnobilia, rom ricxve-
bi SeiZleba aRiniSnos asoebiT. mag. a, b, c da a.
S. ricxviTi mimdevrobis wevrebi aRvniSnoT ase:
pirveli wevri a1-iT, meore _ a2-iT, mesame _ a3-
iT da a. S. xolo nebismieri wevri an-iT _ me- n-e
wevri, sadac n naturaluri ricxvia. maSin
miviRebT ricxviT midevrobis zogad Canawers:
a1, a2, a3, ... an, ... sadac (n=1, 2, 3, ...).
fibonaCis mimdevrobis SemTxvevaSi: a1=a2=1,
a3=a1+a2=1+1=2,
a4=a2+a3=1+2=3,
..............
an=an-2+an-1 , n=3,4,...
an ase: Uk+2=Uk+1+Uk , k=1,2,..., U1=U2=1.
1 gaamravle fibonaCis mimdevrobis TiToeuli wevri nebismier erTi da igive
ricxvze. Seamowme xom ar miiReba isev fibonaCis mimdevroba? daamtkice zogadad
aRmoCenili Tviseba.
fibonaCis ricxvebi. ricxviTi mimdevrobebi
rogor moiqcevi Tu SegekiTxebian: ras udris
fibonaCis mimdevrobis magaliTad me-100
wevri? cxadia, mimdevrobas ganxiluli wesiT
gaagrZelebdi, magram me-100 wevris gansazRvramde
kalkulatoris gamoyenebiTac ki didi Sroma da
dro dagWirdeba. maSin rogor unda moviqceT?
gamosavali, ra Tqma unda, arsebobs, magram amisaT-
vis saWiroa mimdevrobis zogadi wevris gan-
sazRvris, e. w. bines formulis:
1 + 5 1 5
n n
1
an =
5 2 2
codna. magram misi miReba (an misi WeSmarite-
bis dasabuTeba maTematikuri induqciis meTo-
diT) maTematikis ufro met codnas moiTxovs.
amis Sesaxeb qvemoT vimsjelebT.
fibonaCis mimdevrobam SemdegSi gamoyeneba hpo-
va mecnierebaSi. igi cnobilia ara marto maTe-
matikosebisaTvis, aramed bunebis mkvlevarebisTvisac.
magaliTad, Tu xe itoteba yovel wels da
mesame wels aqvs ori Sto, maSin meoTxe wels
Cveulebrivad totebis raodenoba izrdeba 3-
mde, mexuTe wels _ 5-mde, meeqvse wels _ 8-mde,
da a. S. fibonaCis mimdevrobis Sesabamisad (sur. 1).
VI 8
V 5
IV 3
III 2
II 1
I
weli 1
sur. 1
SeiZleba fibonaCis mimdevrobis pirveli ori
wevri ar iyos erTianebi, aramed nebismieri ricx-
vebi. magaliTad: 4, 7, 11, 18, 29, 47, 76, 123,
aseT SemTxvevaSi mas uwodeben fibonaCis gan-
zogadobul mimdevrobas.
fibonaCis ricxvebi. ricxviTi mimdevrobebi 15
2 miRebuli mimdevroba dawere pirveli mimdevrobis qveS. Semdeg pirveli da meore mimdev-
robis wevrebi wevrobriv Sekribe (e. i. pirvels miumate pirveli, meores _ meore, mesames
_ mesame da a. S.). Seamowme miRebuli mimdevrobac, xom ar aris fibonaCis mimdevroba?
daamtkice zogadad es Tviseba.
3 es davalebebi Seamowme ramdenime ricxvisa da mimdevrobis SemTxvevaSi. ra SeiZleba vTqvaT
fibonaCis mimdevrobis Tvisebebis Sesaxeb?
4  daamtkice, rom: a) fibonaCis ganzogadebuli mimdevrobis pirveli n wevris jami
ganisazRvreba formuliT: Sn = an+2 _ a2;
b) miiRe analogiuri formula fibonaCis mimdevrobisaTvis.
5 daamtkice, rom fibonaCis mimdevrobis pirveli n wevris kvadratebis jami udris an . an+1.
miTiTeba: a k a k +1 a k 1 a k = a k (a k +1 a k 1 ) = a k2 .
6  daamtkice, rom mocemuli P = 4a perimetris mqone yvela marTkuTxedebidan udidesi
farTobi aqvs kvadrats.

Tavsatexi
1 dawere nebismieri fibonaCis ganzogadebuli mimdevrobis pirveli 10 wevri, Sen aTive wevris
jams swrafad miiReb, Tu bolodan meoTxe wevrs (Tavidan meSvides) 11-ze gaamravleb. (ra-
tom?) Seecade daamtkico.
es WeSmariteba Sen SegiZlia gamoiyeno gasarTobad: SesTavaze vinmes zemoT ganxiluli wesiT
Seadginos ganzogadebuli fibonaCos nebismieri mimdevroba da ipovos pirveli 10 wevris
jami ise, rom Sen ar icode. sTxove, giTxras bolodan meoTxe wevri. maSin 11-ze gamravlebiT
momentalurad etyvi saZiebel jams! magaliTad:
4+7+11+18+29+47+76+123+199+322=836. 76 11=836.
2  a) daxaze nebismieri marTkuTxa ABC samkuTxedi (sur. 2) da gaatare kaTetebis paraleluri
Suaxazebi. miiReb AA1C1B1B texils, romlis sigrZe kaTetebis sigrZeTa jamis tolia (Seamowme!).
analogiuri ageba Seasrule AA1C1 da BB1C1 samkuTxedebSi. miiReb AA2C2B2C1A3C3B3B
texils, romlis sigrZe kvlav kaTetebis sigrZeTa jamis tolia. gaagrZele aseTi ageba
miRebuli oTxi patara samkuTxedisaTvis da a. S. usasrulod (warmodgenaSi). cxadia, Tanda-
TanobiT yoveli axali texili mcirediT gansxvavdeba hipotenuzisagan da zRvarSi SeuTav-
sdeba mas. am texilebis sigrZe yovelTvis mudmivia da kaTetebis sigrZeTa jamis tolia.
maSasadame, AC+CB=AB! e. i. kaTetebis sigrZeTa jami hipotenuzis sigrZis tolia!
b) daxaze tolgverda samkuTxedi ABC (sur. 3) da dauSvi, rom misi gverdis sigrZe erTi
erTeulis tolia: AB=AC=CB=1 erT. Seasrule wina magaliTSi ganxiluli agebebi da Sen
geometriulad daamtkiceb, rom AC+CB=AB! e. i. 2=1! ra aris winaaRmdegobebis mizezi?
A
A

C2
A2
C1
A1
B2
C3
A3

C B1 B3 B C B
sur. 2 sur. 3


16

oqros kveTa. fidias ricxvebi

parTeEnoni

Zveli Taobis maTematikosebs kalkulatori ar hqoniaT. amitom maT didi Sroma uxdebodaT
angariSTan dakavSirebiT. Sen ki SegiZlia gamoiyeno kalkulatori da ipovo fibonaCis mimdevrobis
ori mezobeli ricxvis Sefardeba:
1:1=1; 2:1=2; 3:2=1,5; 5:31,666 ...; 8:5=1,6; 13:8=1,625; 21:131,615384 ...
Tu ase gaagrZeleb, Sen zRvarSi miuaxlovdebi usasrulo aTwilads 1,618034 ..., romelsac
asoTi aRniSnaven: 1,618034 ... 1,618. mas `fidias ricxvs~ an `oqros ricxvs~ uwodeben.
albaT bunebrivad dagebadeba kiTxva: fidia vin aris?

fidia (Pheidias) iyo Zveli welTaRricx-
vis V s. berZeni moqandake, maRali klasis war-
momadgeneli, Zveli berZnuli xelovnebis erT-
erTi udidesi ostati. daiba-
da aTenSi daaxloebiT Zv. w.
490 mxatvris ojaxSi. jer
swavlobda moqandake gegiasTan,
xolo Semdeg saxelganTqmul
skulptorTan ageladTan, rom-
lis saxelosnoSic Cawvda
brinjaos Camosxmis xelov-
nebas. misi qmnilebebidan gan-
sakuTrebiT popularulia aT- cxenis Tavi
ena promaqosis (aTena _ me- aRmosavleTis
brZolis) brinjaos Svid metriani kolosa-
luri figura, romelic sparselebze gamar-
jvebis aRsaniSnavad Zv. w. 460 aRmarTes aTe-
nis akropolisze sparselebis
mier ganadgurebuli taZrebis
nangrevebs Soris (akropolisi
_ berZ. akropolis _ antikuri
berZnuli qalaqis gamagrebuli
nawili, ganlagebulia ZiriTadad
amaRlebul adgilze). e. w. zeda
qalaqi, romelic warmoadgenda
cixesimagres. akropolisi _
parTenonis qarTulad Sidacixe, zedacixe,
frontonidan zedaqalaqi _ hqondaT Zvel qar-
oqros kveTa. fidias ricxvebi 17
Tul qalaqebsac: mcxeTas, Tbiliss, quTaiss,
arqeopoliss, anakofiss, vans da a. S. berZe-
ni istorikosi dion kasios kokeiani (155
an 164 - 229) Tavis `romis istoriaSi~
akropolisad ixsenebs mcxeTis Sidacixes
(zedacixes), igi mogviTxrobs, rom Zv. w. 65
romaelTa sardali pompeusi iberiaSi Sei-
Wra da miaRwia akropolisamde. mcxeTis am
nawils armazcixe ewodeba).
ZvelberZnuli xuroTmoZRvrebis isto-
riaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs aTe-
nis akropolisze nagebobaTa kompleqss. maT
SeqmnaSi wamyvani roli ekuTvniT gamoCenil
saxelmwifo moRvawes, brwyinvale orator-
s, Zveli elitis mxedarTmTavars periklesa
da udides moqandakes fidias, romelic Teq-
vsmeti weli emsaxura akropolisis mSeneb-
lobas. aTenis akropolisis mTavari nageboba
aris parTenoni (berZ. Parthenn<Parthenos
_ qalwuli), qalRmerTi aTena _ qalwulis
TeTri marmariloTi nagebi taZari, romlis
zomebia: 30,89m 69,54m; simaRle 10,43 m;
svetebis raodenoba 8 17. igi warmoadgens
Zveli berZnuli xelovnebis, msoflioSi erT-
erT yvelaze cnobil nagebobas (Zv. w. 447-
438, xuroTmoZRvrebi iqtine da kalikrate,
fidia. `olimpieli zevsi~. romauli asli, skulpturuli morTulobis xelmZRvaneli
inaxeba saxelmwifo ermitaJSi.
fidia). Zvel berZnebs swamdaT, rom taZris
Senoba warmoadgens RvTaebis saxls, es ki moiTxovda Caketil Senobas, centrSi ZiriTadi
sakulto qandakebiT. amitom mis centrSi fidiam dadga Tormeti metri simaRlis qrizoele-
fantiniT (xeze gadakruli spilos Zvlis da oqros furclebi) Seqmnili aTena parTenonis
qandakeba. Zveli mwerlebis gadmocemiT masze daixarja didi raode-
nobiT spilos eSvebi da TiTqmis 1160 kg oqro (q. S. IV s-Si
qandakeba waiRes konstantinopolSi, imperatoris sasaxleSi, sadac
xanZris gamo ganadgurda).

`aTena promaqosi~
(rekonstruqcia)
mdinaris RmerTi ilisi parTenonis dasavleTis frontonidan*
* fronton-i (frang. fronton) _ (arqit.). Senobis fasadis zemoTa, Cveulebriv samkuTxa nawili, romelic Semo-
sazRvrulia ormxriv daqanebuli saxuraviTa da karniziT.

2. j. kiknaZe
18 oqros kveTa. fidias ricxvebi

sami RmerTi parTenonis aRmosavleTis frontonidan

parTenonis fasadis frizi* Semkobili iyo Tenoni da ganadgurda xelovnebis bevri nimuSi.
metopebiT**, romlebzec gamosaxuli iyo ber- 1801 wels britaneTis elCma TurqeTSi
Znuli miTologiis Sesabamisi gamosaxulebebi: lord jeims brius elginma sulTanisagan mi-
RmerTebis brZola titanebTan, gmirebis _ ama- iRoO nebarTva, antikuri qandakebebisa da aTenis
zonkebTan***, lapiTebis _ kentavrebTan, berZ- taZrebidan reliefebis inglisSi gadatanis Se-
nebis mier troas dangreva da sxva uamravi saxeb. amotexes TiTqmis yvela figura, rac
qandakebebi. isini gamoxataven sinaTlis, sikeTis iyo darCenili parTenonis frontonebze da
da civilizaciis brZolas simxecisa da Camor- fasdaudebeli marmarilos xelovnebis nimuSebi
Cenilobisadmi. es miTebi alegoriulad gad- gemebiT inglisSi gadaitanes. didi xnis dis-
mocemdnen berZnebis brZolas da gamarjvebas kusiis Semdeg isini 1816 wels parlamentma
sparselebze. drom ar daindo parTenonis kazmu- SeiZina britaneTis muzeumisaTvis. amJamad iq
loba. jer kidev Sua saukuneebis gariJraJze inaxeba 15 metopi, 17 Zlier dazianebuli
taZari gaxda qristianuli eklesia da am dros qandakeba da 75,3 m sigrZis frizi.
ganadgurda parTenonis bevri qandakeba. 1460 gansakuTrebiT didi aRiareba moutana fidias
wels Turqebma dai pyres saberZneTi da par- `RmerTebisa da adamianebis mamis~ zevsis qanda-
Tenoni gadaakeTes meCeTad. 1687 wels, Tur- kebam, romelic idga olimpiaSi, zevsis taZarSi
qeTTan omis dros venecieli meomrebis gasro- (igi erT-erTia `msoflios Svidi saocre-
lilma Wurvma aafeTqa parTenonSi Turqebis bidan~). welamde SiSveli figura damzadebu-
denTis sawyobi. afeTqebis gamo daingra par- li iyo spilos ZvliT dafaruli xisagan, tan-
* friz-i (frang. frise) _ 1. (arqit.). antablementis Sua nawili (arqitravasa da karnizs Soris); kozmidi. 2. arSia,
bordiuri kedlisa, xaliCisa, parketisa.
** metop-i (berZ. metpon are Tvalebs Soris) _ (arqit.). Sualedebi triglifebs Soris frizze, amovsebuli filiT,
Cveulebrivad Semkuli reliefuri gamosaxulebebiT. antablement-i (frang. entablement) _ (arqit.). Senobis zeda
horizontaluri nawili, romelic kolonebs eyrdnoba da Sedgeba karnizis, frizisa da arqitravisagan. arqitrav-i
(frang. architrave) _ (arqit.). mTavari koWi, antablementis qveda nawili. triglif-i (berZ. triglyphos sami WriliT) _
(arqit.). marTkuTxovani qvebi, romlebsac sami vertikaluri Rari aqvs amokveTili.
*** amazon-i (berZ. amazn amorZali _ miTiuri meomari qali) _ (moZv.). 1. cxenosani qali. 2. qalis sacxenosno kaba.
oqros kveTa. fidias ricxvebi 19
sacmeli ki _ oqros nonis qandakebaze muSa-
furclebisagan (qri- obis dros fidias oq-
zoelefantiniT Sesru- ros moparva daabra-
lebuli). cameti met- les da daapatimres.
ri simaRlis taxtze igi Zv. w. 431 cixeSi
mjdomare zevss mar- gardaicvala!
jvena xelSi eWira ga- parTenonis fasadi
marjvebis simbolos kargad jdeba im mar-
qalRmerT nikes figura, TkuTxedSi, romlis
xolo marcxenaSi Zala- gverdebic miRebulia
uflebis simbolo _ egreT wodebuli
ski ptra Zvirfasi li- `oqros kveTis~ mixed-
Tonisagan naxelovnebi, viT. am marTkuTxedis
romelzec ijda arwi- sigrZe mis siganeze
vi. q. S. V s-Si olim- metia miaxloebiT
pieli zevsis qandakeba 1,618-jer _ fidias
gaanadgures qristianu-
ricxvjer. aseTi wesiT
li religiis fana- kentavris brZola lapiTTan agebul marTkuTxedebs
tikosma mimdevrebma, parTenonis samxreTi metopidan
`oqros marTkuTxede-
rogorc warmarTobis
bi~ ewodeba. cxrilSi mocemulia zogierTi
kerpi (sanimuSod warmodgenilia fidias ramde-
nime naqandakebi). maTganis zomebi metrebSi.
saocaria, rom umadurma Tanamemamuleebma ar modiT ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT `oqros
daindes udidesi moqandake da misi sicocxle kveTa~. xuTqimiani varskvlavi Tavisi srulyo-
tragikulad dasrulda. perikles politikurma filebiT gamudmebiT iqcevda adamianTa yura-
mowinaaRmdegeebma, misi uaxloesi TanamoRvawe- dRebas. piTagoras (Zv. w. VI s.) skolis moswav-
ebisa da maT Soris fidias winaaRmdeg wamoi- leebma _ piTagorelebma swored es varskvlavi
wyes rigi sasamarTlo procesi. aTena parTe- TavianTi kavSiris simbolod airCies. maTTvis is

Wabuki mxedrebi parTenonis dasavleTis frizidan

20 oqros kveTa. fidias ricxvebi

sigane sigrZe 1+ 5 (4)

=
2
1 1,618 xSirad ganixilaven patara monakveTis (b)
2 2 1,618 = 3,236 Sefardebas did monakveTTan (a):
3 3 1,618 = 4,854 b 1
. . =
. . a
. .
da aRniSnaven asoTi.
janmrTelobis amuletad iTvleboda (sagani,
1 5 1
romelsac atareben tanze). xuTqimiani varskv- = = (5)
2
lavi amJamad mravali
qveynis gerbebze da ( da aris berZnuli `fi~ asos beWdviTi
droSebzea gamosaxu- da xelnaweris formebi. igi miRebulia fidias
li. ratom aris igi pativsacemad).
mimzidveli? daak- kalkulatoris gamoyenebiT Sen advilad
virdi sur. 1-s, Zneli Seamowmeb, rom 1,618034... da 0,618034...
dasajerebelia ma- miiReba saintereso da saocari Sedegi: es
gram damtkicebulia ricxvebi usasrulo aTwiladebia (algebruli
monakveTebis Sefarde- ricxvebia), gansxvavdebian mxolod mTeli
sur. 1 nawiliT, danarCeni ricxvebi ki erTmaneTs
baTa toloba:
emTxveva. es faqti gamomdinareobs TviTon
AD:AC=AC:CD=AB:BC=AD:AE=AE:EC=... (1) kvadratuli gantolebidan. marTlac gar-
isargeble varskvlavis simetriulobiT da davqmnaT igi () -ze gayofiT da ase dava-
gaagrZele monakveTebis SefardebaTa tolobis lagoT: 1 = 1/.
mwkrivi. am tolobis marjvena mxare ki tolia -si.
albaT gainteresebs, ras udris ricxobrivad maSasadame = 1.
es Sefardeba? amis miReba SeiZleba, magram (*) gantolebidan 2 = 1 + , aqedan = 1 +
saWiroa kvadratuli gantolebis amoxsnis . am tolobis fesvis SigniT SevcvaloT misi
codna (Tu Sen es jer ar ici, SegiZlia gamo- toli 1+ -iT, maSin miviRebT: = 1 + 1 +
tovo). AD aRniSne a-Ti, AC ki _ b-Ti, e. i.
ADa; ACb da CD = a-b (naxazidan). maSin gantolebas. Tu wina proceduras kidev da
(1) toloba ase Caiwereba: kidev gavimeorebT usasrulobamde, miviRebT
a : b = b : (a - b). (2) fidias ricxvisaTvis lamaz formulas:
es toloba warmoadgens proporcias. gamoi-
(**)
yene proporciis ZiriTadi Tviseba _ kidura = 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+
wevrebis namravli udris Siga wevrebis nam-
ricxvisaTvis SeiZleba miviRoT kidev erTi
ravls da Sen miiReb:
lamazi formula:
a2 _ ab _ b2 = 0. (3)
1 .
am tolobis orive mxare gayavi b2-ze da =1+ (***)
1
1+
aRniSne -Ti. e. i. , maSin miiReb 1 + ...
kvadratul gantolebas: es formula miiReba Tu gardaqmnil gan-
tolebaSi:
2 _ _ 1 = 0. ()
= 1 + 1/, mniSvnelSi -s SevcvliT misi
am gantolebis fesvebia: toli gamosaxulebiT:

1 5 1
= =1+
2 1 da a.S. usasrulobamde.
1+
cxadia, meore fesvi uaryofiTia. is Cven ar
gvainteresebs. amitom miviRebT: rogor gavyoT monakveTi SefardebiT? far-
oqros kveTa. fidias ricxvebi
gliTa da saxazaviT aseTi gayofis wesi mocemulia
evklides `sawyisebSi~, romelic dawerilia Cven
welTaRricxvamde 300 wlis win. es wesi ase
unda gamoiyeno: aiRe
sibrtyeze raime AB
sur. 2 monakveTi (sur. 2). gaa-
tare B wertilSi AB-
s marTobi BC monakve-
Ti ise, rom BC = AB/
2. Semdeg SeaerTe A
da C wertilebi monak-
veTiT. C wertili miiRe centrad da Semoxaze
CB radiusiT wrewiris rkali AC-s gada-
kveTamde N wertilSi. Semdeg A wertili mi-
iRe centrad da Semoxaze AN radiusiT NM
rkali. M wertili AB monakveTs gayofs -
is toli SefardebiT:
= AM : MB = AB : AM.
mravali mkvlevaris azriT, proporcia, romlis
Sefardebebi tolia ricxvis, yvelaze ufro
sasiamovnoa adamianis TvalisaTvis.
didi italieli mxatvari leonardo da vin-
Ci Tvlida, rom adamianis sxeulis idealuri
proporciebi dakavSirebuli iyo ricxvTan.
am Sefardebas man `RvTaebrivi proporcia~*
uwoda. termini `oqros kveTa~ xmarebaSi XIX
s-Si Semovida. radgan = 1/ 0,618. Soris moZebnes:
amitom
= MB : AM = AM : AB da AM 0,618 . AB,
maSin cxadia MB 0,372 . AB.
amrigad, `oqros kveTis~ nawilebi miaxloe-
biT mTelis 0,618-sa da 0,372-is tolia.
aRorZinebis xanaSi `oqros kveTa~ Zalian
popularuli iyo. mas xSirad iyenebdnen mx-
atvrebi, moqandakeebi da arqiteqtorebi. `oqros
marTkuTxedis~ formas aZlevdnen suraTebs,
wignebs, magidebs, safosto baraTebs da sxva.
SemdegSi wignebsa da sxva qaRaldis nawarms
a aa misces marTkuTxedis
forma, romlis gver-
debis Sefardeba udris
a22 2 . es imasTanaa dakav-
Sirebuli, rom misi
Suaze gakecvisas miiReba
ori marTkuTxedi gver-
sur. 3
debis imave fardobiT
(sur. 3).
am azriT `oqros marTkuTxedsac~ aqvs sain-
tereso Tviseba. Tu misgan movWriT kvadrats,
maSin darCeba isev `oqros marTkuTxedi~. es
* 1509 wels leonardo da vinCis ilustraciebiT italiaSi gamoica luka paColis traqtati saxelwodebiT `De
Divina Proportione~ (`RvTaebrivi proporcia~).
** transcendentuli (laT. transcendentis) rac zRvars scildeba), (maTem). iracionaluri, rasac algebrulad ver
gamoiangariSeben, rac algebrulad ar gamoisaxeba.
21
procesi SeiZleba
usasrulod gavagr-
ZeloT! Tu gava-
tarebT pirveli da
meore marTkuTxe-
dis diagonalebs,
maSin maTi gadakve-
Tis wertili ekuTv-
nis yvela SesaZlo
`oqros marT- sur. 4
kuTxedebs~
(Seamowme damoukideblad).
arsebobs `oqros samkuTxedic~ (sur. 1) su-
raTze GEF an AEF. cxadia es aris tolferda
samkuTxedi, romlis ferdisa da fuZis sigrZee-
bis Sefardeba -is tolia. agreTve arsebobs
`oqros kuboidi~. igi warmoadgens marTkuTxa
paralelepipeds, romlis wiboebis sigrZeebia:
, 1, (sur. 4).
Zveli drois mrvali maTematikosi cdilob-
da, moeZebna kavSiri da ricxvebs Soris,
magram maTi cda marcxiT damTavrda. da ici
ratom? es ricxvebi sxvadasxva bunebisaa: _
algebruli ricxvia, xolo _ transcenden-
tuli**. magram miaxloebiTi Tanafardoba maT
1,2 2 .
 `oqros marTkuTxedis ~ ageba
fibonaCis ricxvebis gamoyenebiT.
fibonaCis ricxvebis gamoyenebiT Sen Segi-
Zlia furcelze aago `oqros marTkuTxedi~.
pirvelad SearCie erTi patara kvadrati da
Semoxaze igi, daumate meore aseTive kvadrati.
sur. 5
aage grZel gverdze kidev erTi kvadrati,
Semdeg analogiurad kidev da kidev (sur. 5).
22 oqros kveTa. fidias ricxvebi

rac ufro didxans gaagrZeleb am process, miT 4. gaagrZele fuZe rkalis gadakveTamde.
ufro miuaxlovdebi `oqros marTkuTxeds~. aba, 5. aRmarTe misadmi marTi kuTxiT monakveTi
daakvirdi ra SuaSia aq fibonaCis ricxvebi? kvadratis zeda gverdis gagrZelebis gada-
 .`oqros marTkuTxedis~ ageba kveTamde (3). miiReb CDEF `oqros mar-
fargliTa da saxazaviT. misi
TkuTxeds~ (4).
daSla kvadrtebad.
6. oqros marTkuTxedi daSale kvadratebad
1. aage kvadrati da gayavi or tol marT- ise rogorc suraTzea (5). daakvirdi kvad-
kuTxedad (1). ratebis wveroebi razea ganlagebuli?
2. gaatare AB diagonali (2). oqros marTkuTxedis aseTi daSla war-
3. A wertili gamoiyene centrad da AB moadgens mxolod erTianebisagan Sedgeni-
radiusiT Semoxaze wrewiris rkali (3). li jaWvuri wiladis (***) geometriul
saxes _ interpretacias*.
1 2

3 4
5

1L ganixile wesieri aTkuTxedi, romlis gverdis sigrZea 1. misi centri

SeaerTe aTkuTxedis or mezobel kuTxis wveroebTan da miiReb `oqros
samkuTxeds~ _ daamtkice.
2L 2R-is. gansazRvre wesier aTkuTxedze
SenTvis cnobilia, rom wrewiris sigrZe tolia 2
Semoxazuli wrewiris radiusi da am wrewiris sigrZe.
3L gamoiyene perimetris cneba da dauSvi, rom wesieri aTkuTxedis perimetri da Semoxazuli
wrewiris sigrZe daaxloebiT tolia, maSin Sen miiReb miaxloebiT kavSirs da
ricxvebs Soris. rogoria es kavSiri? da aqedan gamomdinare ras udris ?
4L ras udris `oqros kuboidze~ Semoxazuli sferos zedapirisa da oqros kuboidis
sruli zedapiris farTobis Sefardeba?
5L ras udris `oqros kuboidis~ diagonalis sigrZe? misi sruli zedapiris farTobi?
6L risi toli iqneba `oqros kuboidze~ Semoxazuli sferos radiusi?
7L 4R2-is, (sadac 3,14... _ wrewiris
cnobilia, rom sferos zedapiris farTobi tolia 4
sigrZis Sefardeba mis radiusTan araperioduli aTwiladia _ transcendentuli ricx-
via). ras udris `oqros kuboidze~ Semoxazuli sferos zedapiris farTobi?

8L a) = 2 + 2 2 + 2 ... . 1
daamtkice: b) = 2 .
1
2+
1
2
9 amocana 2 + ...
milionerma erT-erT bankSi gaxsna angariSi da Seitana gansazRvruli x Tanxa. meored ki _ y
Tanxa, ise rom orive Setanili Tanxa warmoadgenda dolarebis mTel ricxvs. meanabris mier yoveli
momdevno Senatani Tanxa warmoadgenda wina ori Setanili Tanxis jams. rigiT meoce Setanili Tanxa
Seadgenda zustad milion dolars. Tavdapirvelad ramdeni x da y dolari Seitana meanabrem bankSi?
* interpretacia (laT. interpretatio) _ risame azris axsna, ganmarteba.


 23

egviptis paramidebi da oqros kveTa

sarkofagidan* dgeba mumia.** ra siCumea. haeri lurji abreSumia . . .

da saukuneT rigs Tvlis mumia: mziani dRea, Tu samumia.***
galaktioni

sur. 1. piramidebis kompleqsi gizaSi.

marjvniv, Sors xeofsis piramidaa, SuaSi _ xefrenis, marcxniv _ mikeranis.
daaxloebiT saukunenaxevris win qristes
Sobamde saxelganTqmulma berZenma maTematikosma
filon bizantielma dawera mcire traqtati
`samyaros Svidi saocreba~. am patara rito-
rikuli stiliT daweril TxzulebaSi man mok-
led agviwera Tavis mier SerCeuli samyaros
Svidi namdvili saocreba _ antikuri saoc-
rebebi:
didi piramida _ xufus (xeofsis) gizaSi,
aleqsandriis Suqura,
babilonis dakidebuli baRebi,
rodosis kolosi,****
mauzolusis akldama halikarnasSi,
artemides taZari efosSi,
zevsis qandakeba olimpoSi.
Suqurisa da dakidebuli baRebis gamoklebiT,
yvela es saocreba religiuri Zeglebi, anu
RvTismosaobis qmnilebebia (magaliTad, rodo-
sis kolosi mzis RmerTis, heliosis qandakebaa).
amaTgan, Tu ar gaviTvaliwinebT mcire nangrevebs
mauzolusis akldamisas (aqedanaa sityva `mav-
zoleumi~) da artemides taZrisas efosSi,
SemorCenilia mxolod erTi _ xeofsis pira-
mida. es erTaderTi SemorCenili saocreba, amave
dros saocrebaTa Soris uZvelesicaa. igi sxveb-
ze ori aTasi wliT adre iyo aRmarTuli,
amasTan, sayovelTao aRiarebiT, yvelaze metad
gansacvifrebeli, Tumca ara mxolod Tavis siZ-
veliT. klasikur avtorebs, herodotedan moyo-
lebiT, vinc moinaxula piramidebis zegani 4

* sarkofagi (berZn. sarkophagos) _ Zvel qveynebSi, kerZod, egvipteSi: qvis kubo; saflavis qva kubos formisa; patara
akldama.
~
** mumia (arab. mumija) _ gaxrwnisagan dabalzamebiT (an bunebrivad) daculi adamianis gvami (an cxovelis leSi);
gvamebis mumiebad qceva gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli iyo Zvel egvipteSi.
~
*** samumi (samumma) _ (arab. samum) _ mSrali, cxeli qari arabeTisa da CrdiloeT afrikis udabnoebSi, romelsac
gadaaqvs silisa da mtvris Rrublebi.
**** kolosi (berZ. kolossos) _ uzarmazari qandakeba.
24 egviptis piramidebi da oqros kveTa

saukunis ganmavlobaSi qristemde, ar gaaCndaT

garkveuli codna siZvelis Sesaxeb, Tumca
icodnen, rom igi Zalze Zveli iyo. maTze STabeW-
dilebas axdenda misi uzarmazari zoma _ qvis
mTa, kacis xeliT nagebi da saocari xelovneba
konstruqciisa.
xufus (xeofsis) piramida, xafras (xefrenis)
da menkauras (mikeranis) piramidebTan erTad
qmnis Zveli egvi ptis nekropolis* kompleqss,
romelic Zveli samefos epoqaSi (Zv. w. XXVIII-
XXII ss. III-IV dinastiebi) gizaSi iqna agebuli.
(sur. 1) am ansamblis Seqmnis dros, adgilis
5
SerCevidan dawyebuli yovelgvari wvrilmani
didi sizustiT iqna gaTvaliswinebuli. igi
nilosis dasavleT sanapiroze CrdiloeTis
ganedis 300 paralelzea ganlagebuli, sarwyavi
miwebisa da libiis mkvdari udabnos qvian grun-
tian sazRvarze. Zveli egvi ptelebis rwmeniT, 3

Camavali mzis mxare sikvdilis sasufeveli 1 5

2
iyo. snofrus (IV dinastiis, daaxl. Zv. w.
2613-2498 pirveli faraoni) memkvidreebma Tavi-
anTi sasufevlis adgilad dRevandeli giza A O F D O B
airCies, radganac es adgili akmayofilebda
a
geodeziur, astronomiul Tu sakulto xasiaTis d
yvela moTxovnas.
sur. 2. piramidebis ansamblis agebis
micvalebulis `maradiuli saxlis~ _ pira- sqema gizaSi.
midis konstruqcia religiuri warmodgenebis
kuTxeebi praqtikulad erT wrfeze mdebareobs.
Sesabamisi unda yofiliyo. samive piramida sam-
xeofsisa da xefrenis piramidebis cenrtebi
yaros mxareebis mimarT sakmaod zustad aris
Zevs erT wrfeze (xeofsis piramidis fuZis
orientirebuli _ maTi samxreT-aRmosavleTis
diagonalis Tanxvdenil wrfeze), romelic

en
visak
a
skvl
var
a

0 10 20 30 40 50 m

sur. 3. xeofsis piramidis samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken Wrili.

3. mdinare nilosis maqsimaluri done;
4. mdinare nilosis minimaluri done

* nekropolisi (berZ. nekropolis) _ Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebsa da antikur samyaroSi: sasaflao, samarxi.
egviptis piramidebi da oqros kveTa
momcro piramidis (mikeranis) Crdilo-dasavleT
kuTxis wveroze gadis (sur. 2). Sesasvleli
moTavsebulia CrdiloeTis mxridan, saidanac
Casvla SeiZleboda miwisqveSa senakSi ise, rom
masSi SeRweuliyo gveleSapis Tanavarskvla-
vedis alfa varskvlavis sinaTlis sxivi (sur. 3),
piramidebis mSeneblobis epoqaSi es varskvlavi
iTvleboda samyaros polusad.
konstruqciis gaangariSebis dros saWiro
iyo saaRmSeneblo wesebis mTeli kompleqsis
gaTvaliswineba: piramidis fuZis kvadratis
farTobis gamoTvla, gruntis SesaZleblobebis
gaangariSeba, rom gaeZlo uzarmazari qvis mTis
wnevisaTvis. amis Sesabamisad iqna dadgenili
fuZesTan gverdebis daxris kuTxe: xeofsis _
51052; xefrenis _ 52020; mikeranis _ 510.
piramidis wiboebi wverosTan gadaikevTebian
63026 kuTxiT, romelic miaxloebiT Seesabameba
fxvieri sxeulebis _ mocemul SemTxvevaSi
silis (RorRis) mTis mier Seqmnil kuTxes.
varaudoben, rom xeofsis piramida aago
xuroTmoZRvarma xemiunma (faraonis naTesavma)
daaxloebiT Zv. w. 2 600. mis agebaze daixarja
daaxloebiT 2 590 000 m 3 granitis qva.
(2 300 000 qvis blokebi da filebi; saSualod
TiToeuli qvis blokis moculoba 1m 3-is
tolia, masiT 2,5 tona; zogierTi blokis masa
50 tonaa, sul saWiro iyo daaxloebiT
6 000 000 tona masis qva _ e. i. 600 000 vagoni.
granits ezidebodnen axlandeli asuanis
midamoebidan, romelic daaxloebiT 1000 km
manZiliTaa daSorebuli piramididan), misi
Tavdapirveli simaRle 146,59 m (amJamad 137 m)
iyo, gverdis sigrZe _ 232,05 m (amJamad 230 m).
piramida agebulia duRabis gareSe. blokebis
gadasatanad mxolod Tokebsa da berketebs
iyenebdnen, radgan sxva saSualebebi maSin ar
arsebobda. mopirkeTebulia gasaocari sizustiT
erTmaneTze morgebuli kirqvis samwaxnagovani
filebiT. drom Secvala piramidebis garegnuli
saxe, mxolod xefrenis piramidis sul zeda
nawilzea SemorCenili mzis mcxunvale mxares
sxivebiTYgaxunebuli mopirkeTebis niSnebi.
gizas piramidebs klasikurs uwodeben. egvip-
tis Zveli samefos arqiteqturaSi klasikuri
piramidis forma erTbaSad ar Camoyalibebula.
mas win uswrebda grZelvadiani kvlevebi. pirami-
debis fuZemdeblad iTvleba III dinastiis fa-
raonis joseris safexurebiani, erT-erTi
pirveli piramida (daaxl. Zv. w. 2700, simaRle
60 m, mis aSenebas ukavSireben xuroTmoZRvar
25
imhotempis saxels). IV dinastiis pirveli
faraonis snofris akldamebi medumSi da
daSurSi warmoadgenen gardamaval etaps gizis
kompleqsis klasikuri piramidebis Seqmnis
gzaze. piramidebis formebis Camoyalibebis
procesSi xuroTmoZRvrebma upiratesoba fuZeSi
kvadrats mianiWes, vidre marTkuTxeds (joseris
safexurebiani piramida agebulia marTkuT-
xedovan fuZeze). qvis blokebis damuSavebisa
da dawyobis (duRabis gareSe) teqnikis damu-
Savebam mSeneblebs saSualeba misca nageboba
ufro swori geometriuli formis aegoT. maT
konstruqciebSi miRweulia srulyofis zRvari
_ mwyobri proporciebi mTeli moculobis
masas awonasworeben. nagebobas uryev sidiades
aZleven. egvi ptelebma erT-erTi yvelaze mar-
tivi da mkacri geometriuli figuris far-
glebSi ulamazes maTematikur amoxsnas miagnes,
romlis safuZvelzec gizas mTeli ansambli
(piramidebi, taZrebi da faraon xefrenis didi
sfinqsi) oqros kveTis proporciebzea age-
buli (sur. 2). konstruqciis arcerTi elementi,
qvis blokebis zomebidan dawyebuli, Siga saTav-
soebisa da faraonis dasakrZalavi sakaniT dam-
Tavrebuli zogadi TanaSezomvidan ar gamo-
dis. sur. 2-ze naCvenebiaBmonakveTis dayofa
oqros kveTis Sesabamisad:
AB/AO = AO/ OB = = 1,618... aseve
AB/BF = BF/ AF = = 1,618.. sadac
AD = DB = 1 erTeuls.
amave suraTze naCvenebia: kvadratis diagonali
2 , samkuTxedis hi potenuzebi 3 da 5 .
gizaSi piramidebis ansamblis sqemaze am propor-
ciebis gamoyenebaa naCvenebi.
Zveli egvi pturi Zeglebis Seswavlisa da
analizis safuZvelze aRmoCnda, rom yvela isini
geometriuladaa agebuli. Tanamedrove arqiteq-
torebma, mxatvrebma gazomes ra mTeli rigi
Zeglebi, daadgines, rom praqtikulad nebismieri
Zveli egvi pturi kompoziciebi mkacr maTe-
matikur sqemaSi Tavsdeba. amasTan geometriuli
figurebi, romlebSic Caixazeba kompoziciis
TiToeuli elementi, ar gamodis umartivesi _
samkuTxedis, kvadratis, wrewirisa da sxva
nakvTebis sazRvrebidan. Zveli egvi ptis xelov-
nebis harmoniuli erTianoba `haromiis algeb-
ridan~ gamomdinareobs, sadac konstruqciuli
da mxatvrul-esTetikuri azrovneba urRvev
erTianobas warmoadgenen.
radgan Cvenamde ar mouRwevia sistemur
Teoriul debulebebs, savaraudoa, rom isini
26 egviptis piramidebi da oqros kveTa

gens, sawyisi me-9 monakveTi (M) sidide moce-

muli kompoziciis maqsimalur zomas Seesabameba.
Catarebulma agebam Cven mogvca mxolod
proporciuli skalis gamosaxvis geometriuli
forma, sadac sidideebi ganlagebulia zrdis
mixedviT _ R, I, E N, O, S, C, A.** maTi ricxviTi
mniSvnelobebis dadgena imave agebidan SeiZleba,
Tu gamoTvlebis gamartivebis mizniT sawyisi
kvadratis gverdis sigrZes 2-is tolad mivi-
RebT. es ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi saxelde-
buli ar aris, amitom isini iZlevian saSualebas
nebismieri sigrZis sazomi erTeuli gamoviyenoT,
es iqneba Zveli: idayvi, terfi, muSti, romliTac
Zveli egvi ptelebi sargeblobdnen, Tu Tanamed-
rove metruli sistema.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ar arsebobs araviTari
dokumenturi monacemebi, iyenebdnen Tu ara Zveli
egviptelebi proporciuli sidideebis sistemas,
sur. 4. geometriuli agebebi, romlebic magram maTi monawileoba SeimCneva Zvelegviptur
gansazRvraven rva proporciul sidideebs yvela ZeglSi dawyebuli piramididan da damTav-
RDH sistemaSi. rebuli mcire formis nebismieri nawarmoebiT.
TavianT SemoqmedebaSi albaT praqtikuli Sede- maTi aRmoCena SeiZleba gazomvebiT, es ki
gebis ganuxreli logikiT midiodnen. esaa gza moaxerxes arqiteqtorebma: am mxriv pirvel
dakvirvebebisa da Sedegebis. Catarebulma ana-
lizma aCvena, rom Zveli egvi ptis saxviTi
xelovnebis Zeglebi, gamonaklisis gareSe, pro-
porciebis struqturis Sesabamisadaa agebuli.
igi warmoadgens rva sididisagan Sedgenil
skalas, romelic miRebulia mecxredan _
sawyisidan, romelic mTeli kompoziciis maqsi-
mums Seesabameba. piramidebisaTvis aseT sidided
misi fuZis kvadratis gverdis sigrZea miRebuli,
qandakebisaTvis _ simaRle, reliefis kompo-
ziciisaTvis an moxatvisaTvis _ mTeli velis
maqsimaluri zoma, romelSic scena horizon-
talurad Tu vertikaluradaa moxatuli.
piramidebis konstruqcias safuZvlad udevs
oqros kveTis proporciebi (sur.4). warmovid-
ginoT, rom misi fuZis Wrilis kvadratis gver-
debi dayofilia oqros kveTis Sesabamisad.
dayofis wertilebidan gatarebuli diago-
nalebi gadakveTisas warmoqmnian or kvadrats,
romelTa gverdebic agreTve oqros kveTis
Sesabamisad daiyofa. am kvadratebis mopirda-
pire wveroebisa da gadakveTis wertilebis
SeerTebiT miiReba rva monakveTi. es rva sidide sur. 5. moxele anxirptis gamosaxuleba.
RDH* (Rapports Divine Harmonie _ RvTaebrivi Zveli samefo.
harmoniis gadmocema) proporciul skalas Sead-
*abreviatura (ital. abbreviatura < laT. brevis mokle) _ sityvebis Semokleba.
** es asoiTi aRniSvnebi aRebulia frangi arqiteqtoris furne de koras naSromebidan, romelic Tavis mxriv man
aiRo petrus talemarianusisagan, romelic iyenebda formulas, sadac miniSnebuli iyo saxeli ARSENICOM.
egviptis piramidebi da oqros kveTa 27

2 5

mjdomare mwerali
Zveli egvipte. V dinastia daaxl. Zv. w. 2500. A C O D B
SeRebili kirqva. simaRle 53 sm.
luvri, parizi sur. 6. kanonikuri tipis mwerlis qandakebis
ageba oqros kveTis proporciebSi.

rogSi aRsaniSnavia frangi arqitetoris a. furne SeZlo yvela Zvelegvipturi xelovnebis Zegleb-
de koras naSromi `egvipturi proporciebi da Si gamonaklisis gareSe rva proporciuli
RvTaebrivi harmoniis Tanafardobebi~. avtorma Tanafardobis monawileobis aRmoCena.

sur. 7. sfinqsi gizaSi.

28 oqros kveTa. fidias ricxvebi

radgan agebis safuZvels warmo-

adgens oqros kveTis proporcia,
romelic iZleva oqros ricxvs _
fidias ricxvs = 1,618..., igi
warmoadgens usasrulo aTwilads
_ iracionalur ricxvs, amitom
RDH skalis proporciuli sidi-
deebic iracionaluri ricxvebiT
gamoisaxeba, romlebic agreTve usas-
rulo aTwiladebia. Zveli egvi p-
telebi icnobdnen iracionalur
ricxvebs da maTTvis miTologiur
warmodgenebSi ganuzRvrelobisa da
usasrulobis cnebebi arsebobda.
proporciuli Tanafardobebi
Zvelegvi ptur plastikaSi xelov-
nurad ar iyo Setanili. es TviT
bunebam gansazRvra: adamianis figura
mis anatomiur agebulebaSi Seicavs
proporciebs, romelic gansazRvru-
lia oqros kveTiT da gamoisaxeba
C oqros ricxvis ( = 1,618...)
xarisxebiT (sur. 5) da (sur. 6).
FB OB Cveulebrivad sfinqsis Tavi
= =
OB OF warmoadgens ama Tu im faraonis
konkretul gamosaxulebas, rome-
lic Serwymulia lomis tanTan
O D O
F B (sinkretuli saxe). gizis sfinqsSi
OB = A + S
FB = M gamoxatulia faraon xefrenis saxe
FO = A
S (sur. 7). mxolod zustad damu-
Savebuli proporciuli Tanafar-
sur. 8. faraon exnatonis, dedofal nefertitisa da dobebis sistemis saSualebiT iyo
princesas gamosaxulebiani stela. kompoziciis agebis SesaZlebeli monoliTuri kldi-
sqema RDH proporciuli skalis sistemaSi. dan veberTela monumentis, 57 m
sigrZis gizis sfinqsis gamokveTa.
proporciebis sitema safuZvlad
daedo arqiteqturis, qandakebis, mxatvrobis organul sinTezs da kompoziciis Semadgeneli
nawilebis urTerTSerwymas. es ki imaze mianiSnebs, rom Zvelegvi pturi kanonis sitema
Camoyalibebulia. zogadad kanoni aris proporciuli Tanafardobis skala, romlis nawi-
lebic gamonaklisis gareSe monawileoben yvela Zvelegviptur xelovnebis ZeglebSi,
ganTavsebulni arian yvela tipis gamosaxulebebis mkacrad dadgenil sistemaSi da
kompoziciis yvela nawilebs Soris Tanazomierebas uzrunvelyofen.
sur. 8-ze naCvenebia RDH proporciuli skalis sistemaSi faraon exnatonis, dedofal
nefertitisa da princesas gamosaxulebebiani stelis* kompoziciis agebis sqema. aq stelis
sigane miRebulia ZiriTad sidided (FB monakveTi), romelic oqros kveTis Sesabamisad aris
dayofili: FO = A da OB = A + S monakveTebad da im wrewirebis radiusebs warmoadgenen,
romlebSic exnatonisa da nefertitis figurebi gamoisaxeba.

~ ~
* stela (berZ. stele ) _ qvis fila, romelzedac warwera an reliefuri gamosaxulebaa.
 29

ricxvebis idumali samyaro

`RmerTma Seqmna naturaluri ricxvebi, yvela danarCeni adamianis mogonilia~.

leopold kronekeri

naturaluri ricxvebi dawere Tanmimdevro-
biT, miiReb naturalur ricxvTa mimdevrobas:
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, ...
am mimdevrobis wevrebidan zogierTi:
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ...
iyofa mxolod Tavis Tavze da erTze, maSas-
adame aqvs mxolod ori gamyofi. sxvebi:
4, 6, 8, 10, 12, ...
iyofa ara marto Tavis Tavze da erTze,
aramed sxva ricxvebzec. e. i. aqvs sxva gamyofebic.
ricxvs, romelsac aqvs mxolod ori
gamyofi, martivi ewodeba. danarCen
ricxvebs ki _ Sedgenili.
ricxvi 1 ar iTvleba arc martivad da arc
Sedgenilad, radgan mas aqvs mxolod erTi
gamyofi _ Tavisi Tavi.
ricxvebis aseTi dayofa SemoiRo berZenma
maTematikosma piTagoram (Zv. w. VI s.).

martivi
martivi ricxvebi
ricxvebi
ricxvTa mwkrivSi (mimdevrobaSi) kanonzom- vxazoT 3-is jeradi Sedgenili ricxvebi dawye-
ierebis aRmoCena sasiamovno movlenaa maTema- buli 3-dan _ yoveli mesame (zogierT SemTx-
tikosebisaTvis. es kanonzomierebani SeiZleba vevaSi mogvixdeba ricxvebis orjer gadaxazva,
gamoyenebuli iqnas garkveuli varaudebis _ esenia 2-isa da 3-is jeradi). amis Semdeg gada-
hipoTezebis agebisaTvis, damtkicebebisa da Teorie- vxazavT 5-is jerad Sedgenil r icxvebs: dawye-
bis SemowmebisaTvis. buli 5-dan yovel mexuTes. (aqac zogjer me-
maTematikosebi martivi ricxvebis gansazRvri- ored gadaixazeba zogierTi ricxvi) da natu-
saTvis iyeneben sxvadasxva xerxs, magram dRemde ralur ricxvTa mwkrivSi 1-dan 25-mde darCeba
erTaderTi WeSmaritad efeqturi xerxi mogvca Semdegi martivi ricxvebi:
berZenma maTematikosma da astronomma era- 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23.
tosTenma (Zv. w. 276-194). es xerxi 2000 welze amis Semdeg igives gavimeorebT 7-ze, Semdeg
meti xnisaa. gairkva, rom martivi ricxvebi ar 11-ze da a. S.
emorCilebian garkveul kanonzomierebas _ `eratosTenes saceris~ erT-erTi varianti
swored esaa maTi Tviseba. warmodgenilia cxrilSi: aq
eratosTenes meTodiT 1 dan _ 50-mde martivi
SeiZleba SevadginoT cxri- ricxvebi rgolSia Casmuli.
li da ganvsazRvroT, mar- Sen SegiZlia gaagrZelo
tivia Tu ara romelime es cxrili da 100-mde ipo-
ricxvi. mas `eratosTenes vo danarCeni martivi ricx-
saceri~ ewodeba. vnaxoT vebi. cxrilSi 5-is jeradi
rogor SeiZleba am sacer- ricxvebi dalagebulia di-
iT `gavcxriloT~ Sedgeni- agonalze marjvnidan marcx-
li ricxvebi naturaluri niv, xolo 7-is jeradi ricx-
ricxvebis mwkrividan: pirve- vebi _ diagonalze marcx-
lad gadavxazoT ricxvi 1. nidan marjvnisaken.
is arc martivia, arc Sedge- yvelaze didi martivi
nili. Semdeg gadavxazoT 2- ricxvi romelia?
is jeradi (luwi ricxvebi), TandaTanobiT eratosTenes
garda 2-isa, amisaTvis gada- meTodi srulyofili iqna da
vxazoT 2-is Semdeg yoveli dReisaTvis arsebobs martivi
meore ricxvi. Semdeg gada- ricxvebis cxrili 1 dan 100
30 ricxvebis idumali samyaro

000 000-mde. maTze dayrdnobiT gamoiTqva sxva- Seacdina arasruli induqciis meTodma. am sa-
dasxva hipoTeza (varaudi). zogierTis damtki- kiTxze dawvrilebiT qvemoT vimsjelebT).
ceba aRmoCnda rTuli. zogic dResac daumt- eleqtronuli saangariSo manqanebiT damt-
kicebelia. kicda, rom f(10) da f(16)-ic Sedgenili ricx-
erT-erTi pirveli kiTxva martivi ricxvebis vebia.
Sesaxeb aseTia: sasrulia Tu ara maTi ricxvi  ganixile formula:
usasrulo naturalur ricxvTa mimdevrobaSi? F(5) = n2 - n + 41. (2)
jer kidev evklidem daamtkica maTi usasrulo- roca n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ... 40, igi iZleva martiv
ba. e. i. yvelaze didi martivi ricxvi ar ricxvebs (ramdenime Sen TviTon Seamowme). ma-
arsebobs. davuSvaT piriqiT, vTqvaT arsebobs gram roca n = 41-s _ ara. Seamowme damoukide-
yvelaze didi martivi ricxvi da aRvniSnoT P- blad.
Ti. gadavamravloT yvela martivi ricxvi erT- aseve formula:
maneTze da namravls davumatoT erTi. miviRebT: (n) = n2 - 79n + 1601 (3)
2357...P+1. roca n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ...79, iZleva martiv ricx-
cxadia, es ricxvi ar gaiyofa arcerT mar- vebs, xolo roca n = 80 _ ara. SegiZlia Seamow-
tiv ricxvze. maSin an TviTon aris martivi mo.
ricxvi, an aqvs P-ze didi martivi gamyofi dReisaTvis cnobili yvelaze didi martivi
erTic da meorec ewinaaRmdegeba imas, rom P ricxvia: 286243 _ 1.
udidesi martivi ricxvia. es winaaRmdegoba am ricxvSi 25962 cifria!
gviCvenebs, rom Cveni daSveba mcdaria. Tanamedrove kompiuteriTac ki didi mar-
tivi ricxvebis gamoTvla Znelia da moiTxovs
xarisxebi did dros.
23 aris ricxvi, igi ase ikiTxeba: `2 xarisxad 286243_1 es martivi ricxvi rom vipovoT 2-
3~ da niSnavs 2 Tavis Tavze gamravlebuli iani Tavis Tavze 86 243-jer unda gavamravloT
samjer. e. i. 23 = 222 = 8. da Sedegs 1 gamovakloT. es Zalian didi ricx-
analogiurad `2 xarisxad 4~ iqneba: via!
24 = 2222 = 16. marTlac warmoidgine, rom wertilma pirv-
ipove 210 _? el dRes gaiara 2 mm da yovel momdevno dRes
2
maSin 22 = 24 = 2222 = 16. mis mier gavlili manZili orkecdeba. ra man-
3
aseve 22 = 28 = 22222222 = 356. Zils gaivlis is:
uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli maTematiko- a) 5 dReSi?
sebi cdilobdnen iseTi formulis Sedgenas, 25=22222=32 mm
romelic mogvcemda yvela martiv ricxvs, ma- b) erT TveSi? (230 mm)
gram aseTi formlis Sedgena ar moxerxda. g) or TveSi? (260 mm)
frangma maTematikosma pier fermam (1601- d) erT weliwadSi?5 dReSi (2365 mm)
1665) gamoTqva azri, rom formula 2 dReSi
n 4 dReSi
f(n) = 22 + 1, (1) 1 dReSi 3 dReSi
sadac n naturaluri ricxvebia (1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
...) mogvcemda martiv ricxvebs. marTlac, roca 2 mm

n = 1, 2, 3, 4, fermas formula iZleva martiv (viciT mzidan dedamiwamde manZili daax-

ricxvebs. magram roca n = 5 _ ara (1732 w. es loebiT 150 000 000 km-ia).
daamtkica leonard eilerma 1707-1783). dReisaTvis cnobili yvelaze didi martivi
1 ricxvis sidide rom vipovoT, es igivea vupasu-
f(1) = 22 + 1 = 22 + 1 = 4 + 1 =5. xoT kiTxvas: ra manZili eqneba gavlili ganx-
2
f(2) = 22 + 1 = 24 + 1 = 16 + 1 =17. ilul wertils 86 243 dReRamis Semdeg?
3
f(3) = 22 + 1 = 28 + 1 = 256 + 1 = 257. sainteresoa, rom 86 243 dReRame ufro
4
f(4) = 22 + 1 = 216 + 1 = 65536 + 1 =65537. metia vidre 236 weliwadi da ganxiluli
wertili gava CvenTvis cnobili samyaros
5, 17, 257 da 65537 martivi ricxvebia.
sazRvrebs gareT gacilebiT adre, vidre saZie-
5
f(5) = 22 + 1 = 232 + 1 = 4294967297 = bel manZils gaivlides!
= 6416700417, ar aris martivi (e. i. ferma cota ram istoriidan: 1742 wels peter-
ricxvebis idumali samyaro
burgis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevrma x. gold-
baxma imave akademiis wevrs eilers miswera
werili, sadac Camoayaliba erTi saintereso
hipoTeza:
nebismieri 5-ze meti naturaluri
ricxvi warmoadgens sami martivi ricx-
vis jams.
eilerma upasuxa, rom mas ar SeuZlia am
hipoTezis damtkiceba, magram SeuZlia sxva
hipoTezis Camoyalibeba, romelic dakavSirebu-
lia pirvelTan:
yoveli 2-ze meti luwi naturaluri
ricxvi warmoadgens ori martivi ricx-
vis jams.
200 wlis ganmavlobaSi mravali qveynis cno-
bili maTematikosebi cdilobdnen goldbax-eil-
eris hipoTezebis damtkicebas, magram uSede-
god. amave dros XX saukunis dasawyisSi am
Tvisebis Semowmebam 9 000 000-mde aCvena, rom
goldbaxis hipoTeza sworia. 1931 wels axal-
31
gazrda rusma maTematikosma lev Snirelmanma
mniSvnelovan warmatebas miaRwia am problemis
gadawyvetaSi da bolos 1937 w. akademikosma i.
m. vinogradovma TiTqmis bolomdis amoxsna es
problema, magram sruli damtkiceba jer aravis
mouxdenia!
Semdegi problema, romelic goldbaxis prob-
lemaze gacilebiT sainteresoa, Tavis gadawyve-
tas jerjerobiT mcirediTac ver miuaxlovda.
SemCneuli iyo, rom martivi ricxvebi araiS-
viaTad gvxvdebian P da P+2 wyvilebis saxiT
(aris erTi gamonaklisi 2 da 3): (3, 5); (5, 7);
(11, 13); da a.S. aseT martiv ricxvebs tyupebi
hqvia. ai, sakmaod didi tyupi ricxvebis wyvili:
(1000000009649, 1000000009651).
gamoTqmuli iyo da sarwmunod iTvleba hipoTe-
za: tyupi ricxvebis simravle usasru-
loa.
magram dRemde ar aris miRweuli araviTari
warmateba am hipoTezis damtkicebaSi.

1 daakvirdi piTagoras cxrilSi gamoyofil kuTxeebs. daamtkice, rom am kuTxeebSi

moTavsebuli ricxvebis jami qmnian kubebis mimdevrobebs: 13, 23, 33, 43, 53, ...
2  ras udris 25-e kuTxeSi moTavsebuli ricxvebis jami?
3 aRmoaCine romeli wesis mixedviTaa mimdevrobis wevrebi SerCeuli:
a) 11, 31, 41, 61, 71, 101, 131, ...
b) 13, 23, 43, 53, ...
4 Seamowme goldbaxisa da eileris hipoTezebi ramdenime ricxvisaTvis.
5 aba, scade da gaarkvie ramdeni tyupi ricxvia pirvel aseulSi?
6 ipove yvela martivi ricxvi, romelic erTdroulad aris ori martivi ricxvis jami da
sxvaoba.
7  ipove yvela martivi ricxvi, romelic miiReba gamosaxulebiT:
1
(n - 1)(n + 2), sadac n naturaluri ricxvia.
2
8  daamtkice, rom namravli 1 .2 .3 .4 .5 . ... .19 (mokled iwereba 19! da ikiTxeba `19-is
faqtoriali~) iyofa 820 125-ze.

Tavsatexi
1 cxadia 1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8 9=100.
qvemoT moyvanil magaliTebSi tolobis marcxena mxares Camoweril ricxvebs Soris Casvi
saWiro maTematikuri moqmedebis niSnebi. ise rom tolobebi WeSmariti gaxdes:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 = 100, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 = 100, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 = 100.

2 100; 97; 81; 68; 58; 43; 32; 21; ?

romeli ricxvi modis Semdeg?


32
srulyofili r icxvebi.
ricxvebi.
angariSi da saangar
angariSi iSoebi
saangariSoebi
nikomax geraski (Zv. w. I s.) piTagoreli,
cnobili berZeni filosofosi da maTematikosi
werda: `srulyofili ricxvebi lamazia, magram
lamazi nivTebi iSviaTia da araa bevri, uSno ki
gvxvdeba mravlad. uamravia TiTqmis yvela ricxvi,
maSin roca srulyofili ricxvebi cotaa~.
Zvelma berZnebma icodnen mxolod ori
srulyofili ricxvi: 6 da 28. ra aqvT maT
saerTo da riT gamoirCevian sxva ricxvebisagan?
aba, ipove maTi gamyofebi da Semdeg Sekribe
isini. miiReb igive ricxvebs: 6=1+2+3,
28=1+2+4+7+14.
maSasadame, TiToeuli maTgani udris Tavisi
sakuTari gamyofebis jams. aseTi Tvisebis mqone
ricxvebs srulyofils uwodeben.
evklidemde (Zv. w. III s.) mxolod es ori
srulyofili ricxvi iyo cnobili. evklidem
moifiqra formula:
2P 1(2P_1),
_
sadac 2P_1 martivi ricxvia. am formulis
gamoyenebiT man kidev ori srulyofili ricxvi
aRmoaCina:
22 1(22_1) = 6;
_
23 1(23_1) = 28;
_
25 1(25_1)=24(25_1) = 16 31= 496;
_
27 1(27_1)=26(27_1) = 64 127 = 8128.
_
mexuTe srulyifili ricxvia: 33 550 336,
meeqvse _ 8 589 869 056;
meSvide _ 137 438 691 328;
merve _ 2 305 843 008 139 952 128.
mecxre srulyofili ricxvi gamoTvlili iyo
mxolod 1883 wels rusi soflis mRvdlis i.
v. perkuSinis mier. am ricxvSi aris 37 cifri.
2 305 843 009 213 693 951 260, sadac
(misi Sroma gmirobis tol-
fasi iyo).
cxadia aseTi ricxvebis xeliT angariSi Zalze
Znelia (TiTqmis SeuZlebelia).
meoce saukunis dasawyisSi gamoiyenes meqanikuri
saTvleli manqanebi da 1911 wels aRmoaCines
meaTe srulyofili ricxvi:
618 970 019 643 690 137 449 562 111 288,
sadac
am ricxvSi aris 54 cifri.
1914 wels aRmoaCines meTerTmete (65
ricxvebis idumali samyaro
cifriani) srulyofili ricxvi:
162 259 276 829 213 363 391 578 010 288 127 2106
da meTormete (77 cifriani)
2126(2127_1)
srulyofili ricxvi.
SemdegSi gamoigones eleqtronuli saTvleli
manqanebi da 1952 wlis 30 ianvars amerikelma
maTematikosma robinsonma, kaliforniis univer-
sitetSi gamoiyena eleqtronuli saangariSo
manqana 2P_1 ricxvis simartivis Sesamowmeblad.
man Tavdapirvelad gadawyvita 2257_1 ricxvis
simartivis Semowmeba da miiwvia lemeri, romelmac
20 wlis win TiTqmis erTi weli moandoma amis
angariSs. lemerma miiRo didi siamovneba, rodesac
dainaxa, rom manqanam miiRo igive Sedegi 18
wamSi. imisaTvis, rom mieRoT Semdegi srulyofili
ricxvi, manqanam daiwyo axali martivi ricxvebis
Zebna. man or saaTSi 42 ricxvi Seamowma,
romelTa Soris yvelaze mcires hqonda 80-is
toli cifrTa ricxvi! yvela es ricxvi aRmoCnda
Sedgenili. axali (mecamete) srulyofili ricxvi
manqanam aRmoaCina 1952 wlis 30 ianvars saRamos:
2520(2521_1), (P = 521).
am ricxvSi 314 cifria.
imave dRis SuaRamisas manqanam aRmoaCina
meToTxmete srulyofili ricxvi. Seamowma kidev
13 evklidiseuli ricxvi, da man miagno martiv
ricxvs 2607_1, romelsac aqvs 183 cifri (aTobiT
sistemaSi). es srulyofili ricxvia:
2606(2607_1), (P = 607).
meToTxmete srulyofil ricxvs aqvs 366
cifri.
1957 wlis seqtemberSi Svedi maTematikosis
g. rizelis mier napovni iqna meTvrmete
srulyofili ricxvi. eleqtronul-saangariSo
manqanis gamoyenebiT man xuT naxevar saaTSi
daadgina 23217_1 ricxvis martivoba da miiRo
meTvramete srulyofili ricxvi:
23216(23217_1),
(P = 3217).
masSi daaxloebiT 2000 cifria.
Semdegi srulyofili ricxvebis Zebna moiTxovs
ufro meti da meti moculobis angariSs.
saangariSo teqnika TandaTanobiT srulyofili
xdeba da 1962 w. moZebnili iqna ori axali
srulyofili ricxvi, 1965 wels kidev sami. am
ricxvebs evklidis formulaSi Seesabameba
P = 4253, 4423, 9689, 9941 da 11213.
srulyofil ricxvSi 211212(211213_1) aris 3376
ricxvebis idumali samyaro 33
cifri!  mikrokalkulatorze, Tu daakvirdebi ric-
udidesi maTematikosi edmund landau aR- xvebis klaviSebis gan-
niSnavs: `... dRemdis ori problemaa lagebas Zalian advilad
gadauWreli: usasruloa Tu ara luwi aRmoaCen saintereso
srulyofil ricxvTa simravle? _ ar ricxviT kanonzomiere-
vici. _ arsebobs Tu ara kenti bebs: romeliRaca ric-
srulyofil ricxvTa usasrulo xvebis sxvaoba yovel- sur. 1
simravle? _ me isic ki ar vici Tvis 111-is an 333-is
arsebobs Tu ara erTi mainc aseTi~. tolia. aba, moZebne,
cxadia iseTi damxmaris saSualebiT, rogoricaa romelia es ricxvebi?
saangariSo manqanebi adamianma SeZlo aseTi  agreTve rome-
veberTela srulyofili ricxvebis dadgena. liRaca orniSna ric-
dReisaTvis cnobilia 30-ze meti srulyofili xvebis sxvaoba yovel-
ricxvi romelTa Soris udidess Seesabameba: Tvis 27, 198 an 594-is
P = 216 091. tolia. zogierTi jami
srulyofili ricxvebis Zebnis istoria, yovelTvis iyofa 11-ze.
TvalnaTliv gviCvenebs, Tu rogor zrdis saan- maTi moZebna ar gagi-
gariSo manqanebi adamianis SesaZleblobebs. Wirdeba, Tu gulmod-
maTematikosebi yovelTvis ocnebobdnen iseT gined daakvirdebi da
daxmarebaze, romelic gaamartivebda maT Sromas sxvadasxva variants Sea- sur. 2
xangrZlivi da damRleli gamoTvlebisagan. mowmeb.
erT-erTi gamomTvleli mowyobiloba iyo  klaviSebze kidev sxva saintereso kanon-
abaki. es saangariSo CarCo dResac gamoiyeneba zomierebebis aRmoCenac SeiZleba! ivarjiSe da
zogierT qveyanaSi. aRmoaCine! magaliTad:
logariTmuli cxrilebi XVII saukunis
3+7=10 1+5+9=15
dasawyisSi daamuSava jon neperma da aadvilebda
1+9=10 3+5+7=15
gamoTvlebs TiTqmis 4 saukunis ganmavlobaSi.
2+8=10 2+5+8=15
msoflioSi pirveli saTvlel-saangariSo
4+6=10 4+5+6=15
mowyobiloba (manqana) aago 19 wlis blez
paskalma 1642 wels (sur. 1).
dRes TiToeul Tqvengans aqvs saSualeba 198:9=22.
gamoiyenos miniaturuli saangariSo manqana-
mikrokalkulatori (sur. 2), romelic saSualebas
iZleva gamoTvlebi Catardes swrafad. igi
namdvilad iqca maTematikosebis (da ara marto 594:9=66.
maTTvis) megobrad da mxsnelad.

1 dawere kent ricxvTa sasruli mimdevroba 1-dan 999-mde.

a) ras udris am ricxvebis jami?
b) Seadgine analogiuri amocana luwi ricxvebisa da naturaluri ricxvebis
SemTxvevaSi.
2 moZebne da gamoiyene yvelaze martivi angariSis wesi Semdegi magaliTebisaTvis:
a) 99_97+95_93+91_89+...+7_5+3_1.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .
b) + + + + + + + +
1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10
3 a) swrafad ipove 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 + 1 ricxvis 5-ze gayofisas miRebuli ganayofi da
naSTi.
b) ipove zepirad 1000000(1000000{1000000[1000000-(1000000-999999]}).
4  frangma maTematikosma sofi Jermenma (1776-1831), roca moswavle iyo, daamtkica, rom
K4 + 4, sadac K erTze meti nebismieri mTeli ricxvia, aris Sedgenili. Sen daamtkiceb?
3. j. kiknaZe
34 ricxvebis idumali samyaro

`111 ... 1111~ _ repiunitebi

cnobili Sveicarieli maTematikosebis, gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs martivi

bernulebis ojaxis warmomadgenelma iohan III
bernulma 1773 wels berlinis akademiis SromebSi
gamoaqveyna cxrili, sadac mocemuli iyo n
raodenobis erTianebiT dawerili ricxvebis
martivi gamyofebi:
repiunitebi. ukve damtkicebulia, rom R1, R19
(1918 w.), R23 (1929 w.), R317 (1978 w.) da R1037
(1985 w.) martivi ricxvebia. e.i. repiunitebis
ojaxidan jer-jerobiT cnobilia mxolod xuTi
martivi ricxvi.
aRmoCenilia repiunitebis mravali saintereso
Tviseba, albaT bevri jer kidev ucnobia.
namravli Ri Rj (-i, -Ji indeqsebia _ natu-
raluri ricxvebia), rodesac 9 i j , war-
moadgens palindromul ricxvs (12... j ... 21
saxisas). ricxvi palindromi ewodeba naturalur
ricxvs, romlis Canaweri emTxveva misi sarkuli
anareklis Canawers. magaliTebi:
111 = 1233321,
11111
2
111 = 12321.

miuxedavad imisa, rom man ver SeZlo am saxis

zogierTi ricxvebis martivi gamyofebis moZebna
(n=11, 17, 29), xolo sami ricxvis (n=20, 25, 27)
gamyofebi ar iyo dayvanili martiv gamyofebamde,
miuxedavad mis mier daSvebuli Secdomebisa (n=22,
24, 26) Cven dRes SegviZlia pativi vceT mis
gigantur Sromas am didi ricxvebis martivi
gamyofebis moZebnisaTvis. cxrilSi bernulim
varskvlaviT aRniSna misTvis saeWvo SemTxvevebi.
am cxrilis gamoqveynebidan TiTqmis 200 wlis
Semdeg, 1964 wels niu-iorkSi a. beilerma
gamoaqveyna wigni `saxaliso ricxvTa Teoria~
sadac am ricxvebs miuZRvna mTeli Tavi
saxelwodebiT `111 ... 1111~, da Semoitana
maTTvis termini `repiunitebi~ (`repunit~,
Semokleba inglisuri sityvebisa repeated unit _
gameorebuli erTiani). es termini qarTul
cnobarebSi jerjerobiT aRniSnuli ar aris.
aTobiT sistemaSi repiunitebs aRniSnaven R-iT.
mag. R1= 1, R2= 11 da a.S.
maTematikosebi muSaoben am cxrilis gafar-
Toebaze da 1975 wlisaTvis cxrilSi n-ma miaRwia
3000 (s. eits), magram masSi sakmao raodenobis
Tu i j > 9 , maSin Ri Rj namravli ar aris
uzustobebia (amJamad am uzustobebis nawili
likvidirebulia da yvela n = 162 ricxvisaTvis
moZebnilia martivi gamyofebi). palindromi.


ricxvebis idumali samyaro 35

1 romeli ricxvebiT SeiZleba Sec- 2 romeli ricxvebiT Secvlidi asoebs?

valo asoebi, rom cxra Sesak-
rebTa jami gaxdes repiuniti?
` `
` ` RRRRRRR
` ` RRRRRRR
+`
`
`
`
` ` REPUNITINUPER
` `
` `

3 romeli ori repiunitis namravlia ricxvi 123455554321?

4 avtomobilebis gayidvis Semdeg firmis Semosavali gaxda 1111111 dolari. ramdeni avtomo-
bili gauyidia firmas, Tu TiToeulis fasi erTnairi iyo?
5  cxadia: 121 = 11 11, 11211 = 111 101, 1001.
1112111 = 1111
e.i. palindromebi 121, 11211, 1112111 ar arian martivi ricxvebi. daamtkice, rom
11 ... 1 2 1 ... 11
  repiuniti nebismieri n-isaTvis ar aris martivi ricxvi.
n erTeuli n erTeuli

6 SegiZlia oTxi 2-ianiT da Svidi 5-ianiT miiRo repiunitebi?

7 Tu 12 345 679 gaamravleb 9-ze, miiReb repiunits (Seamowme). romel ricxvze unda gaamrav-
lo mocemuli ricxvi, rom miiRo a) mxolod xuTianebiT da b) mxolod cxrianebiT dawe-
rili ricxvebi.
8 dawere formula, romliTac miiReb repiunitebs.
36 ricxvebis idumali samyaro

n. p. bogdanov-belinski. `zepiri angariSi~

s. a. raCinskis saxalxo skolaSi. 1895.
`zepiri angariSi~ _ cnobili rusi mxatvris bogdanov-belinskis farTod cnobili
namuSevrebidan erT-erTia, romelic moskovis tretiakovis galereaSi inaxeba. mxatvarma daxata
Tavisi skolis erTi gakveTili da maswavleblis rolSi warmoadgina cnobili pedagogi s. a. raCinski.
kargad daakvirdi suraTs. masze Sen aRmoaCen Zveli saxalxo skolis moswavleebis cxovrebas
maTematikis gakveTilze. dainaxav maT sxvadasxva saxes, xasiaTs, maZiebel gonebas, sazrianobas da
niWierebas. mxatvari gadmoscems maT gatacebas skoliT da amasTan erTad maswavleblis unars
daainteresos bavSvebi ... magaliTi, romlis amoxsniTac isini gatacebuli arian dafaze weria. ai
isic:
102 + 112 + 122 + 132 + 142
365
Sen mas zepirad amoxsni?


maTematikuri induqciis principi*
nebismier mecnierebaSi movlenebis Seswavlisas,
es maTematika iqneba Tu istoria, fizika Tu
medicina, astronomia Tu ekonomika yvelgan da
yovelTvis mTavaria kanonzomierebis dadgena,
romelic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs Sesaswavli
movlenis TiToeul elements. xSirad SesaZlebeli
xdeba aRmoCenili kanonzomiereba gamoisaxos
formuliT. adamianma, Tu esmis formulebis `ena~,
SesaZloa uceb dainaxos kanonzomierebebis
aRmosaCenad, zogjer Zalian grZeli da
Sromatevadi saqmianobis Sedegi.
magram, Sen TavSi rom mkvlevari aRzardo,
araa sakmarisi gaigo mxolod kvlevis saboloo
Sedegebi. aucilebelia Cawvde TviT kvleviTi
muSaobis process da aiTviso is meTodi,**
romelic gamoyenebuli iyo saboloo Sedegebis
misaRebad. mecnierebi muSaobaSi sxvadasxva
meTodebs iyeneben. TiToeul mecnierebaSic ki
maTi ricxvi uamravia. .Cven ganvixilavT mxolod
maTematikuri induqciis meTods da mis gamoyenebas.
induqcias*** uwodeben msjelobis meTods,
romelsac kerZo magaliTebidan raime zogad
daskvnamde mivyavarT.
magaliTi 1. kenti 1, 3, 5, 7, ..., (2n-1)
ricxvebis SekrebiT n cvladis sxvadasxva
mniSvnelobisaTvis (n = 1, 2, 3, ...) miviRebT:
1 = 1 = 12 _ `jami, romelic erTi
Sesakrebisagan Sedgeba~, aseTi
1 + 3 = 4 = 22 gamoTqma maTematikaSi
1 + 3 + 5 = 9 = 32 miRebulia.
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16 = 4 2
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25 = 5 2
yvela moyvanil magaliTSi advili SesamCnevia:
pirveli kenti naturaluri ricxvebis jami
SesakrebTa ricxvis kvadratis tolia. bunebrivad
dagvebadeba kiTxva: xom ara aqvs adgili am Tvisebas
SesakrebTa nebismieri ricxvisaTvis? Cveni varaudi
* principi (laT. principium dasawyisi, dasabami) _ romelime Teoriis, moZRvrebis, mecnierebis da misT. ZiriTadi
amosavali debuleba; saxelmZRvanelo idea.
** meTodi (berZ. methodos) _ 1. bunebisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis movlenaTa kvlevis, Secnobis xerxi. mag.,
eqsperimentuli meTodi. 2. xerxi, wesi, wesebis sistema raime moRvaweobaSi. miznis miRwevis saSualeba.
*** induqcia (laT. inductio) _ azrovnebis meTodi _ kerZo faqtebidan, calkeuli debulebebidan zogadi daskvnebis
gamotana (sapirisp. deduqcia).
37
_ hipoTeza SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT: `yvela
naturaluri n-saTvis marTebulia toloba:
1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n - 1) = n2
amrigad, xuTma ganxilulma magaliTma migviy-
vana hipoTezamde, romelic mtkicdeba, rom
marTebulia.
magaliTi 2. maTematikosebi eZebdnen ra
mxolod martivi ricxvebis misaReb formulas,
gamoTqvamdnen sxavadasva hipoTezas. am mizniT
leonard eilerma Seamowma formula:
( x) = x 2 + x + 41
Tu am formulaSi (samwevrSi) CavsvamT
naturalur 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ricxvebs miviRebT:
(1) = 43; ( 2) = 47; (3) = 53;
( 4) = 61; (5) = 71.
mocemuli samwevris yvela miRebuli mniS-
vneloba martivi ricxvia. Tu x-is nacvlad
CavsvamT 0, -1, -2, -3, -4 ricxvebs, miviRebT:
mocemuli samwevris mniSvnelobebi x cvladis
miTiTebuli mniSvnelobebisaTvisac agreTve
martivi ricxvebia.
ganxiluli msjelobis safuZvelze iqmneba
hipoTeza, rom samwevris (x) mniSvneloba x-is
nebismieri mTeli mniSvnelobisaTvis
(0, 1, 2, 3, ...) martivi ricxvia. magram
gamoTqmuli hipoTeza mcdaria, radgan roca
x = 41, maSin
e.i. miiReba Sedgenili da ara martivi ricxvi.
 damoukideblad Seamowme hipoTeza, roca
x = 40.
amrigad, msjelobis erTsa da imave meTods
zog SemTxvevaSi swor daskvnamde mivyavarT
(pirveli magaliTi), xolo zogSi _ mcdar
daskvnamde (meore magaliTi). amis mizezi isaa,
38
rom am msjelobebSi daskvna ramdenime magaliTis
ganxilvis Sedegad keTdeba, romlebic yvela
SesaZlo SemTxvevas ar moicavs, amitom msjelobais
am meTods arasrul induqcias uwodeben.
rogorc vxedavT, arasruli induqciis meTods
ar mivyevarT sruliad saimedo daskvnamde (swored
amitom Secda ferma, gv. 30), magram is imiTaa
sasargeblo, rom saSualebas gvaZlevs Camova-
yaliboT hipoTeza, romelic Semdgom SeiZleba
davamtkicoT an uarvyoT. magram Tu daskvna yvela
SemTxvevis ganxilvis safuZvelze keTdeba, maSin
msjelobis aseT meTods srul induqcias uwo-
deben. es meTodi maSin gamoiyeneba, roca
SemTxvevaTa ricxvi sasrulia (da ar aris
`metismetad didi~).
magaliTad: davamtkicoT, rom yoveli natura-
luri ricxvi n, romelic 2 n 15 utolobas
akmayofilebs, an martivi ricxvia, an gamoisaxeba
araumetes sami martivi ricxvis namravlis saxiT.
damtkicebisaTvis ganvixiloT TiToeuli
naturaluri ricxvi 2-dan 15-mde. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11,
13 ricxvebi martivia. 4, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15 ricxvebi
SeiZleba warmovidginoT ori martivi ricxvis
namravlis saxiT, xolo danarCeni 8 da 12 ricxvebi
_ sami martivi ricxvis namravliT.
davubrundeT tolobas:
1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n - 1) = n2.
es toloba SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc
cvladis Semcveli winadadeba da moxerxebu-
lobisaTvis nebismieri naturaluri n-isaTvis igi
aRvniSnoT A(n)-iT. maSin A(1), A(2), A(3), A(4),
A(5)-is WeSmariteba niSnavs mocemuli formulis
marTebulobas, roca n=1, n=2, n=3, n=4, n=5
(rogorc dasawyisSi vaCveneT).
radganac A(5) winadadeba WeSmaritia:
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 52 , amitom
e.i. WeSmaritia A(6) winadadebac.
amrigad damtkicebulia, rom A(5)-is
WeSmaritebidan gamomdinareobs A(6)-is
WeSmariteba. Tu nacvlad sityvisa `gamomdina-
reobs~ gamoviyenebT niSans , maSin winadadeba
`A(5)-dan gamomdinareobs A(6)~ mokled ase
Caiwereba: A(5) A(6).
davamtkicoT, rom A(k) A(k +1). es
niSnavs, rom 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2k 1) = k 2 to-
* aqsioma (berZ. axima) ama Tu im mecnierebaSi amosavlad miRebuli debuleba, romlis WeSmariteba daumtkiceblad
aris miRebuli, magram aucilebelia sxva debulebaTa dasamtkiceblad.
maTematikuri induqciis principi
lobidan gamomdinareobs
toloba.
marTlac
axla ukve cxadia, rom A(6) A(7). zustad
aseve A(7) A(8); A(8) A(9) da a.S.
aseTnairad SeiZleba mivaRwioT nebismier n
naturalur ricxvs da misTvis davamtkicoT
A(n). winadadebis WeSmariteba. sxvanairad rom
vTqvaT, A(n) winadadeba WeSmaritia nebismieri
naturaluri n-isaTvis, Tu igi WeSmaritia n=1-
isaTvis da nebismieri k-saTvis A(k)-dan
gamomdinareobs A(k+1). magram miuxedavad
naTqvamis sicxadisa da damajeroblobisa, aq saqme
gvaqvs axal maTematikur principTan, romelsac
maTematikuri induqciis principi ewodeba:
Tu A(n) winadadeba, romelSic n natu-
raluri ricxvia, WeSmaritia n=1-isaTvis,
da iqidan rom igi WeSmaritia n=k-saTvis
(sadac k nebismieri naturaluri ricxvia)
gamomdinareobs misi WeSmariteba momdveno
n=k+1 -isaTvisac. maSin A(n) winadadeba
WeSmaritia iqneba nebismieri naturaluri
n ricxvisaTvis.
maTematikuri induqciis principi naturalur
ricxvTa ariTmetikis erT-erTi im aqsiomaTagania*,
romelsac farTod iyeneben maTematikaSi. am
principebze dafuZvnebulia mtkicebaTa meTodi,
romelsac maTematikuri induqciis meTodi
ewodeba (sruli induqcia).
am meTodiT damtkiceba ori nawilisagan
Sedgeba: pirvel nawilSi amtkiceben (amowmeben)
A(1) winadadebis WeSmaritebas; meore nawilSi
varaudoben, rom A(n) WeSmaritia n=k-sTvis da
amtkiceben mis WeSmaritebas n = k + 1-isaTvis ,
e.i. asabuTeben Semdegs: A(k) A(k+1).
Tu damtkicebis orive nawili Catarebulia,
maSin maTematikuri induqciis principis
safuZvelze A(n) winadadeba WeSmariti iqneba
nebismieri naturaluri n ricxvisaTvis.
axla SegviZlia CavTvaloT, rom zemoT
ganxiluli (1) toloba marTebulia nebismieri
naturaluri n ricxvisaTvis, radgan igi
m a r T e b u l i a n = 1- s a T v i s d a a m a s T a n
A(k) A(k+1).
maTematikuri induqciis principi 39
ganvixiloT magaliTebi. (2) tolobis marTebulebis dasamtkiceblad
magaliTi 1. mocemulia mimdevroba: visargebloT maTematikuri induqciis meTodiT.
1 1 1 1 es toloba naturaluri n-isaTvis aRvniSnoT
, , ,... ,... A(n)-iT.
3 15 35 4n 1
2
ipoveT misi pirveli n wevris jami.
amoxsna: jer CamovayaliboT hipoTeza da 1. A(1) WeSmaritia, radgan
Semdeg igi davamtkicoT sruli induqciis 2. davamtkicoT, rom A(k) A(k+1).
meTodiT. gamovTvaloT saZiebeli jamis ramdenime maSasadame davuSvaT hipoteza WeSmaritia rome-
pirveli mniSvneloba: liRac nebismieri k-saTvis da vamtkicebT mis
S1, S2, S3, S4, ... WeSmaritebas (k+1)-saTvis.
1 1 1 1 k .
Sk = + + + ... + 2 =
3 15 35 4k 1 2k + 1
1 1 1 6 2
S2 = + = S1 + = = ; 1 k 1
3 15 15 15 5 S k +1 = S k + = + =
4(k + 1)2 1 2k + 1 4(k + 1)2 1
1 1 1 1 2 1 3
S3 = + + = S2 + = + = ; k 1 k
3 15 35 35 5 35 7 = + = +
2k + 1 [2(k + 1) + 1][2(k + 1) 1] 2k + 1
1 1 1 1 1 3 1
S4 = + + + = S3 + = + 1 k(2k + 3) + 1
3 15 35 63 63 7 63 + = =
(2k + 3)(2k + 1) (2k + 3)(2k + 1)
28 4
= = ; 2k 2 + 2k + k + 1 (2k + 1)(k + 1)
63 9 = = =
(2k + 3)(2k + 1) (2k + 3)(2k + 1)
Tu davakvirdebiT am jamebs, SevamCnevT, rom k +1 k +1
mricxvelSi dgas saZiebeli jamis nomeri, xolo = =
2k + 3 2(k + 1) + 1
mniSvnelSi _ gaorkecebuli nomers damatebuli 1.
amrigad, iqmneba hipoTeza, rom maTematikuri induqciis meTodiT mtkicebis
orive nawili Catarebulia. maSasadame, (2)
1 1 1 1 n
+ + + ... + = (2) toloba WeSmaritia n-is nebismieri naturaluri
31 15 35 4n 2 + 1 2n + 1 mniSvnelobisaTvis.

1 mocemulia mimdevroba ariTmetikuli progresiis saxiT:

a1, a2, a3, ..., an, sadac
a2 = a1+d;
a3 = a2+d = a1+d+d=a1+2d;
a4 = a3+d=a1+2d+d = a1 +3d.
d aris ariTmetikuli progresiis sxvaoba. Camoayalibe hipoTeza, progresiis
nebismieri wevrisaTvis da misi WeSmariteba daamtkice maTematikuri induqciis
meTodiT.
2  mocemulia mimdevroba geometriuli progresiis saxiT:
b1, b2, b3, ..., bn, . . . sadac
b2 = qb1; (q1)
b3 = qb2= q2b1;
b4 = qb3= q3b1.
q geometriuli progresiis mniSvnelia. Camoayalibe hipoTeza progresiis nebismieri wevrisaTvis
da misi WeSmariteba daamtkice maTematikuri induqciis meTodiT.
b1(1 q n )
3 daamtkice: geometriuli progresiis pirveli n wevris jami Sn =
1 q
4 1 .
mocemulia mimdevroba:
n(n + 1)
40 maTematikuri induqciis principi

1 , 1 1 , 1 .
, ...,
1 2 2 3 3 4 n(n + 1)
es niSnavs, rom mimdevrobas aqvs saxe:
gamoTvaleT am midevrobis pirveli n wevris jami.
5  daamtkice, rom 1-dan n-mde naturalur ricxvTa kvadratebis mimdevrobis jami udris:
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) e. i. 12 + 22 + 32 + ... + n 2 = n(n + 1)(2n + 1) . hipoTeza mocemulia.
6 6
2
n(n + 1)
.
3 3 3
6  daamtkice, rom 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n = 3
2
7  gaixsene bines formula da daamtkice misi WeSmariteba.
2 2
1 + 5 1+ 2 5 + 5 3 + 5 1 5 1 2 5 + 5 3 5 .

2 = = ; 2 = =
miTiTeba:
4 2 4 2

8 maTematikuri induqciis meTodiT daamtkice, rom fibonaCis mimdevrobis pirveli n wevris

kvadratebis jami udris an an +1.

moric
moric kornelis esxeri
esxeri
holandieli mxatvari, grafikosi, mravali graviurisa da liTografiis avtori m. k.
esxeri daibada 1898 wlis 17 ivniss leeuvardenSi (niderlandebSi). yrmoba gaatara arnhe-
imSi da iqve swavlobda sko-
laSi. adreul asakSi cxadi
gaxda misi miswrafeba xat-
visadmi da swavla gaagrZela
arqiteqturis fakultetze.
magram holandieli mxatvris
de moskitas rCeviT, arqiteq-
turas Tavi daaneba da mu-
avtoportreti. 1943. Saoba daiwyo grafikaSi. swav-
lis damTavrebis Semdeg, esxeri cameti weli cxovrobda
italiaSi. igi gansakuTrebiT moxibluli iyo romiT. bevrs
mogzaurobda fexiT samxreT italiaSi da espaneTSi.
1935 wels, italiaSi faSizmis damkvidrebis Semdeg
gadasaxlda SveicariaSi. 1941 wels dabrunda samSobloSi _
baanSi, xolo 1970 wlidan sikvdilamde cxovrobda larenSi.
gardaicvala 1972 wlis 27 marts.
msoflio aRiarebas esxerma 1951 wels miaRwia, rodesac
misi ramdenime namuSevari gamoqveynda cnobil JurnalebSi:
`The Studio~, `Time~ da `Life~.
1954 wels amsterdamSi Catarda maTematikosTa saerTa-
Soriso kongresi da masTan dakavSirebiT moawyves esxeris
didi gamofena. mecnierebma mis namuSevrebSi SeniSnes bevri
saerTo maTematikis zogad ideebTan, maSinve aRiares da Seiyvares
`TavianTi~ mxatvari. am droidan moyolebuli esxeris naxatebi
xSirad ibeWdeba fizika-maTematikur gamocemebSi.
esxeri ar malavda, rom cudad icoda maTematika, magram
ambobda: `me ufro xSirad maTematikosebTan vgrZnob did siax-
loves, vidre kolega mxatvrebTan~. leonardo da vinCisa da
albrext diureris msgavsad esxeri didad afasebda wesier
mravalwaxnagebs, xuT platoniseul sxeuls: tetraedri, heqsaedri,
oqtaedri, dodekaedri da ikosaedri. igi gaocebuli iyo maTi
srulyofilebiT da ambobda, rom isini ganasaxiereben harmoniisa
da wesrigisadmi adamianis swrafvis somboloebs. es sxeulebi
ar arian adamianis gonebis nayofi, radgan isini arsebobdnen
bunebaSi kacobriobis Seqmnamde gacilebiT ufro adre.
esxeri Tavis naSromebSi Taviseburad asaxavs samyaros
usasrulobas, sivrcisa da drois erTianobas, ar arsebul
obieqtebs, iluziebs da sxv.
sainteresoa, rom m. k. esxeris naxatebis didi koleqcia
Seagrova aSS-is yofili prezidentis, Teodor ruzveltis
SviliSvilma kornelius ruzveltma. m. k. esxeri. `sami sfero~. 1945.

arqimedes aRmoCena
Zv. w. 323, daaxloebiT 33 wlis asakSi
gardaicvala aleqsandre makedoneli _ didi
aleqsandre. misi monarqia daiSala. aTenSi
Zalaufleba xelSi Caigdo antimakedonelma
reaqciam da misi maswavlebeli, udidesi moaz-
rovne, filosofosi, platonis moswavle aris-
totele (Zv. w. 384-322) iZulebuli gaxda
TavSesafaris saZebnelad gaqceuliyo. igi evbe-
aze q. qaldkideaSi gadasaxlda, sadac male 63
wlis asakSi gardaicvala. aTenma Tavisi poli-
tikuri mniSvneloba da pirveloba rogorc
inteleqtualurma centrma TandaTan dakarga.
am dros mecnieruli interesebis centrma egvip-
teSi, didi aleqsandres mier daarsebul qalaq
aleqsandriaSi gadainacvla.
ptolomei I soterma (`mxsneli~) lages
Zem, aleqsandre makedonelis mxedarTmTavarma
da megobarma egvi pte sammarTvelod miiRo didi
aleqsandres gardacvalebis Semdeg diadoqosebs
Soris atexili brZolis Sedegad, Zv. w. 305
Tavi mefed gamoacxada (Zv. w. 305-283) da
ptolomeebis _ lagidebis* dinastias safuZ-
veli Cauyara. man Tavis sasaxleSi miiwvia
aristoteles moswavle demetria falerski
* ptolomeebi, lagidebi (berZ. Ptolemaioi, Lagidai), samefo dinastia elenistur (epoqa, rodesac ayvavebuli iyo
Sereuli berZnul-aRmosavluri kultura _ aleqsandre makedonelis monarqiis daSlidan romis mier saberZneTisa da
aRmosavleTis dapyrobamde _ Zv. w. I saukune) egvipteSi.
** antikuri (laT. antiguus _ Zveli) _ Zveli berZnuli an romauli (kultura, xelovneba, sazogadoebrivi wyoba da sxva).
41
`momeciT sayrdeni wertili
da dedamiwas avwev~.
arqimede
da daavala Seeqmna aristoteles skolis _
`likeis~ (liceumis) msgavsi skola. ase Seiqmna
aleqsandriis museioni, romlis biblioTekaSi
Tavi mouyares aristoteles Sromebs.
ptolomei II filadelfosi (`dis mosiyva-
rule~) (Zv. w. 285-246) xelovnebasa da
mecnierebas mfarvelobda da misi mmarTvelobis
dros q. aleqsandria, kerZod museioni elinis-
turi kulturis centri gaxda. aq saxelmwifos
xarjze mecnierebi erTad cxovrobdnen. maT
gankargulebaSi ori didi biblioTeka iyo, sadac
Zv. w. 48-Si 700 000 tomi inaxeboda. male
biblioTelkam wignebis gamocema daiwyo, rasac
xeli Seuwyo egvi ptis papirusis arsebobam
(saweri masalis damuSavebaSi egvi ptes buneb-
rivi monopolia hqonda). es pirobebi gansakuT-
rebiT uwyobdnen xels mecnierebis ganviTarebas.
msoflios yvela kuTxidan aleqsandriaSi Tavs
iyridnen mecnierebi da mTeli antikuri**
periodis ganmavlobaSi aq mecnieruli skolebi
gaifurCqna. amitom elinistur periodSi, bunebis
movlenebis kvlevaSi garkveuli warmatebebi
aleqsandriis museionerebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
es warmatebebi garkveul wilad arqimedes
saxelTanacaa dakavSirebuli.
Zv, w, 287 sirakuzSi (sicilia), cnobili
astronomis, fideas ojaxSi daibada Zveli
berZeni mecnieri arqimede. didi drois ganmav-
lobaSi igi aleqsandriaSi swavlobda da mTeli
Tavisi sicocxlis manZilze museionebis
swavlulebTan mecnieruli kavSiri ar gauwyve-
tia. am udidesma moazrovnem: inJinerma, astro-
nomma, fizikosma, maTematikosma Tavisi SromebiT
xeli Seuwyo kacobriobis ganviTarebas da
waruSleli kvali datova istoriaSi. am geni-
osis naazrevi yovelTvis aRfrTovanebas iwvevs.
man aRmoaCina sxeulTa curvis kanoni, berketis
wonasworobis piroba da simZimis centris
42
mTavari Tvisebebi. magram, cotam Tu icis, rom
man faqtiurad aRmoaCina meTodi, romelic
safuZvlad daedo maTematikis erT-erTi Tana-
medrove dargis _ integraluri aRricxvis
ganviTarebas! misi gamoyenebiT arqimedem gansaz-
Rvra paraboluri segmentis farTobi (parabo-
lis kvadratura), birTvis moculoba da sxv.
arqimedes saxelTan dakavSirebulia sxvadas-
xva legenda. magaliTad `legenda mefe hieronis
oqros gvirgvinis Sesaxeb~, abazanidan amosvlis
~
Semdeg cnobili gamoTqma `heureka~ _ `evrika~
(vi pove).
Tqven ukve iciT, rom zogjer intuicia
gvRalatobs, magram xSir SemTxvevaSi igi udidesi
aRmoCenis wyaroa! swored fizikuri intuicia
udevs safuZvlad yvela drois erT-erT udides
maTematikur aRmoCenas _ arqimedes mier integ-
raluri aRricxvis aRmoCenas. igi ambobda:
`ramdenime maTematikuri amocana meqanikis
saSualebebiT gamovikvlie~*.
arqimedes gadmocemiT demokritem gansazRvra
konusis moculoba: igi tolia im cilindris
moculobis erTi mesamedis, romlis simaRle da
fuZis farTobi igivea rac konusis. magram
araferia cnobili misi meTodis Sesaxeb. evdoksi
iyo pirveli vinc daamtkica demokrtes mosazreba.
Zveli berZnebi garkveuli azriT `koordi-
natTa meTods~ icnobdnen. isini sibrtyeze
wertilTa geometriuli adgilis SeswavlisaTvis,
moZravi wertilidan winaswar fiqsirebul aTvlis
sur. 1
or RerZamde manZils ganixilaven.
sur. 1-ze naCvenebia e.w. dekartes marTkuTxa
koordinatTa XOY sistema sibrtyeze. wertilTa
geometriuli adgili, romlebic akmayofileben
* Cp. The Method of Archimedes, edited dy Thomas L. Heath (arqimedes meTodi, tomas l. xitis gamocemuli),
Cambridge, 1912, P. 13. am patara wigns uwodeben `Method~ (`meTodi~). arqimedes es naSromi xeibergis mier
mxolod 1906 wels iqna aRmoCenili (ix. ., , , 1909).
** berketi wonasworobaSia, Tu brunvis RerZis mimarT masze modebuli Zalebis momentebis algebruli jami nulis
tolia. Zalis momenti Zalis modulisa da misi mxaris namravlis tolia.
arqimedes aRmoCena
pirobas: (x a)2 + (y b)2 = R 2 (piTagoras
Teorema), warmoadgens R radiusian wrewirs
O(a,b) centriT.
axla gavyveT arqimedes `azris jaWvs~ da
ganvixiloT rogori meTodiT gansazRvra birTvis
moculoba: sibrtyeze XOY marTkuTxa koordi-
natTa sistemaSi R radiusiani wrewiri exeba
koordinatTa O saTaves da misi O1 centri OX
RerZze mdebareobs. iqvea marTkuTxa samkuTxedi,
marTi kuTxiT O wertilSi, agreTve 2R da 4R
gverdebiani marTkuTxedi (sur. 2). arqimedem
warmoidgina wrewiris, samkuTxedis da marTkuT-
xedis brunva OX RerZis garSemo. Sesabamisad
miiRo birTvi, konusi da cilindri. cxadia
konusis simaRle da fuZis wris radiusi igivea
rac cilindris da 2R udris (sur.2). Tanamedrove
aRniSvnebiT am wris gantolebas aqvs saxe:
2 2 2
(R x) + y = R
x 2 + y 2 = 2Rx. (1)
warmovidginoT nebismier A wertilze OX
RerZis marTobulad gatarebuli MN sibrtye.
igi gadakveTs ra birTvis, konuss da cilindrs
kveTaSi miiReba wreebi (sur. 2, marjvniv), romelTa
farTobebi Sesabamisad tolia:
y 2 , x 2 (radgan
) da (2R)2.
(1) gantolebis orive mxare gavamravloT
2R -ze. davinaxavT, rom gardaqmnil gantolebaSi
gaCndeba ganxiluli farTobebi:
(*)
cxadia, radgan MN sibrtyis gatareba SeiZleba
nebismier wertilze, amitom x da y cvladi
sidideebia. maSasadame birTvisa da konusis kveTis
farTobebic cvladia, xolo cilindris _
mudmivi.
arqimedem gamoavlina genialuri azrovneba
da intuiciis araCveulebrivi unari: man (*)
gantolebaSi SeniSna Tavis mier aRmoCenili
berketis wonasworobis piroba (momentebis** wesi).
man dauSva, rom Wrilebi Zalian mcire h sisqis
erTi da igive masalisagan damzadebuli diskoebia,
e.i. sxvadasxva simZime aqvT. Tu Tanamedrove
ganmartebebs gamoviyenebT, masalis simkvrives -
Ti aRvniSnavT, xolo simZimis Zalis aCqarebas g-
Ti maSin, (*) gantoleba ase gardaiqmneba:
arqimedes aRmoCena
2R(x 2hg + y 2hg) = (2R)2 hgx. (2)
sadac y 2hg sibrtyiT birTvis kveTis
Sesabamisi diskos simZimis Zalaa, x 2hg _
konusis, xolo (2R)2 hg _ cilindris. amitom
y 2hg2R , da
Sesabamisi Zalebis momentebia O wertilis mimarT.
maSasadame (*) gantoleba gamoxatavs im faqts,
rom ori Zalis momenti gawonasworebulia
mesamiT. amitom arqimedem OX RerZi warmoidgina
rogorc uwono berketi da kveTaSi miRebuli
diskoebi ase gaanawila: cilindris ganivi WriliT
miRebuli disko Tavis adgilze datova, e.i. O
wertilidan x manZilze (B wertilSi), xolo
birTvisa da konusis Wrilebis diskoebi berketis
sur. 2
O wertilidan marcxniv 2R manZilze erTi da
igive D wertilSi warmoidgina dakidebuli
(sur. 2).
cxadia, rodesac x icvleba 0-dan 2R-mde,
miiReba cilindris yvela ganivkveTi, romlebic
cilindrs mTlianad avseben. cilindris yovel
ganivkveTs Seesabameba ori ganivkveTi, romlebic
berketis D wertilSia dakidebuli da isini
birTvsa da konuss avseben. amitom berketis D
wertilSi dakidebuli birTvi da konusi O
wertilis mimarT imyifebian wonasworobaSi
cilindrTan, ise rogorc maTi Sesabamisi kveTebi.
birTvis moculoba V-Ti aRvniSnoT da konusis
moculobasTan dakavSirebiT demokrates aRmoCena
gamoviyenoT. gadavideT diskoebis momentebidan
Sesabamisi sxeulebis momentebze, miviRebT:
2
(2R) 2R 2
2R + V = R(2R) 2R,
3
(**)
43
saidanac birTvis moculoba
3
4R .
V= (3)
3
ganxilul msjelobaSi gadamwyvet nabijs (*)
gantolebidan (**) gantolebaze gadasvla
warmoadgens, e.i. ganivkveTebis mier mTeli
sxeulebis gavseba. maTematikuri simkacris
udidesi berZnuli tradiciebis warmomadgenelma
arqimedem Zalian kargad icoda, rom es mixvedra
iyo da ara damtkiceba. amis Sesaxeb igi aRniSnavda:
`faqti, romelTanac Cven mivediT, sinamdvileSi
gadmocemuli msjelobiT damtkicebuli araa.
magram am msjelobam mogvca Taviseburi miTiTeba,
rom Sedegi sworia~. war-
modgenili idea ganxiluli
amocanis moTxovnebis saz-
Rvrebs scildeba da ganu-
zomlad didi gasaqani aqvs.
ganivWrilebidan mTlian
sxeulebze gadasvla Tanamed-
rove enaze aris usasrulo
mcire nawilebidan mTlian
sidideze _ diferencialidan
integralze gadasvla. udi-
desi moazrovne arqimede ase
afasebda Tavis meTods: `me
darwmunebuli var, rom es
meTodi arc Tu mcire sar-
geblobas moitans maTema-
tikaSi; saxeldobr me vxedav,
rom vinme axlandeli an
momavali mkvlevarebi, gaec-
nobian ra am meTods, misi daxmarebiT daaskvnian
sxva Teoremebs, romlebic me jer TavSi ar
momsvlia~.
mogagonebT, rom arqimede Zv. w. III saukuneSi
cxovrobda, integraluri aRricxva ki q.S. XVII
saukuneSi Seiqmna, e.i. TiTqmis oci saukunis Semdeg.
es fati cxadyofs arqimedes geniis sidiades. igi
samarTlianad iTvleba statikisa da hidros-
tatikis fuZemdeblad. eWvgareSea, rom man mraval
gamogonebebTan erTad aago zusti meqanikis
`margaliti~ _ planetariumi, romelic Cvenamde
mouRwevel arqimedes erT-erT naSromSi iyo
aRwerili.
romaelma sardalma marcelma sirakuzis aRebis
Semdeg planetariumi, rogorc samxedro nadavli
romSi gadaitana. SemdegSi misgan markus talius
ciceroni (Zv. w. 106-43), Zveli romaeli poli-
tikuri moRvawe, oratori da mwerali aRfrTo-
vanebuli iyo. cnobilia gadmocema romaelebis
44 arqimedes aRmoCena

Setevebisagan qalaq sirakuzis Tavdacvis Sesaxeb. cilindris moculobaze

sirakuzelebi sami weli igeriebdnen marcelis (sur. 3), e.i.
xelmZRvanelobiT romaelebis Tavdasxmebs. am 2
Vb = Vcil (4)
periodSi arqimede igonebda da agebda sxvadasxva 3
samxedro manqanebs, romlebic momxvdurT SiSis arqimedes anderZis
zars scemdnen. magram sirakuzi mainc daeca. Tanaxmad misi saflavis
legendis Tanaxmad romeliRac uxeSma romaelma qvaze cilindrSi Caxa-
mebrZolma, marcelis brZanebis miuxedavad moxuci zuli birTvi iyo amok-
arqimede mokla im momentSi, rodesac igi silaze veTili. gardacvalebidan
geometriul figurebs xatavda. Tu es epizodi TiTqmis saukune-naxevris sur. 3
mogonilia, is mainc sakmaod damaxasiaTebelia. Semdeg swored am niSnis
arqimede Tavisi Sromebidan yvelaze mniSvne- mixedviT eZebda ciceroni geniosis saflavs,
lovan miRwevad Tvlida Semdegs: birTvis mocu- romelic amJamad kvlav dakargulia.
loba erTnaxevarjer naklebia masze Semoxazuli

1 Seamowme arqimedes mtkicebis WeSmariteba, rom birTvis moculoba erTnax-

evarjer naklebia masze Semoxazuli cilindris moculobaze: Vb=2Vcil /
3.
2  sur. 4-ze gamosaxulia birTvi da sur. 4
cilindri fuZeebTan ori toli konusuri ZabriT.
cilindris simaRle da fuZis diametri birTvis
diametris tolia. vTqvaT es sxeulebi damzadebulia
erTnairi nivTierebisagan. romeli ufro mZime iqne-
ba?

3. amocanebi
arqimedemde cnobili iyo `kavalieris principi~: Tu sivrceSi mocemulia
ori sxeuli da mocemuli sibrtyis paraleluri nebismieri sibrtye
am sxeulebis gadakveTisas qmnian or figuras, romelTa farTobebi
tolia: S1=S2 (am dros TiToeuli sxeulis kveTis farTobi sazoga-
dod cvladia), maSin am sxeulebis moculobebic tolia: V1=V2.
am principis gamoyenebiT daasabuTe arqimedes formulis: Vb=2Vcil /3
WeSmariteba.
sur. 5

sur. 6
miTiTeba: R radiusian wrewirze SemoxazeT kvadrati (sur. 5) gaatare diagonalebi. warmoidgine
am nakvTebis brunva vertikaluri AB RerZis garSemo. miiReb R radiusian birTvs, masze
Semoxazul cilindrs, cilindrSi `ormag~ wriul konuss wveroebiT birTvis centrSi.
arqimedes aRmoCena 45
daamtkice
4 `meTodis~ me-7 winadadeba: birTvuli segmentis moculoba ise Seef-
ardeba imave fuZis farTobisa da simaRlis mqone konusis moculobas,
rogorc birTvis radusisa da damatebiTi segmentis simaRlis jami
Seefardeba damatebiTi segmentis simaRles:
Vbs R + (2 R h) .
= sur. 7
Vk 2 R h
5 `meTodis~ me-6 winadadeba: naxevarbirTvis simZimis centri (O)
mdebareobs mis RerZze da am RerZs yofs ise, rom naxevarbirTvis
wverosTan mimdebare nawili (a) danarCen nawils (b) Seefardeba
ise, rogorc 5:3 (sur. 8).

6 `meTodis~ me-9 winadadeba: sferuli segmentis simZimis cen-

tri mdebareobs mis RerZze da mas yofs ise, rom wverosTan
sur. 8
mimdebare nawili ise efardeba danarCen nawils, rogorc
segmentis simaRlisa da damatebiTi segmentis simaRlis gaoTxkecebeli jami Seefardeba
segmentis simaRlisa da damatebiTi segmentis gaorkecebl jams:
x h + 4(2 R h) .
= x sferuli segmentis simZimis centris abscisa, _ sferuli
h - x h + 2(2 R h)
segmentis simaRle, R _ segmentis radiusi.
7 samyaroSi Cvengan yvelaze ufro daSorebul obieqtebamde, kvazarebamde, manZili 5-13
miliardi sinaTlis weliwadia. sayrdeni wertili rom hqonoda, SeZlebda arqimede
dedamiwis `awevas~ berketiT? dedamiwis masaa 6.1024kg, radiusi _ 6400 km, s. w. aris
manZili, romelsac sinaTle gaivlis erT weliwadSi. sinaTlis siCqarea 300 000 km/wm,
g10 m/wm2.

ujredovani gumbaTi da fulerenebi

cnobilma amerikelma arqi teq-
torma da inJinerma riCard bakminster
fulerma daamuSava msubuqi da magari
`geodeziuri TaRebi~, kunstruqciebi
foladis swori Rero ebi sagan. am
meTodiT man moskovSi, sokolnikebSi
1959 wels aago sagamofeno pavilioni.
igi aris `}jqon-67~ pavi-
lionis ujredovani gumbaTis avtori.
mas burTis forma aqvs.
80-iani wlebis Sua periodSi
mecnierebma aRmoaCines naxSirbadis
giganturi molekulebi.
gumbaTis avtorma gamoiyena igive
princi pebi, romlis safuZ velzec
`aigeba~ es giganturi molekulebi.
yvelaze cnobil molekulas C60
aRmoCenis avtorebma Searqves bakmin-
sterfulereni (futbolino), xolo
naxSirbadis giganturi molekulebis
mTel klass _ fulerenebi.
dReisaTvis bevri mecnieri am
molekulebis intensiur kvlevas eweva
da yovelwliurad aTasobiT statia
ibeWdeba maT Sesaxeb.
46

magiuri kvadratebi

 ujredebiani rveulis furcelze daxaze

kvadrati (3 3 = 9). gamoyofili kvadratis
ujredebSi TanmimdevrobiT Cawere ricxvebi 1-
dan 9-is CaTvliT (sur. 1). kuTxeebSi ganlagebul
ricxvebs adgilebi Seucvale ise, rogorc sur. 2-
zea naCvenebi. axla am kvadrats forma ise
Seucvale, rom ricxvebi 2, 5, 8 da 4, 5, 6 diagona- sur. 1 sur. 2 sur. 3
lebze ganlagdes (sur. 3) miRebuli kvadrati
moabrune saaTis isris moZraobis (an sawinaaR-
mdego) mimarTulebiT 450-iani kuTxiT da Sen
miiReb e.w. mesame rigis magiur kvadrats (sur. 4).
amboben, rom is pirvelad gamoCnda CineTSi daax-
loebiT 2800 wlis win Cvens welTaRricxvamde
saxelwodebiT `lox-Su~. is dRemde gamoiyeneba
rogorc Tilisma da gamoxatulia amuletze ise,
rogorc sur. 5-zea naCvenebi.
sityva `rigi~ am SemTxvevaSi aRniSnavs kvad-
ratis erT gverdze ujredebis raodenobas. bu- sur. 4 sur. 5
nebrivad dagebadeba kiTxva: riT aris saintereso
magiuri kvadrati? aba, daakvirdi mTavar diago-
nalebze, TiToeul horizontalur da vertika-
lur mwkrivebze ganlagebul ricxvebs, maTi jami
erTi da igivea da udris 15. mas mesame rigis
magiuri kvadratis mudmiva ewodeba (mudmiva aqvs
yvela magiur kvadrats). meore rigis magiuri
kvadrati ar arsebobs, xolo mesame rigis _
erTaderTia (Tu ar CavTvliT im 7 magiur
kvadrats, romlebic miiRebian ganxilulisagan
mobrunebiT da arekvliT).
 axla scade meoTxe rigis (4 4 = 16 _
gverdSi oTxi ujra) magiuri kvadratis Sedgena.
Tu zemoT ganxilul wess gamoiyeneb, ufro
advilad miiReb erT-erTi saxis meoTxe rigis
magiur kvadrats (damtkicebulia, rom maTi
ricxvia 880!). magram, Tu mainc gagiWirdeba,
daakvirdi didi germaneli mxatvris albrext
diureris mier 1514 wels Seqmnili graviuris*
ilustracias (sur. 6).
mis marjvena zeda kuTxeSi warmodgenilia erT-
erTi meoTxe rigis simetriuli magiuri kvadrati.
mas diureris magiur kvadrats uwodeben
(aRsaniSnavia, rom diureri maTematikiTac iyo
gatacebuli). Tu Sen mas kargad da guldasmiT sur. 6. albrext diureri. `melanqolia~.
gaecnobi aRmoaCen, rom ara marto nebismier hori- graviura spilenZze. 1514.
* graviura (frang. gravure) _ 1. raime magari masalis (liTonis, xis, qvis, minis da sxv.) gluv zedapirze amokveTili
an amoWrili naxati. 2. aseTi naxatis anabeWdi qaRaldze.
magiuri kvadratebi 47
zontalur, ver- n n = n2. am ujredebSi ricxvebi unda Caiweros
tikalur da mTavar 1-dan n2-is CaTvliT TanmimdevrobiT), xolo
diagonalur mwkri- mudmiva _ C-Ti. zemoT ganxiluli magaliTebidan
vebSi ganlagebuli Cans, rom roca n = 3, maSin C = 15. xolo, roca
cifrebis jami n = 4, maSin C = 34. agreTve cnobilia roca n = 5,
udris 34-s (mud- maSin C = 65.
miva), aramed kvad-
ratis SigniT kidev mexuTe rigis magiuri kvadratis ageba
ramdenime patara
sur. 7 imoqmede Semdegi ganawesiT
kvadratSi da ara
(algoriTmiT):
marto maTSi!
1. gamoyavi kvadrati
5 = 25;
sainteresoa, rom zemoT ganxiluli wesiT
5
miRebul meoTxe rigis simetriul magiur kvad-
2. nebismier ujraSi Cawere
rats diurerma meore da mesame vertikalur
ricxvi 1;
mwkrivebs adgilebi Seucvala (sur. 7) magram amiT
3. am ujridan gaakeTe
simetriuli magiuri kvadrati ar Secvlila
saWadrako mxedris verti- 1
(mudmiva _ 34 igive darCa). daakvirdi qveda
kaluri svla (erTi ujra
horizontaluri mwkrivis or SuaTana ricxvs
marjvniv da ori ujra zeviT)
da Sen advilad mixvdebi am Secvlis mizans.
da dasvi ricxvi 2;
sur. 8-ze naCvenebia XVIII saukuneSi didi
4. gaimeore mesame punqtis
maTematikosis leonard eileris mier Sedgenili
miTiTeba da dasvi ricxvi 3.
me-8 rigis naxevrad
da ase Semdeg dasvi ricxvebi
magiuri kvadrati,
yoveli horizon-
zrdis rigis mixedviT, sanam 2
ar Seavseb mTel kvadrats,
taluri an verti-
5. Tu mxedris svlas
kaluri mwkrivis
gamoyavxar kvadratis zeda
ricxvebi jamSi
napiris gareT, dabrundi
260-s iZleva (dia-
qveviT da Seavse mxedris daw-
gonalebis gaswvriv
yebuli svla. dasvi momdevno
ara, amitomaa naxev-
rad magiuri), xo-
ricxvi (4); 3
6. Tu ki svlas gamoyavxar
lo mwkrivis na-
marjvena napiris gareT,
sur. 8 xevari _ 130-s.
 warmoidgine,
dabrundi marcxniv da kvlav
Seavse mxedris svla. dasvi
rom es kvadrati saWadrako dafaa da mxedari
momdevno ricxvi (5);
iwyebs moZraobas ujredidan, romelSic weria
7. Tuki ujra dakavebulia,
ricxvi 1. igi agrZelebs moZraobas. ra xdeba am
dros? Tu am kiTxvas upasuxe da miageni raime
daubrundi wina daweril 4
ricxvs da pirdapir mis qveviT
kanonzomierebas, gamoiyene igi da aage me-8 rigis
dawere momdevno ricxvi (6);
sxva naxevrad magiuri kvadrati. ramdenia aseTi?
es moqmedebebi unda Seas-
aravin icis (Zalian bevria). dReisaTvis isic ki ar
rulo kvadratis srul
aris cnobili ramdeni me-5 rigis magiuri kvadrati
Sevsebamde. sur. 9-ze naCvenebia
arsebobs, Tumca zogierTi SefasebiT is 13
am algoriTmis Sesabamisi
milions aWarbebs!
svlebi.
magiuri kvadratebi arseboben yvela rigis, 5
4-ze meti, im luwi rigebis garda, romlebic ar
iyofian 4-ze. magaliTad, meeqvse rigis magiuri
kvadrati ar arsebobs. aseve ar arseboben me-10,
me-14 da a.S. rigis magiuri kvadratebi (isini
SeiZleba naxevrad magiuri iyos).
magiuri kvadratis rigi aRvniSnoT n-iT (maSin
kvadratis ujredebis ricxvi toli iqneba: 6 sur. 9 7
48 magiuri kvadratebi

1 rogorc aRvniSneT, meoTxe rigis (n = 4) magiuri kvadratebis ricxvia 880,

xolo mexuTe rigis (n = 5) _ camet milionze meti. sainteresoa Sen ramdenis
povnas SeZleb?

2 daadgine, rogori Tanafardoba iqneba n-sa da C-s Soris (e.i. maT Soris kavSiri warmoad-
gine formuliT). Tu Sen amas SeZleb, maSin advilad mixvdebi, ratom aris me-8 rigis
naxevrad magiuri kvadratis mudmiva 260. ufro metic, Sen SeZleb nebismieri magiuri
kvadratis mudmivas gansazRvras Sedgenis garaSe.

Tavsatexi

1 mxedriT svla. saWadrako mxedarma Semoiara

mTeli dafa da dabrunda sawyis ujraSi. aRadgine
mxedris mTeli marSruti, Tu cnobilia mxolod misi
16 svla, romlebic mxedris svlis rigis Sesabamisad
dafaze naCvenebia ricxvebiT (sur. 10).
2 Seadgine: a) mesame rigis (n = 3) magiuri kvadrati
mxolod martivi ricxvebisagan, ise rom centrSi moTavsdes
ricxvi 73.
b) mesame rigis magiuri kvadrati, mxolod martivi
ricxvebisagan, minimaluri mudmivaTi _ C = 111.
3 ricxvebiani seqciebi Casvi kvadratSi (sur. 11) ise, rom sur. 10
miiRo magiuri kvadrati n = 8, C = 260 (yvela striqonSi,
svetSi da diagonalSi ricxvebis jami udrides 260-s).
4 mravlobiTi magiuri kvadrati. Seavse bade
(sur. 12) darCenili ricxvebiT 1-dan 81-mde, rom miiRo:
a) Sinagani magiuri kvadrati (SuaSi) 3 3, C = 123;
b) Sinagani magiuri kvadrati (SuaSi) 5 5, C = 205;
g) Sinagani magiuri kvadrati (SuaSi) 7 7, C = 287;
d) mTeli magiuri kvadrati 9 9, C = 369.
5 Casvi darCenili ricxvebi 1-dan 25-mde (sur. 13 a,b),
rom miiRo magiuri kvadratebi C = 65.
sur. 11

a b

sur. 13

 sur. 12

dedamiwis radiusis gazomva
astronomiuli* dakvirvebebis safuZvelze jer
kidev Zv. w. IV saukuneSi Zvelma berZenma
mecnierebma daamtkices, rom dedamiwas aqvs
birTvis forma (sur. 1). am daskvnis safuZvelze
eratosTenma gadawyvita gaezoma dedamiwis sferos
wrewiris sigrZe da radiusi.
sur. 1
eratosTene (Eratosthenes~ daaxl. Zv. w. 276-
194) Zv. berZeni mecnieri. daibada kireneSi,
ganaTleba miiRo aleqsandriasa da aTenSi. kali-
maqes sikvdilis Semdeg ganagebda aleqsandriis
biblioTekas. dainteresebuli iyo filologiiT
(es sityva pirvelad man ixmara `gramatikis~
nacvlad), maTematikiT, astronomiiT, qrono-
logiiT, geografiiT, filosofiiT, musikiT. era-
tosTenem pirvelma gazoma dedamiwis wrewi-
ris (meridiani) sigrZe (aqedan dedamiwis radi-
usis sigrZe); Camoayaliba maTematikuri geogra-
fiis safuZvlebi; SeimuSava martiv ricxvTa
moZebnis meTodi (e-s saceri); daadgina saber-
ZneTis istoriis ZiriTadi TariRebi (termini
`geografia~ mis mier aris SemoRebuli). mas
ekuTvnis sxvadasxva naSromebi (sul 24 wignad);
misi nawerebidan nawyvetebia SemorCenili.
eratosTene cxovrobda egvipteSi, q. aleqsan-
driaSi. misi idea SemdegSi mdgomareobda:
* astronomia _ (berZ. astron _ varskvlavi da nomos _ kanoni) _ mecniereba ciuri sxeulebis moZraobisa da
Tvisebebis Sesaxeb.
** zeniti _ umaRlesi wertili cis sferoze. Tu mnaTobi (varskvlavi) imyofeba zenitSi, maSin is anaTebs pirdapir
damkvirveblis Tavze, vertikaluri mimarTulebiT.
4. j. kiknaZe
49
dedamiwis or wertilSi, romlebic mdebareobdnen
egviptis CrdiloeTiT da samxreTiT (qalaqebi:
aleqsandria da siena _ axlandeli asuani), erTi
da igive dRes _ SuadRisas gaezoma mzis
zenituri** manZili gradusebSi (sur. 2). es
manZili dakvirvebis punqtebis geografiuli
zeniti
zeniti
mzis sxivebi
zenituri manZili
= 7,20
siena
aleqsandria (asuani)
800 km
ganedebis sxvaoba
= 7,20 dedamiwis
zedapiri
R O
A B
sur. 2
ganedebis sxvaobis tolia. Semdeg saWiro iyo
dakvirvebis punqtebs Soris manZilis gansazRvra.
am manZilis gradusebis ricxvze gayofiT
ganisazRvreba dedamiwis wrewiris sigrZis nawili,
romelic modis erT gradusze. Semdeg advilad
ganisazRvreba dedamiwis wrewiris sigrZe da misi
radiusi.
mnaTobis zenituri manZili ewodeba kuTxes
vertikalur mimarTulebasa da mnaTobidan
damkvirveblis Tvalisaken mimarTuli sxivs Soris
(sur. 3).
mzis zenituri manZilis gansazRvrisaTvis
eratosTenem gamoigona specialuri xelsawyo _
skaTisi.
skaTisi warmoadgens naxevrsferel Tass,
romlis fuZeze xistad mimagrebulia liTonis
Rero naxevarsferos radiusis gaswvriv (sur. 4).
skaTisis Siga zedapirze datanilia danayofebi
gradusebSi. skaTiss ayeneben Sveulis (Zafze da-
50 dedamiwis radiusis gazomva
Z
ki debuli tvir- iyo 5 000 berZnuli stadia*. aRniSna dedamiwis
bi
mnaTo
ri Ti) gaswvriv ise, wrewiris sigrZe x-iT da Seadgina proporcia

vertikaluri
itu

mimarTuleba
zen ili rom Rero mi-mar- im mosazrebis safuZvelze, rom dedamiwis
manZ
Tuli iyos sfe- wrewiris sigrZe imdenjer metia mocemul
ros radiusis qalaqebs Soris manzilze, ramdenjerac 3600
gas wvriv, zustad metia 7,20-ze:
verti kalu rad, e. 0
x 360
i. mimarTuli iyos = 0 .
Sveuli
Z
zeni tisaken. mzis 5000 7, 2
sur. 3 sxivebze ganaTebisas
aqedan gamodis, rom dedamiwis sferos
liTonis Rero ska-
wrewiris sigrZe tolia 250 000 stadias.
zeniti 7,2 0 Tisis fuZeze iZl-
berZnuli stadia zustad araa cnobili Tu
eva Crdils. Reros
ra sigrZis tolia, magram Tanamedrove gazom-
fuZidan Crdilis
vebiT aleqsandriasa da asuans Soris manZili
bolomde gazomili
800 kilometria. maSin
rkalis sigrZe gra-
0
dusebSi mzis zeni- x 360
= 0 .
turi manZilis to- 800 7, 2
lia.
eratosTene eg- aqedan x = 40 000 km.
viptis CrdiloeTiT amrigad, dedamiwis sferos wrewiris sigrZe
Z cxovrobda. vaWre- (meridianis sigrZe) daaxloebiT tolia 40 000km-s.
bisagan da aqle- XVIII saukunis bolos safrangeTis mecnie-
mebis gamci leb- rebaTa akademiam moamzada ori eqspedicia
lebisagan man ico- eratosTenes gazomvebis Sesamowmeblad. erTi
da, rom egviptis eqspedicia muSaobda fineTSi da SveciaSi, Crdi-
Rero samxreTiT qalaq loeTis polaruli wris maxloblad, xolo
sienaSi (axlandeli meore _ peruSi ekvatoris ganedze. gamoirkva,
20 Z asu anSi) mze, 22 rom eratosTenes gazomvebi mTlianad eTanxme-
7,20
iv niss SuadRisas bodnen eqspediciebis miRebul Sdegebs.
10
Reros Crdili 0 anaTebda Rrma Webis amave dros gamoirkva, rom dedamiwis pola-
sur. 4 fuZeebs. maSasdame ruli radiusi 21 kilometriT pataraa ekva-
mze imyofeboda ze- torul radiusze. amrigad dedamiwa aris odnav
nitSi. imave dRis SuadRisas aleqsandriaSi Sebrtyelebuli sfero _ brunvis elifsoidi.
eratosTenes gazomvis mixedviT mze zeniti- Teoriulad aseTi Sedegi miRebuli hqonda yve-
dan daSorebuli iyo daaxloebiT 7,20-iT. man la drois erT-erT udides inglisel fizikossa
agreTve icoda, rom am qalaqebs Soris manZili da maTematikoss isaak niutons (1642-1727).

1 jer kidev arqimedem icoda, rom wrewiris sigrZe (l) SeiZleba vipoviT, Tu
mis diametrs (AB) gavamravlebT 22/7-ze (sur.2). am monacemis safuZvelze
ras udris dedamiwis sferos R radiusis sigrZe?

2 daamzade skaTisi (sur. 4) an sur. 3-ze asaxuli xelsawyo. misi saSualebiT gazome mT-
varis zenituri manZili saRamos da Ramis sxvadasxva dros, magaliTad 20 sT-ze; 22 sT;
6 sT; 8 sT; gazomvebi Caatare savse mTvaris dros.
3 Zvelad sigrZis erTeulad iRebdnen manZils, romelsac mozrdili adamiani gaivlida
mzis badros horizontze mTlianad amosvlis drois ganmavlobaSi. mas `stadias~ uwo-
debdnen. SeiZleboda aseTi sigrZis erTeuli zusti yofiliyo?
* stadia _ (berZ. Stadion) ZvelberZnuli sigrZis sazomi erTeuli, igi icvleba adgilmdebareobis mixedviT
150-dan 190 metramde. aqedanaa sityva `stadioni~.