3-0 mn~n's ;

3-1 izLrkouk
3-2 eUnQy ifjp;
3-2-1 lw;Zfl)kUrh; fof/k ls eUnQy lk/ku
3-2-2 lw;Zfl)kUrh; fof/k ls eUnQy dk mnkgj.k
3-2-3 xzgyk?koh; fof/k ls eUnQy lk/ku
3-2-4 xzgyk?koh; fof/k ls eUnQy dk mnkgj.k
3-2-5 'kh?kzQy ifjp;
3-2-6 lw;Zfl)kUrh; fof/k ls 'kh?kzQy dk lk/ku
3-2-7 lw;Zfl)kUrh; fof/k ls 'kh?kzQy dk mnkgj.k
3-2-8 xzgyk?koh; fof/k ls 'kh?kzQy dk lk/ku
3-2-9 xzgky?koh; fof/k ls 'kh?kzQy dk mnkgj.k
3-3 lkjka'k
3-4 'kCnkoyh
3-5 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa
3-6 cks/k iz'u

xzg&lk/ku dh izfØ;k esa eUnQy ,oa 'kh?kzQy egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSa D;ksafd buds
fcuk fdlh Hkh xzg ds Li"V fLFkfr dk Kku lEHko ugha gks ldrkA vr% bl bdkbZ
ds v/;;u ds i'pkr~ vki&
• eUnQy ds Lo:i ls ifjfpr gksaxAs
• eUnQy lk/ku ls ifjfpr gksaxsA
• 'kh?kzQy ds Lo:i ls ifjfpr gksaxAs
• 'kh?kzQy lk/ku ls ifjfpr gksaxAs
• eUnQy ,oa 'kh?kzQy ds lk/ku ds mnkgj.k ls ifjfpr gksaxAs
• eInQy ,oa 'kh?kzQy ds laLdkj fof/k dks tkusaxAs
• eUnQy ,oa 'kh?kzQy dh mi;ksfdxrk dks le> ldsaxsA

fiz; v/;srk! e/;e xzg lk/ku ds ckn xzg Li"V djus ds fy, eUnQy rFkk
'kh?kzQy dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa xzg Li"V dks cgqr gh
izeq[k ekuk x;k gSA D;ksafd tc rd xzg Li"V ugha gksaxs rc rd eqgwRrZ vkfn dk
'kqHkk'kqHk Qy Kkr ugha dj ldrs gSaA blfy, eUnQy rFkk 'kh?kzQy dh lgk;rk
ls xzg Li"V fd;k tkrk gSA bl xzg Li"Vhdj.k dh izfØ;k esa lw;Z ,oa pUnzek rks 143
 dsoy eUnQy laLdkj ls gh Li"V gks tkrs gSa ijUrq iaprkjk xzgksa esa vFkkZr~ eaxy]
cq/k] xq#] 'kqØ rFkk 'kfu esa eUnQy ,oa 'kh?kzQy nksuksa dk laLdkj fd;k tkrk gSa
lw;Z fl)kUr esa fy[kk gS fd &

iaprkjk xzgksa ds e/;e eku esa lcls igys 'kh?kzQyk)Z rFkk eUnQyk)Z dk laLdkj
fd;k tkrk gS] rRi'pkr~ lEiw.kZ eUnQy rFkk lEiw.kZ 'kh?kzQy dk laLdkj fd;k
tkrk gS] mlds ckn gh xzg Li"V gksrs gSaA ge dg ldrs gSa fd iapkrkjk xzgksa dks
Li"V djus ds fy, pkj laLdkj vuqØe ls fd;k tkrk gSA bl bdkbZ eas vki
eUnQy rFkk 'kh?kzQy dk ifjp; ,oa lk/ku izfØ;k dks tkusaxsA

fiz; v/;srk! vkids eu esa ftKklk gks jgh gksxh fd eUnQy D;k gS\ rFkk bldk
mi;ksx ¼laLdkj½ dgka rFkk fdl fy, fd;k trk gSA vkids bu lHkh ftKklkvksa
dk lek/kku ;gk¡ fd;k tk jgk gsA eUnksPp fcUnq ds vkd"kZ.k ds dkj.k xzg ds
e/;e vkSj Li"V LFkkuksa dk tks vUrj gksrk gS ogh eUnQy dgykrk gSA ;g
eUnQy eUnksPp dh nwjh ds vuqlkj ?kVrk vkSj c<+rk jgrk gSA HkkLdjkpk;Z dgrs
gSa fd HkwdsUnz ls eUnizfro`Rr dk tks nwjrj vFkkZr~ lcls nwjh okyk LFkku gksrk gS
ogh eUnksPp dgykrk gSA tSls&
eUnksPp dh mRifRr dgka gksrh\ bl ds fy, Hkh eu esa ftKklk gks
jgh gksxhA vki ds tkudkjh ds fy, crk;k tk jgk gS fd izkphu fl)kUr ds
vuqlkj vgxZ.k ls vkuhr e/;e xzg d{kk o`Ùk esa ¼Hko`Ùk½ Hkze.k djrs gSa ;k fLFkr
jgrs gSa ftudk dsUnz Hkw dsUnz gksrk gSA ijUrq ;g mudh fLFkfr okLrfod ugha jgrh
gSA os izfro`Rr esa Hkze.k djrs gSa ftldk okLrfod dsUnz HkwxHkZ ls vU;=
eUnkUR;QyT;k ds rqY; vUrj ij jgrs gSaA ljy Hkk"kk esa dg ldrs gSa fd e/;e
xzg d{kk o`Rr esa Hkze.k djrs gSa ftudk dsUnz HkwdsUnz gksrk gSA ijUrq Li"V ,oa
eUnLi"V xzg izfro`Rr esa Hkze.k djrs gSa ftudk dsUnz HkwdsUnz u gksdj HkwdsUnz ls
vkxs ;k ihNs gksrk gSA blfy, vkpk;Z dgrs gSa &

;gh dkj.k gS fd xf.krkxr xzg vkSj okLrfodxzg ds Hkze.k o`Rr ds vUrj ds

dkj.k eUnksPpd`r vkd"kZ.k ls Hkwfe ij fLFkr nz"Vk xf.krkxr xzg dks okLrfod
LFkku ij ugha ns[k ldrk] blfy, e/;e xzg esa eUnQy dk laLdkj dj Li"V
cukrs gSaA
eUnksPp ls 180 va'k dh nwjh ij eanuhp gksrk gSA eUnksPp ls N% jkf'k rd Li"V
xzg e/;e xzg ls ihNs jgrk gSA bl fy, eUnQy _.k gksrk gSA eUnksPp ls e/;e
xzg ds vUrj dks eUndsUnz dgrs gSaA eUnksPp ls rhu jkf'k ds vUrj ije eUnQy
ij eUnQy dgykrk gSA mls eUnkUR; Qy dgrs gSaA eanuhp ls eUnksPp rd
144
Li"V xzg e/;e xzg ls vkxs jgrk gS] vr% eUnQy /ku gksrk gSA lw;Z vkSj pUnzek
esa dsoy eUnQy dk laLdkj djrs gSa rks Li"V lw;Z rFkk Li"V pUnzek Kkr gks
tkrk gSA lw;Z pUnzek ds eUnQy dks Kkr djus ds fy, nks izdkj ds {ks=ksa dh
dYiuk dh x;h gS ftls o`ÙkHkaxh dgrs gSaA igyh dk uke izfro`Rr Hkafx gSA ftlesa
Hkwfe dks dsUnz ekudj ,d f=T;k ds O;klk/kZ ls [khpk gqvk o`Ùk d{kk o`Ùk dgykrk
gSA blds Å/okZ/kj O;kl ij eUnkUR;QyT;k ds rqY; dsUnz ls ,d f=T;k O;kl ls
[khapk x;k o`rr eUnizfro`Rr dgykrk gSA e/;e xzg dks eUnizfro`Rr esa pyuk
dfYir fd;k x;k gSA ;fn d{kk o`Ùk esa gh eUnzdsUnz ds rqY; pki djsa rks ogk¡
d{kk o`Rr esa e/;e xzg gksxkA HkwdsUnz ls izfro`Rr fLFkr xzg rd [khaph x;h js[kk
d{kk o`Rr esa tgka yxs ogka eUnLi"V xzg gksxkA d{kk o`Rr esa e/;e vkSj eanLi"V
xzg dk vUrj eUnQy gksxkA uhpksPp Hkafx ds fy, d{kko`Rr esa fLFkfr e/;e xzg
ls eUnkUR;QyT;k rqY; O;klk/kZ ls [khapk x;k o`Rr eUnuhpksPp o`Rr dgykrk gSA
d{kk o`Rr ds dsUnz ls e/;e xzg dks Li'kZ djrs gq, tkrh gqbZ js[kk tgk¡ eUn ifjf/k
esa yxs mls eUnksPp ekudj eUn ifjf/k esa foijhr fn'kk esa dsUnz ds rqY; va'kksa ij
xzg dh dYiuk dh tkrh gSa xzg ls HkwdsUnz dks feykus okyh js[kk ftl LFkku ij
d{kk o`Rr dks dkVs ogk¡ eUnLi"V xzg gksxk bl izdkj eUnLi"V fd;s x;s lw;Z vkSj
pUnz geaas mu LFkkuksa ij fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa] D;ksafd mudk Hkze.k gesa i`Foh dsUnz ds
lkis{k fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA

lw;Zfl)kUr esa eUnQy dks cgqr gh Li"V jhfr ls crk;k x;k gS] fy[kk gS fd&

eUn ifjf/k ls eUn dsUnz HkqtT;k ;k eUn dsUnz dksfVT;k ls xq.kk dj 360* va'k ls
Hkkx nsuk pkfg,] tks yfC/k izkIr gksrh gS og HkqtT;k ls eUnifjf/k dks xq.kkdj 3600
dk Hkkx nsus ls HkqtQyT;k rFkk dksfVT;k ls eUnifjf/k dks xq.kkdj 3600 dk Hkkx
nsus ij dksfVQyT;k dgykrh gS mls pki cukdj HkqtQy rFkk dksfVQy dj ysrs
gSa og gh Hkqt Qy eUnQy dgykrk gSA Li"V ifjf/k ds fo"k; esa lw;Z fl)kUrdkj
dgrs gSa fd&

vFkkZr~ fo"ke vkSj le inksa ds vUr dh eUn ;k 'kh?kz ifjf/k;ksa ds vUrj dks
eUndsUnz ;k 'kh?kzdsUnz dh HkqtT;k ls xq.kk djds f=T;k ls Hkkx fn;k ;fn eUndsUnz
;k 'kh?kz dsUnz lein esa gks vkSj fo"ke in ds vUr dh eUn ;k 'kh?kz ifjf/k ls
lein dh vUr dh eUn ;k 'kh?kz ifjf/k de gks rks ml yfC/k dks leinkUr ifjf/k
esa tksM+ fn;k tk; rks b"V dsUnz dh LQqV eUn ;k 'hk?kz ifjf/k gksxhA ijUrq ;fn
fo"ke in dh vUr dh ifjf/k ls vf/kd gks rks ml yfC/k dks le inkur ifjf/k esa
?kVk nsus ls LQqV ifjf/k fudy vk;sxhA izlaxo'k lw;kZfnxzgksa dk eUn ifjf/k dk
pØ izLrqr fd;k tk jgk gS&

145
 lw;Z pUnzek eaxy cq/k xq# 'kaqØ 'kfu xzg leinkUr
140 320 750 300 330 120 490 2A4
13A40 31A40 72 28 32 11 48 fo"keinkUr 1A3

LQqV ifjf/k dks tkuus ds ckn vc lk/ku fof/k dks tkusaxAs eUnQy le>us ds
fy, {ks= dh vko';drk iM+rh gS] blfy, lcls igys {ks= cukdj eUnQy dk
lk/ku fd;k tk jgk gS&

m
xz
m A b
y y
e t

ds

ds Hkw

uh

uh

Hkw ¾ HkwdsUnz]
ds ¾ izfro`RrdsUnz]
ds Hkw ¾ eUnkUR; QyT;k]
ds Hkw ¾ m b]
d+{kk o`Rr esa e ¾ e/;e xzg]
l ¾ Li"Vxzg
xz ¾ izfro`Rr esa xzg LFkku
xz e ¾ vUR;QyT;k
m xz uh¾ eUnuhpksPp o`Rr
146
 m* ¾ uhpksPp o`Rr esa mPp LFkku
uh* ¾ uhpksPp o`Rr esa uhp LFkku
dw xz ¾ eUnd.kZ
et ¾ Hkwtd ¾ eUndsUnzT;k
ed ¾ t Hkw ¾ dsUnz dksfVT;k
e/;e vkSj Li"V xzg dk vUrj eUnQy
m* xz ¾ uhpksPpo`rr esa dsUnz
xz y ¾ dsUnz dh T;k ¾ eUn HkqtQy
xz y ¾ uhpksPpo`Rrh;dksfVT;k ¾ dksfVQy
Hkw e ¾ f=T;k
vc Hkw e d] xz e y f=Hkqtksa esa lktkR; gksus ds dkj.k &
भूक��म
vFkkZr~
भूम

के���या � अ��यफल�या
HkqtQy¾
���या

;gk¡ ij tks f=T;k dh fu"ifr gksrh gS ogh ifjf/k dh fu"ifr gksrh gSA blfy,&
के���या � म�दप�र�ध
HkqtQy ¾
360
मक ��म
rFkk dksfVQy ¾
भू म

के��को�ट�या � अ��यफल�या
¾
���या

के��को�ट�या � म�दप�र�ध
360

xz y HkqtQy tks vk;k gS og gh LoYikUrj ls eUnQy gksrk gSA deykdj HkV~V

us Hkh fy[kk gS fd &

dYiuk fd;k x;k gS fd&

lw;Z dk eUnksPp eku& 2A 17A 17A 31 gSA
lw;Z dk e/;e eku & 9A 8A 12A 9 gSA
147
 nksuksa dk vUrj
2A 17A 17A 31
&9A 8A 12A 9
5A 9A 5A 22 jk';kfn dsUnz ¾ 159 A 5 A 22 va'kkfn eUndsUnz
eUndsUnz 3 jkf'k ls vf/kd vkSj 6 jkf'k ls de gS blfy, nwljs in esa gS vkSj xr
Hkkx &
159A 5A 22
& 90A 00A 00
69A 5A 22
rFkk xE; Hkkx &
90A 00A 00
& 69A 5A 22
20A 54A 38 xE; Hkkx
blfy, fu;ekuqlkj xE; dh T;k vFkkZr~ 20A54A38 dh T;k HkqtT;k gksxh vkSj
69A5A22 dh T;k dksfVT;k gksxhA fu;ekuqlkj 1255 dks 225 ls Hkkx nsus ij xr
fi.M
����
¾ 5 xrfi.M] 130 'ks"k vk;kA
���

5osa fi.M dh T;k ¾ 1105

6osa fi.M dh T;k ¾ 1315
nksuksa T;kvksa dk vUrj ¾ 210
��� � ��� ���
=Sjkf'kd fof/k ls ¾ ¾ ¾ 121
��� �

121 dks 5osa fi.M dh T;k esa tksMk rks&

1105
$ 121 ¾ 1226
;gh b"V HkqtT;k gSA
fu;ekuqlkj lw;Z dh eUn ifjf/k lein ds vUr esa 140 vkSj fo"ke in ds vUr esa
20 dyk de gksrh gS] blfy, tc HkqtT;k 1226 gksxh rc eUnifjf/k&
�������
����

xf.kr djus ij LoYikUrj ls 7 dyk gksxk

LQqV eUn ifjf/k ¾ 14 & 7
148
 14 x 60 & 7 ¾ 833
��� � ���� �������
HkqtQy ¾ ¾
����� �����

LoYikUrj ls 47 dyk HkqtQy gksxkA ;g gh HkqtQy eUnQy eku fy;k tkrk gSA

fiz; v/;srk! vkids lEeq[k xzgky?koh; fof/k ls eUnQy dh lk/ku izfØ;k lkf/kr
dh tk;sxhA

lw;Z dk eUndsUnz ykdj mldk Hkqt lk/ku djsa fQj mu Hkqtksa dk va'k cuk;sa] mlesa
9 dk Hkkx nsa blls tks yfC/k izkIr gks mldks chl va'k esa ?kVkdj tks 'ks"k jgs
mldks mi;qZDr uoeka'k ls xq.k djsa tks xq.kuQy izkIr gks] mldks ,d LFkku ij
fy[ksa] fQj 9 dk Hkkx nsdj tks yfC/k feys] mldks 57 va'k esa ?kVk;sa] tks 'ks"k jgs
mldk mi;qZDr uoeka'k ds xq.kuQy esa Hkkx nsa] tks yfC/k feys og gh va'kkfn
eUnQy gksrk gSA

eUnQy lk/ku ds fy, e/;e lw;Z rFkk eUnksPp dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA dYiuk
fd;k fd e/;e lw;Z 6A 28A 50A 17 jk';kRed rFkk lw;Z dk eUnksPp 2A18
jk';kRed gSA lw;Z dk eUn dsUnz cukus ds fy, e/;e lw;Z dks eUnksPp ls ?kVk;k
&
2A 18A 00A 00
& 6A 28A 50A 17
7A 19A 9A 43
bldk Hkqt cuk;k rks
7A 19A 9A 43
&6A 0A 0A 0
1A 19A 9A 43 ;g Hkqt gqvk
bldks va'kkRed cuk;k &
49A 9A 43 bldk uoeka'k
9½ 49A 9A 43 ¼5
45
4x60
240
$9
9½ 249 ¼27
18
69
63
6x60 149
 360
$43
9½ 403 ¼44$1¾45
36
43
36
7
¾ 5A 27A 45 gqvk] bls 20 ls ?kVkus ij
20A 00A 00
&5A 27A 45
14A 32A 15 izkIr gqvkA
bls iwoZ ds uoeka'k esa xq.kk djus ij
5A 27A 45
14A 32A 45
xkseqf=dk Øe ls xq.k fd;k
14A 32A 15x5 70A 160A 75
14A 32A 15x27 378A 864A 405
14A 32A 15 x45 630A 1440A 675
70A 538A 1569A 1845A 675
dykfn dks 60 ls rf"Vr djus ij va'kkfn izkIr gksxk &
70A 538A 1569A 1845A 675
$9 $26 $30 $11 60
79 564 1599 1856 75
540 120 180 60
24 399 56
360
yfC/k 79A 24A 39
bldks nks LFkkuksa ij j[kk] ,d LFkku ij 9 dk Hkkx fn;k
9½ 79A 25 ¼ 8
72
7 x 60
420 $ 24
444 ¼ 49
36
84
81
3x60
180
$ 39
219 ¼ 24
18
39
36
3
¾ 8A 49 A 24 va'kkRed Qy
bldks 57 la[;k ls ?kVk;k &
57A 00A 00
&8A 49 A 24
48A 10A 36 yfC/k
150
bldks nwljs LFkku ij j[ks gq, 79A 24 A 39 esa Hkkx nsus ds fy, HkkT; 79A 24A39
Hkktd 48A 10A 36 bu nksuksa dks ,d tkrh; cukdj Hkkx nsus ij &
173436½ 285879 ¼ 1
173436
112443× 60
67465580 ¼ 30
5203080
154350x 60
9261000 ¼ 53
867180
589200
520308
68892
01A 30A 53 va'kkRed izkIr gqvkA ;g gh va'kkRed lw;Z dk eUnQy gqvkA bl
izdkj ls xzgky?koh; fof/k ls eUnQy izkIr gqvkA

fiz; v/;srk 'kh?kzQy D;k gS\ vkids eu esa ftKklk gks jgh gksxhA lS)kfUrd n`f"V
ls xzg viuh&viuh d{kk esa Hkze.k djrs gSa] Hkze.k djrs gq, vius 'kh?kzksPp ls
vkd"kZ.k ls e/;e Li"V xzg dk tks vUrj gksrk gS og gh 'kh?kzQy dgykrk gSA
dg ldrs gSa fd eUnLi"V vkSj Li"Vxzg dk vUrj 'kh?kzQy dgykrk gSA vgxZ.k
ls lkf/kr lw;kZfn xzg e/;e xzg dgykrs gSaA ijUrq 'kh?kzeUnksPp vkSj ikr laKd
vn`'; 'kfDr;ksa dh ok;q:ih jLlh ls ca/ks gq, xzg mUgha 'kfDr;ksa }kjk oke&nf{k.k
ls viuh fn'kk esa vius lehi vid`"V gksrs gSaA
xzg Li"V djus ds fy, eUnQy vkSj 'kh?kzQy dk laLdkj djrs gSaA eanQy dk
laLdkj dsoy lw;Z vkSj pUnzek esa djrs gSa vkSj eUnQy ds lkFk&lkFk 'kh?kzQy dk
Hkh laLdkj iaprkjk xzgksa esa djrs gSaA lw;Z vkSj pUnzek ds e/;e vkSj Li"V LFkkuksa
dh fHkUurk dk dkj.k rks eUnksPp dh dYiuk ls le>k;k tk ldrk gS] ijUrq
eaxy] cq/k] xq#] 'kqØ vkSj 'kfu bu ikap xzgksa ds e/;e vkSj Li"V LFkkuksa esa vkSj Hkh
fHkUurk gksrh gSA blfy, eUnksPp dh dYiuk ds lkFk 'kh?kzkPs p dh dYiuk Hkh
vkpk;ksZa us dh gSA blds vk/kkj dks HkkLdjkpk;Z Li"V :i ls fy[krs gSa fd&
tc 'kfu xq# vkSj eaxy bu rhu xzgksa ls lw;Z vkxs jgrk gS rc Li"V xzg e/;e
xzg ls vkxs gksrs gSaA ijUrq tc lw;Z mu ls ihNs gksrk gS rc Li"V gS e/;e xzg ls
ihNs jgrs gSa vFkkZr~ lw;Z dh vksj fiNM+s gq, nh[k iM+rs gSaA blfy, fo}kuksa us ;g
dYiuk dh fd bu rhuksa xzgksa ds 'kh?kzksPp lw;Z ds lkFk jgrs gSaA blfy, ;g
vuqeku yxkuk LokHkkfod gS fd bu xzgksa ds buds 'kh?kzksPp Hkh tks lw;Z ds leku
;k lkFk jgrs gSaA ;g dsoy lw;Z pUnzek eaxy xq# vkSj 'kfu ds fy, ykxw gSA lw;Z
fl)kUr esa fy[kk gS fd &

cq/k vkSj 'kqØ nks xzgksa dk LFkku tkuus ds fy, ;g ns[kuk pkfg, fd buds 'kh?kzksPp
LFkku ikrksa ls fd/kj vkSj fdruh nwjh ij gSA ;fn 'kh?kzksPPk ikr ls iwjc ijUrq 180
va'kls de nwj gksa rks xzg ØkfUr o`Rr ls mRrj gksxk vksj if'pe ijUrq 1800ls de
151
 nwj gks rks xzg ØkfUro`Rr ls nf{k.k gksxkA cq/k vkSj 'kqØ nksuksa xzgksa dh d{kk,a i`Foh
dh d{kk ds Hkhrj gS blfy, tks ckr cq/k ds fy, dgh x;h gS og 'kqØ ds fy, Hkh
ykxw gSA vUrj dsoy bruk gS fd 'kqØ dh d{kk cq/k dh d{kk ls cM+h gS blfy,
;qfr ds le; 'kqØ i`Foh ds vR;Ur fudV gks tkrk gSA
fiz; v/;srk vk'kk gS fd vki 'kh?kzQy dks Hkyh&Hkkafr tku pqds gksaxsA vc vkids
lEeq[k 'kh?kzQy dk lS)kfUrd lk/ku rFkk mnkgj.k izLrqr gS&

lw;Zfl)kUr xzUFk esa 'kh?kzQy lk/ku dks cgqr gh Li"V :i ls izfrikfnr djrs gq,
vkpk;Z dgrs gSa fd&

f=T;k dks HkqtQy ls xq.kk djds pyd.kZ ¼'kh?kzd.kZ½ ls Hkkx ns nsa] tks yfC/k
vk;sxh mldk pki ¼dks.k½ cuk ysa D;ksafd tks yfC/k vk;sxh og T;k esa gksxh] ogh
pki dykfn 'kh?kzQy dgykrk gSA ;g 'kh?kzQy eaxy vkfn ikap xzgksa ds
Li"Vhdj.k izfØ;k esa igys vkSj pkSFks laLdkj ds Øe esa mi;ksx djrs gSaA 'kh?kzQy
lk/ku djus ds fy, lcls igys {ks= dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa &

mA
xz
m2 n
y o` 'kh?kzizfro`Ùk
l m
e t
d{kko`Ùk
uh2

ds

d Hkw

uhA

uhA

152
Åij ds {ks= esa Hkw dsUnz ls vHkh"V f=T;k }kjk fd;k x;k d{kko`Rr rFkk ds HkwdsUnz
ls vR;UrQyT;k ds rqY; vUrj ls fd;k x;k o`Rr 'kh?kzizfro`Rr gksrk gSA blh esa
okLrfod xzg Hkze.k djrk gSA d{kk vkSj 'kh?kzizfro`Rr ds dsUnz ls x;k uhpksPp js[kk
izfro`Rr esa tgk¡ yxrh gS mls ¼^m* LFkku dks½ 'kh?kzksPp LFkku dgrs gSaA xz ¾
izfre.My esa xzgLFkkuA l ¾ 'kh?kzizfro`Rr vkSj xzg ij x;h 'kh?kzd.kZlw= d{kk o`Rr
esa tgk¡ yxrk gS og Li"V xz gksrk gSA e ¾ eUnLi"V xzg] ;g gh d{kk o`Rrh;]
eUnLi"V vkSj Li"Vxzg dk vUrj e l rqY; 'kh?kzQy gksrk gSA
m2 xz uh2 ¾ 'kh?kzuhpksPpo`rre~A blh 'kh?kz uhppksPp o`Rr dk ifjf/k ds va'k 'kh?kz
ifj/;a'k dgykrk gSA
ds Hkw ¾ m* m ¾ uh uh* ¾ xz e ¾ 'kh?kzkUR;QyT;k
'kh?kzizfro`Rr esa m* ¾ 'kh?kzksPp LFkku
uh * ¾ 'kh?kzuhp
'kh?kzuhpksPp o`Rr esa m2 mPpe uh2 ¾ uhpe
Hkw xz ¾ 'kh?kzd.kZ
e t ¾ Hkw d ¾ 'kh?kz dsUnzT;k
eUnLi"V xzg vkSj 'kh?kzksPp dk vUrj 'kh?kzdsUnz gksrk gSA
xz y ¾ 'kh?kz Hkqt Qy
Hkw e ¾ f=T;k
l e ¾ 'kh?kzQyT;k
e l ¾ 'kh?kzQy
bl {ks= esa Hkw e d vkSj xz e y f=Hkqtksa esa lktkR; vuqikr gSA ;fn Hkw e d.kZ esa
Hkw d izkIr gksrk gS rks xz e d.kZ esa D;k izkIr gksxk\ ¾ xz y] =Sjkf'kd fof/k ls &
भू क � � म
¾xz y
भू म

शी�के���या � शी�ा��यफल�या
¾'kh?kzHkqtQy
���या

iqu% Hkw y xz vkSj Hkw e l f=Hkqt esa lktkR; gksus ds dkj.k 'kh?kz HkqtQy }kjk
d{kko`Rr esa okLrfod 'kh?kzQy dk lk/ku djrs gSaA ;fn Hkw xz Hkqtk esa Hkw y Hkqtk
izkIr gksrk gS rks Hkw l Hkqtk esa D;k izkIr gksxk\ ¾ e l] =Sjkf'kd fof/k ls
भू ल � भू स
¾Ek l
भू �

शी�भज
ु फल � ���या
¾'kh?kzQyT;k
शी�कण�

153
 bl 'kh?kzQyT;k dks tc pki cukrs gSa rks 'kh?kzQy gksrk gSA bl izdkj ls
lS)kfUrd jhfr ls 'kh?kzQy dk lk/ku djuk pkfg,A vkpk;Z HkkLdj Hkh dgrs gSa
fd&

'kh?kzQy dk laLdkj dsoy iaprkjk xzgksa vFkkZr~ eaxy] cq/k] xq#] 'kqØ vkSj 'kfu esa
gh fd;k tkrk gSa bldk laLdkj D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS bldk foospu iwoZ esa fd;k tk
pqdk gSA ;gka ij dsoy 'kh?kzQy dh lk/ku fof/k crykbZ tk;sxhA 'kh?kzQy dk
lk/ku djus ds fy, eq[; :i ls 'kh?kzkPs p LFkku] eUnksPp LFkku] e/;exzg]
eUndsUnz] 'kh?kzdsUnz dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA ;gka ij xq# xzg dk 'kh?kzQy lk/ku
fd;k tk jgk gS] izlaxo'k xq# dk eUndsUnz lk/ku dj 'kh?kzdsUnz dk lk/ku fd;k
tk;sxkA
lcls igys xq# dk eUnksPp LFkku fudkyuk pkfg,&
����������� ���
fu;ekuqlkj &
����������
����������
¾ xf.kr djus ij
��

¾ 407 Hkx.k 5 jkf'k 21 va'k 22 dyk vk;sxhA

blh rjg xq# dk e/;e LFkku tkuus ds fy, &
vgxZ.k × xq# Hkx.k
¾ Hkx.kkfn e/;e xzg
egk;qxh; lkou fnu
1834977 ¾ vgxZ.k
364220 ¾ xq# Hkx.k
1577917828 ¾ egk;qxh; lkou fnu
bl rjg ls xf.kr djus ij &
1834977 � 364220
1577917828
¾ 423 Hkx.k 6 jkf'k 19 va'k 52 dyk 37 fodyk vk;sxhA vFkkZr~ e/;e xq#
6A19A52A37 xq# dk Li"V LFkku tkuus ds fy, &
xq# dk eUndsUnz ¾ xq# dk eUnksPp & xq: dk e/;e LFkku
5A 21A 22A 36
& 6A 19A 52A 37
11A 1A 30 LoYikUrj ls
xq# dk 'kh?kzdsUnz ¾ xq# dk 'kh?kzksPp & xq# dk e/;e LFkkuA
154
;gk¡ ij vkids tkudkjh ds fy, crk;k tk jgk gS fd lw;Z xzg dk tks e/;e gksrk
gS ogh xq# dk 'kh?kzkPs p gksrk gSA
lw;Z dk e/;e LFkku & xq# dk e/;e LFkku
9A 8A 12A 9
& 6A 19A 52A 37
2A 18A 19A 32
2A 18A 20 LoYikUrj ls jk';kRed
78A 20 va'kkRed 'kh?kzdsUnz
'kh?kzdsUnz 3 jkf'k ls de gS blfy, fo"ke in esa gSA blfy, 78020* dh T;k 'kh?kz
HkqtT;k vkSj 110A40* dh T;k 'kh?kz dksfVT;k gqbZA
780A 20 ¾ 78x60 $20 dyk
¾ 4700 dyk
����
20 fi.M $ 200 dyk
���
20 fi.M dh T;k ¾ 3321
21osa fi.M dh T;k ¾ 3372
nksuksa dh T;kvksa dk vUrj
3372
& 3321
51
=Sjkf'kd fof/k ls vHkh"V vUrj ykus ds fy, &
��� � ��
¾ 45 dyk
���
'kh?kz HkqtT;k ¾ 3321 $ 45 ¾ 3366 dyk dksfVT;k ykus gsrq &
11*A 40
11x60 $ 40 ¾ 700
���
¾ 3 fi.M $ 25 dyk
���
3 js fi.M dh T;k 671
4 ;s fi.M dh T;k 890
nksauks dk vUrj 219
iqu% =Sjkf'kd fof/k ls vHkh"V vUrj ykus gsrq&
�� � ���
¾ 24
���
'kh?kzdksfVT;k 671 $ 24 ¾ 695A
xq# dh 'kh?kz ifjf/k fo"ke inkUr esa 720 vkSj le inkUr esa 700gS blfy, nkuksa dk
vUrj 20 gSA
� � ����
fu;ekuqlkj & LQqV'kh?kz ifjf/k 700 $
����
0
70 $ 2 ¾ 72
�� � ���
'kh?kz HkqtQy ¾ 673
���
�� � ���
vkSj 'hk?kz dksfVQy ¾ 139
���

155
 'kh?kzdsUnz igys in esa gS blfy, 'kh?kzdksfVQy fu;ekuqlkj f=T;k esa tksM+uk
pkfg,A blfy, 'kh?kzd.kZ& �(3438 + 139)� + (673)�
�(3577)� + (673)�
√12794929 + 452929
√13247858
3640 LoYikUrj ls
���� � ���
'kh?kzQy ¾ 636 dyk
����

;g dyk 'kh?kzQy gqvkA ;g /kukRed gS] D;ksafd 'kh?kzdsUnz igys in esa gSA
fu;ekuqlkj $636 dk vk/kk pà myVus ls & 318* vFkkZr~ &50A 18 gqvkA bldks
xq# ds ean dsUnz 11A 1A 30 esa chtxf.kr ds vuqlkj tksM+k x;k rks vk;k 11A
26A 12A ;gh izFke lald`r ean dsUnz gqvkA bldk eUnQy laLd`r ean Qy gqvkA
10A 26A 12 uo jkf'k ls vf/kd gS blfy, pkSFks in esa gSa] ftldk 1A 26A
12 vFkkZr~ 560A 12* xr vkSj 330A 48 xE; gS&
33A 48 ¾ 33 x 60 $ 48
¾ 2028 dyk
����
¾ 9 fi.M $ 3 dyk
���

9oas fi.M dh T;k ¾ 1910

10osa fi.M dh T;k ¾ 2093
nksuksa T;kvksa dk vUrj fd;k x;k rks 183 vHkh"V vUrj ykus ds fy, &
� � ���
¾2
���

ean HkqtT;k ¾ 1910 $ 2 ¾ 1912

xq# dh ean ifjf/kvksa dk vUrj 1 va'k gSA

e/;e lw;Z esa eaxy xq# vFkok 'kfu esa ls dksbZ e/;exzg ?kVk;saA ftl e/;exzg dks
?kVk;sax]s mlh dk 'kh?kzdsUnz gksxkA e/;ecq/k vkSj e/;e'kqØ ds dsUnz blds igys
e/;exzg lk/kukf/kdkj esa dgs x;s gSaA vius b"V xzg dk ;g dsUnz ;fn 6 jkf'k dh
vis{kk vf/kd gks] rks mldks 12 jkf'k esa ls ?kVk nsaA 'ks"k vadksa dks va'k ds :i esa
xzg.k dj muesa 15 dk Hkkx nsa tks yfC/k izkIr gks mlds leku xzg ds iwoZ dgs gq,
'kh?kzkad dk xzg.k djsa vkSj mDr yfC/k esa 1 tksM+ nsaA tksM+us ij tks vad izkIr gks]
156
mlds leku xzg ds 'kh?kzkad dk xzg.k djsaA mlds ckn iwod Z fFkr 'kh?kzkd
a esa ls
nwljs 'kh?kzkd
a dks ?kVk;saA tks 'ks"k cps mlesa ¼mi;qZDr b"Vxzg esa½ va'kkRed 'ks"k dk
xq.kk djsa tks xq.kuQy izkIr gks mlesa 10 dk Hkkx nsa tks yfC/k izkIr gks mldks
va'kkfn Qy le>saA
;fn izFke xzg.k fd;s gq, 'kh?kzkad dh rqyuk esa nwljk 'kh?kzkad vf/kd gks] rks izFke
'kh?kzkad esa tksM+ nsa vkSj ;fn nwljk 'kh?kzkad de gks] rks mldks igys esa ls ?kVk nsaA
?kVkus ij izkIr la[;k esa 10 dk Hkkx nsa tks yfC/k izkIr gks og mDr xzg dk va'kkfn
'kh?kzQy gksxkA og ;fn es"kkfn dsUnz 6 jkf'k ds Hkhrj gks rks /ku gksrk gS vkSj
rqykfn 6 ds Hkhrj gks rks _.k gksrk gSA

xq#Li"V lk/ku ds fy; loZizFke HkkSekdhZT; vkfn xzgyk?ko ds iaprkjk Li"Vhdj.k

ds NBs i| esa dgh x;h i)fr ds vuqlkj iwoZfufnZ"V e/;ejfo 1 jkf'k 4 va'k 13
dyk 12 fodyk esa ls e/;e xq# 4 jkf'k 8 va'k 15 dyk 17 fodyk dks ?kVkus ij
8 jkf'k 25 va'k 58 fdyk 25 fodyk ;g 'kh?kzdsUnz gSA
;g dsUnz 6 jkf'k ls vf/kd gSA vr ,o bldks 12 jkf'k esa ,ls ?kVk;k rks 3 jkf'k 4
va'k 1 dyk 35 fodyk;sa 'ks"k jghA budk va'kkfn fd;k rks 3a x 30 ¾ 90$4 ¾ 94
va'k 1 dyk 35 fodyk;sa gqbZaA blesa 15 dk Hkkx nsus ij 6 yfC/k izkIr gqbZ 'ks"k
cpk 4 va'k 1 dyk 35 fodyk vkSj yfC/k dh la[;k 6 ds vuqlkj xq# dk 'kh?kzkad
106 gqvkA mi;qZDr yfC/k esa 1 tksM+ nsus ij 7 la[;k gqbZA blds vuqlkj xq# dk
7ok¡ 'kh?kzkad 108 gqvkA rnuUrj f}rh; 'kh?kzkd
a esa ls izFke 'kh?kzkad dks ?kVkus ij 2
cpkA bl 2 la[;k ls iwoZ izkIr 'ks"k 4 v'ak 1 dyk 35 fodyk dks xq.kk djus ij 8
va'k 3 dyk 10 fodyk xq.kuQy izkIr gqvkA blesa 15 dk Hkkx fn;k rks 0 va'k 32
dyk 12 fodyk;sa yfC/k izkIr gqbZA ;gk¡ izFke 'kh?kzkad dh rqyuk esa f}rh; 'kh?kzkad
vf/kd gSA vr,o izFke 'kh?kzkad 106 esa yfC/k 0 va'k 32 dyk 12 fodyk dks tksM+
fn;k rks 106 va'k 32 dyk 12 fodyk ;ksxQy gqvkA blesa 10 dk Hkkx nsus ij
va'kkfn yfC/k 10 va'k 39 dyk 13 fodyk izkIr gqbZA ;g xq# dk 'kh?kzQy gqvkA
;g xq# dk dsUnz rqyk vkfn 6 jkf'k ds Hkhrj gSa vr% ;g _.k gSA

fiz; v/;srk bl bdkbZ esa vkius eUnQy rFkk 'kh?kzQy dk foLr`r ifjp; tkuk
gSA xzg Li"V djus ds fy, eUnQy rFkk 'kh?kzQy dh vko'drk iM+rh gSA blds
fcuk xzg Li"V ugha gks ldrsA lw;Z vkSj pUnz ds fy, dsoy eUnQy dh vko'drk
im+rh gS] ijUrq iapkrjk xzgksa ds fy, eUnQy ds lkFk&lkFk 'kh?kzQy dh Hkh
vko';drk iM+rh gSA eUnksPp ds dkj.k e/;e vkSj Li"V xzgksa dk tks vUrj gksrk
gS og gh eUnQy dgykrk gSaA Hkw dsUnz ls eUn izfro`Rr ftruk nwj jgrk gS og gh
eUnksPp dgykrk gSA vkius {ks= esa ns[ksa gksaxs fd vgxZ.k ls lkf/kr xzg d{kk o`Rr
esa Hkze.k dj jgk gS] mldk tks dsUnz gksrk gS og Hkw dsUnz gS] ysfdu Li"V xzg
eUnkUR; HkqtT;k rqY; izfro`Rr esa gh Hkze.k djrk gSA mldk tks dsUnz gksrk gS og
izfro`Rr dsUnz gksrk gSA og gh e/;e vkSj Li"V xzg dk tks vUrj gksrk gS og
eUnQy dgykrk gSA blh izdkj e/;e vkSj Li"V xzg dk tks vUrj gksrk gS og
'kh?kzQy dgykrk gSA e/;e xzg d{kk o`Rr esa Hkze.k djrs gSa ftldk dsUnz Hkw dsUnz
gksrk gSA Li"V xzg 'kh?kzkUR;QyT;k rqY; dsUnz ls mRiUu o`Rr esa Hkze.k djrs gSaA
'kh?kzkUR;QyT;k fufeZr dsUnz ls mRiUu o`rr dks 'kh?kzizfro`Rr dgrs gSa ftldk 157
 dsUnz 'kh?kzizfro`Rr dsUnz gksrk gSA eUnQy rFkk 'kh?kzQy lk/ku ds fy, lcls igys
eUndsUnz rFkk 'kh?kzdsUnz fudkyrs gSaA eUnksPp ls e/;e xzg dks tc ?kVkrs gSa rks
eUndsUnz gksrk gSA fQj mldk Hkqtka'k cukrs gSa ftls ge eUnHkqtka'k Hkh dgrs gSA
mlh izdkj 'kh?kzkPs p ls e/;e xzg dks ?kVkrs gSa rks 'kh?kzdsUnz izkIr gksrk gSA fQj
mldk Hkqtka'k cukrs gSa ftls ge 'kh?kz Hkqtka'k Hkh dgrs gSaA eUndsUnz rFkk 'kh?kzdsUnz
dks Øe'k% LQqVeUnifjf/k rFkk LQqV'kh?kzifjf/k ls xq.kk dj nsrs gSa] xq.kk djus ds
ckn tks xq.kuQy izkIr gksrk gS mls Hkx.kka'k ls vFkkZr~ 3600 ;k 360 x60 ¾
21600 ls Hkkx nsrs gSa tks yfC/k vkrh gS og Øe ls eUnHkqtQy rFkk 'kh?kzHkqtQy
dgykrh gSA mlh dks LoYikUrj ls eUnQy rFkk 'kh?kzQy dgrs gSA eUnQy rFkk
'kh?kzQy lk/ku dk mnkgj.k blds iwoZ izLrqr fd;k tk pqdk gS] mldks vki
Hkfy&Hkk¡fr ns[kdj eUnQy rFkk 'kh?kzQy dk lk/ku dj ldrs gSaA

HkkSe ¾ eaxy
vdZ ¾ lw;Z
Hkx.kka'k ¾ iwjs o`Rr dk va'k 3600
/kuq% ¾ pki
ifjârk ¾ Hkkx nsuk

1) lw;Zfl)kUr] dfiys'oj 'kkL=h] pkS[kEck laLd`r laLFkku] okjk.klhA

2) xzgyk?ko] izk-s jkepUnz ik.Ms;] pkS[kEck laLd`r Hkou] okjk.klhA

3) T;ksfr"kfl)kUreatw"kk] izk-s fou; dqekj ik.Ms;] pkS[kEck lqjHkkjrh izdk'ku]

okjk.klhA

1) eUnQy dk foLr`r ifjp; nsaA

2) eUnQy dk lk/ku djsaA
3) 'kh?kzQy D;k gksrk gS\ bldk foospu djsaA
4) 'kh?kzQy dk lk/ku dSls djrs gS\a o.kZu djsaA
5) eUnQy vkSj 'kh?kzQy lk/ku dh vko';drk ij izdk'k MkysaA

158