Electrical Drive

UNIT – I
m¿Kf«
(Introduction)
1.1 ‹ ïa¡»fË‹ mo¥giL¡ fhuz¤fa
c‰g¤â bjhÊ‰rhiyfËš gšntW ïa¿âu¤fis ïa¡Ftj

‰F ï‹W mâfsš ‹ïa¿âu¤fa jh‹ ïa¿âur¡â
mË¡F« ïa¡»fshf ga‹gL¤j¥gL»‹wd. bjhÊ‰rhiyfË‹
gšntW JiwfS« jhnd ïa§F«tifmš brma¥g£L tU»wJ.
ï›thW jha¤» Kiwmš brma¥gLtjhš áw¿j ju«, mâf c
‰g¤â k‰W« Fiw¿jbryš bghU£fa brma¥gL«. njitfS¡nf
‰g ïa¿âu¤fa Óuhdntf« k‰W« khWg£Lntf¤âš ïa¡f¥gL«.
r¡âthm¿j ‹dQaš _y« ïa¿âu¤fa ïa¡f¥gL« nghJ
khWg£L ïa¡» mik¥ghdJ f¢á¿a msY«, mâf brašâw‹
ciLajhfî«, mâf e«gf¤j‹ik k‰W« bjhÊ
‰rhiyfË‹ mid¤Jjkhd njitfisí« Ãiwnt
‰Wtjhf casJ. ne®‹ndh£L ‹ndhofa gšyh©L fhykhf
ntWg£L ntf¤âš
ïa¡Ftj‰fhf ga‹gL¤j¥g£L t¿jd. ïjDiLa brašâw‹ thm¿j
f£L¥gh£L áw¥ãašòfa fhuzkhf bjhÊ‰rhiyfËš
ga‹gL¤j¥g£L t¿jd. ntf¡f£L¥ghLhdJ njitahd ntf¤â‰F
nkY«, G« vËjhd Kiwmš bgwKo¿jJ. Ãiyahd ne®‹r¡â (DC)
k‰W« khWâir ‹r¡â (AC)š ïU¿J khWg£L ne®‹r¡âahdJ
‹Kidf£L¥ghL, Mu«g-Koî f£L¥ghL KiwfË‹ _y«
bgw¥g£LJ.
mo¥giLmš ‹ ïa¡»ahdJ ïUãÇîfshf ãÇ¡f¥g£L
casJ. mit ne®‹ndh£L ‹ ïa¡»fa k‰W« khWâir
‹ndh£L ïa¡»fa MF«. bga bjhÊ‰rhiyfËY«, c‰g¤â
Ãiya§fËY« m§F ÃWt¥g£Las ïa¿âu¤fS¡F ne®‹ndh£L
‹ ïa¡»fajh‹ mâfkhd msš ïa¡»fshf ga‹gL¤j¥g£L
tU»‹wd. ‹ fL¤âfË‹ f©Lão¥ghdJ ne®‹ndh£L
ïa¡»fË‹ mik¥ã‰F mâfsš cjahf mik¿jJ. vËikahd
f£Lik¥ò k‰W« f£L¥ghL mik¥ò M»ait ne®‹ndh£L ‹
ïa¡»fË‹ mik¥ò ts®¿J áw¥giLa fhuzkhf mik¿jJ.
nk‰F¿¥ã£L ga‹fa ïU¥ãD«, bjhL®¢áahf guhk¤jš, mâf
ïL«ão¤jš, âirkh‰¿fËš Ô¥bgh¿ V‰gLjš, mâfsš Ég¤J
eL¡f thm¥ò cas ïL¤fsh»a urhad, bg£nuhÈa« k‰W«
Ru§f¤JiwfËš ga‹gL¤j Koahik M»ait ïjDiLa
FiwghLfa MF«.
khWâir ‹ ïa¡» KiwahdJ khWâir ‹dh¡»fis
ga‹gL¤â ïa¡f¥gL»‹wd. x¤âa§F ‹ndho k‰W« ö©Lš
1
‹ndhofa mâf k‰W« ïiLÃiy ‹
ïa¡»fshf¥ ga‹gL¤j¥gL»‹wd. khWâir ‹ ïa¡»fË‹
ga‹fshdJ Fiw¿jguhkÇ¥ò, mâfbrašâw‹, mâf e«gf¤j‹ik,
Fiw¿j bryî, Fiw¿j viL k‰W« mghafukhd ïL§fËY«
ïa¡fKogit MF«.
1.1.1 ‹ ïa¡»fË‹ ga‹fa

1. ‹ ïa¡»fshdJ ïz¡fkhd f£L¥ghL áw¥ãašòfa
ciLait.
2. gS‹ njitfS¡nf‰g ‹ ïa¡»fË‹ Ãiyahd k‰W«
r¡âthm¿j áw¥ãašòfS¡F V‰g kh‰¿ brašgL¤j
Koí«.
3. njit¥gL« Ãiy k‰W« Óuhd tirmš brašgL PLC
k‰W« FWfÂÂ cjíL‹ Rakhd f£L¥gh£L Kiwfis
brašgL¤j Koí«.
4. njitahd KL¡Fir, ntf« k‰W« brašâw‹fËš
»iL¡»wJ.
5. mghafukhd k‰W« fâa¡f¥ gFâfËš brašgL¤j
Koí«.
6. ntf KL¡Firm‹ eh‹F fhšgFâfËY« brašgL¤j
Koí«. ‹jL¡F« Kiwm‹ _y« ïyFthd
ntf¡f£L¥ghL k‰W« fUm‹ mâf thœeha M»at‰iw
k‰w ntf f£L¥ghLfSL‹ x¥ãL«nghJ bgwKoí«.
7. ‹ ïa¡»fshdJ mâfgS ÃiymY« cLdoahf ïa§f
Koí«.
8. f£L¥gh£L g‰r¡fu¤fË‹ _y« ntf¡f£L¥ghL,
ntf Mu«g« k‰W« ntf¤jL¥ò M»at‰iw
vËikahfî«, ïyFthfî« brmaKoí«.
1.2 ‹ ïa¡»fË‹ tiffa
ïa¿âu ‹ ïa¡»fshdJ _‹Wtifahf ã¡f¥g£L casJ.

mitahtd Kiwna T£L ïa¡»fa, j¥g£L ïa¡»fa k‰W«
gy‹ndho ïa¡»fa MF«.
1.2.1 T£L ïa¡»fa
T£L ïa¡»fshdJ xU j¥g£L ‹ndho bfh©LJ. ïâš

x‹W mšyJ mj‰F nk‰g£L RHš mik¥ghdJ cuhmjiy
jh¤F« bgh¿m‹ cW¥òfa _y« f£L¥gL¤j¥g£LasJ. ï¿j
tifahd ïa¿âu¤fa K‰fhy¤âš ga‹gL¤j¥g£LJ.
xU j¥g£L bga ‹ndhoahdJ, gy á¿a ‹ndhofS¡F
gâyhf cgnahf¥gL¤j¥g£L casJ. ïj‹ _ykhf bga
2
‹ndhom‹
r¡ââw‹, gy á¿a ‹ndhom‹ r¡â âwidL Fiwthfnt
3
ïU¡F«. ïj‹ fhuzkhf, T£L ïa¡»fË‹ brašâw‹ k
‰W« r¡ââw‹ mâf¥goahf ïU¡F«.
ï¿j¤ j¥g£L bga ‹ndhomš VjhtJ jtWfa V‰gLkhm‹
mid¤Jjkhd brašghLfS« ÃW¤j¤â‰F t¿JL«. xU òâa
ïa¿âu¤ij, _yRHš mik¥ò¡F bfh©L tUtJ fodkhd
brayhF«.
1.2.2 j¥g£L ïa¡»fa

ï¿j tifmš x›bthU j¥g£L ïa¿âuK« j¥g£L ‹ndho
_y« ïa¡f¥gL«. gyju¥g£L ïL¤fËš, ‹ndhoahdJ ïa¿âu¤â‹
xU gFâahfnt mik¿JasJ. ïjDiLa âw‹ ïH¥ò k‰wt‰WL‹
x¥ãL«nghJ mâf«.
1.2.3 gy ‹ndho ïa¡»fa
ï¿j gy‹ndho ïa¡»fËš, gyju¥g£L ‹ndhofa xU

F¿¥ã£L ïa¡»ia ïa¡f cjahf ïU¡F«. ‹ö¡»ahdJ gy
‹ndho ïa¡»¡F xU cjhuz« MF«.
1.2 ‹ ïa¡»fa nj®¿bjL¡f¥gL« j¤fa
‹ ïa¡»fa nj®¿bjL¡f¥gL« jkhdJ gyju¥g£L

fhuz§fis¡ bfh©LasJ.
(i) Ãiyahd ïa¡f¤â‰fhd njitfa:
ntf« - KW¡FÉir, ntf¡f£L¥gh£L Kiwfa, ntf
Ãiyfa, brašâw‹ M»ait MF«.
(ii) khWg£L ïa¡f¤â‰fhd njitfa:
ntfKL¡f« k‰W« vâ®KL¡f«, Mu«g«, ÃW¤Jjš k
‰W« vâ®âir brašghL M»ait MF«.
(iii) r¡â _y« tif¥ghLfa:
‹ndh£L¤â‹ msî, ‹ ntWghLmsîfa, r¡ââw‹
msî k‰W« x¤âirî M»ait MF«.
(iv) _yjd¢ bryîfa, ïa¡f¢bryîfa, thœeh£fa M»ait.
(v) ïLtrâ k‰W« viL¤njitfa.
(vi) R‰W¥òw trâfa.
1.4 bghJthd ‹ ïa¡» mik¥ò
bghJthd ‹ ïa¡»m‹ mik¥ò (gL« 1š fh£L¥g£LasJ.)
‹ndho gS
_y« ‹ kh‰¿
f£L¥gh£L mik¥ò f©fhÂ¥ò mik¥ò

gL« 1 bghJthd ‹ ïa¡» mik¥ò
4
‹ ïa¡»m‹ ghf¤fa
(i) ‹ndho k‰W« gS
(ii) ‹kh‰¿
(iii) _y«
(iv) f£L¥gh£L mik¥ò
(v) f©fhÂ¥ò mik¥ò
1.4.1 ‹ndho tiffa
ne® ‹a¡f ‹ndho xU ‹kh‰¿m‹ _ykhf

f£L¥gL¤j¥gL«. ïj‹ gL« 2š fh£L¥g£LasJ.
_y« g L« 2 ne®âir ‹a¡f

‹kh‰¿ ne®‹‹ndho
a¡f g
‹ndho S
khWâir ‹a¡f ‹ndhoí« ‹kh‰¿ _y« f£L¥gL¤j¥gL«.
ï¿j tifahd ‹ndho gSîL‹ ïiz¡f¥gL«. ïj‹ gL«3š
fh£L¥g£LasJ.
_y« ‹kh‰¿ khWâir ‹da¡f gS

gL« 3 khWâir ‹a¡f ‹ndho
‹ndho
1.4.2 ‹kh‰¿ tiffa
(i) khWâirmÈU¿J ne®âir ‹kh‰¿

(ii) ne®âirmÈU¿J khWâir ‹kh‰¿
(iii) ne®âirmÈU¿J ne®âir ‹kh‰¿
(iv) khWâirmÈU¿J khWâir ‹kh‰¿
1.4.3 ‹_y tiffa
ï¿âahš j‰rka« K«Kid k‰W« xUKid ‹ ÉÃnahf«
casJ. f¢r¡â Fiw¿j ‹ ïa¡»fa xU Kid ‹_y¤â‹ _y«
ïa¡f¥gL«. k‰wtifahd ‹ ïa¡»fa K«Kid ‹_y¤â‹ _y«
ïa¡f¥gL«. mâfr¡â thm¿j ‹ ïa¡»fa 400V ‹dG¤j« _y«
ïa¡f¥gL«. mâf ‹âw‹ ciLa ‹ ïa¡»fa 3.3kV, 6.6kV,11kV
‹dG¤j« _y« ïa¡f¥gL«. ne®‹ndh£L nr¥ò¡fy‹ ïa¡»fa
Äf¡Fiw¿j ‹dG¤j msîfshd 24V,48V k‰W« 110V _y«
ïa¡f¥gL«.
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1.4.4 f©fhÂ¥ò mik¥ò
f©fhÂ¥ò mik¥ò, mo¥giLmš ntf¡f©fhÂ¥ò k‰W«
‹ndh£L¡ f©fhÂ¥ò vd ïUtif¥gL¤j¥g£LasJ. ntfkhdJ
ntf¡f©fhÂ¥ò fU _y« fz¡»L¥gL«. ‹ndh£LkhdJ
‹ndh£L f©fhÂ¥ò¡fU k‰W« khW‹ ö©LjiLmšyh
vâ®¥ò _y« fz¡»L¥gL«.
1.4.5 f£L¥gh£L mik¥ò
‹kh‰¿m‹ brašghLfa, f£L¥gh£L mik¥ã‹ _y«
brašgL¤j¥gL«. ntf k‰W« ‹ndh£L f©fhÂ¥ò¡ fUm‹ _y«
f£L¥gh£L mik¥ã‰F ïiz¥ò casJ.
1.5 gS‹ áw¥ãašòfa
‹ ïa¡»fË‹ brašghL mjDiLa ntf-KW¡FÉir
áw¥ãašòfa _y« vËjhf m¿¿J bfhasKoí«. ‹ ïa¡» k
‰W« f£L¥gh£L¢ R‰Wfis nj®î brmí«nghJ, ntf« k‰W«
KW¡FÉir K¡»ag§F t»¡»wJ. KW¡FÉirahdJ fofhu¢R‰W
k‰W« fofhu vâ®R‰W¤ âirfËš ïU¡F«. bghJthf
KW¡FirahdJ »iLk£L m¢áY« (X-axis), ntfkhdJ
br§F¤jhd m¢áY« (Y-axis) tiua¥gL»wJ. ntf-
KW¡FirahdJ eh‹F fhšgFâmY« tiua¥gLtjhš, ntfK«,
KW¡FÉirí« ne®kiw (Positive), vâ®kiw (Negative) v©fËš mj‹
brašgh£iL bghW¤J mikí«.
1.5.1 gS‹ tif¥ghLfa
ne®kiw gS‹ KW¡FirahdJ ne®kiw ïa¡»m‹ KW¡F
ir¡F vâ®âirmš ïU¡F«. ï¿j gS‹ KW¡Fir Óuhfnth,
ntf¤ij¥ bghW¤njh mikí«.
(i) KW¡FÉir kh‰wkhdJ ntf¤â‹ kL¤if¥ bghW¤jJ
áytifahd gStiffËš KW¡FirahdJ ntf¤â‹
kL§if¥ bghW¤J mâf¡»‹wJ. ïit bghJthf
‹á¿fa k‰W« ikay¡F ir Ú®th¤F FHhmfËš

(Centrifugal Pumps) ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ. ïJ gL« 4š
fh£L¥g£LasJ.
6
gL« 4 KW¡Fir kh‰wkhdJ ntf¤â‹ kL¤if¥ bghW¤jJ
7
(ii) Óuhd cuhmî tif¥gS
cuhmî« KW¡Fir ïa¡»fa R‰Wtij vâ®¡F«. ïJ
bghJthf ntf¤âid¥ bghW¤J
miktâšiy. Mu«gÃiymš V‰gL« cuhmî
nghJkhdjhf ïU¿jhY«, mit fz¡»š vL¤J
bfhas¥gLtâšiy. ï¿jtifahd ïa¿âu¤fa g¿Jtot
mšyJ RHy¡Toa Rk¡F« gFâfa
_y« ïiz¡f¥g£LasJ.
1.5.2 r¡âthm¿j mšyJ Ãiykh‰W« gS (Dynamic or Inertia Load)

RHY« mik¥ãš, Rikm‹ ntfkhdJ khW«nghJ r¡âthm¿j
gSthdJ ïa¡»m‹ KW¡Fir¡F vâuhf brašgL«. ïjDiLa
KW¡FÉir J MF«. ïâš J v‹gJ R‰W« RikfË‹
rkkhd Ãiykh‰W MF«. ïJ gL« 5š fh£L¥g£LasJ.
gL« 5 r¡âthm¿j mšyJ Ãiykh‰W« gS
1.5.3 KW¡FÉir gS‹ tif¥ghLfa

(i) cuhmî KW¡Fir (Friction Torque) (Tf): ïa¡»fË‹
ikaRHš gFâ (Shaft) k‰W« gS‹ gšntW¥ gFâfËY«
cuhmî V‰gL»wJ. ïit bgU«ghY« ïa¡»m‹ ikaRHš
gFâia bghW¤nj mikí«.
(ii) ïa¿âu¢RHÈš fh‰W cuhmîir (Windage Torque (Tw):
ïa¡»ahdJ RHY«nghJ, mâYas fh‰whdJ ïa¡»m‹
ïf¤â‰F vâuhf V‰gL« cuhmîir MF«.
(iii) gaDas ïa¿âur¡â jU« KW¡Fir (Tc): ïJ ntf¤ij
bghW¤J Óuhfnth mšyJ khWgLtjhfnth mikí«.
1.6 eh‹F fhšgFâ ïa¡f tiugL« (Four Quadran Diagram)

ïJ ‹ö¡»fËš ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ. ïjDiLa gS‹
KW¡Fir Óuhdjhfî« k‰W« ntf¤ij¥ bghW¤J khWtjhfî«
vL¤J¡ bfhas¥gL»wJ. ï¿j eh‹F fhšgFâfshdJ,
(i) ne®âir ïa¡Fjš
(ii) ne®âir ÃW¤Jjš
(iii) khWâir ïa¡Fjš
8
(iv) khWâir ÃW¤Jjš
9
ïitahî« gL« 6š fh£L¥g£LasJ. ‹ ïa¡»m‹ KW¡Fir,
gS‹ KW¡Fir, ntf« M»ait gL¤âš fh£L¥g£LasJ.
gL« 6 eh‹F fhšgFâ ïa¡f tiugL«
1.7 f£L¥gh£L¢ R‰¿‹ cW¥òfa
‹ ïa¡»fË‹ f£L¥gh£L mik¥ãYas cW¥òfa mid¤J«

Kj‹ik¡ f£L¥gh£L¡ fUfa k‰W« tÊfh£L« f£L¥gh£L¡
fUfa vd tif¥gL¤j¥g£LasJ.
Kj‹ik¡ f£L¥gh£L¡fU v‹gJ gSit rhjd¤JL‹
ïiz¡f cjî»wJ. Ãiykh‰¿ (Switch), ‹fh¥ò vmiH (Fuse),
‹fh¥ò vmiH Ãiykh‰¿ (Fuse – Switch Unit), R‰W K¿¥gh‹
(Circuit Breaker), bjhL®òbfhagit (Contactor), mâfgS ïiLkh‰L
(Over load relay) M»ait Kj‹ik¡ f£L¥gh£L¡ fUfa MF«.
tÊfh£L« fUÉfshdJ Kj‹ik¡ f£L¥gh£L¡
fUÉfis
f£L¥gL¤Jgit MF«. nj®¿bjL¡F« Ãiykh‰¿ (Selector Switch),
mG¤j¥bgh¤jh‹ Ãiykh‰¿ (Push Button Switch), msåL« Ãiykh‰¿
(Limit Switch), bt¥gÃiy fh¥gf« (Thermostat) M»ait tÊfh£L«
fUfa MF«.
eh‹F K¡»akhd cW¥òfa, ‹ïa¡»ia¡ f£L¥gL¤jî«
k‰W« fh¥gj‰fhfî« cgnahf¥gL»wJ.
1. Ãiykh‰¿ (Switch): ‹R‰iw br¥gL«nghJ«,
ngQ«nghJ« jÅ¤âU¡f cjî«.
2. ‹fh¥ò vmiH (Fuse): FW¡F ‹ghij jt‰¿‹nghJ
R‰iw ghJfh¡f cjî«.
3. bjhL®ò mik¥ò (Contactor): ‹ïa¡»ia
jhÅa§» Kiwmš Mu«ã¡fî«, ÃW¤jî« cjî«.
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4. mâfgS ïiLkh‰L (Over load relay): ‹ïa¡»ia mâf
gSÉÈU¿J ghJfh¡f cjî«.
1.7.1 Ãiykh‰¿fa (Switches)
‹kh‰¿m‹ f£L¥gh£L¡F¤ njitahd Ãiykh‰¿fË‹

tiffa nH ju¥g£LasJ.
1. mG¤j¥bgh¤jh‹ Ãiykh‰¿ (Push Button Switch)
2. nj®îbrmí« Ãiykh‰¿ (Selector Switch)
3. msL« Ãiykh‰¿ (Limit Switch)
4. mG¤j Ãiykh‰¿ (Pressure Switch)
5. bt¥g Ãiykh‰¿ (Temperature Switch)
6. jit Ãiykh‰¿ (Float Switch)
1. mG¤j¥bgh¤jh‹ Ãiykh‰¿ (Push Button Switch)
gL« - 7 mG¤j¥bgh¤jh‹ Ãiykh‰¿

ï¿j tifahd Ãiykh‰¿fa ‹ ïa¡»fË‹ f£L¥gh£L
¢ R‰WfËš Mu«ã¤jš, ÃW¤Jjš, á¿Jneu« ïa¡Fjš (Jog)
ngh‹w brašghLfis vËjhf ïa¡Ftj‰fhf xU á¿a bg£otot
mik¥ãš bghW¤j¥gLgit MF«. ïJ brašgL« j¤ij¥
bghW¤J ïit
_‹W tiffshf¥ ã¡f¥g£LasJ. ïJ gL« 7š fh£L¥g£LasJ.
i. FW»aneu¤ bjhL®òtif mG¤j¥bgh¤jh‹ (Momentary

Contact Type Push Buttons)
ï¿jtifmš bgh¤jh‹ MdJ mG¤â¡ bfh©oU¡F«
tiu bjhL®òfa ïa¡fkh»‹wJ. mG¤j¤ij L«nghJ
RUa
mG¤j¤â‹ _y« giHaÃiy¡F t¿jîL‹ bjhL®òfË‹
ïa¡f« ÃW¤j¥gL»wJ. ïJ gL« 8š fh£L¥g£LasJ.
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gL« 8 FW»aneu¤ bjhL®òtif mG¤j¥bgh¤jh‹
ii. j¡fit¡F« bjhL®ò mik¥ò (Maintained Contact Type)

ï¿jtif Ãiykh‰¿mš mG¤â ïa¡f¥gL«bghGJ
V‰gL¤j¥gL« bjhL®òfË‹ ïa¡f¤ij bjhL®¿J
j¡fit¡F« j‹ikmš mik¡f¥gL«. ïâš mG¤j«
bfhL¥gj‹ _y« ïa¡f¤ij Mu«ã¤jš, ÃW¤Jjš
M»at‰iw brmaKoí«.
iii. gyju¥g£L bjhL®ò mik¥ò (Multiple Contact Type)

ï›tif mK¡F¥ bgh¤jh‹fË‹ mik¥ãš mit
ïa¡f¥gL«bghGJ, mjDa x‹W¡F« nk‰g£L bjhL®òfa
ïa¡f¥gL«. áybjhL®òfa mG¤Jtj‹ _y« ïa¡f¤ij
Mu«ã¡fî«, k‰wit mG¤Jtj‹ _y« ïa¡f¤ij
ÃW¤JkhW« mik¡f¥g£LasJ.
2. nj®îbrmí« Ãiykh‰¿ (Selector Switch)
gL« 9 nj®îbrmí« Ãiykh‰¿
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nj®îbrmí« Ãiykh‰¿ahdJ xU ïa¿âu¤ij bt›ntW
ÃiyfËš ïa¡Ftj‰F ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ. xU ïa¿âu¤âš
_‹Wjkhd Ãfœîfa V‰gL¤Jtj‰fhd Ãiykh‰¿ gL«9š
fh£L¥g£LasJ. ÃW¤jÃiy, jhdhf ïa¤F«Ãiy, kj®fa _y«
ïa§F«Ãiy (Off, Automatic, Manual) M»ait ï¿j _‹W Ãiyfa
MF«. nj®îbrmí« Ãiykh‰¿mš cas mik¥ig¤ âU» ek¡F¤
njitahd Ãiymš cgnahf¥gL¤jKoí«.
3. msL« Ãiykh‰¿ (Limit Switch)
gL« 10 msL« Ãiykh‰¿
ïJ ïa¿âu¤fËš »iLk£L¤âš ïa§Ftij f£L¥gL¤j¥

ga‹gL¤J« xU f£L¥gh£L Ãiykh‰¿ MF«. gL« 10š msL«
Ãiykh‰¿m‹ mik¥ig¡ fh£L»wJ. f£L¥ghL brma¥gLnt©oa
ïa¿âu¤â‹ xUghf« efU« rka¤âš mjDiLa
všiyia miL¿jîL‹ msL« Ãiykh‰¿mš bghU¤j¥g£Las
RHY« mik¥ò (Roller) x‹W mG¤j¥gL»‹wJ. m¢rka« RHY«
mik¥ãš ïiz¡f¥g£L be«ònfhš (Lever) MdJ ïa¤» xU
Ãiykh‰¿ia
âw¡f ïJnt ïa¡» _LbrmJ ‹ ïa¡»ia (Motor)
f£L¥gL¤J»wJ.
4. mG¤j Ãiykh‰¿ (Pressure Switch)

mG¤j Ãiykh‰¿ v‹gJ xU fh‰wG¤j
miw (Air Compressor Chamber) mšyJ thí¡FHhm (Gas Pipe)
ngh‹w rhjd¤fË‹ tÊahf¢bršY« fh‰W k‰W« thí
M»at‰¿‹ mG¤j¤ij cz®¿J mj‰F V‰wgo ïa¤» ‹
ïa¡»fis f£L¥gL¤J« xU Ãiykh‰¿ MF«. miwmš cas thí
(Gas) mšyJ fh‰wG¤j¤ij bghW¤J ‹ ïa¡»ia ÃW¤j k‰W«
ïa¡f Mu«ã¡f ïJ bgJ« ga‹gL»wJ.
13
5. bt¥gÃiykh‰¿ (Temperature Switch)
bt¥g¤â‹ msit cz®¿J mj‰nf‰wthW xU Ãiykh‰
¿m‹ ïa¡f¤ij V‰gL¤J« mik¥ghdJ bt¥gÃiykh‰¿ vd¥gL«.
1. ïU cnyhf¤j©L tot bt¥gÃiykh‰¿ (Bimetallic Strip

Type)
2. E©FHš tot bt¥gÃiykh‰¿ (Capilarry Tube Type)
6. jit Ãiykh‰¿ (Float Switch)
jit Ãiykh‰¿ v‹gJ jit¤ j¤Jt¤âš ïa¡f¥gL«
xU f£L¥gh£L Ãiykh‰¿ MF«. ïj‹ cjahš bjh£omš (Tank)
cas j©Ü® mšyJ âut¤ij xU F¿¥ã£L k£L¤âš it¡f Koí«.
ïj‹ mik¥ig¥ bghW¤J ïu©L tifahf ã¡f¥g£L casJ.
1. r¤»È¤ bjhL®tif jit Ãiykh‰¿ (Chain Type Float

Switch)
2. j©L tot jit Ãiykh‰¿ (Rod Type Float Switch)
1.7.2 ‹fh¥ò vmiH (Fuse)

f£L¥gh£L mik¥ãYas ‹R‰W k‰W« f£L¥gh£L R‰Wfa,
FW¡F ‹ghij jtWfa (Short Circuit Fault) V‰gL«nghJ ‹fh¥ò
vÇmiH (Fuse) _y« fh¡f¥gL»wJ. ‹f«ãmLš (Wiring), ‹
ïa¡»m‹ RUËš V‰gL« ãiH mšyJ f«ãtL« k‰W« f«ã (Wire)
M»at‰¿š V‰gL« ïa¿âu¡ nfhshWfa fhuzkhf FW¡F ‹ghij
jtWfa V‰gL»wJ.
‹fh¥ò vmiH v‹gJ V‰fdnt msL¥g£L fL¤âahF«.
ïj‹ tÊahf¢bršY« ‹ndh£LkhdJ xU F¿¥ã£L ms‰F nkyhf
bršY«nghJ ‹fh¥ò vmiHahdJ cU» ‹ïiz¥ò
ciL¿JÉL»wJ. ‹fh¥ò vmiHm‹ mik¥ò gL« 11š fh£L¥g£L
casJ.
gL« 11. ‹fh¥ò vmiH
14
FW¡F ‹ghij jt‰¿‹ fhuzkhf mâf¥goahd bt¥g«
btËah» ‹fh¥ò vmiH cU»L»wJ. ïj‹ fhuzkhf ‹R‰W
mjDiLa ‹ mË¥ghLU¿J j¤JL»wJ. ï¿j ‹fh¥ò
vmiHm‹ cagFâahdJ áw¿j bt¥g¡fL¤â bghU£fshš
Ãu¥g¥g£LasJ.
gL« 12 ‹fh¥ò vmiHm‹ neu ‹ndh£L áw¥ãašò

ï¿j ‹fh¥ò vmiHahdJ ne®khW neu – ‹ndh£L áw¥ò
ïašòfis bg‰WasJ. ïj‹ áw¥ãašò gL«12š fh£L¥g£LasJ.
‹fh¥ò vmiHahdJ á¿a msyhd mâfgSit mâf neu¤â‰F
jh¤F«âw‹ bfh©LJ. mâf msyhd mâfgS k‰W« FW¡F
‹ghij fhuzkhf ‹fh¥ò vmiHm‹ xUgFâ iuthf cU»
‹R‰iw âw¿JL»wJ.
1.7.3 ‹fh¥ò vmiH Ãiykh‰¿ mik¥ò (Fuse Switch Unit)

kh‰w¥g£L ‹R‰¿š, ‹fh¥ò vmiHahdJ Ãiykh‰¿ cL‹
xU¤»iz¡f¥g£LasJ. ïjDiLa gadhdJ, ‹ ïiz¥òfa
Fiwî k‰W« njit¥gL« ïL« Fiwî M»ait MF«. ïJ
bghJthf ïu©L tif¥gL«.
1. Ãiyahd ‹fh¥ò vmiH

2. efu¡Toa mik¥ãš bghU¤j¥g£L ‹fh¥ò vmiH
‹ ïa¡»m‹ r¡âR‰W k‰W« f£L¥gh£L R‰Wfis bfh©L

tiugL« 13 k‰W« 14š fh£L¥g£LasJ. ïâš gL«13 ‹fh¥ò vmiH
k‰W« Ãiykh‰¿ j¤jahf mik¡f¥g£L casJ. gL«14š
‹fh¥ò vmiHíL‹ Ãiykh‰¿ ïiz¿J fhz¥gL»wJ.
15
gL« 13. j¤j Ãiykh‰¿ k‰W« gL« 14. xU¤»iz¿j Ãiykh‰¿
k‰W« ‹fh¥ò vmiH ‹fh¥ò vmiH
1.7.4 m¢Rtot R‰WK¿¥gh‹ (Moulded Case Circuit

Breaker) (MCCB) k‰W« á¿a R‰WK¿¥gh‹ (Miniature Circuit
Breaker) (MCB)
gL« 15 R‰WK¿¥gh‹
Óuhd k‰W« bkJthd kh‰w¤fË‹ fhuzkhf m¢Rtot R

‰W K¿¥gh‹ k‰W« á¿a R‰WK¿¥gh‹fshdJ vÇmiH¥bgh¤jh‹
(Fuse Switch) k‰W« fh‰W R‰WK¿¥gh‹fS¡F (Air
Circuit Breaker) gâyhf bjhÊ‰rhiyfË‹ ghJfh¥ò
mik¥òfËš ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ. ïj‹ isthf f£L¥gh£L
mik¥òfa j‰rka«
vmiHfa ïšyhkš totik¡f¥gL»wJ. ïj‹ gL«15š
fh£L¥g£LasJ.
16
á¿a R‰WK¿¥gh‹fa 1,2,3 k‰W« 4 f«ò (Pole) tiffËš mj‹
10 kA tiumyhd msîtiu R‰¿š V‰gL« jtWfis V‰W¡
bfhaS«tifmš totik¡f¥g£LasJ. ïit xËaik¥ò R
‰Wfa, Jiz ‹g»®khd« k‰W« f£L¥gh£L R‰WfËš
cgnahf¥gL¤j¥gL»wJ. bghJthf m¢Rtot R‰WK¿¥gh‹fa 100 A,
200 A, 250 A, 450 A, 630 A, 800 A msîL‹ 500 V, 50 Hz msîL‹ 50
kA tiumyhd jtW V‰gL« ‹ndh£L« jh¤f¡Toa msš
jah¡f¥gL»‹wJ. ïit R‰W¥ ghJfh¥ò njit¥gL«
»ismik¥òfËY«, ‹nkh£Lh® R‰WfËY«, ‹kh‰¿m‹
ïu©Lh«R‰WfËY«, xËaik¥ò g»®khd mik¥òfËY«
ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
ï¿j m¢Rtot R‰WK¿¥gh‹, ‹R‰¿š f mâfgS

V‰gL«nghJ ‹jiLmšyh bjhL®ò (Short Circuit) V‰gL«nghJ
j‹¢irahf brašg£L ‹R‰iw jik¥gL¤â L»wJ.
mâf¥goahd gS V‰gL«nghJ xU bt¥gÃiy cz®¤â (Thermal
Release) _ykhf R‰iw jik¥gL¤â L»wJ.
ï¿j K¿¥gh‹ MdJ ‹jiLmšyh bjhL®ògSâ‹ (Short Circuit
Fault) nghJ ‹fh¿j cz®¤â (Electromagnetic Release) _y«
âw¡»wJ. R‰¿‹ tÊahf¢bršY« ‹ndh£L« bt¥gÃiy cz®¤âmš
nj®î brma¥g£L ‹ndh£L¤ijL 10kL¤F Fiwthf ïU¡F«nghJ
bt¥gÃiy cz®¤â _y« ïa¤F»wJ. ‹ndh£L« 10kL§F mâfkhf
ïU¡F«nghJ K¿¥gh‹ fh¿j cz®¤â _y« brašgL»wJ.
ï¿j MCCB ‹ áw¥ãašòfa œ¡f©LthW tifgL¤j¥g£LasJ.
1. ïj‹ brašgL« jkhdJ “Éiuthf ïiz¤jš, Éiuthf
y¡Fjš” MF«. ïJ kj®fshš ïa¡f¥gLtâšiy.
jtwhd Ãiym‹nghJ K¿¥gh‹ MdJ _oaÃiymš
ïU¥gâšiy.
2. ïj‹ btË¥gFâ K‰¿Ykhf bt¥g¤ij jL¡f¡Toa
bghU£fshš Mdit. ït‰iw btËmYas R
‰WL‹ ïiz¥gj‰fhd Kidfa mik¿JasJ.
3. mid¤J ‹ïiz¥òfS« VjhtJ xU ‹ïiz¥ãš
jtW V‰gL«nghJ bkh¤jkhf bjhL®ò ïH¡»wJ. ï›thW
jL¤fš (Trip) MF«nghJ ON (1) mšyJ OFF (0)¡F
ïiL¥g£L Ãiyia miL»wJ.
fh¿j bt¥gcz®¤âahdJ ïU cnyhfmik¥ã‹ (Bimetals) _ykhf

bt¥g mâfgS ghJfh¥ig¤ jU«. mnjntismš ‹fh¿jkhdJ
‹jiLmšyh (Short Circuit) ghJfh¥ig¤ jU»wJ
MCCB MdJ rhjhuzkhd K¿¥gh‹ k‰W« vmiH¥bgh¤jh‹
mik¥ãš ïU¿J gy áw¥ãašòfis bg‰WasJ.
17
(1) ïjid ifahStJ ÄfvËJ. x›bthUKiwí« ïjid
kh‰w¤ njitmšiy. R‰W K¿¿jîL‹, mjid
âU«gî« ‘ON’ brmJL Koí«.
(2) vÇmiH¥bgh¤jh‹ mik¥ãš VjhtJ xUKid ‹r¡â
vmiHm‹ _ykhf ïiz¥ò ïH¡f¥gL«nghJ ‹r¡â
k‰w KidfË‹ _y« mË¡f¥gL«.
(3) ï¿jtif K¿¥ghš mid¤J Kid ‹r¡âí«
ÃW¤j¥g£L ÉL»wJ.
(4) ïit 5Kjš 10kL§F tiu msÉY«, viLmY«
rhjhuzkhd fh‰W R‰WK¿¥gh‹ k‰W« vmiH¥bgh¤jh‹
mik¥òL‹ x¥ãL«nghJ á¿ajhf ïU¡F«.
1.7.5 bjhL®ò mik¥òfa (CONTACTORS)
bjhL®ò mik¥ò v‹gJ ‹ndhofË‹ f£L¥ghL R‰WfËš

ga‹gL¡Toa f K¡»akhd f£L¥gh£L cW¥ghF«.
ïJbthU Ä‹fh¿j ir ïa¡FjÈ‹ mo¥giLmš
ntiybrm»wJ. ïj‹
cjahš gyjkhd bjhL®òfa ïa¡f¥g£L f£L¥gh£L ntiyfa
Ãfœ¤j¥gL»‹wd.
bjhL®ò mik¥ã‹ ga‹ghLfa
1. bjhL®ò mik¥òfshš ïa¡f¥gL« bjhL®òfa fiuthf
brašgL»‹wd.
2. Äf Éiuthfî«, mnjneu¤âš Ô¥bgh¿
ngh‹w ãu¢áidfa VJ« ïšyhkY« f£L¥ghL R
‰WfËš ïa¡f¥gL»‹wd.
3. bjhL®ò mik¥òfË‹ tuthš f£L¥gh£L R‰Wfis
ïa¡Fgt®fS¡F v¿j áukK« ïU¥gâšiy.
4. ïjid cgnahf¥gL¤Jtjhš R‰¿š V‰gL« ‹dG¤j
ïH¥òfa bgJ« Fiw¡f¥gL»wJ.
bjhL®ò mik¥ã‹ tiffa

1. ‹f«ã¢ RUa cUis bjhL®ò mik¥ò
2. E- ika¥gFâ bjhL®ò mik¥ò
3. j£L« tot bjhL®ò mik¥ò
4. btË-ó£L tif bjhL®ò mik¥ò
1. ‹f«ã¢ RUa cUis bjhL®ò mik¥ò (Solenoid Type

Contactor)
ï¿j mik¥ãš xU ‹fh¿j eL¥gFâahdJ ïU gFâfshf
ãÇ¡f¥g£L it¡f¥gL»wJ. mitahtd Ãiyahd eL¥gFâ k
‰W« mira¡Toa eL¥gFâ. ïj‹ gL« 16š fh£L¥g£LasJ.
18
gL« 16 ‹f«ã¢RUa cUis bjhL®ò mik¥ò
mira¡Toa bjhL®òiLa gFâahdJ mira¡Toa
eL¥gFâíL‹ ïiz¡f¥g£oU¡F«. mira¡Toa eL¥gFâia¢ R‰¿
xU brašgL¡Toa RUa x‹W it¡f¥g£LasJ. ï¿j brašgL«
RUS¡F ‹r¡âia mË¥gj‹ _y« mâš ‹fh¿j«
cUth¡f¥gL»wJ. ïj‹ isthf ‹df« ïa¡f¥gL, mjDL‹
ïiz¡f¥g£Las bjhL®òfa ïa¡f¥gL»‹wd. ïjdhš ‹
R‰Wfis ‹r¡âíL‹ ïiz¡fî«, J©o¡fî« brmayh«.
bjhL®òfË‹ ïa¡f¤ij vËjhf ò¿JbfhaS« tifmš bjhL®ò
gFâahdJ ne®js¤âš it¡f¥g£LasJ. Mdhš mitahî«
c©ikahf »iLÃiyjs¤âš jh‹ ïa¤»¡ bfh©oU¡F«.
gL«16š bjhL®ò mik¥ò k‰W« bjhL®òfË‹ F¿pLfa

fh£L¥g£LasJ. bjhL®ò mik¥ã‹ brašgL« RUS¡F ‹r¡â
mË¡f¥g£LîL‹ mira¡Toa bjhL®òfa it¡f¥g£Las eL¥gFâ
(Plunger)MdJ nkny ef®¤j¥gL»‹wd. ïjdhš âw¿j ÃiymÈU¿j
bjhL®ghdJ _oaÃiy¡F«, _oa ÃiymÈU¿j bjhL®ghdJ
âw¿jÃiy¡F« khW»‹wd. ïjdhš f£L¥gh£L R‰¿š ïa¡f«
eiLbgW»wJ. bjhL®ò mik¥ã‹ ïa¡f¤ij ÃW¤j nt©Lbk‹whš
mjDiLa brašgL« RUS¡F mË¤j ‹r¡â J©o¡f¥gL nt©L«.
ï¥nghJ RUshdJ M‰wÈH¿J bjhL®òfa mid¤J«
ïašghdÃiyia t¿jiL»wJ. brašgL«nghJ V‰gL« mâ®it
jL¥gj‰fhf xU tisa¢RUa (Shading Ring)MdJ Ãiyahd
ika¥gFâíL‹ ïiz¡f¥g£LasJ.
2. E- eL¥gFâ ‹fh¿j bjhL®ò mik¥ò

ï¿j mik¥ghdJ E-toš cas ïu©L ika¥gFâfis
casL¡»aJ. ïj‹ mik¥ò gL« 17š fh£L¥g£LasJ. xU gFâ
Ãiyahdjhfî« k‰bwh‹W efu¡Toajhfî« casJ.
19
gL« 17 E- eL¥gFâ ‹fh¿j bjhL®ò mik¥ò
‹fh¿j¤ij cUth¡Ftj‰fhf bk‹jf£L tothd

áÈ¡fh‹ v~»dhš ‘E’ eL¥gFâ nkš jhu¢RUshš R‰w¥g£L
xU RUa it¡f¥g£LasJ. ï¿j eL¥gFâ¡F khWâir
‹dG¤j¤ij mË¡F«nghJ mj‹tÊahf ‹ndh£L« ghm¿J
RUshdJ fh¿j¤ j‹ikia¥ bg‰W efu¡Toa ika¥gFâia
ïG¡»wJ. ïjdhš
efu¡Toa mik¥ò ef®¤j¥g£L Ãiyahd bjhL®òfSL‹ ïiz¥ò
V‰gL¤j¥g£L bjhL®ò ïiz¥òfa ïiz¡f¥gL»‹wd. brašgL«
RUis xU ‹dG¤jšyh RUa vdî« miH¡fyh«. ï¿j¢ RUa ‘E’
tif ‹RUË‹ eL¥gFâmš mik¡f¥g£oU¡F«.
3. j£L« tot bjhL®ò mik¥ò (Clapper Type Contactor)
j£L« tot bjhL®ò mik¥ãš efu¡Toa bjhL®òfshdJ efu¡
Toa ‹df¤JL‹ ãiz¡f¥g£LasJ. ï¿j ãiz¡f¥g£L
‹dfkhdJ fh¿j¢RUshš r¡â bgW«nghJ efu¡Toa bjhL®ò
»iLk£Lâirmš ef®¿J Ãiyahd bjhL®òL‹ ïiz»wJ. ï¿j
Ãiyahd bjhL®ghdJ bjhL®ò mik¥ã‹ br¤F¤jhd gFâíL‹
,
ïiz¡f¥g£LasJ.
20
gL« 18 j£L« tot bjhL®ò mik¥ò
gL« 18 j£L«tot¤ bjhL®ò mik¥ãš cas eL¥gFâ (Core),

RUa (Coil), bjhL®ò mik¥ò (Contacts) k‰W« ãw gFâfa fh£L¥g£L
casJ. t£Ltot â©kÃiymš cas eL¥gFâmš RUshdJ
ïiz¡f¥g£L, RUar¡â bgW«nghJ fh¿jr¡âia¥ bgW«. ï¿j
fh¿jr¡â bgW« mik¥òL‹ efu¡Toa ‹df« tis¿j Ãiymš
cas xU gFâm‹ _y« ïiz¡f¥gL»wJ. ïâYas fh¿jR‰Wfa
mid¤J« mâf CLUî¤âw‹ bfh©L bk‹ikahd ïU«ãdhš
brma¥g£LasJ. efu¡Toa ‹dfkhdJ efu¡Toa bjhL®òL‹
ïiz¡f¥g£LasJ. RUar¡â bg‰wîL‹ efu¡Toa bjhL®ò
mik¥òfa Ãiyahd bjhL®ò ïiz¿J L»wJ. efu¡
mik¥òL‹
Toa mik¥ò ‹df¤JL‹ RUaš (Spring) k‰W« âUfhÂ (Bolt)
_y« ïiz¡f¥g£LasJ.
‹df« KGikahf _L«nghJ, RUaš efu¡Toa bjhL®ã‹

ÅJ xUÉjkhd mG¤j¤ij V‰gL¤J»wJ. ï¿j mG¤jkhdJ
âUfhÂ _ykhf f£L¥gL¤j¥gL»wJ. bfh«òtot tisîfa
efu¡Toa k‰W« Ãiyahd bjhL®òfËš casJ. ‹š MdJ,
ïiLôWfa V‰gL«nghJ bfh«òtot tisš ef®¿J K¡»a¤
bjhL®òfis fh¤JÉL»wJ. Câaiz¡F« RUa (Blow Out Coil)
‹š V‰gLtij miz¤JL»wJ. ï¿j Câaiz¡F« RUshdJ
gL« 19š fh£L¥g£LasJ.
21
gL« 19 Câaiz¡F« RUa
ï¿j Câaiz¡F« RUË‹ cans ‹fh¥ò brma¥g£L
â©kÃiy eL¥gFâ casJ. ‹ndh£LkhdJ Ãiyahd bjhL®ãš
ïU¿J btË¥gFâ¡F R‰W« mik¥òiLa j©L (Circular Strip) tÊahf
brš»wJ. Ãiyahd k‰W« efu¡Toa bjhL®òfa j¤J
ïU¡F«nghJ, Câaiz¡F« RUË‹ tÊahf bršY«
‹ndh£L¤â‹ fhuzkhf, fh¿jÃiy V‰g£L xUjkhd mG¤j¤ij
šÈ‹ ÅJ V‰gL¤J»wJ. ï¿j mG¤j¤â‹ fhuzkhf, šyhdJ
bfh«òtot mik¥ãš Ú©L brš»wJ. Ãiyahd k‰W« efu¡Toa
bjhL®òfË‹ tÊahf ï¿j ‹š brš»wJ, mnjrka¤âš
FË®¡F« braš_ykhf ‹š jÂ¡f¥gL»wJ. ïj‹_ykhf k‰w
gFâfa ‹š _ykhf ghâ¡f¥gLtJ jÉ®¡f¥gL»wJ.
fh¿jRUËš V‰gL« mG¤jkhdJ gSš bršY«
‹ndh£L¤â‰F ïUkL¤fhf ïU¡F«. bjhL®ò mik¥òfËš áy
rka« ïiz Câaiz¡F« RUa (Shunt Blowout Coil), ïiLôW
brma¥gL« ‹ndh£L« Fiw¿jsthf ïU¡F«nghJ
ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ. ï¿j mik¥òfËš Óuhd Câ¤jaS« ‹f‰iw
(Constant Blowout Flux) khWg£L gS ‹ndh£L ÃiyfËY« TL
bgw¥gL»wJ. ïnjngh‹w Ãiyia Ãiyahd Câ¤jaS« fh¿j¤ij
ga‹gL¤âí« bgwKoí«.
4. btË-ó£L (Lock Out) tif bjhL®ò mik¥ò
ï¿j tifahd bjhL®ò mik¥ò bghJthf ne®âir ïa¡»fis
bjhL¤F« R‰WfËš ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ (gL« 20). ïit ‹
ïa¡»fË‹ ‹df¤â‹ ‹jiLia go¥goahf Fiw¤âL cjî»wJ.
ïjDiLa bjhL®òfa bghJthf âw¿jÃiymš ïU¡F«. ‹
ïa¡»fË‹ Mu«gÃiymš mâfsš ‹ndh£L« tU« ÃiymY«
bjhL®ò mik¥òfa âw¿jÃiymš ïU¡F«. ï¿j bjhL®ò mik¥ãš
_L« RUa (Closing Coil) k‰W« btË-ó£L RUa (Lock Out Coil) vd
ïUtifahd RUafa casd. ‹ ïa¡»fËš Mu«gÃiymš
mâfsš ‹ndh£L« ghí«nghJ bjhL®ò mik¥ò _Ltij
btË- ó£L RUa j®¡»wJ.
22
gL« 20 btË-ó£L tif bjhL®ò mik¥ò
_L« RUËYas fh¿j¢R‰W, vËjhf fh¿jÃiyia
Ãiwî brmí« fh¿j¥bghU£fË‹ _ykhf brma¥g£LasJ.
btË¥ó£L RUËYas fh¿j¢R‰¿š fh‰W ïiLbtË (Air Gap)
ïU¥gjhš vËjhf ÃiwîÃiyia (Saturated) miLtâšiy. ïj‹
fhuzkhf, btË¥ó£L RUËš V‰gL« ïGit¤âw‹ _L«RUË‹
ïGit¤ âwÅÈU¿J, mj‹tÊna bršY« ‹ndh£L
khWjY¡nf‰g mâf msš
khWgL»wJ. gL« 21 MdJ KL¡Fir¡F« ï¿j ïU RUafË‹
tÊahf¢bršY« ‹ndh£L¤â‰F« cas bjhL®ig És¡F»wJ.
gL« 21 KL¡FÉir ‹ndh£L¤ bjhL®ò
ï¿j ïu©L RUafS«, ‹ ïa¡»fË‹ R‰W¡F bjhL®

ïiz¥ãš (Series) ïiz¡f¥g£LasJ. Mu«gÃiymš, mâf¥goahd
‹ndh£L« gL¤âš fh£oa „B‟ Ãiy¡F nkY« brš»wJ. „B‟ Ãiyia
23
L ‹ndh£L« mâfkhf ïU¡F«nghJ btËó£L RUË‹ ïGit
24
_L«RUË‹ ïGitia L mâfkhf ïU¥gjhš bjhL®òfa
âw¿jÃiymnyna ïU¡F«.
‹ndh£L« „B‟ Ãiyia L
Fiwí«nghJ, ‹df¤â‹ _L«
RUË‹ ïGit¤âw‹ mâf¤J, bjhL®òfa _L¥gL»‹wJ.
bjhL®òfa _L¥gLtjhš ‹ ïa¡»m‹ ‹df R‰¿Yas ‹jiL
KGikahf Ú¡f¥g£L L»wJ. bjhL®ò mik¥òfa _L¥gL«nghJ,
btË¥ó£L« RUa ‹jiLmšyh Ãiyia¥ bgWtjhš bjhL®ò
mik¥òfa Å©L« âw¡fKoahkš nghmL»wJ. ïj‹ fhuzkhf
bjhL®ò miL¥òfa _oa Ãiymnyna ïU¡»wJ.
áy bjhL®ò mik¥òfËš _L«RUshdJ ‹ ïiz¥ã‰F
ïizahf (Shunt) mik¡f¥gL»wJ. ïJ bjhL® ïiz¥ãš (Series)
ïiz¡f¥g£L _L«RUa Fiw¿jgS ïiz¡f¥g£L Ãiymš jhdhf
âw¥gij j®¡f cjî»wJ. MdhY« ‹dG¤j¤âš V‰gL«
ntWgh£o‹ fhuzkhf áyrka¤fËš bjhL®ò mik¥ò jhdhf
_oÉL»wJ.
1.7.6 ïiL kh‰L (RELAYS) fUfa

ïiLkh‰L v‹gJ xU f£L¥gh£L irif¡F V‰g bjhL¡f k‰W«
Koî ïa¡f¤fis V‰gL¤â gy EQ¡fkhd f£L¥ghLfis V‰gL¤J«
xU fUahF«. ï¿j tifahdJ ïa¿âu¤fË‹ f£L¥gh£L¢
R‰WfËš bgUksš cgnahf¥gL¤j¥gL»‹wd.
ïiLkh‰L fUfË‹ tifghLfa
1. ‹fh¿j ïiLkh‰L fUfa
2. bt¥g ïiLkh‰L fUfa
1.7.6.1 ‹fh¿j ïiLkh‰L fUfa
gL« 22 ‹fh¿j ïiLkh‰L fUÉ

‹fh¿j ïiLkh‰¿m‹ mik¥ò gL« 22š fh£L¥g£LasJ.
‹fh¿j ïiLkh‰L fUmš RUa (Coil) x‹W casJ. m¿j¢ RUËš
ïU¿J ïu©L Kidfa vL¡f¥g£L mj‹tÊahf f£L¥gh£L irif
25
_ykhf ‹r¡â tH¤f¥gL»‹wJ. RUË‹ tÊahf ‹ndh£L«
bršY«nghJ RUËš ‹fh¿j¡ f‰iw (Flux) c©Lh»wJ. ïjdhš xU
mirí« fukhdJ fh¿j¤jhš ftu¥g£L ika¥gFâ (Core) neh¡»
ïG¡f¥gL»wJ. m›thW ÃfG«nghJ ‹df« (Armature)cL‹
ïiz¡f¥g£Las xU bghJthd r¿â¥ghdJ ïiLkh‰L cas
Ãiyahd bjhL®òL‹ âwî mšyJ _Ljš brma¥gL»wJ. nkY«
rhjhuzkhd _Ljš, rhjhuzkhd âwî, bghJthdJ vd _‹W
Kidfa casJ.
ïiLkh‰L ‹ir x‹W T£Lš (Relay Switch Assembly)
MdJ mirí« k‰W« Ãiyahd bjhL®òfis bg‰WasJ. ï¿j
Ãiyahd bjhL®ghdJ âw¿njh mšyJ _onah ïU¡F«. nkY« ï¿j
Ãiyahd bjhL®ghdJ RUaš (Spring) ÅJ bghU¤j¥g£oU¡F«.
mirí« bjhL®ghdJ RUaš ÅJ bghU¤jg£L mšyJ fu¤â‹ xU
Kid š (Hinge) brma¥g£oU¡F«. ï¿j bjhL®ghdJ
mirí« fh¿jirmdhš efu¡Toajhf ïU¡F«.
‹fh¿j ïiLkh‰LfË‹ K¡»a tiffa
1. ‹dG¤j ïiLkh‰Lfa (Voltage Relay)
2. bjhL® ‹ndh£L ïiLkh‰Lfa (Series Type Current
Relay)
3. myîv© ïiLkh‰Lfa (Frequency Response
ãuâgÈ¥ò
Relay)
4. jhœ¥gha ïiLkh‰L (Latch Relay)
1. ‹dG¤j ïiLkh‰Lfa (Voltage Relay)
xU F¿¥ã£L ‹dG¤j Ãiy¡F nkYas ‹r¡âia

ïiLkh‰L RUS¡F brY¤J«nghJ, ïiLkh‰L r¡âbg‰W
mjDiLa ‹df« ïa¡f¥gL»wJ. ïjdhš mjDiLa bjhL®òfa
rhjhuzkhd _oaÃiymš ïU¿J rhjhuzkhd âw¿jÃiy¡F«
mšyJ rhjhuzkhd âw¿jÃiymš ïU¿J rhjhuzkhf
_oaÃiy¡F« khW»‹wJ. e«KiLa njitfS¡nf‰g rhjhuzkhf
âw¿j k‰W« rhjhuzkhf _oa bjhL®òfË‹ v©Â¡ifia
mâf¥gL¤â¡ bfhasyh«. ï¿j ‹dG¤j ïiLkh‰L gL« 23š
fh£L¥g£LasJ.
26
gL« 23 ‹ mG¤j ïiLkh‰L nkš
ïa¤F« ‹dG¤j« (Pick Up Voltage)
‹dG¤j ïiLkh‰L MdJ v¿j ‹dG¤j¤â‰Fnkš r¡â

bgW»wnjh m¿j ‹dG¤jÃiy nkš ïa¤F« ‹dG¤j« vd
miH¡f¥gL«. ïJ bghJthf RUË‹ ‹dG¤j¤âš 85% Mf
ïU¡F«.
£LL« ‹dG¤j« (Dropout Voltage)
ïiLkh‰L ïa¤» bfh©oU¡F«nghJ ‹dG¤j« Fiwí«

neu¤âš j‹DiLa ïa¤F«Ãiyia É£LÉL»wJ. ï¿j¡
Fiwí«
‹dG¤j« £LL« ‹dG¤j« vd miH¡f¥gL»wJ. vdnt
‹dG¤j ïiLkh‰L MdJ xU F¿¥ã£L ‹dG¤j¤â‰Fnkš
ïa¤F« j‹ikia¥ bgW»wJ, ïšyhoš jdJ ão¥ò¤j‹ikia
ïH¿JÉL»wJ.
‹dG¤j ïiLkh‰m‹ ï¿j Fz¤ij ga‹gL¤â Fiw
‹dG¤j ghJfh¥ò k‰W« mâf ‹dG¤j ghJfh¥ò brašgh£o
‰F ga‹gL¤jyh«.
2. bjhL®‹ndh£L ïiLkh‰Lfa (Series Type Current Relay)

ï¿j tifahd ïiLkh‰LfËš, ‹R‰¿š brY¤j¥gL«
‹ndh£L¤â‹ kh‰w¤ij czUtj‰fhf, ïiLkh‰L MdJ
‹R‰W¡F bjhL® ïiz¥ã‹ _ykhf ïiz¡f¥g£L ïU¡F«. ï¿j
tifahd ïiLkh‰LfË‹ ntfkhdJ fî« mâfkhf ïU¡F«. ï¿j
bjhL® ‹ndh£L ïiLkh‰ÖLfa gL« 24š fh£L¥g£LasJ.
27
gL« 24 bjhL®‹ndh£L ïiLkh‰Lfa
‹RUË‹ tÊahf ‹ndh£L« brY¤j¥gL«nghJ mâf

msyhd ‹f‰iw cUth¡f¥g£L ‹df« ft®¿J ïG¡f¥gL»wJ.
‹df« ft®¿J ïG¡f¥gL«nghJ _oaÃiymš cas Jiz¤
bjhL®òfshdJ âw¿jÃiymš ïU¡F«.RUS¡F brY¤j¥gL«
‹ndh£L¤â‹ msthdJ xU F¿¥ã£L msÉidÉL Fiwí«nghJ,
fh¿jÉirahdJ RUË‹ (Spring) ÉiriaÉL Fiwthf ïU¡F«.
‹dfkhdJ RUË‹ irmdhš ïG¡f¥gL»wJ. ïjdhš
bjhL®ghdJ âw¿jÃiymÈU¿J _oaÃiy¡F khW»wJ. RUË‹
Éiria¥ bghW¤J RUS¡F¢ brY¤J« ‹ndh£L¤â‹
kâ¥ig kh‰¿¡bfhas ïaY«.
ïa§fit¡F« ‹ndh£L« (Pull in Current)
ïiLkh‰¿m‹ ‹df¤ij ft®¿J ïG¡f¤ njit¥gL«
Fiw¿jsî ‹ndh£L« ïa¤fit¡F« ‹ndh£L« vd
miH¡f¥gL«.
£LL« ‹ndh£L« (Dropout Current)

xU F¿¥ã£L msî ‹ndh£LkhdJ RUË‹tÊahf
bršY«nghJ _oaÃiymš ïU¡F« bjhL®ghdJ âw¿jÃiy¡F
khW»wJ. ïJ £LL« ‹ndh£L« vd miH¡f¥gL»wJ.
khWg£L ‹ndh£L« (Differential Current)

ïa§fit¡F« ‹ndh£L« k‰W« £LL« ‹ndh£L ms
‰F« cas ¤âahr« khWg£L ‹ndh£L« v‹W
miH¡f¥gL»wJ.
28
3. myîv© ãuâgÈ¥ò ïiLkh‰Lfa (Frequency Response
Relay)
myîv© ãuâgÈ¥ò ïiLkh‰L ïa¡fkhdJ, RUS¡F
bfhL¡f¥gL« ‹dG¤j r¡âm‹ myîv©iz¥ bghW¤J mikí«.
ï¿j ïiLkh‰¿m‹ totik¥ghdJ, bt›ntW ga‹ghLfS¡F V‰g
bt›ntWjkhf kh‰¿ mik¡f¥gL»wJ. ïj‹ gL« 25š
fh£L¥g£LasJ.
gL« 25 myîv© ãuâgÈ¥ò ïiLkh‰Lfa

ï¿j tifahd ïiLkh‰¿m‹ mik¥ãš khW«j‹ikías
myîv©iz¡ bfh©L ‹ndh£LkhdJ ïiLkh‰¿m‹ RUS¡F xU
‹dG¤jkh (Potentiometer) tÊahf mË¡f¥gL»wJ.
ïiLkh‰¿m‹ RUË‹ khW‹ ö©L jiL (Inductance) k‰W«
‹nj¡f¤âw‹ (Capacitance)MdJ xU bjhL® x¤âirî R‰W (Series
Resonant Circuit) Mf mik¡f¥gL»wJ. ï¿j ïiLkh‰¿m‹ R‰¿š
xU F¿¥ã£L myîv© ms‰F nkšjh‹ jF¿j ‹ndh£L« bršY«.
RUË‹ myîv©zhdJ, x¤âirî myîv© mUfhikmš
ïU¡F«nghJ jh‹ ïiLkh‰¿ahdJ r¡âbg‰W ïa¤F«. myîv©
msî ïiLkh‰¿ahdJ x¤âirî ÃiymÈU¿J Éy»
Fiwí«nghJ
Fiw¿jsî ‹ndh£L¤ij¥ bgW«. ï¿j¢ NœÃiymš ïiLkh‰¿
jdJ <®¥ò¤j‹ikia ïH¿JL«.
‹dG¤jkhm‹ ‹jiL msit¥ bghW¤J myî v©Â‹
brašmsit kh‰¿¡ bfhasyh«. R‰¿‹ myîv©zhdJ x¤âirî
myîv©iz L Fiwí«nghJ, ïiLkh‰¿¢ RUË‹ tÊahf¢bršY«
‹ndh£L¤â‹ msî Fiw»wJ. ïjdhš ïiLkh‰¿m‹ brašâw‹
Fiw¿J, bjhL®ghdJ âw¡»wJ.
4. jhœ¥gha ïiLkh‰L (Latching Relay)
ï¿j tifahd jhœ¥gha ïiLkh‰m‹ brašghLhdJ, kuòtÊ
‹dG¤j ïiLkh‰LfË‹ brašgh£oÈU¿J r‰W khWg£L
ïU¡F«. ïjDiLa ïa¡f¢RUshdJ braÈH¿j ãwF«TL jhœ¥gha
29
ïiLkh‰L MdJ mjDiLa bjhL®òfis M‰wš Ãiymnyna
j¡fit¡F«.
ï¿jtifmš ïu©Ljkhd RUafa casd. jhœ¥gha (Latch)

RUa k‰W« jhœ¥gha ïšyh (Unlatch) RUa MF«. jhœ¥gha RUshdJ
M‰wš bg‰wîL‹ ïiLkh‰L ïa¡f¥gL»wJ. mj‹ã‹, brašâw‹
Fiwí«nghJ mjid jhœ¥gha ïšyhÃiy¡F bfh©L tuyh«. ïj‹
tif¥ghLfshdJ
1. ïa¿âu¤ jhœ¥gha ïiLkh‰L
2. Ãiyfh¿j¤ jhœ¥gha ïiLkh‰L vd ïu©L tif¥gL«
ïa¿âu¤ jhœ¥gha ïiLkh‰L

ï¿jtifmš brašgL« RUË‹ _y« ïG¡f¥g£L ‹dfkhdJ
xU ïa¿âu¤jhœ¥gha _y« mnjÃiymš ïU¡FkhW
ão¤J¡ bfhas¥gL»wJ. vdnt RUS¡F brY¤j¥gL«
‹dG¤j¤ij ÃW¤âa ã‹ò« ‹df« mnjÃiymnyna ïU¡F«.
jhœ¥gha ïšyh¢RUis M‰wšgL¤Jtj‹ _y« ïa¿âu¡fU
ïa¡f¥gL«
jhœ¥gha ïL¤ij L¤J¡ bfhasyh«. ïJ gL« 26š
fh£L¥g£LasJ.
Ãiyfh¿j¤ jhœ¥gha ïiLkh‰L
Ãiyfh¿j¤ jhœ¥gha ïiLkh‰¿m‹ mik¥ãš jhœ k‰W«
ïšyh¢RUa xnufh¿j¤âš jhœ gL« 27š fh£oago R‰w¥g£oU¡F«.
ï¿j
jhœ¥gha ïiLkh‰L tifmš mj‹ brašgL« RUË‹ tÊahf
‹ndh£L¤ij brY¤J«nghJ mj‹ eL¥gFâahdJ ‹fh¿jkhf
kh¿ ‹df¤ij ft®¿J ïG¤J bjhL®òfis ïiz¤J ïa¡F»wJ.
gL« 26 ïa¿âu¤ jhœ¥gha ïiLkh‰L

30
gL« 27 Ãiyfh¿j¤ jhœ¥gha ïiLkh‰L
1.8 f£L¥gh£L ‹kh‰¿
mâf ‹ tH¤F« mik¥ãÈU¿J njitahdmsî Fiw¿j

‹dG¤j¡ f£L¥ghL mik¥ã‰F tH¤Ftj‰F cjî« ‹kh‰¿
MdJ f£L¥gh£L ‹kh‰¿ vd miH¡f¥gL»wJ. ïJ gL« 28š
fh£L¥g£LasJ. ï¿j Fiw¡f¥g£L f£L¥gh£L ‹ tH¤F«
‹dG¤jkhdJ 220 V mšyJ mjidL Fiwthdjhf ïU¡F«.
ï¿j Fiw¿j ‹dG¤jKas f£L¥gh£L ‹kh‰¿m‹ ga‹ghLfa
MdJ,
1. ïa¡Fgt®fS¡F Fiw¿jsî Mg¤J
2. ‹fh¥ò mik¥ò ciLí« mgha« Fiwî
ï¿âahš 220 V, 110 V, 48 V k‰W« 24 V vd Fiw¿jsyhd
f£L¥gh£L ‹dG¤j msîfa cgnahf¥gL¤j¥ gL»wJ.
‹fh¿j¡ fUfshd ïiLkh‰L, ‹f«ã¢ RUa cUis k‰W«
bjhL« fUfa ï¿j¡ F¿¥ã£L ju¡f£L¥gh£L ‹dG¤j
msîfËš jah¡f¥gL»wJ. ï¿j¡ f£L¥gh£L ‹kh‰¿m‹
FiwfshdJ, f£L¥gh£L f«ãm‹ FW¡fsî mâfkhf ïU¥gJ«,
mj‹fhuzkhf ïjDiLa Éiy mâfÇ¥gJkhF«.
gL« 28 f£L¥gh£L ‹kh‰¿

31
UNIT - II
ne®‹ndhofË‹ ntf¡f£L¥ghL
(Speed Control of DC motors)
2.1 ne® ‹ndhofa (DC motors)

ne® ‹ndhoahdJ ne®‹dh‰wiy ïa¿âuM‰wyhf
kh‰W»wJ. xU ‹fL¤âia fh¿j¥òy¤âš it¡F«nghJ,
m¿j¡ fL¤âm‹ ÅJ xU ïa¿âuir V‰gL»wJ. ï¿j¤
j¤Jt¤â‹go ne®
‹ndho brašgL»wJ. ï¿j ïa¿âuirm‹ âir ãs¤ ïL¡if
(Fleming Left hand rule) Éâ_y« f©L¿ayh«.
irm‹ msî, F  BIL Ãô£L‹
ïâš,
F  ir ïj‹ myF Ãô£L‹
B  fh¿j¤ö©Lš ïj‹ myF btg®/Å2
I  fL¤âm‹ tÊahf bršY« ‹ndh£L«, A
L  fh¿j¥òy¤âš ïU¡F« fL¤âm‹ Ús«, Å£L®.
2.1.1 vâ® ‹a¡F ir (Back Emf)
RHšRUa RHY«nghJ mjDa it¡f¥g£L fL¤âfS« mjDL‹
nr®¿J RHY»wJ. m¥bghGJ fL¤âahdJ fh¿jÉir¡ nfhLfis
bt£Ltjhš mjDa ‹a¡F ir ö©L¥gL»wJ. ï¿j
‹a¡F irahdJ ‹ndhoia ïa¡f¢ brY¤j¥gL«
‹dG¤j¤â‰F vâ® âirmš bra‰gL»wJ. mjdhš ïjid vâ®
‹a¡F ir v‹»nwh«.
PZN
Eb  60 A (Volts)
‹dG¤j¢ rk‹ghL,
V  tH¤f¥gL« ‹dG¤j«
Ra RHšRUË‹ ‹jiL
Eb  vâ® ‹a¡F ir
I a  RHšRUË‹ ‹ndh£L«
V  Eb  Ia Ra
ïUg¡fK« "Ia " it¡bfh©L bgU¡fnt©L«.
V Ia  EbIa  Ia2Ra
32
mâf¥goahd ‹âwD¡fhd Ãiy:
Pm  Eb Ia
Pm V Ia  Ia2Ra
d Pm
 0  v  2Ia Ra  0
d Ia
v  2IaRa
v
IaRa 
2
v
V  Eb 
v 2
E 
b
2
2.2 ne®‹ g¡f ‹ndho (Shunt Motor)

ï¿j ‹ndhom‹ òy¢RUafa (Field Winding)MdJ
RHšRUË‹ RUS¡F ïizahf ïiz¡f¥g£oU¡F«. ïj‹ òy
¢RUa bkšÈa jhu¡f«ãahš mâf¢R‰Wfa bfh©Ljhf ïU¡F«.
gL« 1 ne®‹ g¡f ‹ndho
Ia  IL  Ish
Ish  vL
Rsh
VL  Eb  IaRa
Eb VL  IaRa
33
2.2.1ne® g¡f ‹ndho áw¥ò tiufa
1. Ta
Ia áw¥ò tiufa:
Ta
gL« 2 áw¥ò tiufa
(a) Ia
T a  Ia
fh¿j¥gha«,  kh¿Èahf ïU¡F«.

Mfnt, Ta  Ia
RHšRUË‹ âU¥òir RHšRUË‹ ‹ndh£L¤â‰F
ne®¤jfš ïU¡F«. Mu«g¢RikahdJ mâfkhf ïU¡F«nghJ
RHšRUS¡F Mu«g ‹ndh£L« mâfkhf njit¥gL«
v‹gjhš RikíL‹ ne®‹ g¡f ‹ndhoia Jt¡f¡TLhJ.
2. N Ia áw¥ò tiu:
gL« 2 (b) N Ia áw¥ò tiufa

34
Eb
N

fh¿j¥gha« kh¿Èahf ïU¡F«nghJ Eb í« kh¿Èahfnt
ïU¡F«. Eb v‹gJ r‰W FiwaneL« Mifahš RHšRUa
MmD«
‹ndh£L« mâfkhF«nghJ ntf« r‰W Fiw»wJ.
3. N
T a áw¥ò tiu:
gL« -2 (c) N áw¥ò tiufa

Ta
Ta
áw¥ò tiufis¡ N
I I aáw¥ò tiuí« bfh©L«
bfh©L«
a
N áw¥ò tiufis¥ bgwyh«.
Ta
2.3 ‹ndhom‹ ntf¤ij¡ f£L¥gL¤J« fhuÂfa

vâ®‹a¡Firm‹ rk‹ghLfshdJ,
pZN 1
Eb  60 A
Eb  V  Ia Ra      2
12 pZ
 V  Ia Ra
N
60 A
V  Ia Ra   60 A
N 
pZN
K V  Ia Ra 
N 

KEb
N  
Eb
N

35
ntf¤ij ÑGas fhuÂfa _y« f£L¥gL¤jyh«.
i. fh¿j¥gha¤ij¡ f£L¥gL¤Jtj‹ _y« ntf¤ij¡
f£L¥gL¤jyh«. (fh¿j¥gha¡ f£L¥gh£LKiw)
ii. RHšRUË‹ ‹jiL (RHšRUa f£L¥gh£LKiw)
iii. tH¤f¥gL« ‹dG¤j« (‹dG¤j¡ f£L¥gh£LKiw)
2.3.1ne®‹ g¡f ‹ndhom‹ ntf¡f£L¥ghL

(i) fh¿jgha¡ f£L¥gh£LKiw (Flux Control Method)
gL« 3 (a) fh¿jgha¡ f£L¥gh£LKiw

1
N

ntfkhdJ fh¿j¥gha¤â‰F vâ®jfš mikí«. Mfnt
fh¿j¥ gha¤ij¡ Fiw¥gj‹ _y« ntf¤ij
mâf¥gL¤jyh«. ne®‹ g¡f ‹ndhom‹ fh¿j¥ghakhdJ
òy‹ndh£L¤â‹
_y« f£L¥gL¤jyh«. òy‹ndh£L« fh¿j¥gha¤â‰F
ne®jfš mikí«. òy‹ndh£L¤â‹ kâ¥ò Fiwthf
ïU¥gjhš ‹jiLkh‰¿mš Fiw¿jsthd ‹ndh£L«
brštjhš I 2 R ïH¥ò Fiwthfnt ïU¡F«. Mfnt ï¿jKiw
mâf gaDas KiwahF«.
(ii) RHšRUa f£L¥gh£LKiw (Armature Control Method)
Rikmšyh ntf¤â‰F Gas ntf¡f£L¥gh£o‰F
ï¿jKiw ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ. tH¤f¥gL« ‹dG¤j¤ij
kh¿Èahf bfhas nt©L«. RHšRUË‹ ‹jiL¡F bjhL®ghf
‹jiLkh‰¿ia ïiz¤J, mjid f£L¥gL¤Jtj‹ _y«
RHšRUË‹ ‹dG¤j« f£L¥gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
36
gL« 3 (b) RHšRUa f£L¥gh£L Kiw
(iii) ‹dG¤j¡ f£L¥gh£LKiw (Voltage Control Method)

a) gyju¥g£L ‹dG¤j¡ f£L¥ghL (Multiple Voltage Control)
b) th®£ - Ènahdh®£ mik¥ò (Ward Leonard System)
a) gyju¥g£L ‹dG¤j¡ f£L¥ghL (Multiple voltage control)
ï¿jKiwmš g¡f òy¢RUS¡F Ã®zm¡f¥g£L
‹dG¤j« bfhL¡f¥gL»wJ. Mdhš RHšRUS¡F
gyju¥g£L
‹dG¤j¤âš VnjD« xU ‹dG¤j« gšÈiz Ãiykh‰¿
(Switch Gear) bfhL¡f¥gL»wJ. RHšRUË‹ ntf«
bfhL¡f¥gL« ‹dG¤j¤â‰F ne®jfš mik»wJ.
ïiL¥g£L ntf¤ij g¡f òyxG§FgL¤âia¡ bfh©L bgwyh«.
ï¿jKiwia bgJ« ga‹gL¤Jtâšiy.
b) th®£ - Ènahdh®£ mik¥ò (Ward Leonard System)
ï¿jKiwahdJ Äfî« ÉÇthd (10:1) k‰W« f¤JšÈakhd

ntf¡f£L¥ghL njit¥gL« ïLkhd ïU«ghiy k‰W«
fh»jMiyfa ngh‹w ïL¤fËš ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
M1 v‹gJ ntf¤ij¡ f£L¥gL¤j nt©oa ‹ndho. m¿j
‹ndhom‹ òy¢RUa ne® ‹r¡âíL‹ Ãu¿jukhf
ïiz¡f¥g£LasJ. mj‹ ‹ndhom‹
RHšRUS¡F bfhL¡f¥gL« khWgL« ‹dG¤j¤ij¡
bfh©L ek¡F nt©oa ntf¤ij¥ bgwyh«. m¿j khWgL«
‹dG¤jkhdJ
‹ndho ‹dh¡» ïiz¥ã‹ _y« bgwyh«. ïâš ne®‹
mšyJ khWâir ‹ndhoia ‹ndh¡»íL‹
37
ãiz¡f¥gLnt©L«.
38
M2 v‹w ‹dh¡»mš ãiz¡f¥g£L ‹ndho khwhj
ntf¤JL‹ RHY« tifmš ïU¡fnt©L«. ‹dh¡»m‹
btËpL ‹dG¤j¤ij òyxG¤FgL¤âm‹ _y« RÊmÈU¿J
mâfg£r kâ¥ã‰F khWgL brm»‹nwh«. òy‹ndh£L¤â‹
âiria Rs Ãiykh‰¿m‹ _y« khWgL¢ brmí«nghJ btËpL
‹dG¤j¤â‹ âiria kh‰wKoí«. mj‹ _ykhf M1
‹ndhom‹ âiria kh‰wKoí«.
gL« 4 th®£ - Ènahdh®£ mik¥ò
ï¿jKiwmš Kjä£L¢ brythdJ mâfkhf V‰gL»wJ.

Vbd‹whš,
(i) bga btËpL bfh©L ïa¿âu¤fis ‹dh¡» -
‹ndho ïizmš ga‹gL¤J»‹nwh«.
(ii) ïu©L j ïa¿âu¤fis mJî« ‹ö¡» k‰W«
ïU«ghiy ga‹gL¤J«nghJ m¿j ‹ndhom‹
braštu«ghdJ 750kw Kjš 3750kw tiu ïU¡F«.
ïU¥ãD« thd fî« JšÈakhd ntf¡
f£L¥gh£o‰fhf ï¿jKiwia ga‹gL¤J»‹nwh«.
2.4 ne®‹ bjhL® ‹ndho (DC Series Motor)
ne®‹ bjhL® ‹ndhomš òy¢RUshdJ RHšRUS¡F

bjhLš ïiz¡f¥g£oU¡F«. òy¢RUafshdJ jokdhd
jhu¡f«ãahš Fiw¿j âU¥g¤fSL‹ bfh©oU¡F«.
39
gL« 5 ne®‹ bjhL® ‹ndho
I L  ISe  I
a
2.5 ne®‹ bjhL® ‹ndhomš áw¥òtiufa (DC Series Motor

Characteristics)
Ta
1. I áw¥ò tiufa:
a
gL« 6 (a) Ta áw¥òtiu

Ia
âU¥òirahdJ RHšRUË‹ ‹ndh£L« k‰W«

fh¿j¥gha¤â‰F ne®jfš ïU¡F«.
TaIa
fh¿j¤ bjÉ£LÃiy tiu fh¿j¥ghakhdJ RHšRUË‹
‹ndh£L¤â‰F ne®jfš ïU¥gjhš âU¥òir RHšRUË‹
‹ndh£L¤â‹ ïU kL¤F¡F rkkhf ïU¡F«.
  Ia
2
Ta  Ia
40
fh¿j¥gha« bjÉ£LÃiy¡F¥ ãwF kh¿Èahf ïU¥gjhš âU¥ò
irahdJ RHšRUa ‹ndh£L¤â‰F ne®jfš ïU¡F«.
 kh¿È
Ta Ia
j©o‹ âU¥òirahdJ, ïH¥ã‹ fhuz¤jhš RHšRUËm‹
âU¥òirm‹ kâ¥igL Fiwthfnt ïU¡F«. mâf¥goahd
RikfËš bjhL® ‹ndhom‹ âU¥òir RHšRUa ‹ndh£L¤â‹
ïUkL¤»‰F rkkhf ïU¡F«. Mfnt Mu«g¤ âU¥òÉir mâfkhf¤
njit¥gL«. ‹ ca®¤â k‰W« ‹ ïumš ngh‹wt‰¿š ne®âir
bjhL® ‹ndhoadJ ga‹gL»wJ.
2.
NIa áw¥ò tiufa:
gL« 6 N áw¥ò tiufa:

Ia
(b)
Eb
N 
ntfkhdJ vâ® ‹a¡F ir¡F ne®¤jfY«, fh¿j¥ gha¤â‰F

vâ®jfY« mikí«. Mfnt RHšRUË‹ ‹ndh£L« ( Ia )
mâf¥gL¤J«nghJ, fh¿j¥gha«  mâfkhF«. Mfnt ntf« Fiwí«.
Rik mâfkhf ïU¡F«nghJ, I a ‹ kâ¥ò mâfkhf ïU¡F«. Mfnt
ntf« Fiwthf ïU¡F«. Mdhš I a ‹ kâ¥ò fî« á¿ajhf

ïU¡F«nghJ ntf« mâfkhf ïU¡F«. Mfnt ne®‹ bjhL®
‹ndho v¥nghJ« Rikmšyhkš ïU¡f¡TLhJ.
3. N
Ta áw¥ò tiu:
ntf« mâfkhf ïU¡F«nghJ âU¥òÉir Fiwthf ïU¡F«.
mJnghy ntf« Fiwthf ïU¡F«nghJ âU¥òÉir mâfkhf
ïU¡F«.
41
gl« 6 (c)N Ta áw¥ò tiufa
2.6 ne®‹ bjhL® ‹ndhom‹ ntf¡f£L¥ghLfa

1. fh¿j¥gha¡ f£L¥gh£LKiwfa
a) òy‹ndh£L âirkh‰¿
b) RHšRUa ‹ndh£L âirkh‰¿
c) òy¢RUa v©Â¡if f£L¥ghL
d) òy¢RUafis ïizah¡Fjš
2. khWgL« ‹jiLia ‹ndho¡F bjhLuhf mik¤jš
1. fh¿j¥gha¡ f£L¥gh£LKiwfa
(a) òy‹ndh£L âirkh‰¿ (Field Diverter)
ne®‹ bjhL® ‹ndhomš bjhL® òy¢RUS¡F ïizahf
xU khW« ‹ndh£L âirkh‰¿ia ïiz¥gnj ï¿j
KiwahF«. Mfnt njitahd msî
‹ndh£L« âirkh‰¿ _y« ghí«nghJ, òy¢RUa
tÊna bršY«
‹ndh£L« Fiw»wJ. Mfnt ntf« mâfkh»wJ. òy
‹ndh£L âirkh‰¿m‹ tiugL« 7(a)š
bfhL¡f¥g£LasJ.
42
gL« 7 (a) òy‹ndh£L âirkh‰¿
43
(b) RHšRUa âirkh‰¿ (Armature Diverter)
âirkh‰¿ia RHšRUS¡F ïizahf ïiz¡f¥gL«nghJ
ïašghd ntf¤ij L Fiw¿jntf¤âš ‹ndhoia
ïa¡fyh«. bfhL¡f¥g£Las Rikm‹ âU¥òir¡F,
RHšRUa ‹ndh£L¤ij âirkh‰¿ia bfh©L
Fiw¡F«nghJ, fh¿j¥gha« mâf¡F«. ït‰¿‹ _y«
‹ndho mâf¥goahd RHšRUa ‹ndh£L¤ij
vL¤J¡bfhaS«. ntf« fh¿j¥gha¤â‰F vâ®jfš
ïU¥gjhš, ‹ndhom‹ ntf« Fiwí«.
gL« - 7 (b) RHšRUa âirkh‰¿
(c) òy¢RUa v©Â¡if¡ f£L¥ghL (Tapped Field Control)

ï«KiwahdJ ‹rhu ïG¡iffËš ga‹gL«.
òy¢RUafË‹ v©Â¡ifia Fiw¥gj‹ _y« ntf¤ij
Fiw¿j ÃiymÈU¿J mâfg£r msî tiu kh‰wyh«.
gL« - 7 (c) òy¢RUa v©Â¡if¡ f£L¥ghL
(d) òy¢RUis ïizah¡Fjš (Paralleling Coils)

ï¿jKiwahdJ á¿ ‹ndhomš ga‹gL¤j¥gL«
bt›ntwhd ntf¤âid òy¢RUis kh‰¿
bjhF¥gj‹
_y« bgwyh« xU 4 JUt ‹ndhomš _‹Wtifahd
44
ntf¤âid¥ bgwyh«.
45
gL« - 7 (d) òy¢RUis ïizah¡Fjš
2. khWgL« ‹jiLia ‹ndho¡F bjhLuhf mik¤jš (

Varying Resistance in Series with Armature)
RHšRUS¡F bjhLuhf mik¡f¥g£Las ‹jiLia
mâf¥gj‹ _y« RHšRUS¡F FW¡nf cas ‹dG¤j¤ij
Fiw¡fyh«. mj‹ _y« ‹ndhom‹ ntfK« Fiwí«. ïU¥ãD«
ï¿jKiwmš mâf¥goahd ‹ndh£L« ‹jiLmš uakhtjhš
ï«Kiw bgJ« ga‹gL¤j¥gLtâšiy.
gL« - 8 khWgL« ‹jiLia ‹ndho¡F

bjhLuhf mik¤jš
2.7 bjhL® - g¡f¡ f£L¥ghL (Series – Parallel Control):
gL« - 9 bjhL® ïiz¥ò gL« - 10 g¡f ïiz¥ò
46
bjhL® - ïiz¡f£L¥ghL v‹gJ ïu©L ‹ndhofis
bjhLuhfnth mšyJ ïizahfnth ïiz¤J
mj‹_y« ntf¡f£L¥gh£iL¥ bgWtJ. Fiwthd ntf¤â‰F
‹ndhofis bjhLuhf ïiz¡fnt©L«. mâf¥goahd ntf¤â‰F
‹ndhofis ïizahf ïiz¡f nt©L«.
ïizahf ïiz¡f¥g£oU¡F«nghJ,
Eb Eb
ntf«, N 
 current(I )
V
N 2V
I  I
2
âU¥òÉir,T   I  I 2
2
T  I 2
T I  4
2
Mfnt ntfkhdJ 2V v‹w kâ¥ã‰F ne®jfY« âU¥òirahdJ

I
I 2 v‹w kâ¥ã‰F ne®jfY« ïU¡F«.
4
bjhLuhf ïiz¡f¥g£oU¡F«nghJ,
V V
2 
ntf«, N
I 2I
T  I
âU¥òÉir,
TI
V 2
ntfkhdJ v‹w kâ¥ã‰F« âU¥òirahdJ (I )v‹w kâ¥ã‰F«
2I
ne®jfš ïU¡»wJ.
gL« - 11 bjhL® ïiz¥ò
47
gL« - 12 g¡f ïiz¥ò
2.8 âLÃiy ne®‹ ïa¡»fa (Solid State Drives)
âLÃiy¡ fUfa bfh©L ‹ ïa¡»fa âLÃiy ïa¡»fa

v‹W F¿¥ãL¥gL»wJ. âLÃiy¢ R‰Wfa Fiw¡fL¤â iLnahL
(Semiconductor Diode) mšyJ thmšjiLa« (Thyristor) bfh©L
mik¡f¥g£Lit MF«. ï¥bghGJ, ne®‹ k‰W« khWâir
‹ndhofË‹ ntf¤ij¡ f£L¥gL¤j¥ bgJ« âLÃiy ïa¡»fa
ga‹gL»wJ. ï«KiwahdJ mâfkhd JšÈa«, e«gf¤j‹ik k
‰W« brašâw‹ bfh©Ljhf ïU¡F«. ne®‹
‹ndhoahdJ ne®‹âw‹ bfh©L mšyJ khWâirâwid
miyâU¤âia (Rectifier) cgnah»¤J ne®‹âwdhf kh‰¿
mjid¡bfh©L ïa§F«. mnjnghš khWâir ‹ndhoahdJ
khWâir ‹âwid bfh©L mšyJ ne®‹ âwid
khWâirah¡»ia (Inverter) bfh©L khWâir âwdhf kh‰¿ mjid
bfh©L ïa¤f¡Toait.
2.9.1 f£L¥ghL‰w miyâU¤â (Uncontrolled Rectifiers)

miyâU¤âahdJ khWâir âwid ne®âir âwdhf
kh‰Wtj‰F ga‹gL»wJ. mjhtJ tH¤f¥gL« âw‹ khWâirahf
ïU¿jhY« mjid ne®âirahf kh‰¿ ne®âir ‹ndhoia
ïa§fit¡f cjî»wJ.
miu miygot f£L¥ghL‰w miyâU¤â (Half Wave Uncontrolled
Rectifiers)
gL«-13 R‰W tiugL«
gL«-14 miygot tiugL«

48
iLnahL " D" MdJ ne®âirmyhd miu RH‰ám‹nghJ k£L«
‹ndh£L¤ij fL¤J«. mjhtJ ne®‹thm (Anode) A, MdJ
vâ®‹thm (Cathode)K L ifahd kâ¥ãš ïU¡F«nghJ iLnahL
‹ndh£L¤ij¡fL¤J«. Rik¡F ïizahf ïU¡F« ruhrÇ
‹dG¤j« 0.45V. "V " v‹gJ "Vm " ‹ kâ¥ghF«. VL  v‹W
Vm 2
Mfnt
MF«. mit miygot f£L¥ghL‰w miyâU¤âm‹ R‰W
tiugL« gL« 13š k‰W« miygot tiugL« gL« 14š fh£L¥g£LasJ.
2.9.2 f£LghL‰w xUf£L KG miygot ïiz¥ò miyâU¤â

(Uncontrolled Single Phase Full Wave Bridge Rectifiers)

ïâš eh‹F FiwfL¤â iLnahLfa ga‹gL»wJ. bgw¥gL«
‹dG¤jkhdJ 0.9V vd ïU¡F«. ne®âir miu RH‰ám‹nghJ " A"
v‹gJ " B" ve
L ifahd kâ¥ãš ( thf) ïU¥gjhš D1 k‰W« D4
ia
iLnahLfa ‹ndh£L¤ij¡ fL¤J«. mJnghš vâ®âir miu
49
RH‰ám‹nghJ, D2 k‰W« D3 ‹ndh£L¤ij¡ fL¤J« Mfnt
‹ndh£LkhdJ Rikm‹ tÊna ne®âir miu RH‰ám‹nghJ«
50
vâ®âir miu RH‰ám‹nghJ« xnuâirmš ghm»wJ. bgw¥gL«
ne®âir ‹dG¤j¤â‹ kâ¥ò 0.9V Mf ïU¡F«.
2.9.3 f£L¥gL¤j¥g£L miyâU¤â (Controlled Rectifiers)
btËp£L Rik ‹ndh£L« (Io ) mšyJ ‹dG¤j¤ij
ntWgL¤â f£L¥gL¤j ï¿jKiwmš brmaïaY« thmšjiLa¤â‰F
(Thyristor) bfhL¡f¥gL« Jo¥ãid ntWgL¤Jtj‹ _y« btËp£L
‹dG¤j¤ij¡ f£L¥gL¤j Koí«. Jo¥ghdJ bfhL¡f¥g£L ãwF,
thmšjiLa« ‹ndh£L¤ij m¿j miuRH‰á tiumš mjhtJ 180
tiu fL¤J«. Jo¥ghdJ f£L¥gh£L R‰W_y« fL¤J«
ntWgL¤jyh«.
Ãiymš mJ KG R‰Wnghš brašgL«.
gL«-17 R‰W tiugL« gL«-18 miygot tiugL«
thmšjiLakhdJ fL¤J« Ãiy "0" v‹w òaËmÈU¿J ïšyhkš

Jo¥ò bfhL¡f¥g£L òaËahd " A" mÈU¿J mjhtJ fhyjhkjkhd " "
v‹w nfhz¤âÈU¿J 180 tiu mjhtJ " B" v‹w fL¤J«.
òaËtiu
Mfnt ïj‹ fL¤J« nfhzkhdJ 180    v‹W
ïU¡F«. btËp£L ‹dG¤j«,
Vm
V  1 cos
L  2
 0.16Vm 1 cos 
VL  0.32Vm cos
2
 2 
" " v‹w nfhz« RÊahf ïU¡F«nghJ
V ‹ kâ¥ò   180 v‹w nghJ
L
mâfkhfî«.
V ‹ kâ¥ò RÊahfî« ïU¡F«.
L
btËp£L ‹ndh£L«
V
I  L
L
RL
51
IL 
Vn
1 cos 
2 RL
52
2.9.4 xUf£L, KG miygot miu f£L¥ghLas
miyâU¤â (Single Phase Full Wave Half Controlled
Rectifiers)
gL« -19 R‰W tiugL« gL« -20 miygot tiugL«

ïâš ïu©L thmšjiLa« k‰W« ïu©L iLnahLfis
ga‹gL¤Jtjhš ïjid miu¡ f£L¥ghLasitahf fUj¥gL»wJ.
ne®âirm‹ miuRH‰ámš ‹ndh£LkhdJ T1 Rik k‰W« D1 tÊna
brš»wJ. mJnghš vâ®âirm‹ miuRH‰ámš ‹ndh£LkhdJ T2 ,
Rik k‰W« D2 tÊna brš»wJ.
btËp£L ‹dG¤j«,
VL  2 miu miygot miyâU¤â btËpL
V
V  m 1 cos 
L 
btËp£L ‹ndh£L«,
V
I  L
L RL
I  Vm
L 1 cos 

RL
2.9.5 xUf£L KG f£L¥ghLas ïiz miyâU¤â

(Single Phase Fully Controlled Rectifiers)
xUf£L KG f£L¥ghLas ïiz miyâU¤â eh‹F

thmšjiLa« bfh©oU¡F«. ï¿jtifia¡ bfh©L miut£L
ïa¤FÃiymš btËp£L ‹dG¤j¤ij¥ bgwyh«. Mfnt
miygot« ne®âirmY« vâ®âirmY« ïU¡F«. Mdhš ‹ndh£L«
xnuâirmš ïU¡F«.
Vdc  0.9V     0 
Cos.
53

gL«-21 R‰W tiugL« gL«-22 miygot tiugL«

Mf ïU¥ã‹ btËp£L ‹dG¤j« "Ve" Mfî«,    Mf
2 2
ïU¥ã‹ btËp£L ‹dG¤j« "Ve" Mfî« ïU¡F«. ïit Fiw¿j
âwDas ïa¡»fËš ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
2.9.6 _‹Wf£L miu f£L¥ghLas ïiz¥ò

miyâU¤â
(Three Phase Half controlled Bridge Rectifies)
iLnahLfa
ï¿jtif R‰¿š _‹W thmšjiLa« k‰W« _‹W
ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ. ‹dG¤j miygotkhdJ    Mf ïU¥ã‹
3
bjhL®¿J«    3 Mf ïU¥ã‹ bjhL®¢ámšyhkY« ïU¡F«.
Vdc  1.35VL 1 cos 

    0
gL« - 23 R‰W tiugL«
54
gL« -24 miygot tiugL«
nkny bfhL¡f¥g£Las ‹dG¤j miygotkhdJ   0vš

thmšjiLa« Md   60 mš Jo¥ò bfhL¡f¥gL»wJ. Mfnt T1
T1 J
k‰W« D6 _y« ‹ndh£L« ghm»wJ. 120 Ãiykh‰w« bgW«nghJ
‹ndh£L« k‰W« D2 tÊna brš»wJ.  180 v‹wnghJ
T1
thmšjiLa« T3 T1 ¡F gâyhf brašgL Jt¤F»‹wJ. mJnghš
MdJ
mL¤J D2 ¡F D4 MdJ 240 ÈU¿J brašgL«. T5 MdâÈU¿J
gâyhf
brašgL«   30 v‹wnghJ Jo¥ò¡ bfhL¤jhš »iL¡f¥gL«
miygotK« bfhL¡f¥g£LasJ.
_‹Wf£L KG¡f£LghLas ïiz¥ò miyâU¤â
(Three – Phase Fully Controlled Rectifiers)

55
_‹Wf£L KG¡f£L¥ghLas ïizmiyâU¤â R‰whdJ

MW thmšjiLa¤fis bfh©oU¡F«.
x›bthU thmšjiLaK« 120
fL¤J« ïU¡F«. T1 brašgL«nghJ Jo¥ghdJ   0v‹w neu¤âš
bfhL¡F«nghJ ‹ndh£L« T1 ÈU¿J T6 fL¤J«
RiktÊahf tÊna
ãwF T1 k‰W« T2 fL¤J«. ïit ïnjnghš 60 ïiLbtËmš kWgo
ÃfG«. btËp£L ‹dG¤j«    2 tiu 
2
tiu
vâ®âirmY« ïU¡F«. ne®âirmY«
V  1.35Vc cos
dc
    0
ï¿j tifahdJ mâf¥goahd âw‹ njit¥gL«
ïa¡»fËš ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ. ïâš
‹ndh£L« bgU«ghY«, ‹ndho
tifmš (Motoring Mode) bjhL®¢áahfî« ÃW¤Jtifmš (Braking
Mode) bjhL®¢ámšyhkY« ïU¡F«.
2.10 ïiLmiL ãsîgL¤â R‰W (DC Chopper circuit)
a) gomw¡f ïiLmiL ãsîgL¤â (Step-down Chopper)

Ãiykh‰¿ (switch) _y« brašÃiy¡F c£gL¤J«nghJ
btËp£L ‹dG¤j« Rik¡F bfhL¡f¥gL»wJ.
Mdhš
mit bray‰w Ãiy¡F kh‰W«nghJ ‹ndh£L« iLnahL
56
_y« RH‹W ‹r¡âia ïH¡»wJ v‹w neu¤âš btËp£L
‹dG¤j« RÊahf ïU¡F«. bkh¤j¡ fhy¡f£L«
T  TON  TOFF .
57
ruhrÇ btËp£L kâ¥ò,
V
dc  V .   Vs
TON
s T
TON
   1Mf ïU¡F«
T
fhy¡f£L« T v‹gij kh¿Èahf¡ bfh©L btËp£L
‹dG¤jkhdJ ntWgL¤j¥gL»wJ. ïâš bgw¥gL«. Vdc
MdJ tH¤f¥gL« ‹dG¤j¤ij
L Fiwthf ïU¥gjhš
ïJ gomw¡f ïiLmi ãsîgL¤â v‹W
L
miH¡f¥gL»wJ. áy I kh¿Èahf¡
rka¤fËš TOFF
bfh©L TON I k£L« ntWgL¤â fhy¡fh£L« "T mšyJ
"
bt£L miybt© "f" ntWgL¤j¥gL»wJ.
gL« - 27 gomw¡f ïiLmiL ãsîgL¤â

b) gona‰w ïiLmiL ãsîgL¤â (Step Up Chopper)
ÃW¤j¤â‰F ga‹gL¤j¥gL« ãsîgL¤âm‹ R‰W nH
bfhL¡f¥g£LasJ. ‹ndhoahdJ ‹dh¡» Ãiymš
RH‹W bfh©oU¡F«nghJ ãsîgL¤âahdJ TON neu«
tiu ïa¡fÃiymš it¡f¥gL»wJ. Mfnt
‹dh¡»
_LR‰W nghš tot«bg‰W ‹ndh£LkhdJ RHšRUËš
mâfkh»wJ. ãwF ãsîgL¤âia bray
‰wÃiy¡F bfh©L bršY«nghJ RHšRUa
‹ndh£L« Fiw¿J
‹dG¤j¤ij vâ®âirmš mË¡»wJ. Mfnt
‹ndhom‹ ntfkhdJ Å£Lh¡f ÃW¤j« _y«
Fiw¡f¥gL»‹wJ.
58
Vdc T
 V
T  1s
Vs
TON
Mfnt Vdc  Vs
ïJ ïu©Lh« fhšt£L brašgh£o‰F ga‹gL»wJ. ïit

gomw¡f ïiLmi ãsîgL¤âíL‹ cgnah»¡F«nghJ
L
ïu©L mšyJ eh‹F fhšt£L brašgh£o‰F ga‹gL«.
59
gL«-28 gona‰w ïiLmiL ãsîgL¤â
2.11 thmšjiLa ãsîgL¤â (Thyristor Chopper)
thmšjiLa ãsîgL¤âm‹ R‰W nH bfhL¡f¥g£LasJ.
JizthmšjiLa«, (Ta) brašÃiy¡F bfh©L bršY«nghJ
‹nj¡» "C " ‹}£L« V‰w¥gL»wJ. m¥nghJ Ta bray‰wÃiy¡F
bfh©L bršy¥g£L, K¡»a thmšjiLa« Tm  brašÃiy¡F
bfh©L tu¥gL»wJ. m¥nghJ ‹nj¡»mš bfhL¡f¥gL«
‹dG¤j¤â‹ âir khW»wJ. Mfnt miuRH‰á¡F ‹ndh£L«
ghm»wJ ãwF iLnahL _y« mJ jL¡f¥gL»wJ. mj‹âir
kh‰w¥gLtjhš Å©L« Ta brašÃiy¡F bfh©L Tm bray‰w
tu¥g£L
Ãiy¡F bfh©L bršy¥gL»wJ.
gL« - 29 thmšjiLa ãsîgL¤â
60
UNIT - III
khWâir ‹ndhofË‹ ntf¡f£L¥ghLfa
(Speed Control of AC Motors)
3.1 _‹Wf£L ö©Lš ‹ndhofa (Three phase Induction Motor)
k‰w ‹ndhofis ngh‹w _‹Wf£L ö©Lš ‹nkh£Lh®fa

Ãiyaf¤ijí« RHÈiaí« bfh©LasJ. ÃiyafkhdJ _‹Wf£L
RUafisí« (Ãiyaf¢ RUafa) RHÈahdJ FW¡F (short) R‰W
RUafisí« (RHÈ RUafa) bfh©LasJ. Ãiyaf¢ RUafS¡F
k£L« _‹Wf£L ‹rhu« mË¡f¥gL»wJ. ‹fh¿j¤ ö©LÈ‹
_y« Ãiyaf¢ RUafËÈU¿J ‹dG¤j« k‰W« âwid
RHÈ¢RUafa bg‰W¡bfhatjhš ï›tif ‹ndhofa ö©Lš
‹ndhofa v‹W miH¡f¥gL»wJ. ï¿j¤ ö©Lš ‹ndhoia
RHY« Jiz bfh©L ‹kh‰¿ vd¡bfhasyh«. vdnt
¢RUafa
ïij ‹dh‰wiy v¿âu M‰wyhf kh‰W« ‹kh‰¿ tif kh‰W
‹ndh£L ïa¿âu« vd t¡fyh«.
[
_‹Wf£L ö©Lš ‹ndhofË‹ e‹ikfa

1. ïJ rhjhuz k‰W« cWâahd mik¥ig¡ bfh©LasJ.
2. ïj‹ iyFiwî.
3. ïj‰F Fiw¿j guhk¥ò njit¥gL»wJ.
4. ïJ mâf gaDWâw‹ k‰W« Xusî mâf¤âw‹
fhuÂia¡ bfh©LasJ.
5. ïJ RaMu«g âU¥òiria¡ bfh©LasJ.(Self Starting
Torque)
_‹Wf£L ö©Lš ‹ndhofË‹ Fiwfa

1. ïJ khwhf ntfKiLa ‹ndho MF«. ïj‹ ntf¤ij
Rygkhf kh‰wKoahJ.
2. ïjDiLa Mu«g¤ âU¥òÉir ne®âir ‹ndh£L
‹ndhofis L¡Fiwî.
3.1.1_‹Wf£L ö©Lš ‹ndhom‹ mik¥ò
ö©Lš ‹ndhom‹ K¡»aghf¤fa Ãiyaf« (Stator) k‰W«
RHÈ (Rotor)MF«. RHÈm‹ mik¥ig it¤J ö©Lš
‹ndhoia ïUtifahf¥ ãÇ¡fyh«.
1. mÂš T©L mik¥ig¥ ngh‹w RHÈ (Squirrel Cage
Induction Motor)
2. eGîtisa¤ ö©Lš ‹nkh£Lh® (Slip Ring Induction
Motor)
61
Ãiyaf«
ïu©L ‹ndhofS¡F« Ãiyaf¤â‹ mik¥ò xnukhâahf
ïU¡F«. ïj‹ mik¥ò gL« 1š fh£L¥g£LasJ. ja¡f ïH¥ò k‰W«
RHš ‹ndh£L ïH¥ig¡ Fiw¡f Ãiyaf casfkhdJ áÈ¡fh‹
v~F¤ jfLfËdhš brma¥g£L FHhmtothf mik¡f¥g£oU¡F«.
FHhm‹ c£òw¤âš brUFthmfa (Úabt£L) mik¡f¥g£L _‹Wf£L
RUafa it¡f¥g£oU¡F«. njitahd ntf¤â‰nf‰g Ãiyaf¤âš
2, 4, 6, 8 ngh‹w KidJUt¤fË‹ v©Â¡ifmš RUafa
brma¥g£oU¡F«.
mÂš T©L mik¥ò bfh©L RHÈ (Squirrel Cage Rotor)

ïj‹ mik¥ò gL« 2š fh£L¥g£LasJ. ïJ áÈ¡fh‹
v~Fdhyhd bkšÈa¤ jfLfshš brma¥g£L cUistot
mik¥ãš mik¡f¥g£oU¡F«. nk‰gu¥ãš brUFthmfa
mik¡f¥g£oU¡F«.
gL« 1 Ãiyaf« mik¥ò
x›bthU brUFthmDaS« jhu mšyJ mYa r£L¡f«ã

it¡f¥g£oU¡F«. ïU¥g¡f§fËY« bgÇa jhÄutisa« _y«
FW¡F R‰W brma¥g£oU¡F«. mjhtJ RHÈ r£L¡f«ã
Ãu¿jukhf R‰W brma¥g£oU¡F«. RHÈ brUFthm Ãiyaf
62
brUFthm¡F
63
ïizahfî« mnjrka¤âš r‰W rhmthd nfhz¤âš (Skewed Rotor)
ïU¡F«goahf mik¡f¥g£oU¡F«. ï›thW brmtâdhš
nkh£Lh® ntiy brmí«nghJ V‰gL« fh¿j mâ®î Xir (Magnetic
Humming Noise) Fiw¡f¥gL»wJ. nkY« Ãiyaf fh¿j¥òy¤â‰F«
RHÈm‹
fh¿j¥òy¤â‰F« ïiLna V‰gL« fh¿j¥ó£L (Cogging)
Fiw¡f¥gL»wJ. RHÈ vËjhf RHš m¢R¤j©o‹ (Shaft)
ïU¥g¡f¤âY« RHY«jh§» (Bearing) bghU¤j¥g£Lasd.
eGîtisa¢ RHÈ mšyJ f£L¢R‰W RHÈ (Slip Ring Rotor (or) Phase
Wound Motor)
ja¡f ïH¥ò k‰W« RHš ‹ndh£L ïH¥ig¡ Fiw¡f RHÈahdJ
áÈ¡fh‹ v~Fdhš bkšÈa¤ jfLfËdhš brma¥g£L
cUistoš mik¡f¥g£oU¡F«. RHÈm‹ nk‰gu¥ãš brUFthmfa
mik¡f¥g£L brUFthmfËš fh¥ò brma¥g£L _‹Wf£L ïu©L
mL¡F distributed RUafa R‰w¥g£oU¡F«. RHÈ¢ RUshdJ Ãiyaf¤
JUt¤fË‹ v©Â¡ifia¥ bghW¤J
mik¡f¥g£oU¡F«. RHÈRUafa ÞLh® ïiz¥ãš
ïiz¡f¥g£oU¡F«.
Slip
rings
Rheostat
Rotor Winding
gL« 3. eGîtisa ‹nkh£Lh®
_‹Wf£L RUafË‹ k‰w _‹WKidfa btËmš vL¡f¥g£L

_‹W eGî tisa¤fSL‹ gL« 3š fh£oathW ïiz¡f¥g£oU¡F«.
_‹W eGî tisa¤fS¡F« ïiLmš fh¥gh‹fa mik¡f¥g£L
m¢R¤ j©oš bghU¤j¥g£oU¡F«. eGî tisa¤fSL‹ ÞLh®
ïiz¥ò brma¥g£L btË¥òw ‹jiL¤ öiffa _ykhf
ïiz¡f¥g£oU¡F«.
‹ndhoia ïa¡f Mu«ã¡F« rka¤âš btË¥òw
‹jiLahdJ braÈš ïU¥gâdhš ‹nkh£Lh® Mu«g¤ âU¥òÉir
(Starting Torque) mâfkhf ïU¡F«. ‹ndhoahdJ rhjhuzkhf
ïa§F«nghJ eGî tisa§fshdJ xU cnyhf¥g£oifm‹
(Collar)
64
_ykhf FW¡F¢ R‰W brma¥g£L mÂš T©L ö©Lš
mik¥ò
‹nkh£Lh® ngh‹W ïa¤F«.
65
_‹Wf£L ö©Lš ‹ndho ïa¤F« j¤Jt«.
_‹Wf£L ö©Lš ‹ndhom‹ xU ghf¤ij (gL« 4) vL¤J¡
bfhanth«. ‹ndho ïa¤F« j¤ij œ¡f©LthW ÉtÇ¡fyh«.
1. _‹Wf£L Ãiyaf¢ RUafS¡F _‹Wf£L ‹rhu«

bfhL¡F«bghGJ RHY« fh¿j¥òy« V‰gL»wJ. ï¿j
RHY« fh¿j¥òykhdJ Ãiyaf¢ R‰¿ x¤âa¤F
ntf¤âš
(Synchronous Speed) 120 š R‰W»wJ.
N f
S
p
2. ï¿j RHY« fh¿j¥òykhdJ fh‰W ïiLbtËahf br‹W
Ãiyahf cas RHÈ¡fL¤âfis bt£L»wJ. RHY«
fh¿j¥òy¤â‰F«, Ãiyahd RHÈ¡F« ïiLmYas rh®ò
(Relative Speed) ntf¤âdhš RHÈmš cas fL¤âfËš
‹a¡F irahdJ ö©L¥gL»wJ. RHÈm‹ R‰W
FW¡F¢R‰W brma¥g£oU¥gjhš RHÈ¡fL¤âfËš
‹ndh£LkhdJ gha Mu«ã¡»wJ.
3. ‹ndh£L¤ij¡ bfh©LbršY« RHÈ¡fL¤âfa

Ãiyaf« cUth¡F« fh¿j¥òy¤âš it¡f¥g£Lasd.
vdnt RHÈ¡ fL¤âfËš ïa¿âuirahdJ brašgL»wJ.
mid¤J RHÈ¡ fL¤âfËY« cas ïa¿âuirm‹
T£L¤bjhif RHÈia RHY« fh¿j¥òy¤â‹ âirmš
R‰W« âU¥òiria cUth¡F»wJ. Mdhš RHÈm‹
ntf«, RHY« fh¿j¥òy¤â‹ ntf¤ijL¡ Fiwthf
ïU¡F«.
66
3.1.2eGî k‰W« eGî mâ®bt©(Slip and Slip Frequency)
x¤âa¤F ntf¤â‰F« (Ns), c©ikahd RHÈ ntf¤â‰F« (Nr)

cas ¤âahr« eGî (Slip) MF«. ïJ rjåj¤âš ã‹tUkhW
F¿¥ãL¥gL»wJ.
eGî rjåj« Ns  Nr
= Ns *100
c©ikahd RHÈntfkhdJ x¤âa§F ntf¤ij Fiwthf

ÉL ïU¡F«.
SNs = Ns – Nr
Nr = Ns – SNs
Nr = Ns (1-S)
eGî = Ns  Nr
S Ns
1. Ns – Nr‹ kâ¥ò eGîntf« vd¥gL«.
2. RHÈ Ãiyahf ïU¡F«nghJ Nr = 0, eGî S=1 mšyJ 100%
3. xU ö©Lš ‹nkh£Lhš gS ïšyhj ÃiymÈU¿J
gSîas Ãiy¡F eG‹ ntWghL 0.1% ïU¿J 3% Mf
ïU¡F«. vdnt ïJ Ãiyahd ntf‹nkh£Lh® MF«.
eGî mâ®bt© (mšyJ) RHÈ ‹ndh£L¤â‹ mâ®bt©

ö©Lš ‹ndhom‹ Ãiyaf¤J¡F _‹Wf£L ‹rhu«
bfhL¡F«nghJ RHÈmš ‹fh¿j¤ ö©Lš j¤Jt¤â‹ _y«
‹a¡Fir k‰W« ‹ndh£L« ö©L¥gL»wJ. RHÈ Ãiyahf
ïU¡F«nghJ, RHÈmš ö©L¥gL« ‹ndh£L¤â‹
mâ®bt©zhdJ ‹rhu mâ®bt©Q¡F rkkhf ïU¡F«. RHÈ RHy
Mu«ã¤jJ« RHÈ ‹ndh£L« mšyJ ‹a¡F irm‹
mâ®bt©zhdJ eGîntf« mšyJ rh®ò ntf¤ij¥ bghW¤âU¡F«.
f 1 v‹gJ RHÈ ‹ndh£L mâ®bt©,

Ns  Nrv‹gJ eGî ntf« vdî« vL¤J¡ bfh©Lhš
Ns  =120 f '/ p..............(1)
Nr
Ns =120 f '/ p..................(2)
rk‹ghL 1I 2 Mš tF¤jhš
Ns  120𝑓′
𝑝 𝑓′
Nr = 𝑓
120 𝑓
Ns 𝑝
vdnt eGî S
67
f1  f
RHÈ ‹ndh£L mâ®bt© 𝑓′ =S*f MF«.
RHÈ ‹ndh£L mâ®bt© = eGî * ‹rhu mâ®bt©
68
RHÈ âU¥ò Éir:
RHÈahš cUth¡f¥g£L âU¥òirahdJ
1. RHÈm‹ ‹ndh£L«
2.RHÈm‹ ‹
a¡F ir
3.RHÈ R‰¿‹ âw‹fhuÂ
M»at‰¿‰F ne®»j¤âš mikí«.
~ TE2 * I2 *cos2
mšyJ T  K * E * I cos
2 2 2
mjhtJ I 2  Ãiyahd Ãiymš RHÈm‹ ‹ndh£L«

E2  Ãiyahd Ãiymš RHÈm‹ ‹a¡Fir
Cos  Ãiyahd Ãiymš RHÈm‹ âw‹fhuÂ
K  kh¿È
Mu«g¤ âU¥òÉir (Ts ) (Starting Torque)
E2  Ãiyahd Ãiymš xUf£L RHÈ ‹a¡F ir
X =Ãiyahd Ãiymš xUf£L ‹vâ®¥ò
2
R = xUf£L RHÈ ‹jiL vdî« vL¤J¡bfhanth«.

2
RHÈm‹ bkh¤j ‹vâ®¥ò Z 2


/f£L« R X 2
22
2
RHÈm‹ ‹ndh£L« /f£L«

E  E
I  2
22
2
Z R X
2 2
2 2
RHÈm‹ R R
cos   2
 2
âw‹fhuÂ 2 Z 2
R 2
2
 X 2
2
Mu«g¤ âU¥òÉir, T  K * E2 * I2 cos2

T  K * E2 * E 2
* R 2
2 2 2 2
R X 2 2 R X 2 2
T K*E 2* R 2
2
2 2
R 
2
X
‹ndho¡F bfhL¡f¥gL« ‹dG¤j« kh¿Èahf ïU¡F«nghJ
ghaš/Kid  
 í« kh¿Èahf ïU¡F«. vdnt RHÈm‹ ‹a¡F
Éir E 2 î« kh¿Èahf ïU¡F«.
vdnt K 1*R
Ts 
2
Z2
69
K 1v‹gJ k‰bwhU kh¿È.
70
nk‰T¿a rk‹gh£oÈU¿J Mu«g¤ âU¥òirm‹ kâ¥ò
RHÈm‹ xUf£L ‹jiL ( R 2 ), RHÈm‹ Ãiyahd Ãiym‹ xUf£L
‹ vâ®¥ò
( X 2 )M»at‰iw¥ bghW¤JasJ v‹gJ òy¥gL»wJ.
K
2*  3
* v‹W Ã%ã¡fyh«.
Ns
F¿¥ò Ns ‹ F¿pL RHš /dho
3.1.3 Mu«g c¢rtu«ò âU¥òirm‹ Ãg¿jid

(Condition for Maximum Torque)
RHÈm‹ xUf£L ‹jiLahdJ xUf£L Ãiyahd Ãiym‹
‹k¿¥ò¡F rkkhf ïU¡F«nghJ mj‹ Mu«g¤ âU¥òÉirahdJ
c¢rtu«ãš ïU¡F« vd Ã%ã¡fyh«.
ï¥bghGJ
Ts 
K 1*R 2
R2X 2
2
rk‹ghL 1I R2 I bghW¤J k‰W« Ô®it RÊ¡F

tif¥gL¤Jf. rk‹
brmí«nghJ
 
dTs R2 *  2R 2 
1
 K 1*  0
 R2 
2
dR2 2
X2
2 

 R22  X 22
 
2 2 2
R2  X 2  2* R2
2 2
R2  X 2    R  X
2 2
vdnt Mu«g¤ âU¥òÉirahdJ

RHÈm‹ xUf£L ‹jiL = RHÈm‹ Ãiyahd
Ãiym‹ xUf£L ‹k¿¥ò
Mf ïU¡F«nghJ c¢rtu«ãš ïU¡F«.
71
Starting
torque
Z
X
torq
Tr (max) at R2 = X2
2 = 45°
R2
Rotor Resistance R2 = X2
72
gL« 5š fh£oíasthW Mu«g¤ âU¥òir c¢rtu«ãš ïU¡F«nghJ
RHÈm‹ âw‹fhuÂ =0.707 (ã‹j¤»)
XL«Ãiy âU¥òÉir (Running Torque Tr)

XL«Ãiymš âU¥òirahdJ
TEr * Ir -----1
*Cosr
Vbdš Er
Kiwna
Er = RHÈm‹ xU ‹a¡F ir(XL« Ãiy)
Ir = RHÈm‹ xUf£L ‹ndh£L« (XL« Ãiy)
Cos = RHÈm‹ âw‹fhuÂ (XL« Ãiy)
r Er
Ir = 2
Zr---------------------------------------
'
Zr  Z 2  R2 2   SX 2 2
-------3
Er  SE2 ------ 4
R2
Cosr = = R2
Zr ------- 5
R 2 2   SX 2 2
rk‹ghL 2,3,4,5 I 1š ãuâpL brmí«nghJ

XL«Ãiymš âU¥òÉir Tr Er * Ir
*Cos r
TrSE 2 * SE 2 R2
*
R 2 2   SX 2 2 R 2 2   SX 2 2
2
K 1* SE 2 * R2
Tr  2
R2   SX 2 
2
Ãiyaf ‹dG¤j« V kh¿Èahf ïU¿jhš  kh¿Èahf ïU¡F«.

vdnt RHÈm‹ ‹a¡Fir
E 2 kh¿Èahf ïU¡F«.
K 2*S* R2
TS = 2
R2   SX 2 
2
K 2 v‹gJ k‰bwhU kh¿È MF«
K1 ‹ K1 
3
vd Ã%ã¡fyh«.
kâ¥ig 2
Ns
vdnt,
2 Ns R
Tr  3
*
73
2 2
2
SE 2 * R2
2  SX 2 
2
3 SE 2 * R2
Tr*  2
2 Ns Z 2 
74
ïa§f Mu«ã¡F«bghGJ S  1
vdnt Mu«g¤
âU¥òÉir
2
3 E2 * R2
Tr  * 2
2 Ns R22   X 2 
3.1.4 XL«Ãiymš c¢rtu«ò âU¥òirm‹ Ãg¿jid

K 2 * SR2
Tr  2
R 2   SX 2 
2
rk‹ghL 1I R2I bghW¤J tif¥gL¤j k‰W« Ô®it RÊ¡F rk‹

brmí«nghJ
dT
K2  R 2  R 2 2  S 2 X 2 2   2SX 2 2
r 
ds  SR 2 
 
 R2 
2
2 2 2
S X2
 R2 2
S2X2
2
  2S 2 2
X 2 =0
2 2
R2  S 2 X 2
R2  SX 2
vdnt XL«Ãiymš âU¥òirahdJ RHÈ‹ xUf£L ‹jiL = eGî

* RHÈm‹ Ãiyahd Ãiymš xUf£L vâ®¥ò Mf ïU¡F«nghJ c¢r
tu«ãš ïU¡F«
c¢rtu«ò âU¥òÉiria¡ fz¡»L R2  SX 2 vd¡ bfhaf
Tr  SR2
R 2   SX 2
2
2

S  SR 2 
Tm  SX 2 2  SX 2 2
   
S2X2
m 1
T 2S 2 X 2X 2
2
2
Tm  1 2
2X
75
R2
S 
c¢rtu«ò âU¥òirm‹ eGî =
X2
Tm  3 E2
2
*
2 2X 2
Ns
76
3.1.5 âU¥òir eGîgh‹ik áw¥ãašò
K 2* SR2
nk‰T¿a rk‹ghL 6‹ go Tr 2
R2   SX 2 
2
=
XL«Ãiymš ‹nkh£Lh‹ âU¥òir bt›ntW RHÈm‹

‹jiLm‹ kâ¥ã‰F âU¥òÉir eGîgh‹ik gL«
6šfh£L¥g£LasJ. ïâš eG‹ kâ¥ò 0 ÈU¿J 1 tiu¡F« bfh©L
gy tiugL¤fa tiua¥g£Lasd.
Case 1
nkny cas rk‹gh£oš eGî S = 0Mf ïU¡F«nghJ âU¥ò
irí« RÊahf ïU¡F«. vdnt âU¥òir eGî áw¥ãašò njh‰w
Ãiymš (origin(0,0)) ïU¿J Mu«ã¡»wJ.
Case 2
RHÈm‹ ntf« x¤âa¤F ntf¤â‹ kâ¥ig
beU¤»aÃiymš eGî (S=Ns-Nr/Ns) Äf¡Fiwthf ïU¡F«. vdnt
SX2 ‹ kâ¥ò« f¡ Fiwthf ïU¡F«. R2 ‹ kâ¥ig x¥ãL«nghJ
SX2 ‹ kâ¥ò f¡ Fiwthf ïU¡F«. vdnt SX2 I
òw¡fÂ¡F«nghJ rk‹ghL ã‹tUkhW »iL¡»wJ.
S
T
R2
R 2 ‹ kâ¥ò kh¿È vd vL¤J¡bfh©Lhš
T  S MF«.
ïâÈU¿J eG‹ msî Fiwthf ïU¡F«nghJ âU¥òÉir eGî
áw¥ãašghdJ xU ne®nfh£oš mikí« v‹gJ bjËth»wJ.
Case 3
‹nkh£Lhš gS mâf¡F«nghJ RHÈm‹ ntf« Fiwtjhš
eG‹ msî mâf¡»wJ. rk‹ghL 1‹go âU¥òirí«
mâfÇ¡»wJ.
eGî S  R 2,
X 2v‹w Ãiy tU«nghJ âU¥òÉir c¢rtu«ig
miLí«. ï¿j âU¥òÉir¡F btËmG¥ò âU¥òÉir (Pullout Torque)
v‹W bga®. ïj‰F nkY« gSit mâf¡F«nghJ eGî
nkY« mâf¥gjhš SX2 ‹ kâ¥ò mâfkhF«. ï¿j SX2 ‹ kâ¥ò
R2 ‹
kâ¥igÉL Äf mâfkhf ïU¡F«. R2 I òw¡fÂ¡F«nghJ rk‹ghL
ã‹tUkhW »iL¡»wJ.
S
T
2
 SX 2 
77
X 2 I kh¿È vd vL¤J¡bfh©Lhš
78
1
T ; MF«
S
vdnt mâf¥goahd eG‹ kâ¥ã‰F âU¥òir eGîgh‹ik gL¤âš
fh£oíasthW br›tf if tot(hyperbola) tot¤âš mikí«.
Maximum Torque
Tm
R2
Torq 2R2
3R2
4R2
Slip corresponding
to starting torque
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

slip
gL« 6 âU¥ò ir eGî gh‹ikfa

vdnt áw¥ãašãÈU¿J tiuaW¡f¥g£L gStiu eGî
mâfÇ¡f âU¥òirí« mâf¡»wJ v‹gJ bjËth»wJ. mj
‰Fnkš gS mâfkhF«nghJ eGî mâfkhtJL‹ âU¥òir
Fiw»wJ. nkY« gSit mâf¤jhš ‹ndhom‹ ntf«
Fiw¿J xUÃiymš Ã‹W
L«. ï¿Ãiymš eGî 1 Mf ïU¡F«.
vdnt S  0 ÉÈU¿J c¢rtu«ò âU¥òÉir¡fhd eGî miu
cas gFâ ‹nkh£Lh‹ cWâahd gFâahF«. cWâahd
ïa¤FgFâ gL¤âš nfho£L fh£L¥g£LasJ. c¢rtu«ò
âU¥òÉir¡fhd eGÉÈU¿J S  tiu cas gFâ cWâmšyhj
ïa§FgFâahF«. 1
3.2 âU¥òÉir ntf« áw¥òtiufa
_‹Wf£L ö©Lš ‹nkh£Lh‹ âU¥òir mj‹ ntf¤ij¥
bghW¤J mikí«. Mdhš rhjhuz rk‹gh£o‹ _y« mj‹
cL‹gh£iL
2.5T
RHyp jpUg;g[
tpir jpUg;g[ tpir
jpUg;g[ tp
1.5T T
nky; ,G KGggS
jpUg;g[ tpir
0 20 40 60 80 100
RHYk; ntfk; %
N N
79 S
gL« 7. âU¥òir ntf« gh‹ik tiugL«
80
t¡f ïayhJ. vdnt mj‹ cL‹gh£i tisî (Curve)_y« gL«
7š casthW fh©ã¡fyh«.
L
nk‰T¿a tisî tiugL« ã‹tU« c©ikfis¡ TW»wJ.

1. KG¥gS âU¥òÉir = T v‹whš
2. Mu«g¤ âU¥òÉir = 1.5T
c¢rtu«ò âU¥òÉir = 2.5T
3. KG¥gSš ‹ndhoahdJ N v‹w ntf¤âš RHš»wJ.
ïa¿âu¥ gS mâf¡F«nghJ ‹ndhom‹
âU¥òirahdJ gS‹ âU¥òÉirí« rkkhf
ïU¡F«nghJ ntf« Fiw»wJ. ïu©L
âU¥òÉirí« rkkhf ïU¡F«nghJ ‹ndhoahdJ
Ãiyahd Fiw¿j
ntf¤âš RHš»wJ. v¥go ïU¿jhY« âU¥òÉir 2.5T I
L mâf¡F«nghJ ‹ndhoahdJ cLnd
Ã‹WL»wJ.
ö©Lš ‹ndhom‹ âw‹Ãiyfa
‹ndhom‹ Ãiyaf¤J¡F bfhL¡f¥gL« ‹âwdhdJ m¢R¤

j©oš ïa¿âu¤âwdhf kh‰w¥gL»wJ. ï¿j M‰wš kh‰w¤â‹nghJ
ã‹tU« ïH¥òfa cUth»‹wd.
Stator C u
loss
Iron loss
Active power to
Stator
Active power
Pi supplied to Stator
Pr
Stator Cu loss
Mechanical
power
Pm
Shaft power
Pout
gL« 8 âw‹ ïH¥òfa

81
1. khwhj ïH¥òfa
(m) Ãiyaf ïU«ò ïH¥ò
(M) cuhmî k‰W« fh‰¿š V‰gL« ïH¥ò
rhjhuzkhf XL«nghJ RHÈ ‹ndh£L¤â‹ mâ®bt©
f¡Fiwthf ïU¥gjhš RHÈm‹ ïU«ò òw¡fÂ¡f¥gL»wJ.
2. khW« ïH¥òfa
(m) Ãiyaf jhÄu ïH¥ò
(M) RHÈ jhÄu ïH¥ò
gL«8 MdJ caçL ‹âwidí« ïH¥òfisí« btËp£L ïa¿âu¤
âwidí« ÉtÇ¡»wJ.
nk‰T¿a gL¤âÈU¿J ã‹tUkhW F¿¥ãLyh«.

1. Ãiyaf caçL = Ãiyaf btËpL + Ãiyaf ïH¥òfa
Pi = Ãiyaf btËpL + Ãiyaf
jhÄu ïH¥ò + Ãiyaf ïU«ò ïH¥ò
2. RHÈ caçL = Ãiyaf btËpL
Pr
3. »iL¡f¡Toa ïa¿âu¤âw‹
Pm  Pr -RHÈ jhÄu ïH¥ò

ï¿j »iL¡f¡Toa ïa¿âu¤âw‹ bkh¤j ïa¿âu¤âw‹ MF«.
ïJ bkh¤j âU¥òÉir  Tg  I cUth¡F»wJ.
4. m¢R¤j©oš cas ïa¿âu¤âw‹ = Pou  Pm =cuhmî k‰W«
fh‰¿dhš V‰gL« ïH¥ò t
m¢R¤j©oš cas ‹âwdhdJ m¢R¤j©L

âU¥òÉir Tsh  I cUth¡F»wJ.
RHypapy;
RHyp
kpd; epiyaf cUthFk; fhw;W
RHyp btspaPL mr;Rj; jpUg;g[ tpir
nkhl;lhhpd; cs;sPLjhkpu RHyp cuha;t[
,ae;jpujpwd; bkhj;j jpUg;g[ tpir
cs;sPL jhkpu ,Hg;g[
,Uk;g[
,Hg;g[
,Hg;g[
gL« 9 âw‹ ghm¢rÈ‹ f£L¥gL«
gL« 9š _‹Wf£L ‹ndhom‹ f£L¥ gL¤ij¡

fh£L»wJ. ö©Lš ‹ndhom‹ âU¥ò ir
v¿jbthU ‹ndhomY« »iL¡f¡Toa ïa¿âu¤âw‹
2 NT
P Watts;
60
82
Kiwna
N  ‹ndhom‹ ntf« rpm
T  cUth¡f¥g£L âU¥òÉir  N  m)
P  9.55* P N  m
60
T *
2 N N
RHÈm‹ bkh¤j btËpLâw‹ Pm vdî« N  rpm vdî« bfh©Lhš
RHÈm‹ bkh¤j¤ âU¥òÉir
P
Tg  9.55* m N  m
N
P
out
mij¥nghš Tsh  9.55 *
N
Nm
RHÈm‹ btËpL
RHÈm‹ Tg N m  vdî« ntf« N  rpm  vdî« bfh©Lhš RHÈm‹
bkh¤j 2 NTg
 Watts
btËpL 60
RHÈmš jhu ïH¥ò ïšiy vd¡bfh©Lhš RHÈm‹ btËpL«
caçL« rkkhfî« k‰W« RHÈ x¤âa¤F ntf¤âY«  Ns  RHY«.
RHÈm‹ 2 NsTg
caçL
 60 Watts
RHÈm‹ jhu ïH¥ò = RHÈm‹ caçL - RHÈm‹ btËpL
2Tg
 Ns  N 
60
1. RHÈ jhÄu ïH¥ò  Ns  N

= RHÈ caçL 
Ns
RHy jhÄuïH¥ò S * RHÈ caçL
2. RHÈm‹ bkh¤j Pm  (RHÈ caçL - RHÈ ïH¥ò)
btËpL
= RHÈ caçL S * RHÈ caçL
= RHÈ caçL1  S
 N
IS
bkh¤j RHÈ btËp L
Ns
=
3. RHÈ caçL
RHÈ jhÄu ïH¥ò
4. 
S
bkh¤j RHÈ caçL 1 S
bjhL¡» njit¡fhd fhuz«
83
_‹Wf£L ö©Lš ‹nkh£LhU¡F Mu«g¤âš KG
‹dG¤j¤ij bfhL¡F«nghJ KjÈš vâ®¥ò ‹a¡Fir
ïšyhkš ïU¥gjhš Ãiyaf RUafËš mâfkhd ‹ndh£L«
ghm»wJ. vdnt Mu«g¤âš ‹nkh£LhU¡F KG ‹dG¤j¤ijí«
bfhL¤jhš 5 Kjš 7 kL¤F KGgS ‹ndh£L¤ijí« vL¡F«.
84
ïjdhš ‹nkh£Lh‹ RUafa ghâ¡f¥gLtJL‹ ‹f«ãmš
mâfkhd ‹dG¤j ntWghL V‰gL«. ï¿j ‹dG¤j ntWghL mnj
‹f«ãmš ntiy brmí«nghJ k‰w ‹rhjd¤fis¥ ghâ¡F«.
vdnt Mu«g¤âš ‹nkh£LhU¡F Fiw¿j ‹dG¤j¤ij¡ bfhL¤J
Mu«g ‹ndh£L¤ij f£L¥gL¤j bjhL¡»ahdJ njit¥gL»wJ.
ö©Lš ‹nkh£Lh® bjhL¡»fa ntiyfis¢ brm»‹wd.

1. Mu«g ‹ndh£L¤ij f£L¥gL¤J»wJ.
2. bjhL¡»mš mik¡f¥g£oU¡F« mâf ‹ndh£L Relay
‹nkh£Lhiu m¿j¥gSÈU¿J ghJfh¡»wJ.
3.3 bjhL¡»m‹ tiffa
1.ne® bjhL¡» Direct online

2. jhÅa¤F ‹kh‰¿ bjhL¡»
3. RHÈ ‹jiL bjhL¡»
4. ÞLh® bLšLh bjhL¡»
3.3.1 ne® bjhL¡» (Direct On-Line Starter)
ï›tif bjhL¡» Fiw¿jâw‹ cas ‹nkh£Lh®fËš
ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ. ï¿jKiwmš Mu«g¤ânyna KG ‹dG¤jK«
bfhL¡f¥gL»wJ. vdnt Mu«g ‹ndh£L« 2 Kjš 6 kL¤F KG¥gS
‹ndh£L« msš ïU¡F«. Mu«g ‹ndh£
L« mâfkhf ïU¥gjhš
ï›tif Fiw¿jâw‹ k‰W« Fiw¿j gSîas ‹nkh£Lh®fËš
ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
ne® cL‹ Ãfœî D.O.L bjhL¡»m‹ mik¥ò gL« 10š fh£L¥g£LasJ.
RY
3 phase
supply B
Fuse
Relay
Main switch
Main Contact
ON
Thermal
overload
OLR OFF push
button
3
gL« 10 DOL bjhL¡»

brašghL
ïa§FÃiy¥ bgh¤jhid mG¤âaîL‹ mŠrš (Relay)
ïu©L f£L¤fS¡F ïiLmš ïiz¥ò V‰gLtjhš M
‰wyiL»wJ. vdnt mŠrÈDa ïU¡F« ïU«ò¤ J©LhdJ
fh¿jr¡âia¥ bg‰W ïiz¥ghid ft®»wJ. ï¿j ïiz¥ghd
(Contactor) _‹Wf£L
‹rhu¡f«ãia ‹nkh£LhUL‹ ïiz¡»wJ. vdnt ‹
85
nkh£LhU¡F KG ‹dG¤j« »iL¤J RHš»wJ. `ÃW¤J‟Ãiy¥
86
bgh¤jhid mG¤J«nghJ Relay ¡F ‹rhu« J©o¡f¥gLtjhš
mŠrš âwH¿J ïiz¥ghid J©o¥gj‹ _y« ‹rhu«
f«ãmÈU¿J ‹ndh£Lhij¤ J©o¡»wJ. ‹ndho mâf¥gS
MF«nghJ ‹f«ãmš mâf ‹ndh£L« ghm»wJ. bt¥g ifgS
mŠrš (Thermal Overload Relay) bjhL® ïiz¥ãš
ïiz¡f¥g£Lasjhš mŠrš cUthF« bt¥gkhdJ f£L¥gL¤J«
R‰¿‹ _y« ‹rhu¤ij ïiz¥gh‹ tÊahf J©o¡»‹wd.
‹rhu« J©o¡f¥gL«nghJ mŠrY¡F ‹rhu« »iL¡fhj
fhuz¤âdhš mJ âwH¿J ïiz¥ghid J©o¡»‹w
fhuz¤âdhš ‹rhukhdJ Ã‹WL»wJ.
e‹ikfa
1. mik¥ò vËjhdJ
2. vËjhf ÃWtyh«
3. guhkÇ¥ò vËJ
4. ÉiyFiwî
Ôikfa
1. ï›tif bjhL¡»fa bkh¤j¤âw‹ ‹nkh£LhU¡F k£L«
bghU¤jkhdJ
2. Mu«g ‹ndh£L« fmâfkhf ïU¡F«
3. FW»aneu¤âš tiuaW¡f¥g£L ntf¤ij miLí«
‹nkh£Lh®fS¡F bjhL¡» bghU¤jkhdJ.
3.3.2 RHÈ ‹jiL bjhL¡» (eGî tisa ö©Lš ‹ndho)
eGîtisa¤ ö©Lš ‹ndhoia Mu«ã¡f RHÈ ‹jiL
bjhL¡» ga‹gL»wJ. Ãiyaf¤J¡F KG ‹dG¤j« bfhL¡f¥g£L
eGîtisa ‹ndhoia Mu«ã¡f¥gL»wJ. RHÈm‹ x›bthU
f£L¤âY« ntWgL¤j¡Toa ‹jiL ïiz¡f¥g£L Mu«g
‹ndh£L« f£L¥gL¤j¥gL»wJ. RHÈ¢R‰W¡F bjhL® ïiz¥ghf
ntWgL¤j¡Toa ‹jiL ïiz¤âU¥gjhš Mu«g¤ âU¥òÉir
mâfkh»wJ. (Vbdš T R2 ) eGîtisa ö©Lš ‹ndhomš
RHÈRUafa ÞLh® ïiz¥ãš ïiz¡f¥g£L k‰w _‹WKidfS«
m¢R¤j©o‹ nkYas tisa¤JL‹ ïiz¡f¥g£oU¡F«.
R
YB 3 pha seupply
Fuse
Fus Contacto
Main OFF
switch
ON
Startin
NVR g
Thermal overload
Slip
Stator Rotor rings
windi windin
gL« 11 ÞLh® -bLšLh bjhL¡»

87
gL« 11š fh£oíasthW btË ‹jiL eGîtisa¤JL‹ bjhL®
ïiz¥ãš ïiz¡f¥g£oU¡F«. Mu«g¤âš KG ‹dG¤jK«
Ãiyaf¤J¡F bfhL¡f¥gL«nghJ KG ‹jiLí« RHÈmid
x›bthU f£L¢ RUËY« bjhLš ïiz¡f¥g£oU¡F«. vdnt Mu«g
‹ndh£L« f£L¥gL¤j¥gL»wJ. ã‹ ‹ndhoahdJ 80% ntf¤ij
miL¿jJ«, if¥ãoia go¥goahf RH‰¿ ‹jiLia¡ Fiw¤J RÊ¡F
bfh©Ltu nt©L«. ï¥nghJ ‹ndho RHš ‹jiLmšyhkš RHy
Mu«ã¡»wJ. mâf ‹âwDiLa ‹ndhofËš ï¿j RHÈ‹jiL
mik¥ghdJ v©bzmš _œ» ïU¡FkhW it¡f¥g£oU¡F«.
e‹ikfa
1. Mu«g¤ âU¥òÉir mâf«.
2. Mu«g ‹ndh£L« f¡Fiwî
3. mâf« gSîL‹ ‹ndh£L« ïa¡f Mu«ã¡fyh«.
3.4 ö©Lš ‹ndhom‹ ntf¡f£L¥ghL (Speed Control of

Induction Motor)
x¤âirî ntf¤â‹ rk‹ghLhdJ (Equation for Synchronous
Speed)
120 f
Ns  p
RHÈm‹ ntfkhdJ (Rotor Speed)
Nr  1 s Ns
S eGt« (Slip)
nkny bfhL¡f¥g£Las rk‹ghLfis it¤J ã‹tU« Kiwfa _y«
ntf¡f£L¥ghLfis bgwïaY«.
(1) JUt v©Â¡ifia kh‰Wjš (Pole Changing Method)

ï¿jtif ntf¡f£L¥gh£L Kiwmš x›bthU
f£L¤â‹ Ãiyaf RUafa ïu©L tifahf ãÇ¡f¥gL»wJ. m¿j
¢ RUafis bjhLuhfî« ïizahfî« ïiz¡f¥g£L, xUtif
RUËš k£Lnk
‹ndh£L¤â‹ âiria kh‰W«nghJ ïu©L bt›ntW JUt¤fË‹
v©Â¡if bgw¥gL»wJ. mit 2:1 v‹w »j¤âš ïU¡F«. ï¿j
KiwahdJ mÂšT©L ‹ndho tifmš k£Lnk rh¤âakhF«.
nH bfhL¡f¥g£Las tiugL¤âš xnuf£L¤âš cas eh‹F

RUafa bjhLuhf ïiz¡f¥g£L eh‹F JUt¤fa bgw¥gL»wJ.
RUa ”2” k‰W« RUa ”4”š ‹ndh£L¤â‹ âiria kh‰¿, m¿j
¢RUis bjhLuhf ïiz¡f¥g£oU¡F« RUa ”1” k‰W« RUa ”3”
¡F ïizahf ïiz¤jhš v£LJUt¤fa bgw¥gL«. RUa ”1” k
‰W« RUa ”3”š ‹ndh£L¤â‹ âiria kh‰whkY« RUa ”2” k‰W«
88
RUa ”4”š ‹ndh£L¤â‹ âiria kh‰¿í« ï¿jKiw
brašgL¤j¥gL»wJ.
89
gL« - 12 eh‹F JUt«
gL«-13 v£L JUt«

khwh âU¥òir k‰W« khwh Fâiu¤âw‹ brašghL (Constant
Torque and Constant HorsePower Operation)
JUt¤fË‹ v©Â¡ifia kh‰W«nghJ, ïit khwh âU¥òir
mšyJ khwh Fâiu¤âw‹ v‹W ïUtifmš VnjD« x‹¿id¡
bfh©L brašgL»wJ. khwh âU¥òirahš, Ãiyahf
RUshdJ
bjhL® - ÞLh® (Series Star) k‰W« ïiz-ÞLh® (Parallel- star) v‹W
ïUtifahf ïiz¡f¥gL»wJ.
mnjnghš khwh Fâiu¤âw‹ brašgh£oš bjhL® bL š L h
-
(Series-Delta) k‰W« ïiz-ÞLh® (Parallel-Star) v‹W ïUtifahf
ïiz¡f¥gL»wJ.
(a) khwh âU¥òir brašghL (Constant Torque Operation)
khwh âU¥òir brašgh£oš, JUtv©Â¡if kh‰wkhdJ,
bjhL®-ÞLh®, mšyJ ïiz-ÞLh® ïiz¥òfa _y«
nk‰bfhas¥gL»wJ. bjhL®-ÞLh® ïiz¥òfËš ïu©L gL«-14
JUt¤fË‹ v©Â¡if mâf¥gL¤j¥gL»wJ. 2P- JUt
ïiz¥ò
90
kL¤fhf
91
gL«-15 P – JUt ïiz¥ò
gL« - 16 âU¥ò Éir ntf« áw¥òtiufa

rk‹ghL:
V tH¤f¥gL« ‹dG¤j«
I RUa vL¤J¢bršY« mâf¥goahd ‹ndh£L«.
bjhL® - ÞLh® (Y) ïiz¥ò (Series – Star Connection) :
‹ndho bgW« âwdhdJ.
P
 
3 VI cos  . 
ïiz-ÞLh® (YY) ïiz¥ò (Parallel-Star Connection):
‹ndho bgW« âwdhdJ,
P  2 3

cos  .
VI
âw‹fhuÂ khwhj Ãiymš ïiz-ÞLh® ïiz¥ã‹ âwdhdJ
bjhL®-ÞLh® ïiz¥ã‹ âwidL ïu©L kL¤fhf ïU¡F«.
(b) khwh Fâiu¤âw‹ brašghL
‹ndho bgW«âwdhdJ,
92
bjhL® - ïiz¥ò:
bLšLh ()
P  3VI cos 
93
ïiz-ÞLh® ïiz¥ò
P  2 3 cos   3.46VI cos 
VI
âw‹fhuÂ kh¿Èahf bfhaS«nghJ bjhL®-bLšLh ïiz¥ãÈU¿J
ïiz-ÞLh® ïiz¥ò¡F kh‰W«nghJ âwdhdJ btW« 15% k£Lnk
mâfÇ¡»wJ.
gL«-17.2P – JUt ïiz¥ò
gL«-18 P JUt ïiz¥ò
gL«-19 âU¥òir ntf« áw¥òtiufa
94
(2) Ãiyaf mâ®bt©iz kh‰Wjš (Stator Frequency Variation)
ï¿jKiw mjhf ga‹gL¤j¥gL« KiwahF«. mâ®bt©
khW«nghJ ‹ndhom‹ ntfK« khW»wJ. ‹ndhom‹ ‹a¡F
irm‹ rk‹ghLhdJ.
E  4.44k volts 
 fTH
w m pn z 
ö©L¥g£L ‹a¡F irahdJ, v‹W F¿¥ãL»‹nwh«.
Ãiyaf¤âš cas ïH¥òfis j®¤jhš vd E=v bfhasyh«
Mfnt.
v
 4.44k  T   .
 
volts
w m ph Hz 
f 
mâ®bt© kâ¥ig Fiw¡F«nghJ, bfhL¡f¥gL«

‹dG¤j¤ijí« Fiw¡fnt©L«. Mfnt fh¿j¥gha«
khwhjtifmš it¤J brašgL¤j nt©L«. ï¿jKiw
ntf¡f£L¥gh£oš mâfg£r âU¥òÉirí« kh¿Èahf ïU¡»wJ.
ï«KiwahdJ, mo¥giL mâ®bt© œ f£L¥gL¤j ga‹gL»wJ.
‹dG¤j« k‰W« mâ®bt© mj‹ kâ¥ã‰F nkš bršY«nghJ
‹dG¤j« kh¿Èahf MF«. Mfnt, fh¿j¥gha« k‰W« mâfg£r
âU¥òir Fiw»wJ.
Ãiyaf ‹dG¤j¤ij kh‰Wjš (Stator Voltage Variaton)
gL«-20
95
gL«-21
96
ï¿jKiw Äfî« vËikahd k‰W« á¡fdkhd Kiwahf
ïU¿jhY« ï«Kiw ã‹tU« fhuz¤fshš mjhf
ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
(i) Fiw¿j ntfkh‰w¤â‰fhf mâf¥goahd kh‰w¤fa
‹dG¤j¤âš brma¥gLnt©L«.
(ii) ‹dG¤j¤âš V‰gL« bgakh‰wkhdJ fh¿j¥gha¤âš
bga kh‰w¤fis V‰gL¤â ‹ndhom‹ fh¿j¢NHY¡F
ïiLôW is¡»‹wJ.
(3) RHÈ ‹jiLia kh‰Wjš (Rotor Rheostatic Variation)

ï¿jKiw eGîtisa ‹ndhomš k£Lnk ga‹gL»wJ.
‹ndhom‹ ntf¤ij ‹jiL ïiz¥gj‹ _y« Fiw¡fyh«. ï¿j
KiwahdJ ne®âir g¡f ‹ndhomš ga‹gL¤j¥gL« RHšRUa
‹jiL f£L¥ghLKiw ngh‹wjhF«. ‹ndho x¤âirî ntf¤âš
brašgL«nghJ âU¥òir, T S Mfnt bfhL¡f¥g£L âU¥ò
R 2
ir¡F, RHÈ ‹jiL R2 it mâf¥gj‹ _y« ntf¤âid
Fiw¡fyh«.
ï¿jKiwmš I 2 R R2 ‹ kâ¥ig mâf¥gj‹ _y«
ïH¥ghdJ
mâfkh»wJ. Mfnt ‹ndhom‹ brašgh£L¤âw‹ Fiw»wJ.
ïH¥ghdJ ntf¡Fiw¥ò¡F vâ®jfš mik»wJ. ntfkhdJ R2 it
k£LÄšyhkš Rikiaí« bghW¤J ntWgL»wJ. ï¿jKiwmš ïH¥ã‹
fhuzkhf ïjid mjhf k‰W« Fiw¿j fhy¤â
‰fhf ga‹gL¤J»‹nwh«.
gL« 22 RHÈ ‹jiLia kh‰Wjš
97
gL« 23
98
3.5 mo¥giL khWâirah¡» R‰Wfa (Basic Inverter Cricuits)
khWâirah¡»m‹ brašgh£L be¿Kiw thmšjiLa¤â‹

m¿Kf¤â‰F K‹ãU¿nj m¿a¥g£LjhF«. ntfkhf brašgL¡Toa
thmšjiLa« k‰W« iuî Å£Lh¡f iLnahLfË‹ ts®¢á¡F¥ ãwF
‹dG¤j _y« k‰W« ‹ndh£L _y« khWâirah¡»m‹ ga‹fis
fUâí« ïJ ö©Lš ‹ndhom‹ khWgL« mâ®bt© brašgh£o‰F
ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ. ï¿j ts®¢á¡F ãwF Jo¥ò mfy g©ng‰
¿ v‹D« Kiwí« m¿Kf¥gL¤j¥g£LJ.
3.5.1 xUf£L ïiz khWâirah¡» (Single Phase Bridge Inverter) :
xUf£L ïiz khWâirah¡» R‰¿‹ tiugL«

bfhL¡f¥g£LasJ. iLnahLfa thmšjiLa¤â‰F ïizahfî«
vâ®âirmY« ïiz¡f¥g£LasJ. ‹dG¤j miygot« rJukhfî«,
Ãiykh‰W« Ãiykh‰w« mj‰F jF¿jh‰nghyî« ïU¡F«.
99
‹jiLías Rikahf ïU¥ã‹ ‹ndh£L miygot«, ‹dG¤j
miygot¤ij nghynt ïU¡F«. ‹jiL k£LKas Rikahf ïU¥ã‹
iLnahLfa njitmšiy. ‹ö©o cas Rikahf ïU¥ã‹ rahd
brašgh£o‰F iLnahLfË‹ njit mtáakh»wJ. ‹dG¤j¤â‹
âir khWgL«nghJ ‹ö©omš nr¡f¥g£L r¡âahdJ iLnahLfa
_y« âU¥ã bfhL¡f¥gL»wJ. khWâirah¡»m‹ mâ®bt©zhdJ
thmš jiLa¤â‰F bfhL¡f¥gL« Jo¥ã‹ _y« f£L¥gL¤jyh«.
_‹Wf£L ïiz khWâirah¡» (Three Phase Inverter Circuits)

_‹Wf£L ïiz khWâirah¡»m‹ R‰Wfa k‰W«
mj‹ miygot« nH bfhL¡f¥g£LasJ. 120 fL¤j¤â‰F,
thmšjiLa«   0 v‹w Ãiymš Jo¥ò bfhL¡F«nghJ
bgW« tiugL« s¡f¥gL»wJ. ‹ö©oías Rikahf
fUj¥gLtjhš iLnahLfis ga‹gL¤J»‹nwh«. miybt©zhdJ,
thmšjiLa¤â‰F bfhL¡f¥gL« Jo¥ig ntWgL¤Jtj‹ _y«
ntWgL¤jKoí«.
x›bthU thmšjiLaK« 180 ‹ndh£L¤ij fL¤J«.
mjhtJ T1 MdJ Kjš miuRH‰á¡F«. T4 MdJ ïu©LhtJ
miuRH‰á¡F« ‹ndh£L¤ij fL¤J»‹wJ. k‰w thmšjiLa¤fS«
60 ïiLbtËmš ïa¡f¥gL»wJ. nkny cas thmšjiLa¤fshd
T1, T3, T5 M»ait ïiLbtËmš ïa¡f¥gL»wJ. thmšjiLa¤â‹
fL¤jkhdJ 120 mikí«nghJ, œtirmYas thmšjiLa¤âš
VnjD« x‹WL‹ nr®¤J ïa¡f¥gL»wJ.

ïJtiu s¡f¥g£L khWâirah¡»ahdJ “ne®âir bjhL®ò
khWâirah¡»” (DC Line Inverters) v‹W miH¡f¥gL»wJ. Vbd‹whš
khWâirah¡»m‹ caçL ne®âir ‹dG¤j¤ij KG¡ f£L¥gh£L
miyâU¤â mšyJ f£L¥ghL‰w miyâU¤âm‹ _y« k‰W«
mjid
bjhL®¿ ïiLmi ãsîgL¤â caçL ‹dG¤j¤ij ntWgL¤â
J L
mj‹_y« btËpL ‹dG¤j¤ij ntWgL¤jyh«. khWâirah¡»m‹
10
0
gL«- 27 miygot tiugL«
3.6 khWgL« ‹dG¤j« k‰W« khWgL« mâ®bt© f£L¥ghL

(Variable Voltage Variable Frequency Control)
mâ®bt©iz kh‰W«nghJ ‹dG¤ij ntWgL¤â

V f  »j¤ij kh¿Èahf bfhasnt©L«. ï¿jtif f£L¥ghLfa
ïu©L mšyJ _‹W ãîfa njit¥gLtjhš mâf ïH¥òfa k‰W«
Fiw¿j brašgh£L¤âw‹ bfh©Ljhf mik»wJ. mJk£Lkšyhkš
10
1
Fiw¿j mâ®bt© kâ¥ã‰F, tof£o R‰¿‹_y« msî k‰W«
viL mâf¡»‹wJ bjhL® khWâirah¡» f£L¥ghL (Series
Inverter Control) k‰W« Jo¥ò mfy g©ng‰¿ f£L¥ghL (Pulse
Width Modulation) _y« btËpL ‹dG¤j«
f£L¥gL¤j¥gL»‹wJ. Kjš
tifahdJ ïu©L mšyJ mj‰F nk‰g£L bjhLš
khWâirah¡» ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
Jo¥ò mfy g©ng‰w« bfh©L khWâirah¡» (Pulse width

Modulated Inverter)
ï¿jtif khWâirah¡»m‹ btËpL ‹dG¤j«,
Jo¥òfË‹ v©Â¡if fhy¤â‰nf‰g ntWgL¤j Koí«. btËpL
‹dG¤j« f£L¥gL¤Jtj‰F  v
f  É»j¤ij kh¿Èahf
it¡f¥gL»wJ.
ï¿jtifmš Fiw¿jtif Ah®nkh¡Þ (Lower Order Harmonics)
Fiw¡f¥gL»‹wJ. Mfnt btW« ca®tif Ah®nkhÅ¡Þ
(Higher Order Harmonics) k£L« tof£L nt©L«. ïâš
ga‹gL¤j¥gL« fUfa Mu«gneu« (Turn-ON Time) k‰W« Koí«
neu« (Turn – Off Time) Fiwthf ïU¡fnt©L«.
g©ng‰¿ ïu©L tif¥gL»‹wJ mit, (i) gyju¥g£L

Jo¥ò (Multiple Pulse) k‰W« br›tisî g©ng‰¿ (Sinusoidal
Modulation) v©Â¡ifia ntWgL¤Jtj‹ br›tisî g©ng
‰¿ Kiwmš, br›tisî F¿¥ò miygotkhdJ (Sinesoid Reference
Waveform), (Triangular Carrier Waveform) K¡nfhz C®â
miygot¤JL‹ x¥ã£L mj‹_y« brašg£L mšyJ
ÃW¤j¥g£L btËpL
‹dG¤j« ntWgL¤j¥gL»‹wJ.
gL« -28 Jo¥ò mfy g©ng‰w«
10
2
3.7 eGî âw‹Å£ò (Slip Power recovery)
eGî mâ®bt© bfh©L ‹a¡F iria Jiz¢R‰¿š
bfhL¡F«nghJ ö©Lš ‹ndhom‹ Ãiyaf« k‰W« RHÈmYas
‹ndh£L¤fË‹ f£L tiugL« nH bfhL¡f¥g£LasJ.
gL« 29 f£L tiugL«
ö©Lš ‹ndhom‹ caçL âw‹,

  VI cos = E cos  I 2r
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
I
‹ndh£L¤fis E ÅJ TWgL¤Jtj‹ _y«
1
I cos  I  I ' cos
1 1 C 2 2
E1 _y« bgU¡F«nghJ,
E I cos  E I  I ' cos
1 1 1 1 C 2 2
P  I r  E I  E I cos
2 '
1 1 1 1 C 1 2 2
= Ãiyahf jhÄu ïH¥ò + ïU«ò ïH¥ò+ Jiz¢R

‰W¡F kh‰w¥g£L âw‹,
‹a¡F iria I 2 ÅJ TWgL¤âdhš,
SE cos   I r  E cos(180∘     )
2 2 2 2 j 2
I 2 _y« bgU¡F«nghJ,
SE I cos   I 2 r  E I cos(180∘     )
2 2 2 2 2 j 2 2
10
3
Ãiyaf¤âš,
SE I ' cos   I 'r '  E ' I ' cos(180∘     )
1 2 2 2 2 j 2 2
1 S  E1I2 'cos 2 bfh©L ïUg¡fK« nr®¡F«nghJ,

E I 'cos  I 2r ' E '
2'cos 180    1 S  E 'cos
∘
2 1 2
1 2 2 1
I  I
j
Jiz¢R‰W¡F âwid kh‰W«nghJ,
P2  RHÈm‹ jhu ïH¥ò + eGî âw‹+ ïa¿âu¤âw‹ btËpL
fh‰W ïiLbtËm‹ P2 Vw¡Fiwa kh¿ÈahF«. ïH¥òfis
âw‹
òw¡fÂ¡F«nghJ eGîâwid Ó®gL¤Jtj‹_y« mšyJ eGî
mâ®bt©Âš ïU¡F« ‹dG¤j« E j _yK« ïa¿âu¤âw‹
btËp£iLí« eGt¤ijí« ntWgL¤JtJ rh¤âakhF«.
3.7.1 »uhk® f£L¥ghL

Ãiyahd »uhk® ïa¡» nH tiugL¤âš fh£L¥g£LasJ. m¿j
R‰whdJ _‹Wf£L iLnahL ïiz¥ò miyâU¤â k‰W« _‹Wf£L
khWâirah¡» k‰W« ‹kh‰¿ ciLajhF«. RHÈm‹ btËpLhdJ
eGîmâ®bt©Âš ïU¡F« mjid ‹mik¥ã‹ mâ®bt©Q¡F
kh‰¿aik¡»wJ khWâirah¡»mš Jo¥ãid  2    v‹w nfhz¤âš
.

bfhL¡f¥gL»wJ. ‹dG¤j kâ¥ò Fiwthf ïU¥gjhš ‹kh‰¿ia
ga‹gL¤J»‹nwh«.
gL« 30 »uhk® f£L¥ghL
Ãiyaf« k‰W« RHÈm‹ ‹dG¤j ïH¥òfis òw¡fÂ¡F«nghJ

miy âU¤âm‹ btËpL ‹dG¤j«,
10
4
3 6 sV
V  .
d1
 n
10
5
n  Ãiyaf¤â‰F« RHÈ¡F« ïiL¥g£L RUafË‹ »j«
khWâirah¡»m‹ btËp£L ‹dG¤j«,
Vd 2  3 6 V
 . cos
m
m  _y¤â‹ g¡f¤â‰F« kh‰¿m‹ g¡f¤â‰F« cas ‹kh‰¿m‹
RUafË‹ »j« " " kâ¥ò 

2 k‰W«  ïiLn ïU¡F«nghJ Vd1
a
MdJ "Ve" Mf ïU¡F« Vd 2 MdJ "Ve" Mf ïU¡F«.
nghJ,
Vd1 Vd 2  0
Mfnt ïj‹_y« âw‹ X£L¤ij ïUâirmY« gha¢brm»wJ.

bga msyhd ö©Lš ‹ndhomš ï«Kiwmid ga‹gL¤â
ntf¤ij eGîâw‹ Å£ã‹ _y« f£L¥gL¤J»‹nwh«.
10
6
UNIT- IV
4. ‹ ïa¡»fË‹ bjhL¤f it¥git k‰W« f£L¥gh£L mik¥òfa
4.1 ne®Ä‹ndh£L ‹ ïa¡»fis bjhL¤f it¥git
4.1.1 ‹dG¤j cz

ïiLkh‰Lfa _y« ne®‹ndh£L ‹
ïa¡»fis Mu«ã¤jš
vâ® ‹a¡Fir k‰W« ntfkhdJ, bjhL®ò mik¥òfa

ïa¤Ftj‰F cjbrm»wJ. ï¿j¤ bjhL®ò mik¥òfa Mu«g
‹jiLia go¥goahf Fiw¥gj‰F« mšyJ (ÃW¤j) brmtj‰F«
ga‹gL»wJ. vâ® ‹a¡Fir ntf¢brmiffis V‰gL¤â¤
jU»wJ. gL« 4.1MdJ r¡â k‰W« f£Lgh£L mik¥òfa _y«
ne®‹âir ïiz ïa¡» (DC Shunt Motor) v›tifmš ntf¤ij¡
bfh©L Mu«ã¡f¥gL»wJ v‹gij s¡F»wJ.
gL« 4.1 ‹dG¤j cz ïiLkh‰Lfa _y« ne®‹ndh£L

‹ïa¡»fis Mu«ã¤jš
Mu«g mG¤j¥bgh¤jh‹ mG¤j¥gL«nghJ, ïiLkh‰L (Relay)

M MdJ brašbg‰W bjhL®ò mik¥ig _oL»wJ. ‹
‘M’
ïa¡»ahdJ R1,R2 k‰W« R3 ‹jiLfSL‹ ïa¤f¤ bjhL§F»wJ.
‹dG¤j« mâf¡F«nghJ ‹df¤â‹ (Armature) ‹ndh£L
kâ¥ò Fiw»wJ. Mu«g ‹ndh£L¤â‹ Fiw¿jmsit (I2)
beU¤»aîL‹, ïiLkh‰L 1AR‹ ‹dG¤j msî
VIA  Cw1  I2 (Ra  R1  R2  R3 )
10
7
tiu mâfÇ¡»wJ. Mu«g ¢RUa (Coil) 1A
r¡â bg‰wîL‹, 1A bjhL®ò mik¥ig (Contactor) _oÉL»wJ.
10
8
j‰rka« R1 ‹jiL (Short Circuit) M»wJ. cLdoahf,
‹ndh£L« mj‹f ca®¿jmsit miL¿J ã‹ mj‹
Fiw¿jmsthd I 2 it miL»wJ. ïiLkh‰L 2AR ‹dG¤j¤ij
bgW«nghJ mj‹kâ¥ò V2 A  Cw2  I2 (Ra  R2  tiu mâfÇ¡»wJ.
R3 )
j‰nghJ R2 vD« ‹jiLmšyhkš ‹jiLia Fiw¤J ïšyhkš
brmJL»wJ.
ïnjngh‹W ïiLkh‰L 3AR ‹dG¤j¤ij bgW«nghJ,

mj‹kâ¥ò V3A  Cw3  I3 (Ra  R3 MF«nghJ R3 vD« ‹jiL
)
ïšyhkš ‹jiLia Fiw¤J ïšyhkš brmJÉL»wJ. ï›tifmš,
‹dG¤j cz ïiLkh‰L _ykhf ‹ndh£L ‹ ïa¡»fis
bjhL§f it¡fKoí«.
4.1.2 ‹ndh£L cz ïiLkh‰Lfa _y« ne®‹ndh£L ‹
ïa¡»fis Mu«ã¡F«Kiw
gL« 4.2. ‹ndh£L cz ïiLkh‰Lfa _y« ne®‹ndh£L ‹

ïa¡»fis Mu«ã¡F«Kiw
ne®‹ndh£L ïa¡»fis Mu«ã¡F«nghJ, ‹ndh£LkhdJ
mj‹ mâf k‰W« Fiw¿j msîfS¡»iLna khWgL»wJ.
ï¿j khWghLhdJ njitahdgo msîfa, gSjh¤F« âw‹ k‰W«
KW¡F
irkh‰w« M»at‰iw bghW¤J mikí«. ïj‹ mo¥giLahdJ
Mu«g Ãiy ‹jiLahdJ go¥goahf Fiw¡f¥g£L, ïWâmš
‹jiL ïšyh Ãiy¡F bfh©LtUjš MF«.
‹df¤â‹ ‹ndh£LkhdJ Fiw¿j ms‰F tU«nghJ,
ïiLkh‰L brašg£L xU F¿¥ã£L gFâ ‹jiLia
Fiw¤JÉL»wJ. Mu«g¡f£L¤âš, ‹df¤â‹ ‹ndh£L«
10
9
mâfsit miL¿jîL‹ Fiwa Mu«ã¡»wJ. ï¿j ca®¿j ‹ndh£L
kâ¥ãš, ï¿j F¿¥ã£L KW¡FÉir ïiLkh‰L bjhL®òfa
âw¡f¥g£L ÉL»wJ. Fiw¿jsî ‹ndh£L Ãiym‹nghJ, ï¿j
11
0
KW¡Fir ïiLkh‰L, Mu«g ‹jiLm‹ F¿¥ã£L¥ gFâia
Fiw¤J, ïšyhkš brmJL»wJ.
1RMdJ ïiLmš ó£L« ïiLkh‰L (Interlocking Reply) MF«.

ïj‹ brašgL« neukhdJ KW¡Fir ïiLkh‰L brašgL«
neu¤ij L mâfsš ïU¡F«. bjhL®òfa 1A, 2A, 3AMdJ R1, R2, R3
M»a ‹jiLfis nk‰f©LthW tir¥go ‹jiLia Fiw¤J
ïšyhkš brmJL»wJ.
4.1.3 neu ïiLÃiy ïiLkh‰L _y« ne®‹ndh£L ‹ ïa¡»fis

Mu«ã¤jš
ï¿jtif Mu«ã¡F« Kiwmš ne®‹ndh£L ïa¿âu¤fa

ïa¡f¥gL«nghJ mâfg£r Mu«g ‹jiL nkh£Lh® ‹dfKL‹
ïiz¡f¥g£L XL¤Jt¤F»wJ. m›thW ïiz¡f¥g£L Mu«gÃiy
‹jiLahdJ neu ïiLÃi ïiLkh‰LfË‹ cjíL‹ F¿¥ã£L
y
fhy ïiLbtËfËš go¥goahf Fiw¡f¥g£L fiLámš KGtJkhf
Mu«gÃiy ‹jiLahdJ ‹df¤âÈU¿J KGtJkhf Ú¡f¥g£L
ïa¡»fa brašgL¤j¥gL»wJ. ïj‹ brašghLfa mid¤J« gL«
4.3š fh£L¥g£LasJ. ï¿j tifahd neu brašgL¤âfa ‹r¡â
bg‰wîL‹ cLdoahf brašbgW»wJ, Mdhš L¡f¥gL«nghJ,
xU F¿¥ã£L neu ïiLbtËmš brašgL¤j¥gL»wJ.
gL« 4.3 neu ïiLÃiy ïiLkh‰L _y« ne®‹ndh£L ‹

ïa¡»fis Mu«ã¤jš
1AR, 2AR k‰W« 3ARMdJ ÉL¡f¥gL« (Off Delay Timers) nghJ
neuïiLbtËíL‹ brašgL« neuïiLkh‰Lfa MF«.
KjÈš Mu«g¥bgh¤jh‹ (START) mG¤j¥gLtj‰F K‹ò,

neu ïiLkh‰L (Timer) 1AR V‰fdnt r¡âbg‰w Ãiymš ïU¡F«.
mj‹ bjhL®òfa 1A, 2A k‰W« 3A âw¿jÃiymš ïU¡F«.
11
1
Mu«g mG¤j¥bgh¤jhid mG¤J«nghJ, mj‹ RUa M
r¡âbgW« Ãiymš, mj‹ neukh‰¿ 1ARMdJ r¡â ïH¡»wJ.
ïa¡»ahdJ j‰nghJ KG ‹jiLíL‹ ïa¤F»wJ. bjhL®ò 1AR
MdJ F¿¥ã£L neu ïiLbtË t¿jîL‹ braÈH¿J ÉL»wJ.
RUa 1AMdJ r¡âbg‰W, bghJthf âw¿jÃiymš ïU¡F«
bjhL®ò 1AMdJ _oL»wJ. bjhL®¿J neukh‰¿ 2ARMdJ r¡â
ïH¿JÉL«. bjhL®ò 2ARMdJ F¿¥ã£L neu ïiLbtË miL¿jîL‹
braÈH¿J ÉL»wJ. m¿j¢ rka¤âš RUa 2AMdJ brašbg‰W
mj‹ bjhL®ò 2Ait _oÉL»wJ.
j‰rka« neukh‰¿ 3AR r¡âmH¿J, bjhL®ò 3Ait _oÉL»wJ.
Mifahš Mu«g ‹jiLahdJ go¥goahf Fiw¡f¥gL»wJ. ï¿j
neu¤âš ‹ ïa¡»fË‹ ntf« k‰W« ‹ndh£L« M»ait fz¡»š
vL¤J bfhas¥gLtâšiy.
‹aš neukh‰¿fa (Electronic Timers) j‰rka« j‹¢irahf

ïa¤F« ïa¡»fË‹ f£L¥gh£o‰F Mu«gÃiyfËš
ga‹gL¤j¥gL»‹wd. ï¿j neukh‰¿fa áy áW‹JË
(Milliseconds) - mÈU¿J áy ‹JËfa tiu bgw¥gL»‹wd
4.2 khWâir ‹ndh£L ‹ ïa¡»fis ïa¡F« Kiwfa
bghJthf bjhÊ‰rhiyfËš ga‹gL¤j¥gL« ïa¡»fËš ö©L

‹ïa¿âu¤fa (Induction Motor) mâfsš ga‹gL¤j¥gL»‹wd.
ï¿j ‹ïa¿âu¤fË‹ RHY« gFâmš (Rotor) ‹ndh£L« (emf)
cUth», R‰W«nghJ xU ‹fh¿j¤ ö©Liy c©Lh¡» ÉL»wJ.
ï¿j¤ ö©L‹ ïa¡»fË‹ Ãiyaf« (Stator) KG
‹dG¤j¤ij mË¡F«nghJ mj‹ Ãiyaf« RHyhkš
Ã‹w Ãiymny ïU¡F«. ïjdhš Ãiyaf¤â‹ RUshdJ (Rotor
Winding)
xU ‹kh‰¿m‹ bjhL®ò brma¥g£L ïu©Lh«gFâia (Transformer
Short Circuited Secondary) ngh‹W mikí«. ïjdhš Ãiyaf¤âš
bršY« ‹ndh£L«, bghJthf bršY« ‹ndh£L¤ijL 4 mšyJ 6
kL§F mâf« ïU¡F«. ïa¡»ahdJ RHy¤ Jt¤»aîL‹
Ãiyaf¤âYas ‹ndh£L« á¿Já¿jhf Fiw¿J xU F¿¥ã£L
‹ndh£L ms‰F t¿JnrU«.
4.2.1 RHY«gFâ ‹jiL
_y« tisa ö©L‹ ïa¿âu¤fa
f£L¥gL¤jš
eGtÉL« tisa¤ (Slip Ring) ö©L ‹ ïa¿âu¤fis

RHY«gFâ ‹jiL _y« bjhL¤f neu ïiLbtË k‰W« myîv©
cz ïiLkh‰Lfa brašgL¤j¥gL»‹wd.
11
2
4.2.1.1 neu ïiLbtË ïiLkh‰L _y« bjhL¤Fgit
neu ïiLbt ïiLkh‰L _y« ö©L‹ ïa¿âu¤fis

Ë
bjhL¤f it¥gj‰fhd gL« 4.4š fh£L¥g£LasJ. ïj‹ Mu«g¤âš
brašgLhj ïiLbtË neukh‰L (Off Reply Timers) 1TR, 2TR k‰W« 3TR
mid¤J« r¡âbg‰W«, RUafa 1A, 2A, 3A k‰W« MMdJ
brašbgwhj ÃiymY« ïU¡F«.
gL« 4.4. neuïiLbtË ïiLkh‰L Kiwmš Mu«ã¤jš

Mu«g Ãiy¥bgh¤jhid mG¤âaîL‹, RUa MMdJ r¡â
bgW»wJ. mj‹ bjhL®òfa _L¥g£LîL‹, RHyhgFâ¡F
MMdJ
‹ndh£LkhdJ brY¤j¥gL»wJ. ïa¡»ahdJ RHyhgFâm‹ KG
‹jiLíL‹ ïa¡f¥gL»wJ. Mu«g Ãiy¥bgh¤jh‹ f£L¥ghLhdJ
v¥bghGJ« âw¿j (Normally Open) bjhL®ò cas M _y«
brma¥gL»wJ. ïnjneu¤âš k‰w ïiLkh‰L mik¥òfS¡F« r¡â
tH§F»wJ. j‰nghJ v¥nghJ« _oaÃiymš (Normally Closed) bjhL®ò
cas MMdJ âw¿jÃiy¡F tU»wJ. neukh‰¿, ITR xU F¿¥ã£L
neu ïiLbtËmš r¡âia ïH¡»wJ. RUa 1A r¡â bgW«nghJ mJ
RHY« gFâmš cas 1A bjhL®òfis _oÉL»wJ.
k‰bwhU gFâmš, neukh‰¿mš cas 1A bjhL®ò mnjneu¤âš
âw¡f¥gL»wJ. neukh‰¿ 2TR F¿¥ã£L neu ïiLbtËmš
braÈH¡F« nghJ, RUa 2A brašbg‰W, RHY« gFâmYas bjhL®ò
11
3
2Ait _oÉL»wJ. 3TR‹ F¿¥ã£L neu¤â‰F ã‹d®, RHY«
gFâmYas bjhL®ò 3A _L¥gL»wJ. ï¿jtifmš jh‹ Mu«gÃiy
11
4
‹jiLfa RHY« gFâmš go¥goahf neuïiLbtË kh‰Lfa _y«
Fiw¡f¥gL»wJ.
4.2.1.2 myî v© (Frequency) cz ïiLkh‰L Kiwmš Mu«ã¤jš
myîv© cz ïiLkh‰L Kiwmš eGtL« tisa

ö©L‹ ïa¡»m‹ tiugL« 4.5š fh£L¥g£LasJ.
gL« 4.5. myî v© (Frequency) cz ïiLkh‰L Kiwmš

Mu«ã¤jš
Mu«g¥bgh¤jh‹ mG¤j¥g£LîL‹, bjhL®ò M r¡âbg‰W

bghJthf âw¿âU¡F« „M’ bjhL®ig_o, ïa¡»ia Mu«ã¤JÉL»wJ.
ïu©L ‘M bjhL®òfa (bghJthf âw¿jÃiymš ïU¥git)
’
Mu«g¥bgh¤jhid L¤jîL‹ jiLbrm»wJ. ïjDL‹ mj‹
K¡»a ïiLkh‰L mik¥òfis r¡âbgw¢ brm»wJ.
RHY« mik¥ã‹ ntf« mâf¡F«nghJ, mjDiLa ‹dG¤j«
k‰W« myîv© Fiw»wJ. RHY« mik¥ã‹ xUF¿¥ã£L
ntf¤âš, mj‹ KjyhtJ myîv© ïiLkh‰L ‘IFR’
braÈH¡»wJ, mj‹ bjhL®ò ‘1FR’ _oL»wJ. ïj‹ _ykhf
bjhL®ò 1A r¡â bg‰W, mj‹ KjyhtJ RHY« ‹jiLia
Fiw¤JÉL»wJ.
mj‰F mL¤jgoahf ïu©LhtJ ïiLkh‰L braš

myîv©
ïH¿J mj‹ bjhL®ò 2FR _oL»wJ. ïJ ïiLkh‰L 2A brašbgw
cjî»wJ. bjhL®¢áahf, ïj‹ bjhL®òfa 2AMdJ RHY«
gFâmYas ïu©Lh« f£L ‹jiLia Fiw¤JÉL»wJ.
11
5
ï¿jKiw bjhL®¿J eiLbg‰W, fiLá RHY« mik¥ãYas
‹jiL Fiwí«tiu brašgL»wJ. v¿jbthU jUz¤âY«, ïa¡»
11
6
XL«ÃiymY« TL, ÃW¤j¥bgh¤jhid mG¤J«nghJ, RUa ‘M’
MdJ r¡âmH¿J, ïa¡»¡F tU« ‹r¡âia ÃW¤âÉL»wJ.
4.3.1 ntfkh‰¿íL‹ (Speed Reversal) neuoahf ïa¡f (Direct on
line) cjîgit
neuoahf ö©L‹ ïa¡»fis ïa¡Ftj‰F« mj‹ ntf¤â‹
âiria kh‰Wtj‰fhd mik¥ò« gL« 4.6š fh£L¥g£LasJ.
ïa¡»ahdJ fofhu¢ R‰Wâirmš ïa¤f ‘FOR’ bgh¤jid mG¤j
nt©L«. ïjDiLa bjhL®òfa ‘F’MdJ r¡âbg‰W ö©L‹
ïa¡»ia fofhu¢ R‰Wâirmš R‰W»wJ.
gL« 4.6. ntf kh‰¿íL‹ (Speed Reversal) neuoahf ïa¡f (Direct on

Line) cjîgit
ïj‹ vâ®âirmš ïa¡f« njit¥gL«nghJ ‘REV’

bgh¤jhid mG¤jnt©L«. ïjDiLa bjhL®òfa ‘R’MdJ r¡âbg
‰W ö©L‹ ïa¡»ia vâ®âirmš R‰w¢brm»wJ. ïa¡»ia
ÃW¤Jtj‰F ÃW¤j¥ bgh¤jhid mG¤jnt©L«.
4.3.2 jhÅa§» ‹ kh‰¿ _y« bjhL§Fgit

jha¤» ‹kh‰¿ _y« ö©L‹ ïa¡»fis
bjhL¤F«Kiw gL« 4.7š fh£L¥g£LasJ. bjhL®ò K2MdJ
bghJthd Mu«gÃiyahd U,V,W k‰W« neukh‰¿ (Timer) (T) k‰W«
Ãiyfh£L« (Indicating) s¡F M»at‰WL‹ neuoahf
ïiz¡f¥g£LasJ. ï¿j mik¥ghdJ 415V ‹dG¤jKas
khWâirías ‹mik¥òL‹ F1 k‰W« F2 vD« ‹fh¥ò vmiH _y«
ïiz¡f¥g£LasJ.
11
7
gL« 4.7. jhÅa§» ‹ kh‰¿ _y« bjhL§Fgit
bjhL¡f¥bgh¤jh‹ mG¤j¥gL«nghJ, neukh‰¿ (Timer) (T)MdJ

bghJthf _omU¡F« (NC), bjhL®ò ‘W’ _ykhf r¡â bgW»wJ. ï¿j
jha¤» ‹kh‰¿ahdJ (Star) Kiwmš ïiz¡f¥g£LasJ. ïj‹
brašghLfa bjhL®ò ‘V’ tÊahf ÃW¤j (off) ïiLbtË (Delay)
bghJthf _oaÃiymš ïU¡F« bjhL®òas neukh‰¿ (T) _y«
brašgL»wJ. ï¿j neukh‰¿ cLdoahf âw¥gJ« ãwF
‘T’MdJ
_LtJ«, K‹T£ona Koî brma¥g£L neuïiLbtË _y«
brma¥gL»wJ.
‘T’ vD« ÃW¤j ïiLbtË bjhL®ò ‘T’ _ykhf ‘V’ vD«
bjhL®ò
r¡â bgW»wJ. F¿¥ã£L fhy ã‹ neukh‰¿ ‘T’ _ykhf
ïiLbtË¡F
bjhL®ò ‘V’ r¡â ïH¡»wJ. bghJthf _oaÃiymš ïU¡F« bjhL®ò
‘V’
âw¡f¥gL«nghJ bjhL®ò ‘W’ r¡â bgW»wJ.
bjhL®ò ‘W’ bghJthf âw¿j k‰W« bghJthf _oa bjhL®òfa
Kiwna _Lî«, âw¡fî« brm»wJ. neukh‰¿ ‘T’ j‰bghGJ
r¡âmH¿J
L»wJ. Ãiyfh£L« s¡F j‰nghJ xË®»wJ. ï¿j ‘V’ k‰W« ‘W’
bjhL®òfa _oaÃiymš ïU¡F«nghJ jha¤» ‹kh‰¿mš ïU¿J
neuoahf ïa¤F« mik¥ã‰F kh‰w« brma¥gL»wJ.
11
8
bjhL¡f¥bgh¤jh‹ ‘W’ bjhL®ã‹ bghJthf âw¿âU¤jš, ‘U’
bjhL®ã‹ bghJthf _omU¤jš _y« jL¤J ÃW¤j¥gL»wJ.
bjhL®¿J ïa¡»¡ bfh©oU¡F« Ãiymš, ‘W‟ bjhL®ò r¡âbg
‰W«, Ãiyfh£L« És¡F xË®¿J bfh©oU¡F«.
11
9
UNIT - V
ïa¡F ‹ndhofË‹
bt¥gkhFjš k‰W« âw‹ braštu«ò
(HEATING AND POWER RATING OF DRIVE MOTORS)
5.1 Rik tiugL« k‰W« FRik bfhaâw‹ (Load diagram and
Overload Capacity) :
xU ‹ ïa¡» e«g¤jF¿j tifmš ïa¤fnt©Lbk‹whš
mj‰F rahd ‹ndhoia nj®î brmant©L«. bfhL¡f¥g£L
ga‹gh£o‰F rh¤âakhd cLdo FRikia bfh©L«, V‰f¤j¡f
bt¥gÃiy ca®it ga‹gL¤â bgw¥gL« Rik tiugL« _y« rahd
‹ndhoia f©L¿ayh«. xU ‹ ïa¡»m‹ âU¥òir ntWgh£iL
Rik tiugL« _y« m¿ayh«. ‹ ïa¡»m‹ ‹ndhoahdJ,
fhy¤ij¥ bghW¤J khWgL«, Rikm‹ âU¥òiria L mâfkhf
ïU¡fnt©L«. Rik tiugL« ïU tif¥gL«. x‹W Ãiymaš mšyJ
Ãjhdkhd Ãiymš bgw¥gLtJ k‰bwh‹W ïa¡fÃiymš
bgw¥gLtJ.
gSö¡»m‹ Rik tiugL« nH bfhL¡f¥g£LasJ t1 v‹w fhy
msš, Rikia ca®¤J« gÂ bjhL¤F»wJ. Rik kh¿Èahf
ïU¥gjhš, RH‰W¤âw‹ TL MdJ ‹ndhoia ÃW¤â ãokhd¤âš
jL¡f¥gL« fhykhd t2 tiu kh¿Èahf ïU¡F«. t2 Kjš t3 tiu Rik
bjh§fÉL¥gL»wJ.
TL
T
t1
t2 t3 t4
t
TL Ãiymaš cW¥ò
- ïa¡fÃiy cW¥ò gSö¡»m‹ Rik tiugl«
gL« -1 gSö¡»m‹ Rik tiugL«
„t2‟ Kjš „t3‟tiu ‹ndhomš v¿j Rikíšiy Vbd‹whš

mit ãokhd¤ij vâ®¤J ïU¡F« t3 Kjš ïw¡F« braš
Mu«gh»wJ. ï¥nghJ xnuâirmš brašgL« j©o‹ RH‰á
kh¿ajhš Rikm‹ âU¥ò ir¡F¿í« khW«.
12
0
‹ndhom‹ braštu«ò (Rating) v‹gJ
ÄFRikia bfh©L
fz¡»L¥gL»wJ. KGRik âU¥òÉirahdJ Tr vd¡ bfhanth«.

T max
Tr 

Tma 
ïa¡F fUÉ¡F njit¥gL« mâfg£r âU¥òÉir (Rik
x
tiugL¤ij Mjhukhf¡bfh©L bgw¥g£LJ)
  m¿neu¤â‰fhd ‹ndhom‹ RH‰W FRik bfhaâw‹.
m£Ltiz 1. bt›ntW tifahd ‹ndhom‹  kâ¥òfa
‹ndho tiffa  kâ¥ò

ne®âir bjhL® k‰W« T£L 3.5 – 4.0
RUa
‹ndhofa (gSö¡») 2.5
bghJ neh¡F ne®âir ‹ndhofa 2.3 – 3.4
mÂš T©L k‰W« eGîtisa
ö©Lš ‹ndhofa (gSö¡»)
1.7 – 2.7
bghJneh¡F mÂš T©L k
‰W« eGîtisa ö©Lš 2.0 – 2.7
‹ndofa x¤âirî ‹ndhofa
5.2 fh¥gh‹fa (Insulating Materials)
x›bthU ‹ndhom‹ braštu«ò¡F¤ jF¿jh‰nghš

fh¥gh‹fa tif mikant©L«. bt¥gkhFjš ngh‹wt‰¿‹
f©nzh£L¤âš gh®¡F«nghJ fh¥gh‹fËš V‰gL« bt¥gkhdJ
m¿j¿j tif¡fhd fh¥gh‹fË‹ mâfg£r bt¥g¤â‰F
c£g£L ïU¡fnt©L«.
‹ïa¿âu¤âš cgnah»¡f¥gL« fh¥gh‹fshdJ bt¥g

Ãiymaš j‹ikia bghW¤J mit VGtifahf ãÇ¡f¥g£L ÑnH
bfhL¡f¥g£Las m£Ltizmš F¿¥ãL¥g£LasJ. 35 bfh©L
NHš bt¥gÃiy¡F cUthF« mâfg£r bt¥gÃiyí« ÑnH
m£Ltizmš bfhL¡f¥g£LasJ. NHš bt¥gÃiy¡F
Fiwthf ïU¡F«nghJ, ‹ndhoahdJ mâfRikí« jh¤F«.
Mdhš RHš bt¥gÃiy¡F mâfkhf ïU¡F«nghJ ‹ndhom‹
12
1
Rik¡bfhassî ïašghd bfhassitÉL Fiwthf ïU¡F«.
12
2
m£Ltiz 2: fh¥gh‹fË‹ tif¥ghL
tif mâfg£r fh¥gh‹fshf ga‹gL« bghUa
bt¥gÃiy
Y 90C c£òF¤Jif (Impregnation) brma¥gLhj
gU¤â, g£L k‰W« fh»j« M»ait
jf®¡fhkš ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
A 105C Y tif bghU£fË‹ nkš, ó¢R brma¥g£L

mšyJ c£òF¤Jif (Impregnation)
brma¥g£L mšyJ âut dielectric- š
njhm¤J bgw¥gLtJ.
E 120C bra‰ifahd organic r›î.
B eh®f©zho, mãuf«, fšeh® M»ait

130C
organic ãiz¥òL‹.
F 155C eh®f©zho, mãuf«, fšeh® M»ait
bra‰ifahd ãiz¥òL‹
H 180C eh®f©zho, mãuf« k‰W« fšeh® M»ait
Silicone Resin ãiz¥òfSL‹
C 180C -¡F mãuf«, f©zho, Õ¤fh‹ k‰W« Quartz
nkš M»ait Inorganic Binder cL‹ mšyJ
mit ïšyhkš.
5.3 ‹ndhom‹ bt¥gkhFjš k‰W« FË%£Lš (Heating and

Cooling of Motors)
‹r¡âia ïa¿âur¡âahf kh‰W«nghJ ‹ndhomš ïH¥òfa
V‰gL¡TL«. mit bt¥gkhf cUthF«. ‹ndhoahdJ
Rikia ïa¡Ftj‰fhf cUth¡f¥gL« âU¥òirahš
‹ndhomš bt¥g« mâfkh»¡ bfh©oU¡F«. FË%£Lš
v‹gJ bt¥g« btËna‰W¤âwid bghW¤J ïU¡»wJ. fh‰W,
v©bzm k‰W« âL¥bghU£fis bfh©L FË%£Lš
brma¥gL»wJ. bt¥gca®thdJ bt¥gkhFjš k‰W« FË%£Liy
bghW¤J mik»wJ.
Ãjhdkhd Ãiymš, bt¥g¤jah¥ò«, bt¥g btËna‰wK« rkkhf
ïU¡F«nghJ ïWâ bt¥gca®î V‰gL»wJ. ‹ïa¿âukhdJ msthd
bt¥gca®‰F totik¡f¥gL»wJ. xU ‹ïa¿âu¤â‹ bjhL®
braštu«ghdJ ïWâ bt¥gca®î, fL¤âfis¡ fh¡f
12
3
ga‹gL¤j¥gL« fh¥gh‹fË‹ V‰W¡ bfhas¡Toa bt¥gca®î
kâ¥ã‰F rkkhfnth
12
4
mšyJ r‰W Fiwthfnth ïU¡F«nghJ cas braštu«ghF«.
xU ïa¿âukhdJ FRikmš btFneu¤â‰F c£gL«nghJ
ïWâ bt¥gca®thdJ mDkâ¡f¥g£L msÉ‰F mâfkhf
ïU¡F«.
Mifahš mit nrj¤ij c©Lh¡f¡TL«. fî« nkhrkhdÃiymš,
ïit cLdoahf fh¥gh‹fË‹ bt¥g¥gF¥ò¡F fhuzkhf mik¿J
‹ndhomš _LR‰W V‰gL tÊtif brm»wJ. _LR‰¿dhš
‹ndhom‹ ïa¡f« ghâ¡f¥gLtJ k£Lkšyhkš Ô¥ão¡F« thm¥ig
c©Lh¡F»wJ. Mdhš rhjhuzÃiymš cLdoahf fh¥gh‹fË‹
ju« r‰W Fiw¿J ã‰fhy¤âš V‰gL« Rik rhjhuzmsš V‰gh£Lhš
TL bt¥g¥gF¥ò V‰gL thm¥òasJ Mfnt fh¥gh‹fË‹ Míis
Fiw¡f neÇL«.
5.3.1 bt¥gnk‰W tisî (Heating Curve)
‹ïa¿âukhdJ xU go¤jhd bjhFâahf fUj¥gL»wJ. Mfnt
bt¥g« Óuhd »j¤âš ca®tJ k£Lkšyhkš mj‹ btËna‰wK«
bt¥g ca®it bghW¤J Óuhfmikí«. bt¥gca®î k‰W« neu¤â‰fhd
bjhL®ò mL¡F brašTwhf mikí«.
P cUthF« bt¥g«, J / sec or watts.
G ïa¿âu¤â‹ brašgFâ, kg
h j‹bt¥g«, J / kg / (specific heat)

C
2
 S FË%£L¥gL« btËgu¥ò ,m
  bt¥g btËna‰w¤â‹ »j«
  bt¥gca®î , C
m  ïWâÃiymaš bt¥g ca®î , C
 t neu« (sec)
  bt¥g_£L« neukh¿È (sec)
 ’ FË%£L« neukh¿È (sec)
xU ïa¿âu« ' ' vD« bt¥g ca®it 't v‹w neu¤â‰F ãwF
'
miL»wJ "dt v‹w neu¤âš cUthF« bt¥g ca®it p.dt vd¡
"
bfhanth«. nr¡f¥g£L bt¥gkhdJ Ghd v‹W« bt¥g
12
5
btËna‰w¤ij Sdt vd¡bfhanth«. bt¥g btËna‰wK«
nr¡f¥g£L bt¥gK« bkh¤jbt¥g« cUth»aj‰F rkkhF«.
12
6
Ghd  Sdt  pdt 1
( p  S)dt  G.h.d 2
dt d

Gh ( p  S)
3
S
dt
Gh d
S  4
 p
s
 
ïWâahd bt¥g¤ij miL¿jã‹ m¤nf c£»u»¤jY¡fhd bt¥g
‹ikahš cUth¡f¥gL« bt¥g« mid¤J« btËna‰w¥gL nt©L«.
p. dt  S  dt
m
m  p
s 5
p
m 
v‹gij 4« rk‹gh£oš kh‰¿ bjhF¥ò brmjš
s
dt d
 Gh  m  

s
s
 t  log (  )  C 6
m
Gh e
t = o k‰W«   1 v‹gJ Mu«g bt¥gca®î
O = - log e m  1  C

C  loge m 1 7
s
t  loge (m  )  loge (m  )
Gh 1
(m 1)
 log 8
(m  )
s  1
e t m
Gh m 
m    m 1 s

Gh t 9
e
12
7
s
  m  m 1 t 10
Gh
e
12
8
Gh
v‹gij ‹ndhom‹ bt¥gnk‰wš neu¤â‹ kh¿È.
s
Gh
s  
‹ndho NHš bt¥g Ãiymš Mu«ã¡F«nghJ, 1  0
t
     et 
  1e 
m 
 
m 
t= Mf ïU¥ã‹
   
  m 1 e1   m 1 1 ; 1  0.368
e e 
  0.632m
 v‹gJ ïWâ Ãiymaš kâ¥ãš 63.2% M»wJ.
0.632 θm
τ t
gL« -2 bt¥gkhFjš tisî
‹ndhom‹ bt¥g_£Lš neukh¿È v‹gJ ïWâ bt¥gca®š

0.632 kL§F bt¥g¤ij cUth¡F« neukhF« ïa¿âu¤âš ešy
fh‰nwh£L« ïU¡F«g£r¤âš neukh¿È Fiwthf ïU¡F«  v‹gJ 

¡F jiyœ »j rkdhf ïU¡F«. Mfnt fh‰nwh£Lkhd 10-20 kw
braštu«òas ïa¿âu¤âš  v‹gJ 25 ÃL¤fshf ïU¡F«. 500-
800kw ïa¿âu¤âš mit 2 Kjš 2.5 kÂneukhfî«, _L¥g£L bga
ïa¿âu¤fËš mit gy kÂneu« Kjš áyeh£fa tiu TL ïU¡F«.
Koyh neu¤â‰F ãwnf  v‹gJ ÃjhdkhdÃiyia miLí«
ss  vÅD« t 3 v‹D«ngh  ss
J
0.95
12
9
k ‰W« t 4
v‹D«nghJ  v‹whF«. eiLKiw¡FÇa Mmš xU
0.98ss
13
0
‹ndhoahdJ Ãjhdkhd bt¥gkiLí« neukhdJ 3 Kjš 4 Mf
ïU¡F«. âw¿jtif mÂš T©L ö©Lš ‹ndhom‹ kâ¥ò 11
Kjš 22 ÃL¤fshfî«, f£L R‰W, ö©Lš ‹ndhom‹  kâ¥ò 25
Kjš 90 ÃL¤fshfî« ïU¡F«.
5.3.2 FË®É¡F« tisî (Cooling Curve)

xU ïa¿âu¤ij ÃW¤â it¡F«nghJ« mšyJ m¿j
ïa¿âu¤â‹ Rikia Fiw¡F«nghJ« mit FË®¡f¥gL»wJ
Kjštifmš mit NHš bt¥gÃiy¡F FË®¡f¥gL»wJ.
ïu©LhtJtifmš mit Fiw¡F« Rik¡nf‰gî« mjdhš V
‰gL« ‹ua¤â‰F V‰g bt¥g« Fiwa neÇL»wJ.
ïa¿âu« ÃW¤â it¡F«nghJ bt¥g« cUthtâšiy Mifahš

‹ndhomš cas bt¥gkhdJ btËnaw¤ bjhL§F«.
S 'dt  Ghd  pdt  0

S 'dt  Ghd
Ghd
dt   S '
ïUg¡fK« bjhifpL brmí«nghJ,
Gh d
t
S '  
Gh
t ln 
k S'

When t  0, m
Gh
k ln
SGh m Gh
t  ln   lnm
S ' S '
Gh   m 
t  S ' ln  
 
S ' m
t  ln
Gh 
S ' (or)
e t
m
Gh 
S '
  e t
m Gh
13
1
Gh
 '  S ' Mifahš  ' v‹gij FË®¡F« neukh¿È vd¡
bfhanth«.
t
   me  '
t   Mf ïU¥ã‹
'
  0.368m
FË®¡F« neukh¿È v‹gJ xU ïa¿âu¤â‹ ïWâ bt¥gca®it

NHš bt¥gÃiy¡F 0.368 kL§fhf Fiw¡f njit¥gL« neukhF«.
bt¥gkhFjš tisî
FË®¤jš tisî
t
gL« -3 bt¥gkhFjš k‰W« FË®¤jš tisî
5.3.3 ÃjhdÃiy bt¥gca®î¡fhd Ô®khd«
(Determination of Steady-State Temperature rise)
ïWâahd ÃjhdÃiy bt¥gca®thdJ, bt¥g_£Lš tis‹
Mu«g¥gFâia¡ bfh©L, x›bthU ‹ eL¡F«
ïiLbtË¡F
t
bt¥gca®it fz¡»Ltj‹ _y« »iL¥gjhF«.
θss
Δθ3 Δθ3
θ
bt¥g Δθ2 Δθ2
ca®î θss
Δθ1
Δθ1
13
2
t1 t2 t3 t
gL« - 4 ÃjhdÃiy bt¥gca®î¡fhd Ô®khd¤â‹ tiugL«.
13
3
bt¥gca®thdJ
v‹D« kâ¥òfa go¥goahf caU«.

ne®nfh£oš mik¿j òaËfis ïiz¤J mit Ú£o¡f¥gL«nghJ
be£Lha m¢Rfis (ordinate axis) r¿â¡»‹wJ. mt‰¿‹ _y« Ãjhd
Ãiy bt¥gca®‹ kâ¥ig m¿ayh«.
5.4 ‹ ïa¡»fË‹ ïa¤F Ãiyikfa
bjhL® gÂ, bjhL®¢ámšyhj gÂ, FW»afhy¥ gÂ
(Service Conditions of Electric Drives)
xU ‹ndhom‹ kâ¥ig nj®¿bjL¥gJ bt¥gkh¡fÈ‹
neh¡f¤âÈU¿J« mit ïa¡f¥gL« njit¡fhd Ãiyikia¥
bghW¤J mikí«. eiLKiwmš fhyneu¤ij bghW¤J«, Rikm‹
j‹ikia bghW¤J« ‹ ïa¡» _‹Wtifahf ã¡f¥gL»‹wJ.
mitahtd
 bjhL® gÂ (Continous duty)
 bjhL®¢ámšyhj gÂ (Intermittent duty)
 FW»afhy¥ gÂ. (Short - time duty)
bjhL® gÂ
bjhL® gÂ v‹gJ nrit¡fhd Ãiyikia t¡F« brhšyhf
mik»wJ. mjhtJ ï¿jtif ‹ ïa¡»fa brašgL« fhyneukhdJ,
bt¥gca®î ÃjhdÃiy kâ¥ò¡F caU« ms‰F nghJkhdjhf
mikí« Rik ï§F khwhj msîiLajhf ïU¡fnt©L« v‹gâšiy.
gy fUfa khwhj RikíLD« brašgL« (v.fh.) fh‰nw‰¿fa, á¿fa,
fh‰wG¤âfa ngh‹witahF«. áy fUfa khW«Rikia bfh©Ljhf
mik»wJ. (v.fh.) ïa¿âu¡fUfa.
θ
θs
âw‹,
bt¥gca®î θ
neu«, t
gL« - 5 bjhL® gÂ
13
4
P P1
P2 P3
P4 P5
âw‹,
bt¥gca® îθs
t
neu«,
gL« - 6 khW« RikíiLa bjhL®¢á gÂ
FW»afhy¥ gÂ
FW»afhy¥ gÂ¡F ga‹gL¤j¥gL« ïa¿âu¤âš mit
brašgL« fhy¤âš bt¥gca®thdJ mj‹ ÃjhdÃiy
kâ¥ig miLtâšiy. nkY« mit brašgLhj fhykhdJ
mL¤jL¤j brašgL« fhy¤ij fh£oY« mâfkhf ïU¥gjhš
mit KGikahf FË®¡f¥gL»wJ. ca®¤â, gSö¡» k
‰W« gytifahd ïa¿âu¡fUfa ït‰¿‰F vL¤J¡fh£LhF«.
P,θ
θss
gL« - 7 FW»afhy¥ gÂ
FW»afhy¥ gÂ¡F V‰wh‰nghš áw¥òtif ‹ndhofa

jahÇ¡f¥gL»wJ. F¿¥ã£L Rikia¡ bfh©L mit F¿¤jneu¤â‰F
k£L« brašgL«. (v. fh) 6, 10, 15, 30, 90 k‰W« ÃÄL§fS¡F
120 brašgL«.
bjhL®¢ámšyhj gÂ
ï¿jtifmš, brašgL« fhy¤âš bt¥g¤ij ÃjhdÃiy¡F
ca®¤j KoahkY«, brašgLhj fhy¤âš mit ‹ndhoia FË®É¡f
13
5
KoahkY« nghFks‰F fhymsî Fiwthdjhf ïU¡F«. (v.fh.)
ca®¤â, ïa¿âu¡fUfa ngh‹wit.
P1 P2 P3
P,θ
θss
t1 tc1 t2 tc2 t
gL« - 8 bjhL®¢ámšyhj gÂ
ï¿jtifahd ïa¿âu¤â‰F mj‰F ïizahd bjhL®Rik
braštu«ò gÂm‹ fhuÂ_y« m¿ayh«.
top t1  t2 
gÂm‹ fhuÂ () 
  1 2   1 
 t t  t  t2c
 total c
t

t c  tc 1  tc 2 
tc  xU RH‰ám‹ bkh¤j FË®¡F« neu«.
bjhL®¢á ïšyhj gÂ¡fhf jah¡f¥gL« ‹ndhoahdJ
 kâ¥ò 0.15, 0.25 k‰W« 0.4 bfh©oU¡F«.
gÂ¢RH‰á,
t  (top  tc ) ÃL¤fS¡F nkš ïU¡fhJ.
.10
bjhL®¢ámšyhj gÂ bfh©L gSö¡»m‹  kâ¥ò 0.25Mf
ïU¡F«.
5.5 bjhÊyf¥ ga‹ghLfa

5.5.1 ‹ndhom‹ âw‹ bfhassî¤ nj®î (Selection of Motor
Power Capacity)
bjhL®gÂ khwhRikíL‹ (Continous Duty Constant Load)
ïa¡F ‹ndhom‹ bga®¥gyifmš F¿¥ã£L¤ âw‹
13
6
braštu«ò (Pnom), j©o‹ âw‹ (P0 ) I bghW¤J mikant©L«. fUÉ
k‰W« brY¤jš ïH¥òfis fz¡»š vL¤J¡bfh©Lhš mit,
13
7
Pom P0
 mt
m,t
M»ait ‹ndho k‰W« brY¤jš brašâw‹ vd¥gL«.
bgU«ghyhd ga‹gh£oš, braštu«ò Ã®kh¡f nHías

rk‹gh£iL¥ ga‹gL¤J»‹nwh«.
2 NT
P  60

T âU¥ò Éir (Nm)
N  ntf« (rpm)
 m &t
ca®¤â: (neuhd ïa¡f«)
F.
P  0.102 w

F Rikmdhš V‰gL« ir.
 ïa¡f¤â‹ âirntf«.
  brašâw‹.
‹ö¡»:
F
P  20.102 w

ir¡FHhm: (j©Ü® ïiw¡F« ïa¿âu«)
 HQ
P  0.102 w

 ïiw¡f¥gL« âut¤â‹ mL®¤â kg / m3 
H  FHhm‹ Kf¥ò (m)
Q FHhm‹ Ãnahf« (m3 / s)
 mt
13
8
Éá¿:
QH
P  0.102 w

Q  fh‰¿‹ msî (m3 / s)
H fh‰¿‹ mG¤j« (kg / m2)
cnyhf« bt£L§f¤âÇ:
F .
p  600.102 w

F bt£L¤f¤âm‹ ir
 bt£L¤f¤âm‹ âirntf«.
  fiLrš g£Liwm‹ brašâw‹.

5.5.2 bjhL® gÂ, khW« RikíL‹ (Continous Duty Variable Load)
ruhr ïH¥ã‹ _y« mšyJ rkkhd ‹ndh£L« âU¥òir

M»at‰iw Ô®kh¥gJ _y« ‹ndhom‹ braštu«ig
f©L¿ayh«.
5.5.3 ruhrÇ ïH¥ò Kiw (Method of Average Losses)
x›bthU ‹ndhoí« mj‰nf‰g ïH¥ò braštu«ò (Qnom )

bfh©oU¡F«, mjhtJ F¿¤j Rikm‹ _y« V‰gL« V‰W¡
bfhas¡Toa bt¥gca®î xU ‹ndhom‹ ruhr ïH¥ò Qav MdJ
(Qnom) ¡F rkkhf ïU¡fnt©L«. Qav  Mf ïU¥ã‹ ‹ndho
Qnom
iuš bt¥gkiLa¡TL«. mJnt Qav  Mf ïU¥ã‹ m¿j
Qnom
brašgh£o‰F nj®¿bjL¡f¥g£L ‹ndho fî« bgÇajhF«. Mfnt
m¿j ‹ndhom‹ braštu«ò Fiwa¡TL«. ruhrÇ ïH¥ghdJ
œtU« rk‹ghL _y« m¿ayh«.
Q1t1  Q2t2
Qa  t1  t2
rkkhd ‹ndh£LKiw (Equivalent Current Method)
‹ndhomš V‰gL« ïH¥ghdJ, khwhjïH¥ò k‰W«
13
9
‹ndh£L¤ij¥ bghW¤jikí« khW«ïH¥ò« ciLajhf ïU¡F«
khW«ïH¥ò Ieq2R v‹W F¿¥ãLyh«.
14
0
Qav  qconst  qvar  qconst  Ieq2R
Ieq 
2k
Ik t
 tk
k  ïiLbtË
nj®¿bjL¡f¥gL« ‹ndhom‹ braštu«ò ‹ndh£LkhdJ

ïizahd ‹ndh£L¤ij L mâfkhdjhf ïU¡fnt©L«.
5.5.4 rkkhd âU¥ò Éir Kiw (Equivalent Toque Method)
âU¥òirí« ‹ndh£LK« ne®jfš mik¿J ïU¥gjhf

bfhanth«. Mdhš mj‰F j©o‹ âU¥òir ‹fh¿j âU¥òir
rkkhf ïU¥gjhfî« fh¿j¥gha« k‰W« âw‹fhuÂ
kh¿Èahfî« bfhas nt©L«. âU¥òÉiria ÑnHías rk‹ghL
_y« m¿ayh«.
Teq 
kIk2 t 
 tk
nj®¿bjL¡f¥gL« ‹ndhom‹ braštu«ò âU¥òir
ïizahd âU¥òÉiria ÉL mâfkhf ïU¡fnt©L«.
5.5.5 rkkhd âw‹Kiw (Equivalent Power Method)
ï«KiwahdJ khwhjntf¤âš k‰W« khW«ntf¤âš brašgL¡

Toa ‹ndhom‹ braštu«ig¡ f©L¿a cjî»wJ. P T .
Mdhš   kh¿Èahf
ïU¡fnt©L«.
 Pk21tk
Peq 
t k
ï§F ntfkhdJ kh¿Èahfî«, Mu«ã¡F« neuK«
ntf¤jiL V‰gL¤J« neuK« m‰wjhf bfhasnt©L«.
Mdhš Mu«gneuK«, ntf¤jiL¡fhd neuK« ïU¥ã‹ mj

‰F nHías rk‹gh£iL ga‹gL¤jnt©L«.
t br P2 op
Pst2 tst P2 br t op
Peq 
st tst  top  brtbr  c tc
14
1
'

c 

14
2
tst  Mu«g neu«
tbr  ntf¤jiL
neu« top  brašgL«
neu« tc  FË®É¡F«
neu«
st , br , c  Mu«g ntf¤jiL k‰W« FË®¡F« fhuÂ

Tst
Top
N,T
âU¥ò
Éir T
ntf«, N
tst top tbr tc

t
Tbr
gL« -9 Rik tis‹ bt›ntW gFâm‹ ntf kh‰w¤fa
Rik tis‹ bt›ntW gFâm‹ ntfkh‰w¤fa

RikahdJ neu¤ij¥ bghW¤J neuhf khWgLtjhf¡ bfhanth«
h2 h
h
h
h1
14
3
t T 0 T
gL« 10.a
gL« 10.b
14
4
RikahdJ neu¤ij¥ bghW¤J khWtjhf¡ bfh©Lhš, (a) Mu«g
kâ¥òL‹ (b) Mu«g kâ¥ò RÊahf¡
bfh©Lhš
P2 11P P22  P2
Peq 
3
áw¥ò Ãfœî¡TW vš
P1  0
P2
Peq 
3
FW»afhy¥ gÂ bfh©L ‹ndhom‹ âw‹ braštu«ò
Px 1
P o  
1e t
m
W const W ïU«ò ïH¥ò

 
W variable W jhÄu ïH¥ò
T neu«
 bt¥g_£Lš neukh¿È
Pom  âw‹ braštu«ò
bjhL®¢ámšyhj gÂ bfh©L ‹ndhom‹ âw‹ braštu«ò
 t1  t2
 
1 1 e. e
'
Px  
Pom t1
1 e 
t1 brašgL« neu«  bt¥g_£Lš ne kh¿È
t2 brašgLhj neu«  ' FË®¤jš neukh¿È
14
5
dh¡fa:
1. ‹ndhom‹ mdšneu kh¿È 45 ÃL¤fa ‹ndhoahdJ

bjhL®¿J KGRikmš brašgLtjhš mj‹ ïWâ
∘
bt¥gca®thdJ 80 c M»wJ.
(a) ‹ndho bjhL®¢áahf brašgLkhm‹ 1kÂ neu¤â‰F

ã‹ bt¥gca®‹ kâ¥ò v›tsî ïU¡F«.
(b) braštu«ã‹ bt¥gca®î 80∘ c Mf ïU¥ã‹ mâfg£r
Ãjhd Ãiy. bt¥gca®‹ braštu«ig¡ f©L¿f.
(c) 1 kÂneu« brašgL« ‹ndho 50∘ c Kjš 80∘ c Mf
bt¥gca®î V‰gL v›tsîneu« njit v‹gij¡ f©L¿f.
ÉiL:
a)
 45 ÃL¤fa
m  80∘ c
t  1 kÂ neu« = 30 ÃL¤fa.
 tt 
bt¥gca®î,   m 1e
  

60 
 80 1e 45
 
∘
 58.91 c
b)  80∘ c,t 1, m ?
 60 
80 m 1 e 45 

 
 
m 108.636 ∘ c
c) 0  50∘ c, 80∘ c,m 108.64

 m(1 et )  t
e 0
80
50et
108.64108.64et
t

58.64e  28.64
ïUg¡fK« Natural log vL¤jhš

et 0.4884
t  0.7166

t  0.716645
t = 32.247 ÃL¤fa
14
6
2. xU ‹ndho 30 ÃL¤fa KGRikmš brašg£Ljhš mj‹
bt¥g Ãiy 55∘ c Mfî«, 60 ÃL¤fa mnj RikíL‹
brašg£Ljhš 70∘ c bt¥gÃiy Mfî« mâf¤JasJ. NHš
bt¥gÃiyahdJ 30∘ c vd vL¤J¡ bfhanth«. ÑnH
nf£f¥g£Last‰iw¡ f©L¿f.
(a) ïWâ bt¥gca®î

(b) bt¥g_£Lš neukh¿È
(c) ‹ndho brašgL¤ bjhL¤»aîL‹ v›tsîneu¤âš bt¥g
ÃiyahdJ ïWâ ÃjhdÃiy kâ¥ò¡F 56 Mf mâfÇ¡F«
v‹gij¡ f©L¿f.
ÉiL: 0  30∘ c ,1 55∘ c,2  70∘ c
(a) ïWâ bt¥gca®î
Mu«g¢NHš bt¥gÃiy, 0  30∘ c
30 ÃÄL§fS¡F ãwF, bt¥gÃiy 
55∘ c
t1  30, 1  5530  25∘ c
60 ÃÄL§fS¡F ãwF,  700 c
bt¥gÃiy
2  70 55 15∘ c
t  30 ÃL¤fa.
B 70°
(-15, 55) Δθ2

C
55
(-25, 30)
Δθ 1
A
Δt1 Δt2
gL« -12
AC ‹ rk‹ghL
y  y1 x 
 x1 x2
y2  y1  x1
y 30 x  25

5530 15 25
y 30 x 
25 25 10
14
7
y (x  25)2.530
14
8
nfhLfa k‰W« be£Lha m¢Rfa (Ordinate Axis) r¿â¡F«nghJ Ãjhd
Ãiy bt¥g¤ij¥ bgwyh«.
when x  0 y m
m  (252.5) 30  62.530
m  92.5∘ c
(b) bt¥g neukh¿È

t t
  (1  ) e 
em
t  30 ÃL¤fa ;  55∘ c
t t
55 m (1e  )30e 
t t
55  92.5 (1e  ) 30e 
30 30
55  92.5 (1e  ) 30e  1
t  60 ÃL¤fa;  70∘c
60 60
70  92.5(1e ) 30e 2
 ‹ kâ¥ig m¿a  ‹ kâ¥ig nkny bfhL¡f¥g£Las rk‹ghL

1 mšyJ 2 š gjäL brmant©L«.
55 92.562.5e30
62.5e30  37.5
e30  0.6
ïUg¡fK« Natural logarithm vL¤jhš
30 ln0.6 0.5108


  58.728 ÃL¤fa
(c) ïWâ Ãjhd kâ¥ã 56 Mf njit¥gL« neu«
‰F
e t t
0
 m t t
(1 ) 
  5 m  92.5  77.08
5
6 6
77.08  92.592.5ct 30et
62.5et 15.41667
et  0.2466
t

1.3997
t 1.399758.728
t 82.202 ÃL¤fa
14
9
3. Ru¤f¤fS¡F ga‹gL« ïa¡F ‹ndhoahdJ œ
bfhL¡f¥g£Las RikRH‰á¡F brašgL»wJ.
 10 ÃÄL§fS¡F 40 kw
 5 ÃL¤fS¡F Rikmšyhkš
 10 ÃÄL§fS¡F 20 kw
 5 ÃL¤fS¡F Rikïšyhkš
ï¿j¢ braY¡fhd rahd braštu«òiLa ‹ndhoia kâ¥ã£L

nj®î brmf.
rkkhd âw‹Kiw Peq   Pk t k

2
 tk
      
402 10  02 5  202 10  02 5
Peq 

10  5 10  5
 20000
30
 25.82kw
Peq  25.82kw
4. xU ‹ndho khWgL« Rikm‹ âU¥òir¡F

c£gL¤j¥gL»wJ mt‰¿‹ tu« nHtUkhW.
20 ÃÄL§fS¡F 240 Nm
‹ndhom‹ ntf« 720 rpm Mf ïU¥ã‹ ‹ndhom‹ âw‹

braštu«ig¡ f©L¿f.
ÉiL: T2t
Teq   kk
 tk

240 2
     
 20  7402 10  3002 10  2002  20 
20 10 10  20
Teq  225.39 Nm
2 NT 2
P  720225.39 60 60
P 16.994kw
15
0
5. Ãy¡f¢ Ru¤f¤âš brašgL« xU ïa¡f ‹ndhoahdJ ÑnH
bfhL¡f¥g£Las g©ãašòfS¡F c£g£L Rik¡nf
‰g brašgL»wJ.
a) KL¡F neu¤âš, âwdhdJ ÓuhdKiwmš RÊmš

ïU¿J mâfg£rkhf 2000 kw ¡F 20 dhofËš ca®»wJ.
b) KGntf¡ fhy¤âš 40 ÉdhofS¡F 1000 kw š
brašgL»wJ
c) xL¡fneukhdJ 10 dhofa Å£Lh¡f jL¥ã‹nghJ
(Regenerative Braking) âwdhdJ 330kwš ïU¿J RÊahf
Fiw»wJ.
d) 20 dhofa brašgLhkš ïU¡»wJ. rahd ‹ndhom‹
braštu«ig¡ f©L¿f.
 pk 2tk 
peq 
tk
 20002 20 10002 40

3  33023 10 
Peq 
20  40 10  20
=863kw
6. xU mÂš T©L ö©Lš ‹ndho 50 kw; 3 , 440v, 50 Hz k‰W«

ntfKiLaJ.
1440rpm khwhïH¥ò, khW«ïH¥ò¡F 1:3 v‹w
ne®jf‹ kâ¥ò ciLajhf ïU¡»wJ mj‹ braštu«ò
bt¥gca®î 55∘ c k‰W« mj‹ bt¥g_£Lš neukh¿È k‰W«
FË®¤jš neukh¿È 40 ÃL¤fa k‰W« 60 ÃL¤fa vd
Kiwna mik¿JasJ.
a) miukÂ neu braštu«ò
b) bjhL®¢ámšyhj braštu«ò mjhtJ miukÂ neu¤â‰F
RikíL‹ brašgL»wJ ãwF miukÂ neu« brašgLhkš
it¡f¥gL»wJ.
ÉiL:
a) miu kÂneu braštu«ò

PX
 1 1 et
Pnom
1
  ; 0.33 t  30
ÃÄL«;   40
3
PX 1 0.333
  0.333  74.06kw
P
15
1
X
50 30
1 e 40
15
2
b) bjhL®¢ámšyhj braštu«ò
t1 t2
PX ( 1)(1 e  .e  )   '
PNom  t
1 e 
(0.333 1)1 e30 40.e3060
PX
 1 et   0.333
50
PX  501.212
 60.608kw
15
3

Electrical Drive

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Electrical Drive

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UNIT – I

1.1 ‹ ïa¡»fË‹ mo¥giL¡ fhuz¤fa

c‰g¤â bjhÊ‰rhiyfËš gšntW ïa¿âu¤fis ïa¡Ftj

1.1.1 ‹ ïa¡»fË‹ ga‹fa

1.2 ‹ ïa¡»fË‹ tiffa

ïa¿âu ‹ ïa¡»fshdJ _‹Wtifahf ã¡f¥g£L casJ.

1.2.1 T£L ïa¡»fa

T£L ïa¡»fshdJ xU j¥g£L ‹ndho bfh©LJ. ïâš

1.2.2 j¥g£L ïa¡»fa

ï¿j gy‹ndho ïa¡»fËš, gyju¥g£L ‹ndhofa xU

1.2 ‹ ïa¡»fa nj®¿bjL¡f¥gL« j¤fa

‹ ïa¡»fa nj®¿bjL¡f¥gL« jkhdJ gyju¥g£L

f£L¥gh£L mik¥ò f©fhÂ¥ò mik¥ò

1.4.1 ‹ndho tiffa

ne® ‹a¡f ‹ndho xU ‹kh‰¿m‹ _ykhf

_y« g L« 2 ne®âir ‹a¡f

_y« ‹kh‰¿ khWâir ‹da¡f gS

1.4.2 ‹kh‰¿ tiffa

(i) khWâirmÈU¿J ne®âir ‹kh‰¿

1.5.2 r¡âthm¿j mšyJ Ãiykh‰W« gS (Dynamic or Inertia Load)

gL« 5 r¡âthm¿j mšyJ Ãiykh‰W« gS

1.5.3 KW¡FÉir gS‹ tif¥ghLfa

1.6 eh‹F fhšgFâ ïa¡f tiugL« (Four Quadran Diagram)

gL« 6 eh‹F fhšgFâ ïa¡f tiugL«

1.7 f£L¥gh£L¢ R‰¿‹ cW¥òfa

‹ ïa¡»fË‹ f£L¥gh£L mik¥ãYas cW¥òfa mid¤J«

‹kh‰¿m‹ f£L¥gh£L¡F¤ njitahd Ãiykh‰¿fË‹

1. mG¤j¥bgh¤jh‹ Ãiykh‰¿ (Push Button Switch)

gL« - 7 mG¤j¥bgh¤jh‹ Ãiykh‰¿

i. FW»aneu¤ bjhL®òtif mG¤j¥bgh¤jh‹ (Momentary

ii. j¡fit¡F« bjhL®ò mik¥ò (Maintained Contact Type)

iii. gyju¥g£L bjhL®ò mik¥ò (Multiple Contact Type)

2. nj®îbrmí« Ãiykh‰¿ (Selector Switch)

gL« 9 nj®îbrmí« Ãiykh‰¿

3. msL« Ãiykh‰¿ (Limit Switch)

gL« 10 msL« Ãiykh‰¿

ïJ ïa¿âu¤fËš »iLk£L¤âš ïa§Ftij f£L¥gL¤j¥

4. mG¤j Ãiykh‰¿ (Pressure Switch)

1. ïU cnyhf¤j©L tot bt¥gÃiykh‰¿ (Bimetallic Strip

1. r¤»È¤ bjhL®tif jit Ãiykh‰¿ (Chain Type Float

1.7.2 ‹fh¥ò vmiH (Fuse)

gL« 11. ‹fh¥ò vmiH

gL« 12 ‹fh¥ò vmiHm‹ neu ‹ndh£L áw¥ãašò

1.7.3 ‹fh¥ò vmiH Ãiykh‰¿ mik¥ò (Fuse Switch Unit)

1. Ãiyahd ‹fh¥ò vmiH

‹ ïa¡»m‹ r¡âR‰W k‰W« f£L¥gh£L R‰Wfis bfh©L

1.7.4 m¢Rtot R‰WK¿¥gh‹ (Moulded Case Circuit

Óuhd k‰W« bkJthd kh‰w¤fË‹ fhuzkhf m¢Rtot R

ï¿j m¢Rtot R‰WK¿¥gh‹, ‹R‰¿š f mâfgS

fh¿j bt¥gcz®¤âahdJ ïU cnyhfmik¥ã‹ (Bimetals) _ykhf

1.7.5 bjhL®ò mik¥òfa (CONTACTORS)

bjhL®ò mik¥ò v‹gJ ‹ndhofË‹ f£L¥ghL R‰WfËš

bjhL®ò mik¥ã‹ tiffa

1. ‹f«ã¢ RUa cUis bjhL®ò mik¥ò (Solenoid Type

gL«16š bjhL®ò mik¥ò k‰W« bjhL®òfË‹ F¿pLfa

2. E- eL¥gFâ ‹fh¿j bjhL®ò mik¥ò

‹fh¿j¤ij cUth¡Ftj‰fhf bk‹jf£L tothd

gL« 18 j£L«tot¤ bjhL®ò mik¥ãš cas eL¥gFâ (Core),

‹df« KGikahf _L«nghJ, RUaš efu¡Toa bjhL®ã‹

gL« 21 KL¡FÉir ‹ndh£L¤ bjhL®ò

ï¿j ïu©L RUafS«, ‹ ïa¡»fË‹ R‰W¡F bjhL®

1.7.6 ïiL kh‰L (RELAYS) fUfa

1.7.6.1 ‹fh¿j ïiLkh‰L fUfa

1.1 ‹ ïa¡»fË‹ mo¥giL¡ fhuz¤fa

1.1.1 ‹ ïa¡»fË‹ ga‹fa

1.2 ‹ ïa¡»fË‹ tiffa

ïa¿âu ‹ ïa¡»fshdJ _‹Wtifahf ã¡f¥g£L casJ.

T£L ïa¡»fshdJ xU j¥g£L ‹ndho bfh©LJ. ïâš

1.2.2 j¥g£L ïa¡»fa

ï¿j gy‹ndho ïa¡»fËš, gyju¥g£L ‹ndhofa xU

1.2 ‹ ïa¡»fa nj®¿bjL¡f¥gL« j¤fa

‹ ïa¡»fa nj®¿bjL¡f¥gL« jkhdJ gyju¥g£L

1.4.1 ‹ndho tiffa

ne® ‹a¡f ‹ndho xU ‹kh‰¿m‹ _ykhf

_y« g L« 2 ne®âir ‹a¡f

_y« ‹kh‰¿ khWâir ‹da¡f gS

1.4.2 ‹kh‰¿ tiffa

(i) khWâirmÈU¿J ne®âir ‹kh‰¿

1.5.3 KW¡FÉir gS‹ tif¥ghLfa

‹ ïa¡»fË‹ f£L¥gh£L mik¥ãYas cW¥òfa mid¤J«

‹kh‰¿m‹ f£L¥gh£L¡F¤ njitahd Ãiykh‰¿fË‹

3. msL« Ãiykh‰¿ (Limit Switch)

gL« 10 msL« Ãiykh‰¿

1. r¤»È¤ bjhL®tif jit Ãiykh‰¿ (Chain Type Float

1.7.2 ‹fh¥ò vmiH (Fuse)

gL« 11. ‹fh¥ò vmiH

gL« 12 ‹fh¥ò vmiHm‹ neu ‹ndh£L áw¥ãašò

1.7.3 ‹fh¥ò vmiH Ãiykh‰¿ mik¥ò (Fuse Switch Unit)

1. Ãiyahd ‹fh¥ò vmiH

‹ ïa¡»m‹ r¡âR‰W k‰W« f£L¥gh£L R‰Wfis bfh©L

ï¿j m¢Rtot R‰WK¿¥gh‹, ‹R‰¿š f mâfgS

bjhL®ò mik¥ò v‹gJ ‹ndhofË‹ f£L¥ghL R‰WfËš

1. ‹f«ã¢ RUa cUis bjhL®ò mik¥ò (Solenoid Type

2. E- eL¥gFâ ‹fh¿j bjhL®ò mik¥ò

‹fh¿j¤ij cUth¡Ftj‰fhf bk‹jf£L tothd

‹df« KGikahf _L«nghJ, RUaš efu¡Toa bjhL®ã‹

gL« 21 KL¡FÉir ‹ndh£L¤ bjhL®ò

ï¿j ïu©L RUafS«, ‹ ïa¡»fË‹ R‰W¡F bjhL®

1.7.6 ïiL kh‰L (RELAYS) fUfa

1.7.6.1 ‹fh¿j ïiLkh‰L fUfa

gL« 22 ‹fh¿j ïiLkh‰L fUÉ

1. ‹dG¤j ïiLkh‰Lfa (Voltage Relay)

xU F¿¥ã£L ‹dG¤j Ãiy¡F nkYas ‹r¡âia

ïa¤F« ‹dG¤j« (Pick Up Voltage)

‹dG¤j ïiLkh‰L MdJ v¿j ‹dG¤j¤â‰Fnkš r¡â

£LL« ‹dG¤j« (Dropout Voltage)

ïiLkh‰L ïa¤» bfh©oU¡F«nghJ ‹dG¤j« Fiwí«

2. bjhL®‹ndh£L ïiLkh‰Lfa (Series Type Current Relay)

‹RUË‹ tÊahf ‹ndh£L« brY¤j¥gL«nghJ mâf

£LL« ‹ndh£L« (Dropout Current)

khWg£L ‹ndh£L« (Differential Current)

gL« 25 myîv© ãuâgÈ¥ò ïiLkh‰Lfa

ï¿jtifmš ïu©Ljkhd RUafa casd. jhœ¥gha (Latch)

ïa¿âu¤ jhœ¥gha ïiLkh‰L

gL« 26 ïa¿âu¤ jhœ¥gha ïiLkh‰L

1.8 f£L¥gh£L ‹kh‰¿

mâf ‹ tH¤F« mik¥ãÈU¿J njitahdmsî Fiw¿j

gL« 28 f£L¥gh£L ‹kh‰¿

2.1 ne® ‹ndhofa (DC motors)

2.2 ne®‹ g¡f ‹ndho (Shunt Motor)

gL« 1 ne®‹ g¡f ‹ndho

2.3 ‹ndhom‹ ntf¤ij¡ f£L¥gL¤J« fhuÂfa

2.3.1ne®‹ g¡f ‹ndhom‹ ntf¡f£L¥ghL

(iii) ‹dG¤j¡ f£L¥gh£LKiw (Voltage Control Method)

ï¿jKiwahdJ Äfî« ÉÇthd (10:1) k‰W« f¤JšÈakhd

2.4 ne®‹ bjhL® ‹ndho (DC Series Motor)

ne®‹ bjhL® ‹ndhomš òy¢RUshdJ RHšRUS¡F

2.5 ne®‹ bjhL® ‹ndhomš áw¥òtiufa (DC Series Motor

âU¥òirahdJ RHšRUË‹ ‹ndh£L« k‰W«

ntfkhdJ vâ® ‹a¡F ir¡F ne®¤jfY«, fh¿j¥ gha¤â‰F

ntf« Fiwthf ïU¡F«. Mdhš I a ‹ kâ¥ò fî« á¿ajhf

2.6 ne®‹ bjhL® ‹ndhom‹ ntf¡f£L¥ghLfa

2. khWgL« ‹jiLia ‹ndho¡F bjhLuhf mik¤jš (

gL« - 8 khWgL« ‹jiLia ‹ndho¡F

Mfnt ntfkhdJ 2V v‹w kâ¥ã‰F ne®jfY« âU¥òirahdJ

âLÃiy¡ fUfa bfh©L ‹ ïa¡»fa âLÃiy ïa¡»fa

nkny bfhL¡f¥g£Las ‹dG¤j miygotkhdJ   0vš