Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
liquide en présence de
Yasmin Khakpour matériaux de changement de
phase micro-encapsulés :
Laboratoire de transfert de chaleur
multi-échelle, Département de génie
mécanique, Worcester Polytechnic
Institute, Worcester, MA 01609 e-
mail : ykhakpour@alum.wpi.edu étude numérique
Jamal Seyed-Yagoobi Ce document examine numériquement les caractéristiques de transfert de chaleur d’un flux
Laboratoire de transfert de chaleur de lisier de pellicule liquide mésoscale contenant un matériau de changement de phase
multi-échelle, Département de génie micro-encapsulé (MEPCM) en présence d’évaporation. Le flux de film liquide à évaporation
mécanique, Worcester Polytechnic en deux phases est modélisé à l’aide d’une formulation fluide-volume de fluide (VOF).
Institute, Worcester, MA 01609 e- Pendant le processus d’évaporation du fluide de base, la concentration de MEPCM dans le
mail : jyagoobi@wpi.edu film de lisier augmente à mesure qu’il s’écoule le long d’une plaque chauffée, ce qui
entraîne une variation continue de ses propriétés thermiques efficaces. L’effet du MEPCM
sur l’évolution de l’épaisseur du film liquide dans différentes conditions de fonctionnement
est présenté. Il est démontré que le MEPCM supprime le taux de diminution de l’épaisseur
du film liquide, ce qui entraîne un coefficient de transfert de chaleur plus élevé que celui du
film liquide pur dans des conditions de fonctionnement similaires. Cette étude permet
également de comprendre comment retarder l’état d’assèchement dans l’évaporation du
flux de film liquide de lisier par rapport à celui du fluide pur. [DOI : 10.1115/1.4028808]
Journal of Heat Transfer Copyright VC 2015 par ASME FÉVRIER 2015, vol. 137 / 021501-1
ru¼0
Dans le cas d’un écoulement fluide stratifié à deux
phases, une formulation de VOF à un fluide est
adaptée pour résoudre la fraction volumique de la
vapeur
1 aÖql m evap
uð ¼
où ¼ 1 indique que la cellule de calcul donnée est pleine de vapeur et 0
< a < 1 représente l’interface entre les phases liquide et vapeur. Sur la
base de la valeur locale de a, les propriétés et variables de fluide
correspondantes seront assignées à chaque volume de contrôle dans le
domaine
aìql;eff
qm ¼ aqv þ ð1
aìll;eff
lm ¼ aqv þ ð1
aìkl;eff
km ¼ akv þ ð1
où l’indice m représente les propriétés du mélange liquide-vapeur. Veuillez
noter que les propriétés effectives du lisier liquide, mentionnées par l’indice l,
eff seront expliquées à la section 2.1.
Le terme source de masse dans la continuité Eq. (2) et (3), mevap,
est la masse transférée de la phase liquide à la phase vapeur par évaporation et
peut être obtenue comme suit :
00
qint n un
m ¼
evap hfgjraj
où hfg est la chaleur latente d’évaporation pour le fluide porteur à la
int
température de saturation correspondante et q00 est le transfert thermique net
à travers l’interface liquide-vapeur. Comme approximation de premier ordre
q00 n k T
int ¼ M
Par conséquent, la source de masse est définie comme suit :
kmðrT aÖ
m
¼
evap hfgjraj
Il est à noter que les valeurs de hfg ne correspondent qu’à celles du R134a pur,
et non du lisier, puisque le MEPCM ne contribue pas à l’évaporation. Le PCM
est encapsulé, et de plus, son point d’ébullition est à une température beaucoup
plus élevée ( 643 K) dans les conditions correspondantes.
Dans le modèle VOF, un seul ensemble d’équations de momentum est
partagé par chaque phase (liquide/vapeur) du fluide, et la fraction volumique de
chaque phase est suivie dans tout le domaine
P þ lmr2u
W
qmcp;mðu TÞ ¼ kmr2T þ vis þ SE
@u 2 @v 2 @u @v 2
"
Avec ¼ lm 2 @x þ @y !þ @y þ @x #
Opérations de l’ASME
Téléchargé à partir de : http://heattransfer.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ le 06/11/2015 Conditions d’utilisation : http://asme.org/terms
La distribution de la température des solides chauffés est
obtenue par l’équation suivante : du fluide porteur (R134a). Cependant, avec la différence
Le terme source d’énergie, SE est défini comme suit : maximale de 25%, on suppose que les particules MEPCM sont
je
2 k
r Ts ¼ 0 kb cf fkp 1
k i
¼ 2þfþ cf hf 1 2:5
gauche l 1 2
¼ cf f 1:16f
où les formulations pour la conductivité thermique en vrac et la
V viscosité sont dérivées en étendant les modèles développés par Refs.
core
[32] et [33], respectivement. Le micromélange (microconvection) est
le résultat d’interactions particules-particules, particules-liquides et
V particules-parois. Ces interactions augmentent la con-
ice-
¼ km dy ¼ ks dy
Entrée u ¼ ðu0; 0Þ; Surface extérieure de la paroi
yd 00
u01; in inférieure — q00 ¼ qw
Mur supérieur u ¼ (0, 0) dT ¼ 0
u0 ¼ u0v; y > din
La corrélation de conductivité thermique effective, donnée ci-
dessus, montre que la conductivité thermique dépend fortement du
diamètre de la particule ainsi que de la contrainte de cisaillement,
Murs latéraux — e ¼ ð@ u=@yį
þ La chaleur spécifique résultante, cp, pour le lisier ayant une
concentration volumique de 15 % de MEPCM est présentée à la figure 3.
La concentration des particules de MEPCM dans le lisier varie
le long du canal en raison de l’évaporation du fluide porteur
(R134a). Ce processus est formulé au moyen de l’équation
suivante :
mp
mðxįcf þ mp
/ðxÖ ¼
où /ðxÖ est la fraction de masse locale de la MEPCM dans le
lisier et mðxÖcf est le débit massique liquide à une section
transversale de film liquide donnée et est lié au taux d’évaporation
à travers
Table 2 Physical properties of the MEPCM core, PS shell, and 3 Numerical Technique
R134a
The governing equations were solved using FLUENT V14 [36] as
Material
3
q (kg/m ) cp (J/kg K) the primary CFD platform, and the VOF method was selected for
solving the multiphase model. The MEPCM physical properties
PCM 870 (solid)–750 (liquid) DSC curve were modified using a user defined function (UDF). The UDF
Polystyrene (PS) 1040 1300 reads the temperature and the velocity gradient in every element
Pure R134a (liquid) 1159,9 1480 from FLUENT and then calculates the MEPCM physical properties
Pure R134a (vapor) 45,8 1117 and returns their values to FLUENT. The modified slurry physical
properties calculated by the UDF are updated at every iteration.
The UDF also incorporates the essential source terms for
Table 3 Summary of the operating conditions continuity equation and energy equation for the evaporation
process and defines the variation of the MEPCM concentration in
Pure R134a the slurry according to the evaporation rate along the interface.
Slurry with MEPCM
The interface is tracked by calculating the gradient of volume
Tin (K) 310 310 fraction of the fluid within the entire domain, which returns
2
G (kg/m s) 10, 20 10, 20nonzero values only across the interface. The velocity and energy
00 2
q (W/m K) 200, 400, 600 200, 400,equations
600 are discretized using second-order upwind scheme and
n% 0 5, 15the pressure using standard discretization method. The pressure–
dp (lm) — 10 momentum coupling is conducted through the pressure implicit
with splitting of operators (PISO) method. The numerical domain
consists of 57,600 quadrilateral cells with progressively increasing
resolution near the wall boundaries and in the vicinity of the
liquid–vapor interface. A convergence criteria of 10 7 is used for
the momentum and energy conservation governing equations.
Finally, the results presented in the following section correspond
to a grid-independent solution associated with the given set of
operating conditions.
4 Operating Conditions
A summary of the operating conditions is provided in Table 3
for the pure base fluid and the slurry. The solid bottom wall is
considered to be made of a 0.0005 m thick copper block heated
from below. In all the cases presented in this section, the liquid
film thickness at the inlet is maintained at d l,in ¼ 0.001 m which
represents a mesoscale film height. The vapor phase thickness at
the entrance is selected to be, d v,in ¼ 0.015 m, to avoid interface
Fig. 2 Variation of the specific heat of PCM with temperature [27] instabilities [37]. Thus, the channel height was assumed to be H ¼
0.016 m. These dimensions, along with the prescribed values of
liquid mass flux, Gin ¼ 10 kg/m2 s, and inlet vapor quality of
where mevap is the evaporation mass flux as previously defined in 0.02, determine the inlet liquid velocity of ul,in ¼ 0.043 m/s and
Eq. (9). Finally, Dx corresponds to the size of the computational inlet vapor velocity of uv,in ¼ 0.005 m/s. The inlet velocities of
grid in the axial direction. One can obtain the MEPCM particle the liquid and vapor phases for the higher mass flux of
volumetric concentration in the slurry, f(x), by substituting Eq. Gin ¼ 20 kg/m2 s and same inlet vapor quality are ul,in ¼ 0.086 m/
(27) in Eq. (20). s and uv,in ¼ 0.010 m/s, respectively.
Fig. 3 Variation of slurry’s specific heat with temperature for the case of pure R134a, 5%
and 15% MEPCM slurry
The inlet temperature of the carrier fluid is set to be the figures presented in this section, the coordinates and the liquid
saturation temperature, which is selected to be consistent with the film thickness are normalized with respect to the thickness of the
melting range of the MEPCM. The implication of this selection of liquid film at the inlet (i.e., x ¼ x/dl,in, y ¼ y/dl,in, and d ¼ D/dl,in).
saturation temperature is that the incoming liquid is pressurized to The local heat transfer coefficient is defined based on the differ-
values beyond the atmospheric conditions (i.e., Psat ¼ 0.93 MPa). ence in the interface temperature of the liquid film and the heated
00 wall as
Different wall heat fluxes of q ¼ 200, 400, and 600 W/m 2 are
considered under the same flow conditions. These values of the qw00
wall heat flux are chosen to avoid transition to boiling regime
since the boiling phase-change at higher heat fluxes is beyond the hðxÖ ¼ TwðxÞ Tsat
scope of this paper. In addition, for a given wall heat flux, the
The prediction of the current numerical model for the pure base
fluid mass flux at the inlet is varied to illustrate the effect of liquid
convection on liquid film thickness change and the resultant heat fluid is validated against the classical Nusselt evaporation theory
transfer performance. For the MEPCM slurry cases, two inlet for falling liquid film [38] since no data were available for
horizontal liquid film flow studied here. The theoretical model is
concentrations of nin ¼ 5% and nin ¼ 15% for particle size of dp developed for a laminar liquid film flowing over a vertical plate
¼ 10 lm are considered. subject to a constant temperature that is above the saturation
temperature of the incoming liquid. The Nusselt evaporation
5 Results and Discussions theory for falling liquid film yields the following relation for the
The results presented in this section correspond to the evaporation evolution of liquid film thickness and average heat transfer
of a mesoscale liquid film flow as shown in Fig. 1. For all the coefficient along the plate:
00 2
Fig. 5 Temperature distribution and interface profile for qw ¼ 400W=m and Gin
2
510 kg/m s for (a) pure R134a and (b) nin 515% MEPCM slurry
00 2
Fig. 7 Variation of liquid film thickness along the channel for q ¼ 400 W=m : (a)
w
021501-6 / Vol. 137, FEBRUARY 2015 Transactions of the ASME
substantially larger than the pure R134a counterpart, with a observed by numerical simulation that the length of the evaporation
gradual increase along the channel length. The larger Pe l value for section can be extended by 29.0% and 37.5%, respectively, for n in ¼
slurry cases is primarily due to the enhanced specific heat of the 5% and nin ¼ 15% slurries in order to result in the same liquid film
liquid film ( 2400 J/kg K for slurry versus 1500 J/kg K for pure R-
134a), although the reduction in the effective thermal conductivity thickness as that of the pure R134a at the end of the evaporation
(i.e., 0.060 W/m K for slurry versus 0.076 W/m K for pure R- section. As explained above, this is the direct consequence of larger
134a) is also contributing to such behavior. As the result of larger Pel values for MEPCM slurry compared to that of the base fluid. As
Pel, the convection term dominates the energy transfer in the fluid the slurry flow passes along the channel, portion of the applied heat
region (i.e., see Eq. (11)), which in turn, suppresses the through the solid zone is stored in the MEPCM particles, resulting in
temperature gradient in both stream-wise and spanwise directions a smaller temperature rise inside the liquid film. This effect is
as observed in Fig. 5(b). Furthermore, the gradual increase of Pe l augmented along the heated surface as the effective specific heat of
along the channel is attributed to the increase in the effective the liquid increases with the increase in the MEPCM concentration.
specific heat of the fluid as the MEPCM particles undergo melting While a similar trend is observed for higher liquid mass fluxes in Fig.
phase change as the result of temperature rise. It is worth noting 7(b), the overall rate of evaporation is decreased (for same amount of
that the rise in the value of Pe l along the channel is due to the fact applied heat flux) as the result of higher liquid film velocity and
further dominance of liquid convection along the evaporation path.
that the operating temperatures fall into the ascending part of cp
curve in Fig. 3. Note that the liquid–vapor phase change (hence The local heat transfer coefficient for MEPCM slurry is
variation in liquid film thickness) is a direct consequence of illustrated in Figs. 8(a) and 8(b). Significant heat transfer
temperature difference across the liquid–vapor interface, which is augmentation is obtained in the case of MEPCM slurry compared
more prominent in the case of pure refrigerant as the result of to that of pure working fluid, which corresponds to the smaller
lower Pel values. difference between the liquid/wall interface temperature and the
Figures 7(a) and 7(b) quantify the changes in the liquid film fluid saturation temperature for the slurry fluid. As stated
thickness along the channel for two levels of MEPCM concentration previously, the presence of MEPCM and the associated large Pe l
(Fig. 7(a)) and liquid mass fluxes (Fig. 7(b)). As shown in Fig. 7(a), result in smaller temperature rise for a given amount of heat.
compared to the case of pure R134a, the presence of MEPCM results Moreover, both pure R134a and MEPCM slurries show a larger
in 15% and 20% increase in the liquid film thickness at the end of the heat transfer coefficient at a higher inlet mass flux due to the
evaporation section for nin ¼ 5% and nin ¼ 15% MEPCM inlet higher convection heat transfer along the channel.
concentrations, respectively. The thicker liquid film at the end of the Figure 9 shows the variation of average heat transfer coefficient
evaporation section suggests that the liquid film is less susceptible to with the liquid film inlet temperature. Note that the melting peak
dry-out in the presence of MEPCM for the same applied heat to the temperature of the MEPCM considered in this study is
working fluid. It is approximately 315 K (Fig. 3). The thermal performance of the
00
Fig. 8 Variation of evaporation heat transfer coefficient along the channel for qw ¼ 400
2
W=m : (a) effect of MEPCM inlet concentration, n and (b) effect of liquid inlet mass flux,
G
Acknowledgment
This work was sponsored by a grant from NSF-CBET.
Nomenclature
c ¼ specific heat at constant pressure (J/kg K)
d ¼ particle diameter (m)
Dh ¼ hydraulic diameter (Dh ¼ 2dW/(d þ W)) (m)
DSC ¼ differential scanning calorimetry
e ¼ shear rate (1/s)
G ¼ mass flux (kg/m2 s)
h ¼ heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)
Fig. 9 Variation of average heat transfer coefficient with liquid film
inlet temperature for pure R134a and MEPCM slurry at n 515%
hfg ¼ latent heat of evaporation (J/kg)
H ¼ height of the channel (m)
k ¼ thermal conductivity (W/mK)
L ¼ length of the channel (m)
m ¼ mass flow rate (kg/s)
MEPCM ¼ micro-encapsulated phase change material
n ¼ normal vector
P ¼ pressure (Pa)
PCM ¼ phase change material
PS ¼ polystyrene
Pe ¼ Peclet number (Pe ¼ Re Pr)
2
Pep ¼ particle Peclet number, ðPep ¼ ðedp =cÞÞ
Pr ¼ Prandtl number, Pr ¼ cpl/k
00
q ¼ heat flux (W/m2)
Re ¼ Reynolds number (Re ¼ quDh/l)
SE ¼ source term in energy equation
St ¼ Stokes number (St ¼ sl/d)
Fig. 10 Variation of MEPCM concentration along the channel for T ¼ temperature (K)
various applied heat fluxes u ¼ velocity in x direction (m/s)
v ¼ velocity in y direction (m/s)
evaporating liquid film reaches its maximum when the inlet V ¼ volume (m3)
temperature is close to the corresponding melting temperature of W ¼ width of the channel (m)
the MEPCM and encounters a reduction with further increase in x ¼ horizontal coordinate axis
the liquid temperature as the result of lower effective thermal y ¼ vertical coordinate axis
mass away from the melting range of the MEPCM. Such a ¼ volume fraction of vapor phase
variability of the heat transfer characteristic with the operating c ¼ thermal diffusivity (c ¼ k/qcp) (m2/s) D ¼ liquid film
temperature provides a tunability feature for the MEPCM slurry thickness (m)
where one can adjust the melting range of the MEPCM particles d ¼ nondimensional liquid film thickness (m)
according to the relevant operating condition of the evaporator to q ¼ density (kg/m3)
achieve the optimum heat transfer performance. f ¼ particle volume concentration in the slurry
/ ¼ particle mass concentration in the slurry
The MEPCM concentration increases up to 5% of the initial U ¼ mass fraction of PCM material in the particle
value at the outlet of the channel as illustrated in Fig. 10 under the
Wvis ¼ viscous dissipation (W/m3)
corresponding operating conditions considered here. The higher
wall heat flux results in a higher rate of evaporation of the base v ¼ volume fraction of PCM material in the particle
fluid and hence a higher concentration of the particles at the end s ¼ shear stress (Pa)
of the heated wall. l ¼ dynamic viscosity (Pa s)
¼ kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
6 Summary of the slurry flow. Furthermore, it was concluded that
the heat transfer coefficient enhances in the presence of
The heat transfer characteristics of evaporating liquid film under MEPCM particles in the slurry. A more profound effect
constant wall heat flux in the presence of MEPCM particles were of MEPCM phase change is expected if one operates
numerically investigated. The formulation of thermodynamic the system at temperatures closer to the peak melting
properties of the slurry in the presence of film evaporation was temperature of the
presented and linked to the variation of MEPCM concentration along
the channel. It was shown that the liquid film encounters a less
pronounced decline of thickness in the presence of MEPCM particles 021501-8 / Vol. 137, FEBRUARY 2015
compared to that of pure liquid film under similar operating
conditions, which is attributed to the augmented liquid Peclet number
l ¼ liquid
Subscripts m ¼ mixture
o ¼ outlet
b ¼ bulk p ¼ particle
cf ¼ carrier fluid s ¼ solid
core ¼ core of the MEPCM sat ¼ saturation
eff ¼ effective
evap ¼ evaporation
in ¼ inlet Transactions of the ASME
int ¼ interface
shell ¼ shell of the MEPCM [16] Bergles, A. E., Lienhard, V, J. H., Kendall, G. E., and Griffith, P., 2003,
“Boiling and Evaporation in Small Diameter Channels,” Heat Transfer Eng., 24(1),
th ¼ thermal pp. 18–40.
v ¼ vapor [17] Thome, J., Dupont, V., and Jacobi, A., 2004, “Heat Transfer Model for
w ¼ wall Evaporation in Microchannels. Part I: Presentation of the Model,” Int. J. Heat Mass
Transfer, 47(14–16), pp. 3375–3385.
[18] Mehendale, S., and Jacobi, A., 2000, “Evaporative Heat Transfer in Mesoscale
References Heat Exchangers,” ASHRAE Trans., 106(1), pp. 446–452.
[1] Kasza, K., and Chen, M., 1985, “Improvement of the Performance of Solar [19] Jacobi, A. M., and Thome, J. R., 2002, “Heat Transfer Model for Evaporation
Energy or Waste Heat Utilization Systems by Using Phase-Change Slurry as an Enhanced Heat- of Elongated Bubble Flows in Microchannels,” ASME J. Heat Transfer, 124(6),
Transfer Storage Fluid,” ASME J. Sol. Energy Eng., 107(3), pp. 229–236. pp. 1131-1136.
[2] Colvin, D. P., and Mulligan, J. C., 1986, “Spacecraft Heat Rejection Methods: [20] Lakehal, D., Meier, M., and Fulgosi, M., 2002, “Interface Tracking Towards the
Active and Passive Heat Transfer for Electronic Systems-Phase I,” US Air Force Wright Aeronautical Direct Simulation of Heat and Mass Transfer in Multiphase Flows,” Int. J. Heat Fluid
Labs, Daytona, OH, Technical Report No. AFWAL-TR-3074. Flow, 23(3), pp. 242–257.
[3] Colvin, D. P., and Mulligan, J. C., 1987, “Microencapsulated Phase Change for [21] Xiong, Q., Deng, L., Wang, W., and Ge, W., 2011, “SPH Method for Two-
Storage of Heat,” NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, Technical Report Fluid Modeling of Particle–Fluid Fluidization,” Chem. Eng. Sci., 66(9),
No. MFSA-27198. pp. 1859-1865.
[4] Goel, M., Roy, S., and Sengupta, S., 1994, “Laminar Forced Convection Heat [22] Xiong, Q., Li, B., and Xu, J., 2013, “GPU-Accelerated Adaptive Particle
Transfer in Microcapsulated Phase Change Material Suspensions,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 37(4), Splitting and Merging in SPH,” Comput. Phys. Commun, 184(7), pp. 1701-1707.
pp. 593–604. [23] Xiong, Q., Li, B., Xu, J., Wang, X., Wang, L., and Ge, W., 2012, “Efficient 3D
[5] Inaba, H., Kim, M., and Horibe, A., 2004, “Melting Heat Transfer Characteristics of DNS of Gas–Solid Flows on Fermi GPGPU,” Comput. Fluids, 70, pp. 86-94.
Microencapsulated Phase Change Material Slurries With Plural Micro-capsules Having Different Diameters,” [24] Zhao, J. J., Duan, Y. Y., Wang, X. D., and Wang, B. X., 2011, “Effect of Nano-
ASME J. Heat Transfer, 126(4), fluids on Thin Film Evaporation in Microchannels,” J. Nanopart. Res., 13(10),
pp. 558-565. pp. 5033–5047.
[6] Alvarado, J. L., Marsh, C., Sohn, C., Phetteplace, G., and Newell, T., 2007, [25] Charunyakorn, P., Sengupta, S., and Roy, S., 1991, “Forced Convection Heat
“Thermal Performance of Microencapsulated Phase Change Material Slurry in Turbulent Flow Under Transfer in Microencapsulated Phase Change Material Slurries: Flow in Circular
Constant Heat Flux,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 50(9–10), pp. 1938–1952. Ducts,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 34(3), pp. 819–833.
[7] Wang, X., Niu, J., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Chen, B., Zeng, R., and Song, [26] Sabbah, R., 2008, “Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer
Q., 2008, “Heat Transfer of Microencapsulated PCM Slurry Flow in a Circular Tube,” AIChE J., Characteristics of Liquid Flow With Micro-Encapsulated Phase Change Material,”
54(4), pp. 1110–1120. Ph.D. thesis, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL.
[8] Hao, Y. L., and Tao, Y. X., 2004, “A Numerical Model for Phase-Change [27] Sinha-Ray, S., Sahu, R. P., and Yarin, A. L., 2011, “Nano-Encapsulated Smart
Suspension Flow in Microchannels,” Numer. Heat Transfer, Part A, 46(1), pp. 55–77. Tunable Phase Change Materials,” Soft Matter, 7(19), pp. 8823–8827.
[9] Xing, K. Q., Tao, Y. X., and Hao, Y. L., 2004, “Performance Evaluation of [28] Sanchez-Silva, L., Rodrıguez, J. F., Romero, A., Borreguero, A. M., Carmona,
Liquid Flow With NPCM in Microchannels,” ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer M., and Sanchez, P., 2010, “Microencapsulation of PCMs With a Styrene-Methyl
Conference, Charlotte, NC, July 11–15, pp. 283–292. Methacrylate Copolymer Shell by Suspension-Like Polymerisation,” Chem. Eng. J.,
157(1), pp. 216-222.
[10] Kuravi, S., Kota, K. M., Du, J., and Chow, L. C., 2009, “Numerical Investigation of
Flow and Heat Transfer Performance of Nano-Encapsulated Phase Change Material Slurry in Microchannels,”
[29] Dupont, ISCEON 39TC(R-423A): Technical Information.
ASME J. Heat Transfer, 131(6), [30] Sanchez Silva, L., Rodrıguez, J. F., Carmona, M., Romero, A., and Sanchez, P.,
p. 062901. 2011, “Thermal and Morphological Stability of Polystyrene Microcapsules
Containing Phase-Change Materials,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 120(1), pp. 291-297.
[11] Sabbah, R., Farid, M. M., and Al-Hallaj, S., 2009, “Micro-Channel Heat Sink
With Slurry of Water With Micro-Encapsulated Phase Change Material: 3D-Numerical Study,” Appl. [31] Guyer, E. C., and Brownell, D. L., 1999, Handbook of Applied Thermal
Therm. Eng., 29(2–3), pp. 445–454. Design, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
[12] Sabbah, R., Seyed-Yagoobi, J., and Al-Hallaj, S., 2011, “Heat Transfer [32] Maxwell, J. C., 1881, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed.,
Characteristics of Liquid Flow With Micro-Encapsulated Phase Change Material: Numerical Study,” Dover, Mineola, NY.
ASME J. Heat Transfer, 133(12), p. 121702. [33] Vand, V., 1945, “Theory of Viscosity of Concentrated Suspensions,” Nature
[13] Sabbah, R., Seyed-Yagoobi, J., and Al-Hallaj, S., 2012, “Heat Transfer (London), 155, pp. 364–365.
Characteristics of Liquid Flow With Micro-Encapsulated Phase Change Materials: Experimental [34] Leal, L. G., 1973, “On the Effective Conductivity of a Dilute Suspension of
Study,” ASME J. Heat Transfer, 134(4), p. 044501. Spherical Drops in the Limit of Low Particle Peclet Number,” Chem. Eng. Commun,
[14] Thome, J., Groll, M., and Mertz, R., 2003, “Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow in 1(1), pp. 21-31.
Microchannels,” Heat Transfer and Fluid Flows in Microchannels, Heat Exchanger Design [35] Nir, A., and Acrivos, A., 1976, “The Effective Thermal Conductivity of
Update, Vol. 2, Begell House, New York. Sheared Suspensions,” J. Fluid Mech., 78(1), pp. 33–48.
[15] Kandlikar, S., 2001, “Two-Phase Flow Patterns, Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer
[36] ANSYS INC., 2008, “FLUENT V12.0 User’s Guide,” Lebanon, NH.
During Boiling in Minichannel and Microchannel Flow Passages of Compact Heat Exchangers,” Compact [37] Carey, V., 1992, Vapor–Liquid Phase Change Phenomena: An
Heat Exchangers and Enhancement Technology for the Process Industries, Begell House, New York, Introduction to the Thermophysics of Vaporization and Condensation
pp. 319–334. Processes in Heat Transfer Equipment, Hemisphere Publishing, New York.
[38] Faghri, A., and Zhang, Y., 2006, Transport Phenomena in Multiphase
Systems, Academic Press, New York.
Journal of Heat Transfer FEBRUARY 2015, Vol. 137 / 021501-9