Amnbo A{^àm¶ Am{U ~hþ‘mob gyMZm§Mo ñdmJV Amho.

g§nH©$ : publications@wotr.org

gmYZg§M : bmoH$m{^‘wI H$ma^mamÀ¶m {XeoZo....

J«m‘g^m Cng{‘˶m§À¶m H$m‘H$mOmgmR>r gmYZg§M

àVtMr g§»¶m : 500

àH$meH$ : dm°Q>aeoS> Am°J©Zm¶PoeZ Q´>ñQ> (dm°Q>a)

ghmæ¶ : O‘©Z EOÝgr ’$m°a Q>op³ZH$b H$mo-Am°naoeZ (OrQ>rPoS>)

‘m§S>Ur : ‘wÐm, 383 Zmam¶U noR>, nwUo 411 030

‘wÐU : Owb¡ 2009

ISBN : 978-81-86748-14-5
AZwH«$‘{UH$m

^mJ 1. {dH|$ÐrH$aU Am{U n§Mm¶V amO ì¶dñWm : EH$ Ñï>rjon 1

^mJ 2. J«m‘g^m Cng{‘˶m§À¶m H$m‘H$mOmgmR>r gmYZg§M

2(A) J«m‘ {ejU g{‘Vr 7
◆ AmoiI
◆ gmYZg§M 13
2(~) nmUr nwadR>m d ñdÀN>Vm g{‘Vr
◆ AmoiI 31
◆ gmYZg§M 38
2(H$) gm‘m{OH$ boImnarjU g{‘Vr
◆ AmoiI 69
◆ gmYZg§M 75
2(S>) ‘{hbm {dH$mg g{‘Vr
◆ AmoiI 95
◆ gmYZg§M 100

g§X^©gyMr 117
n[a{eï> 121
àñVmdZm
H$ma^mamMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU hm Joë`m H$mhr XeH$m§_Ü`o amï´>r`-Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda M{M©bm
OmUmam EH$ _hÎdmMm {df`Ÿ. "H$ma^mamMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU' `m g§H$ënZobm Am{U Ë`mg§X^m©V
AgUmè`m {d{dY _m§S>Ê`m§Zm "{dÎmr` {dH|$ÐrH$aU', "àemgH$s` {ZU©`à{H«$`oMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU',
"Am{W©H$ (~mOmaì`dñWoÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb) {dH|$ÐrH$aU' Am{U "amOH$s` {ZU©`à{H«$`oMo
{dH|$ÐrH$aU' Ago {d{dY n¡by Agbo Var, ^maVmÀ`m g§X^m©V amOH$s` {ZU©`à{H«$`oÀ`m
{dH|$ÐrH$aUmMr MMm© _moR>`m à_mUmda hmoV Agë`mMo AmT>iVo. ^maVm_Ü`o 73ì`m
KQ>ZmXwéñVrÛmao {dH|$ÐrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$`obm Iè`m AWm©Zo JVr {_iyZ n§Mm`V amO ì`dñWoÛmao
{dH|${ÐV amÁ`ì`dñWobm KQ>ZoMo A{Yð>mZ àmá Pmbo. `m_wio, amÁ`H$ma^mamVrb gh^mJ
hm ZmJarH$m§Mm h¸$ ~Zbm, Am{U {ZU©`à{H«$`o_Ü`o Amnbo _V Zm|XdÊ`mgmR>r ñWm{ZH$
ñVamda "J«m_g^o'À`m ñdê$nmV EH$ ghOgmono ì`mgnrR> {Z_m©U Pmbo.
_mÌ, KQ>ZoZo {Xbobo A{YH$ma ~OmdÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar H$m`Xoera à{H«$`m H|$Ð
Am{U amÁ`ñVamda, KQ>ZmXwéñVrZ§Va OdiOdi XrS> XeH$ CbQy>Z Joë`mZ§Vahr nyU©
Pmbobr Zmhr. `m_mJo BVa AZoH$ H$maUo Agbr Varhr J«m_n§Mm`VrÀ`m Am{U J«m_g^oÀ`m
ñVamda `mo½` "H$ma^maàUmbr' Mm (JìhZªg {gpñQ>åg²) Adb§~ Ho$bobm Zmhr, ho `m_mJrb
EH$ à_wI H$maU Amho. åhUyZM, KQ>ZoZo {Xbobo A{YH$ma ~OmdÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao
H$m`Xoera ~Xb hmoB©n`©§V dmQ> Z nmhVm, J«m_n§Mm`V Am{U J«m_g^m§ZrM H$ma^mamÀ`m
~m~VrV ñd`§àoaUm XmIdyZ bmoH$m{^_wI H$m_ H$amdo Agm EH$ {dMma AZm¡nMm[aH$
{bImU Am{U AemgH$s` g§ñWm§Zr Ho$boë`m H$m_mVyZ nwT>o Ambm. `m H$m_m_Ü`o J«m_g^m§Zr
Am{U J«m_n§Mm`VtZrM nwT>mH$ma KoVë`mg H$m`Xoera ~XbmÀ`m à{H«$`obm VimJmimVyZ
VmH$X {_iob Agohr _mZÊ`mV Ambo.
hmM {dMma nwT>o KoD$Z OmÊ`mMm EH$ gwédmVrMm à`ËZ åhUOo `m gmYZm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmo`.
n§Mm`V amO g§ñWm§ZrM JmdmMm H$ma^ma hmVr ¿`md`mMm Agob Va, Jmd-H$ma^mamgmR>r
EH$m gw`mo½` H$ma^maàUmbrMr JaO Amho, hr ~m~ AmVm ZdrZ am{hbobr Zmhr. Aer
H$ma^maàUmbr {dH${gV H$ê$Z àñWm{nV H$aUo hr dñVwV: EH$ {Za§Va MmbUmar à{H«$`m
Amho. VgoM, JmdnmVirdarb doJdoJio àíZ Am{U Ë`m àíZm§er OmoS>bobr {dH$mgmMr joÌo
(goŠQ>a) `m§Mm dñVw{Zð> nÕVrZo Aä`mg H$ê$Z {dH$mgmMo {ZU©` KoÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrMo
H$ma^maà{H«$`oer EH$ A{d^mÁ` ZmVo Amho. hr ~m~ S>mù
o `mg_moa R>Do $Z, JmdmVrb {ZU©`à{H«$`m
nmaXeu, Am{U gh^mJr ìhmdr Aem CÔoemZo hr gmYZo V`ma Ho$br AmhoV.
`m gmYZm§Mm Cn`moJ nmR>`nwñVH$mà_mUo Z H$aVm JmdmVrb {d{eï> àíZ/AS>MUr qH$dm
ñWm{ZH$ n[apñWVrÀ`m (J«mC§S> [aA°{bQ>r) g§X^m©V `mVrb nÕVr VnmgyZ nmhÿZ, ñWm{ZH$
g§ñWm/J«m_n§Mm`VtZr ZdrZ nÕVr {Z_m©U H$aUo Ano{jV Amho. Ë`mgmR>r `m gmYZm§_Yrb
nÕVt_mJrb gyÌ bjmV KoUo Cn`wº$ R>aob, `mgmR>r gmYZm§_Ü`o Amdí`H$ Vr bd{MH$Vm
(âbopŠP{~{bQ>r) Agmdr Agm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWm, emgZ, Am{U J«m_n§Mm`Vr
`m gmYZm§Mm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z Ë`mVrb nÕVr Am{U Ë`m_mJrb {dMma `m_Ü`o ^a KmbVrb
Aer Amem dmQ>Vo.
Am^ma

T>m|S~ma, Hw§$^mS>}, S>m|JaJmd Am{U Hw§$^mar `m Zm{gH Am{U OmcZm$ {OëømVrb Jmdm§_Yrb
bmoH§$, J«m_n§Mm`V gXñ` Am{U embo` H$_©Mmar `m gdmªMo Amåhr _Z:nyd©H$ Am^ma
_mZVmo. `m gdmªZrM gmYZg§MmÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_Ü`o {Xbobo `moJXmZ ~hw_mob Amho. ZmdrÝ`nyU©
à`moJ H$aÊ`mMr Ë`m§À`mVrb AmdS> Am{U JmdnmVirdarb H$ma^ma A{YH$m{YH$ narnyU©
Am{U bmoH$m{^_wI ìhmdm `mgmR>rMr Ë`m§Mr dMZ~ÕVm `m_wioM `m gmYZg§MmÀ`m
{Z{_©VrgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmam Aä`mg eŠ` Pmbm. Ë`mMà_mUo `m gmYZg§MmÀ`m
boIZmBVHo$M _hÎdnyU© `moJXmZ lr Wm°_g nS>Kb_b, (àH$ën joÌ g_Ýd`H$) `m§Zr
{Xbo Amho. gmYZo Jmdm_Ü`o àË`j dmnê$Z nmhÊ`mgmR>r VgoM bmoH$m§_Ü`o OmUrdOmJ¥Vr
Am{U CËgmh {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr KoVboë`m >H$ï>m§_wio gmYZg§Mm_Ü`o gwYmaUm
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Ñï>r {_imbr.

VgoM, dm°Q>a Am{U g§OrdZr `m g§ñWm§À`m H$m`©H$Ë`mªZr A{Ve` Aä`mgnyU© Aem gyMZm
Ho$ë`m Ë`m gd© H$m`©H$Ë`mªMo Am{U gXñ`m§Mo Am^ma. `m_Ü`o {deofV: gd©lr g§Xrn
OmYd, d§XZm nmQ>oH$a, JUoe amOmnwao, Am{U ho‘§V qnOU `m§Mm AmdOy©Z C„oI H$am`bm
hdm.

S>m°. _mg}bm {S>gyOm `m§Mo gmVË`nyU© àmoËgmhZ, _mJ©Xe©Z Am{U lr. {H«$pñnZmo bmo~mo `m§Mo
nmR>~i `mgmR>r _r Ë`m§Mr F$Ur Amho.

b{bVm Omoer
^mJ 1. {dH|$ÐrH$aU Am{U n§Mm`V amO ì`dñWm : EH$ Ñ{ï>jon
{dH|$ÐrH$aUmÀ`m g§H$ënZoMm CJ_ d AW©
gmYmaUnUo 1990 À`m gw_mamg "{dH|$ÐrH$aU' hr g§H$ënZm OmJ{VH$ nmVirda _hÎdmMr
_mZbr OmD$ bmJbr. H$ma^mamMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU Amdí`H$ Amho Ago _mZUmè`m§Mm EH$
à^mdembr JQ> OmJ{VH$ nmVirda CX`mg Ambm Am{U `m g§H$ënZoMm àgma H$ê$
bmJbm. `m_wio "{dH|$ÐrH$aU' Mm§Jbo H$s dmB©Q> `m~m~V EH$ Zdr MMm© Am§Vaamï´>r`
nmVirda N>oS>br OmD$ bmJbr. H$ma^mamÀ`m {dH|$ÐrH$aUmMr hr MMm© Am{U Ë`mÀ`m
{d{dY ~mOy g_OyZ KoÊ`mAmYr "{dH|$ÐrH$aU' hr g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoUo _hÎdmMo Amho.
XoemMm H$ma^mam_Ü`o, emgZmMr AWdm gaH$maMr Mma _hÎdmMr H$m_o AmhoV -
(A) {dH$mgmMr H$m_o (~) XoemMr ~mhoarb eÌy§nmgyZ VgoM A§VJ©V gwajm Am{U gwì`dñWm
(H$) Ý`m`XmZ Am{U (S>) BVa Xoem§er g§~§Y, Ago _mZë`mg Ago {XgVo H$s hr gd© H$m_o
EH$M gaH$ma H$aV Zmhr. åhUOoM gaH$ma doJdoJù`m nmVirda ApñVdmV AgVo (Ogo
H$s, H|$Ð-gaH$ma, amÁ` gaH$ma B.). AJXr daÀ`m nmVirdarb H|$ÐemgZmH$S>o darb
H$ma^mamVrb Mma H$m_m§n¡H$s XmoZ H$m_o - gwajm, Am§Vaamï´>r` g§~§Y EH$dQ>bobr AmhoV.
Ý`m`XmZ ho ñdV§Ì H$m_ Agbo Am{U H|$ÐmnmgyZ {OëhmnmVirda Ý`m`XmZmMr (Ý`m`mb`m§Mr)
ì`dñWm Agbr, Var Ë`mÀ`m H$ma^mamMm {ZU©`hr H|$Ð emgZmH$S>oM AgVmo. XoemÀ`m
{dH$mgmMo H$m_ _mÌ doJdoJù`m nmVirdarb gaH$mam§H$S>o {d^mJbobo Amho.
1
H|$Ð emgZm~amo~aM, amÁ` nmVirda "amÁ`-emgZ', {OëhmnmVirda "{Oëhm n[afX',
VmbwH$m nmVirda "n§Mm`V g{_Vr' Am{U JmdnmVirda "J«m_n§Mm`V' Ago doJdoJù`m
nmVirda emgZ H$m_ H$aVo. J«m_n§Mm`Vrà_mUoM eham_Ü`o, ehamÀ`m bmoH$g§»`oZwgma
_hmZJanm{bH$m, ZJanm{bH$m qH$dm ZJan[afX H$m_ H$aVo. J«m_n§Mm`V Am{U ZJanm{bH$m
d _hmZJanm{bH$m§Zm ñWm{ZH$ gaH$mao qH$dm "ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm' Ago åhUVmV.
Jmd/eha, VmbwH$m, {Oëhm, amÁ` Am{U Xoe (H|$Ð), `m doJdoJù`m nmVirda {dH$mgmMo
Am{U gwajoMo àíZ doJdoJù`m ñdê$nmMo Agë`m_wio, hr {d{dY nmVirdarb H$m_o nma
nmS>Ê`mgmR>r qH$dm `m nmVirdarb {dH$mgmMm H$ma^ma MmbdÊ`mgmR>r Aer {d{dY
nmVirdarb gaH$mao {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m {d{dY nmVirdarb gaH$mam§H$Sy>Z Ë`m§À`m
nmVirdarb H$ma^ma MmbdUo d {dH$mgmMo àíZ gmoS>dUo OmUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo. _mÌ
{OëhmnmVirdarb Am{U {deofV: JmdnmVirdarb emgZm_Ü`o Ago {dH$mgmMo H$m_
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m j_Vm, V§ÌkmZmMr g_O _mÌ ZìhVr. VgoM,
{OëhmnmVirda Am{U VmbwH$mnmVirda AgUmar `§ÌUm àË`j VimJimV OmD$Z H$m_
H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§»`oÀ`m Ñï>rZo nwaoer ZìhVr. åhUyZM ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm (`m§Zm n§Mm`V
amO g§ñWm Agohr åhUVmV) {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m Joë`m Varhr {dH$mgmMo {ZU©` KoÊ`mMr Am{U
`moOZm A§_bmV AmUÊ`mMr nadmZJr _mÌ `m ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§Zm ZìhVr. `mgmR>rM
emgZmZo {d{dY {dH$mg {d^mJ (H¥$fr, nmUrnwadR>m, gmd©Om{ZH$ ~m§YH$m_ B.) {Z_m©U
Ho$bo. `m {d^mJm§Zm ZmoH$aemhr Agohr åhQ>bo OmVo.
"{dH|$ÐrH$aU' åhUOo ImbÀ`m ñVamdaÀ`m gaH$mam§Zm {dH$mgmMo
{ZU©` KoÊ`mMr Am{U Ë`m {ZU©`m§À`m A§_b~OmdUrMr nadmZJr XoUo.
`mgmR>r H|$Ð emgZmZo ^maVmÀ`m amÁ`KQ>Zo_Ü`o XwéñVr Ho$br AgyZ
hr KQ>ZmXwéñVr "73 dr KQ>ZmXwéñVr' Am{U "74 dr KQ>ZmXwéñVr'
åhUyZ nar{MV Amho. `mn¡H$s 73 dr KQ>ZmXwéñVr hr J«m_n§Mm`VtZm
A{YH$ma XoÊ`mgmR>r Ho$br Jobobr KQ>ZmXwéñVr Va 74 dr KQ>ZmXwéñVr
hr _hmZJanm{bH$m Am{U ZJanm{bH$m§Zm A{YH$ma XoÊ`m~m~VMr
KQ>ZmXwéñVr åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVo.
{dH|$ÐrH$aUmMr JaO
{dH|$ÐrH$aUmMr JaO Zo_H$s H$m Amho qH$dm {dH|$ÐrH$aU Mm§Jbo AWdm dmB©Q> `m _wÔ`m§da
OmJ{VH$ nmVirda _moR>`m à_mUmda MMm© Pmbr d AOyZhr hmoVo Amho. VgoM, doJdoJù`m
nÕVrZo {dMma H$aUmè`m ì`º$s Am{U g§ñWm {dH|$ÐrH$aUmÀ`m ~mOyZo Am{U {damoYmV
Amnmnbr _Vo _m§S>V AgVmV, Ë`mda emoY{Z~§Y {b{hV AgVmV Am{U MMm©gÌohr KS>dV
AgVmV. Ago Agbo Varhr `m gd© MMmª_YyZ àñWm{nV Pmbobr _Vo åhUOo gdmªZrM
{dH|$ÐrH$aUmMr _m§S>bobr R>mog Amdí`H$Vm. `m_Ü`o, {dH|$ÐrH$aUmMr Amdí`H$Vm
g_OmdÊ`mgmR>r _m§S>bobr _Vo nwT>rbà_mUo :
(A) H|$ÐrH$aUm_wio, åhUOoM gd© _hÎdmMo A{YH$ma H|$Ð emgZmÀ`m hmVm_Ü`o EH$dQ>bo
Va {dH$mgmMr JVr _§X hmoVo Ago _m§S>bo OmVo. `mMo _hÎdmMo H$maU Ago H$s,
{dH$mg hm eodQ>r ñWm{ZH$ nmVirdaM KS>V Agë`m_wio {dH$mgmMo {ZU©` ñWm{ZH$
nmVirdarb àíZm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`m{edm` KoVm `oV Zmhr. `m à{H«$`oV doi OmVmo.
VgoM, Xwgao _hÎdmMo H$maU Ago H$s, àË`oH$ {ZU©` (CXmhaUmW© ~§Ymam ~m§Ym`Mm
H$s Zmhr?) KoÊ`mgmR>r Iyn {R>H$mUr Ë`m Ë`m{df`mMr \$mB©b {\$aVo d Ë`m_wio
2
{ZU©` KoÊ`mV doi OmVmo. åhUOoM {dH$mgmMo H$m_ _§X JVrZo hmoVo d H$m_mVrb
H$m`©j_Vm H$_r hmoVo.
(~) H|$ÐrH$aUm_wio ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§Mr _Vo d {ZU©`m§Zm _hÎd {_iV Zmhr Ago _mZUmam
EH$ à_wI àdmh Amho. {dH$mgmMo gmao _hÎdmMo {ZU©` _w§~B© (amÁ`mMr amOYmZr)
qH$dm {X„r Aem H|$Ðr` nmVirda KoVë`mg ñWm{ZH$ gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m JaOm,
àmYmÝ`H«$_, Amem-AmH$m§jm, d Ë`m§À`m _ZmVrb {dMma d `moOZm§Zm {dH$mgmÀ`m
AmamIS`m_Ü`o ñWmZ {_iV Zmhr. åhUyZM {dH$mgmMo {ZU©` KoÊ`mMo A{YH$ma
ñWm{ZH$ gaH$mam§Zm (åhUOoM _hmZJanm{bH$m, ZJanm{bH$m d J«m_n§Mm`Vr `m§Zm)
XoÊ`mV `mdoV Ago _mZbo Jobo.
{dH|$ÐrH$aU àË`jmV AmUÊ`mVrb AmìhmZo
73ì`m KQ>ZmXwéñVr_wio J«m_n§Mm`VtZm {dH$mgmMr H$m_o H$aÊ`mMo, VgoM Ë`mg§~§YrMo {ZU©`
KoÊ`mMo A{YH$ma {_imbo. na§Vw, Ago Pmbo Agbo Varhr JmdnmVirda JmdmÀ`m {dH$mgmMo
àíZ emoYÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmè`m AZoH$ àH$maÀ¶m j_Vm§Mm A^md Agë`mMo {XgVo. JmdmVrb
bmoH$m§Zm (J«m_g^obm) Oar {dH$mgmÀ`m àíZm§Mr OmU Agbr, Varhr Ë`mda Cnm`
emoYÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m j_Vm (CXm. V§ÌkmZmMr g_O) åhUmì`m Ë`m à_mUmV
{dH${gV Pmboë`m Zmhr. _mÌ `m j_Vm {dH${gV Z hmoÊ`m_Ü`o JmdH$è`m§Mm Am{U
J«m_n§Mm`VrMm g§nyU© Xmof Amho Ago åhUVm `oUma Zmhr. `mMr H$maUo AZoH$ AmhoV.
73dr KQ>ZmXwéñVr hmoD$Z 16 df} bmoQ>br Varhr JmdnmVirda J«m_n§Mm`VtZr JmdmMm
H$ma^ma Ano{jV JVrZo Am{U gj_nUo hmVr KoVbobm Zmhr. H$maU, 73 dr KQ>ZmXwéñVr
hr Ho$di amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m nmVirda ~amM H$mi am{hbr. KQ>ZmXwéñVr Pmë`mZ§Va amÁ`m§Zrhr
J«m_n§Mm`V d J«m_g^obm A{YH$ma XoÊ`mg§~§YrMo H$m`Xo d {Z`_ V`ma H$aÊ`mV ~amM
H$mi ì`VrV Ho$bm. Ë`mMà_mUo, J«m_n§Mm`Vr§Zr {dH$mgmMm H$ma^ma H$moUË`m nÕVtZr
hmH$mdm `mgmR>r H$m`©nÕVrhr {dH${gV Ho$br Zmhr. VgoM, J«m_n§Mm`VtZm {dH$mg{ZYr
hì`m Ë`m à_mUmV Z XoVm, gmVË`mZo {Oëhm d amÁ` nmVirdarb `moOZm§da Adb§~yZ
R>odÊ`mV Ambo. `m gmè`m àemgH$s` {ZU©`à{H«$`oVrb Imoi§ã`m_wio {dHo$§ÐrH$aU ho Ho$di
amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb ~Xb d H|$Ð/amÁ`gaH$mam§À`m H$m`ÚmÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rV AS>Hy$Z amhÿZ
J«m_n§Mm`Vtn`ªV nmoMbo Zmhr.
hr à{H«$`m J«m_n§Mm`Vtn`ªV Z nmoMë`mZo JmdñVamdarb H$m`©H$V}, {e{jV VéU Am{U
_w»`V: J«m_g^oMo gXñ` `m gmè`m KQ>H$m§Zm JmdmÀ`m {dH$mgmMm {dMma H$aÊ`mMr gd`M
bmJbr Zmhr. JmdmVrb bmoH$Ÿ (J«m_ñW) Ho$di ñdV:À`m Hw$Qw>§~mMm, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ AS>MUr,
AmOma-Amamo½`, eoVr, _OwarMo qH$dm CnOr{dHo$Mo àíZ `m_Ü`oM AS>Hy$Z am{hbo. JmdmÀ`m
{dH$mgmMr O~m~Xmar Ë`m§À`mda Z gmondë`m_wio JmdmÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m àíZm§Mr g_O
Ë`m§À`mV åhUmì`m Ë`m à_mUmV {Z_m©U Pmbr Zmhr. H$mhr {ZdS>H$ _§S>itZm JmdmÀ`m,
VmbwŠ`mÀ`m amOH$maUmV ag (B§Q´>oñQ>) Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr amOH$maUmMr g_O dmT>br,
_mÌ H$mhr AndmX dJiVm {dH$mgmÀ`m g_J« g_OonmgyZ Vo d§{MV am{hbo.
Ë`mMà_mUo emgZmZo AmOda {d{dY `moOZm§Ûmao bmoH$m§Zm "bm^' XoÊ`mMr ZrVr am~dbr.
`m_wio Amnë`m ñdV:À`m JaOm§Mm gm_y{hH$ ñVamda {dMma H$ê$Z àíZ gmoS>dÊ`mEodOr
"_m`~mn' gaH$mada gmÜ`m-gmÜ`m AS>MUtgmR>rhr Adb§~yZ amhÊ`mMr gd` J«m_ñWm§Zm
bmJbr, ho gË` JmdH$è`m§Zmhr ZmH$maVm `oUma Zmhr. Ë`m_wioM, "Amnë`m àíZm§Mm {dMmahr
gaH$maZo H$amdm' Am{U "Amnbo àíZ gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>rhr gaH$maZoM PQ>mdo' Aer _mZ{gH$Vm
{Z_m©U hmoD$Z {dH$mgmMr "Amg' Am{U "H$mg' hr emgZmMr O~m~Xmar ~Zbr.
`m gJù`m H$maUm§_i w o JmdñVamda JmdmÀ`m g_J« {dH$mgmMm {dMma, VgoM J«m_n§Mm`V
ñVamda H$m`©nÕVrhr éObr Zmhr. ^arg ^a åhUyZ J«m_n§Mm`VrH$S>o AË`§V VmoH$S`m
à_mUmV n¡go Amë`m_wi,o n¡emMo {Z`moOZ, H§$ÌmQ>Xmam§er H$ama, ~±H$o Mo ì`dhma d boImnarjU
Ago AZoH$ àH$maMo Am{W©H$ {Z`moOZ Am{U ì`mdhm[aH$ ~m~tMr J«m_n§Mm`V ñVamda
H$m`©nÕVr éObr Zmhr. åhUyZM J«m_n§Mm`Vr ñd`§nyU© Am{U gj_ hmoD$ eH$ë`m ZmhrV.
AmídmgH$ gwédmV
darb gmè`m AS>MUr Agë`m Varhr AmVm _mÌ YmoaUmË_H$ ñVamda AZoH$ Mm§Jë`m ~m~r
KS>Ê`mg gwédmV Pmbr Amho. {deofV: n§Mm`VamO ì`dñWm ~iH$Q> H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo
emgZmZo nmdbo CMbÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br AgyZ `m_Ü`o {OëhmñVamda ({Oëhm n[afX)
3
Am{U J«m_ñVamda (J«m_n§Mm`V) `moOZm§À`m A§_b~OmdUr_Ü`o doJdoJio ~Xb hmoV AmhoV.
amï´>r` J«m_rU amoOJma h_r `moOZm, h[a`mbr nmUbmoQ> joÌ {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_, g§`wº$ dZ
ì`dñWmnZ, X{bV dñVr gwYma `moOZm, {Z_©b J«m_ `moOZm, nm`dmQ>m, eoVrÀ`m {d{dY
`moOZm Aem doJdoJù`m `moOZm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr emgZmZo J«m_n§Mm`V ñVamda gmondbr
Amho. BVHo$M Zìho Va AmVm J«m_g^oÀ`m hmVr {ZU©`à{H«$`m gmondÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo d
JmdñVamdarb {ZU©`à{H«$`m bmoH$emhr nÕVrZo ìhmdr `mgmR>r "ObñdamÁ`' gma»`m
`moOZm hmVr KoVë`m OmD$ bmJë`m AmhoV.
`m gdmª_YyZ J«m_n§Mm`V Am{U J«m_g^oÀ`m gj_rH$aUmMr à{H«$`m nwT>o OmUo Ano{jV
Agbo Varhr Ho$di `moOZm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ hr à{H«$`m \$maer doJmZo nwT>o OmUma Zmhr.
`mgmR>r J«m_g^obm H|$ÐñWmZr R>oD$Z JmdnmVirdarb H$ma^mamMr KS>r ì`dpñWV ~gdUo
Amdí`H$ Amho. hr KS>r ~gdVmZm, JmdmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmam Aä`mg
H$aÊ`mMr, Aem Aä`mgm_Ü`o JmdmÀ`m gm_w{hH$ d Hw$Qw>§~nmVirdarb {dH$mgmÀ`m JaOm
Am{U JaOm§Zwgma {dH$mgmMo {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar H$m`©nÕVr `m gmè`m
~m~tMm A§V^m©d H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
gmYZm§Mr JaO
daÀ`m n[aÀN>Xo mV Z_yX Ho$ë`mà_mUo JmdnmVirda {d{dY {dH$mgmÀ`m H$m_m§gmR>r J«m_g^obm
H|$ÐñWmZr R>odyZ EH$m gw`mo½` H$m`©nÕVrMr KS>r ~gdm`Mr Agë`mg `mgmR>r Q>ßnmQ>ßß`mZo
H$m_ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Agob. `m H$m_mMr gwédmV åhUyZ JmdnmVirda A{Ve` _hÎdmÀ`m
AgUmè`m H$mhr {dH$mgmÀ`m {df`m§nmgyZ gwédmV H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
_mÌ, J«m_g^o_Ü`o _moR>`m g§»`oZo bmoH$gh^mJ Ano{jV Agë`mZo J«m_g^obm JmdmÀ`m
{dH$mgmg§~§YrÀ`m àË`oH$ ~marH$gmarH$ àíZm§Mm Am{U {ZU©`m§Mm gImob Aä`mg H$aUo
eŠ` hmoUma Zmhr. CbQ>njr ho H$m_ J«m_g^oÀ`mM Cng{_Ë`m§H$S>o gmondUo g§`w{º$H$ R>aob.
`mVrb _hÎdmMr ~m~ Aer H$s `m doJdoJù`m Cng{_Ë`m§Zm AmVm H$m`ÚmZohr _hÎdnyU©
ñWmZ {Xbo AgyZ, `m_wioM `m g{_Ë`m§ZrM J«m_g^mH|$Ðr {dH$mgmÀ`m H$ma^mamMr KS>r
~gdÊ`m_Ü`o gH«$s` ^y{_H$m {Z^mdUo Cn`wº$ R>ab o . `m g{_Ë`m§Mo d¡{eîQ>` åhUOo g{_Ë`m§Mo
gXñ` ho J«m_g^m gXñ`m§_YyZM {ZdS>bo OmVmV, VgoM gXñ`m§À`m {ZdS>r_Ü`o g_mOmVrb
gd© KQ>H$m§Zm g_mZ à{V{Z{YÎd {Xbo OmVo. åhUyZM `m g{_Ë`m§Zm J«m_g^oÀ`m Cng{_Ë`m
Ago åhUUo g§`{w º$H$ R>aVo Am{U J«m_g^og_moa AgUmè`m {dH$mgmÀ`m O~m~Xmè`m {df`mZwgma
dmQy>Z, Ë`mAZwf§JmZo {dH$mgmMr KS>r ~gdUo ho g{_Ë`m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ eŠ` hmoVo.
hr KS>r ~gdÊ`mMo H$m_ Oar H$mhr {ZdS>H$ {df`m§nmgyZ gwê$ H$am`Mo Agbo Varhr
g§~§{YV {df`m§À`m Aä`mgmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar gmYZo {dH${gV H$aUo Amdí`H$
Amho. hr gmYZo g{_Ë`m§À`m H$m_H$mOmgmR>r _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVrb Am{U g{_Ë`m§Zm g§~§{YV
{df`m_Ü`o (CXmŸ. nmUrnwadR>m, _{hbm {dH$mg B.) {dH$mgmMo AMyH$ {ZU©` KoÊ`mg
Cn`wº$ R>aVrb Agm hr gmYZo H$aÊ`m_mJo CÔoe Amho. hr gmYZo nWXeu ñVamda am~dÊ`mgmR>r
dm°Q>a g§ñWoZo hmVr KoVboë`m gd}jUm_YyZhr, "Jmdm§_Ü`o nydu ñWmnZ Pmboë` g{_Ë`m
`mo½` _mJ©Xe©Z Am{U H$m`©nÕVrA^mdr' H$m`©aV Zgë`mMo nwT>o Ambo AgyZ, Aem
g{_Ë`m§gmR>r hr gmYZo Cn`moJr R>amdrV Agmhr gXa gmYZo V`ma H$aÊ`m_mJrb hoVy Amho.
gmYZm§Mo {df`, AmdmH$m Am{U _`m©Xm
`m gmYZm§Ûmao JmdnmVirdarb {dH$mgmÀ`m à{H«$`obm EH$ AmH$ma {_imdm Aer Anojm
Amho. J«m_g^oÀ`m Cng{_Ë`m§Mo à{ejU, _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo Am{U Ë`m§Zm {dH$mgmÀ`m H$m`©H$« _m§Mo
{Z`moOZ, A§_b~OmdUr, A§_b~OmdUrdarb XoIaoI VgoM `moOZm MmbdUo Aem {d{dY
H$m_m§gmR>r gj_ H$aUo Agm `m gmYZm§_mJrb hoVy Amho. `m gmYZg§Mm_Ü`o Imbrb Mma
_hÎdmMo {df` hmVmibo AmhoV.
(A) {ejU
(~) nmUrnwadR>m Am{U gmd©Om{ZH$ ñdÀN>Vm
(H$>) gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU
(H$) _{hbm-gj_rH$aU
`m_Ü`o gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU hm hr EH$ _hÎdmMm {df` g_m{dï> Ho$bm AgyZ `mÛmao
ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§À`m gh^mJmÀ`m Ñï>rZo H$mhr _hÎdnyU© à{H«$`m gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU
4
g{_VrÛmao KS>dÊ`mda ^a {Xbm Amho. J«m_n§Mm`Vrgh BVa J«m_g^oÀ`m g{_Ë`m§À`m
H$m_H$mOm_Ü`o nmaX{e©Îd AmUUo Am{U Amdí`H$VoZwgma Ë`m§À`m H$m_H$mOm_Ü`o gh^mJr
hmoD$Z Ë`m§Zm J«m_g^oà{V Om~Xm`r H$aUo Ago Xwhoar C{Ôï> gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU g{_VrnwT>o
Amho. `mMà_mUo bmoH$m§Zr g{_Ë`m§À`m H$ma^mamà{V Xj AgUo Agohr `m_mJrb _hÎdmMo
C{ÔîQ> Amho.
darb {df`m§Mr {ZdS> H$m Ho$br ho _m§S>VmZmM, ho hr Z_yX H$aUo A{Ve` Amdí`H$
Amho H$s `m gmYZg§Mm_Ü`o AÞgwajm, Amamo½`, nmUbmoQ>joÌ {dH$mg, CnOr{dH$m-gwajm,
Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ, gm_m{`H$ _mbH$sÀ`m g§gmYZm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ `mgma»`m
_hÎdnyU© {df`m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bm Jobm Zmhr. hm gmYZg§M ~ZdUo Am{U g§MmÀ`m AmYmao
àË`j Jmdm_Ü`o {dH$mgmMo H$m_ KS>dyZ AmUUo ho àm`mo{JH$ VËdmda gwê$ Ho$bo Jobo.
VWm{n, Aem àH$maMo gmYZg§M BVa {df`m§gmR>r {dH${gV H$aUo Am{U Ë`m§Mm Cn`moJ
J«m_n§Mm`V, Cng{_Ë`m Am{U J«m_g^oÀ`m gj_rH$aUmgmR>r H$aÊ`mg Iyn dmd Amho.
Ago Agbo Varhr, `m gmYZm§Ûmao J«m_g^oÀ`m Mma _hÎdmÀ`m Cng{_Ë`m§Zm g§~§{YV
{df`m§_Yrb kmZ Am{U H$m`©nÕVtMo nmR>~i {_iyZ Ë`mAmYmao g§~§{YV {df`m§Mo H$m`©H«$_
AmIUo Am{U Ë`m§Mr A§§_b~OmdUr H$aUo gwH$a hmoB©b. hr gmYZo A{Ve` àmW{_H$
AdñWo_Ü`o Agbr Varhr, `m gmYZm§_Ü`o {dH$mgmH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm "Ñ{ï>H$moZ' Am{U {dH$mg
KS>dÊ`mMr "à{H«$`m' `m XmoÝhr Jmoï>tMm {_bm\$ gmYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo
`m gmYZm§Ûmao _hÎdmÀ`m {df`m§da ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§Mr _Vo, {dMma Am{U Ñ{ï>H$moZ nwT>o
AmUUo Am{U Ë`mMà_mUo {ZU©`à{H«$`o_Ü`o bmoH$m§Mm gh^mJ {_iob AemM nÕVrZo
gmYZm§Mr aMZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. VgoM `m gmYZm§_Ü`o AmIÊ`mV Amboë`m à{H«$`oVyZ
g§~§{YV {df`mMr g{_Vr Am{U J«m_g^m `m§Mr g_mZ g_O {Z_m©U hmoB©b Aer Anojm
Amho.
`m g§MmVrb gmYZm§_Ü`o JmdmV gd©gmYmaUnUo AmT>iUmè`m (g§~§{YV {df`mVrb)
AS>MUr Am{U àíZm§Mm T>mo~i_mZmZo {dMma Ho$bm Jobm Amho. åhUyZM `mVrb AS>MUr
àË`oH$ JmdmgmR>r OemÀ`m Vem bmJy R>aVrbM Ago Zmhr. VgoM, Á`m Jmdm_Ü`o `m
gmYZm§Mm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmB©b Ë`m JmdmÀ`m AS>MUtMm ñdV§ÌnUo {dMma Am{U Aä`mghr
H$aUo Ano{jV Amho. hm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r gXa gmYZm§_Ü`o Ho$di Aä`mgnÕVr (A) `moOZoÀ`m àJVrÀ`m àË`oH$ Q>ßß`mda nÕVera _m{hVr O_dUo
gwMdÊ`mV Ambr Amho. `m_wio `m gmYZm§Mm nmR>`nwñVH$mà_mUo dmna Z H$aVm, _mJ©Xe©H$ (~) A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r R>adÊ`mV Ambobr bú`o Am{U Ë`mg§~§YrMo CnH«$_ `mda {deof
gmYZo åhUyZ dmna H$aUo Ano{jV Amho. VgoM, gmYZmMm Cn`moJ àË`oH$ Hw$Qw>§~mMr {d{eï> ^a {Xbobm AgVmo
AS>MU g_OyZ KoD$Z Vr gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r {dH$mgmMo CnH«$_ (gm_y{hH$ Am{U d¡`{º$H$ (H$) XoIaoI R>odÊ`m_mJo, A§_b~OmdUrVrb Xmof AWdm CUrdm H$mT>Uo Agm hoVy ZgyZ
ñVamda) AmIÊ`mgmR>r H$aUo Ano{jV Amho. A§_b~OmdUrMm XOm© dmT>mdm Ago C{Ôï> AgVo.
darb à{H«$`m KS>dÊ`mgmR>r `m gmYZm§Mm Cn`moJ H$aVmZm EH$ Jmoï> bjmV R>odUo àH$ënmÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrMr O~m~Xmar nobUmè`m `§ÌUoda, A§_b~OmdUrÀ`m à{H«$`oda
Amdí`H$ Amho. `m gmYZm§_Ü`o H$mhr Vºo$ Am{U VŠË`m§_Yo ^amd`mMr _m{hVr H$er XoIaoI R>odÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar AgyZ `m_Ü`o {ZU©`à{H«$`oer g§~§{YV KQ>H$, VgoM Á`m
O_dmdr `m~Ôb _mJ©Xe©H$ gyMZm AmhoV. `m gyMZm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mg, àË`j gmYZm§Mm KQ>H$m§gmR>r H$m`©H«$_ am~dbm OmVmo Aem gd© KQ>H$m§Zm gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoUo Amdí`H$
dmna H$aUmè`m H$m`©H$Ë`mªZm AZoH$ doJdoJù`m H$ënZm gwMy eH$Vrb. VgoM, `m H$ënZm§À`m AgVo. VgoM, `m à{H«$`oVrb {ZarjUm§À`m AmYmao {Z_m©U Pmbobr g_O nwT>rb à{H«$`m
Am{U _mJ©Xe©H$ gyMZm§À`m AmYmao N>moQ>o Aä`mg AmIVm `oVrb. `m H$m_m_Ü`o EH$m gj_ à^mdrnUo am~dbr Omdr `mgmR>r dmnaUo Ano{jV AgVo.
gm_m{OH$ g§ñWoMr _XV KoUohr Ano{jV Amho. Aem JmdmV Ho$boë`m à`moJm§À`m Am{U
Aä`mgm§À`m AmYmao gmYZg§Mm_Ü`o ^a KmbyZ ñWm{ZH$ n[apñWVrer gwg§JV Aer gmYZo
{Z_m©U H$aUo eŠ` hmoB©b. `mVyZM JmdmVrb {dH$mgmÀ`m àíZm§Mm Aä`mg, Ë`mAmYmao
{ZpíMV Ho$boë`m JaOm, Am{U JaOm§er gwgJ§ V Aem `moOZm§Mr AmIUr - Aer H$m`©nÕVrMr
EH$ gmIir {Z_m©U hmoB©b.
`m{edm` `m gmYZm§_Ü`o "XoIaoI' qH$dm "XjVm' `m _wÔ`mdahr {deof ^a XoÊ`mV
Ambm Amho. J«m_rU ^mJm_Ü`o {dH$mgmMr H$m_o H$aÊ`m_Ü`o {H$aH$moi AndmX dJiVm
90% Vo 95% {dH$mg{ZYr hm emgH$s` `moOZm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ `oVmo. VgoM, hm {ZYrhr
gmVË`nyU© ZgVmo, åhUOoM àË`oH$ J«m_n§Mm`Vrbm Xadfu R>am{dH$ aH$_oMm {ZYr Z {_iVm
J«m_n§Mm`VrMo A§XmOnÌH$ ho g§nyU©nUo Ë`m JmdmgmR>r Xadfu _§Oya hmoUmè`m `moOZm§À`m
AmdmŠ`mda Adb§~yZ AgVo. åhUyZM `m `moOZm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr `mo½` arVrZo hmoUo ho
Ë`m JmdmgmR>r An[ahm`© AgVo. hr ~m~ bjmV R>oD$ZM, `moOZm§À`m A§_b~OmdUrda
J«m_g^oMo {Z`§ÌU AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
XoIaoI åhUOo EImÚm `moOZoMr A§_b~OmdUr, {Z`moOZmà_mUoM hmoVo Amho Zm?
`mMr ImÌr H$aUo. åhUyZM XoIaoIr_Ü`o gmVË` AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. VgoM, `moOZoÀ`m
A§_b~OmdUrMr àJVr, Ë`mVrb AS>MUr Am{U gÚpñWVr `m~m~VMr H$ënZm bmoH$m§Zm
XoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. XoIaoIr_Ü`o VrZ _hÎdmÀ`m Jmoï>r g_m{dï> AgVmV-

5
6
^mJ 2. J«m‘g^m Cng{‘˶m§À¶m H$m‘H$mOmgmR>r gmYZo
2(A) J«m_ {ejU g{_Vr
AmoiI
J«m_rU {ejUm~m~VÀ`m YmoaUmMr AmoiI
J«m_rU ^mJmVrb {ejUmg§~§YrMo emgZmMo YmoaU Joë`m H$mhr dfmª_Ü`o doJmZo ~XbV
Mmbbo Amho. dñVwV: ñdmV§Í`mZ§VaM "{ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU' ho {ejUjoÌm_Ü`o emgZmZo
YmoaUmË_H$ C{Ôï> åhUyZ ñdrH$mabo hmoVo. emgZmZo {ZpíMV Ho$boë`m YmoaUmË_H$ {ZX}em§Zwgma
XoemVrb gdmªZm _mo\$V Am{U gº$sMo {ejU {_iob Aer n[apñWVr ApñVËdmV AmUUo ho
Ü`oæ` Onbo Jobo. gZ² 2002 _Ü`o Ho$boë`m 86ì`m KQ>ZmXwéñVr_Ü`o KQ>ZoÀ`m H$b_ 21-
A, ^mJ 3 _Ü`o 6 Vo 14 d`moJQ>mVrb gd© _wbm§gmR>r _mo\$V Am{U gº$sMo {ejU hm
_yb^yV h¸$ Agë`mMr _mÝ`Vm {Xbr Jobr Amho. 1968, 1986 Am{U gwYm[aV 1992
`m VrÝhr YmoaUmË_H$ XñVmdoOm§_Ü`o amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb VÎdm§MmM gmVË`mZo nwZéƒma Ho$bm
Jobm Agë`mMo AmT>iVo. amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaU 1992 Zwgmahr _mo\$V, gº$sMo Am{U
XO}Xma {ejU XoUo ho YmoaUmË_H$ C{Ôï> Agë`mMo åhQ>bo Amho.
gwYm[aV YmoaUm_Yo {ejUmÀ`m gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUm{edm` BVa AZoH$ _wÔ`m§dahr ^a {Xbm
Amho. {deofV: {ejUmMm XOm© gwYmaÊ`mda ^a XoVmZmM Ë`m_Ü`o OrdZH$m¡eë`m§À`m
à{ejUmMmhr {deof C„oI AmT>iVmo. {ejUmÀ`m gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmMo C{Ôï> JmR>Ê`mgmR>r
YmoaUmZo d¡H$pënH$ {ejU, gd©g_mdoer {ejU, ñWm{ZH$ g_wXm`m§Zr {ejUà{H«$`oMr
O~m~Xmar ñdrH$maUo Aem AZoH$ _wÔ`m§da ^a {Xbm Amho. "gd© {ejm A{^`mZ' `m
7
emgZmZo ~amM JmOmdmOm H$ê$Z gwê$ Ho$boë`m EH$m _hÎdmÀ`m H$m`©H«$_m_Ü`ohr `m ~XbË`m
YmoaUmMo à{Vq~~ nS>bobo AmT>iVo. gd© {ejm A{^`mZ `m H$m`©H«$_mÛmao emgZmZo 6 Vo
14 d`moJQ>mVrb gd© _wbm§Zm Cn`wº$ Am{U XO}Xma àmW{_H$ {ejU XoÊ`mMo Ü`oæ` ~miJbo
AgyZ, Ë`mÛmao gZ² 2010 n`ªV {ejUmVrb gm_m{OH$, joÌr` Am{U qbJ^oXmVrb Xar
^ê$Z H$mT>Uo ho hr A{^`mZmMo _hÎdmMo Ü`oæ` Amho. `m_Ü`o {ejUjoÌm_Ü`o {dH|${ÐV
à{H«$`m Am{U ñWm{ZH$ g_wXm`m§Mo g§KQ>Z `mda gdm}ƒ ^a {Xbm Amho. gd© {ejm
A{^`mZmZo, àmW{_H$ {ejUmÀ`m ì`dñWo_Ü`o _yb^yV ~Xb Ho$bo AgyZ {ejUmMm àË`oH$
CnH«$_ Am{U gmo`rgw{dYm§gmR>r _moR`m à_mUmda {ZYrMr CnbãYVm ho hr gd© {ejm
A{^`mZmMo EH$ _hÎdmMo C{Ôï> Amho. `m_Ü`o {eî`d¥Î`m, {ejH$dJm©_Ü`o dmT>, d¡H$pënH$
{ejUmMr ì`dñWm, dJ©Imoë`m§Mo ~m§YH$m_, _mo\$V nwñVHo$ d JUdoe, `mgh XoI^mb-
XwéñVrMm IM©, à{ejUo Aem AZoH$ ~m~tgmR>r {ZYrMr VaVyX Ho$br Amho.
{dH|$ÐrH$aU Am{U g_wXm`-g§KQ>Z
1986 gmbr V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmZwgma àmW{_H$ {ejUm_Ü`o
ñWm{ZH$ g_wXm`m§Mm "J«m_ {ejU g{_Vr' À`m ñdê$nm_Ü`o WoQ> gh^mJ Ano{jV Amho.
1992 gmbr ~Zdboë`m H¥$Vr-H$m`©H«$_m_Ü`o {H$_mZ àË`oH$ _wbmbm gbJ AmR> df}
{ejU {_imdo `mgmR>r gyú_ {Z`moOZ H$aUo Ano{jV AgyZ `m {Z`moOZm_Ü`o _wbmbm
(_wbmÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~mbm) eŠ` Agob Aem {R>H$mUr AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejU H|$Ð qH$dm Am¡nMm[aH$
emim§_YyZ {ejU {_iob Aer I~aXmar KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. `mÛmaoM "{Za§Va {ejUm'Mo
bú` gmÜ` hmoD$ eHo$b. `m~amo~aM 73 ì`m Am{U 74 ì`m KQ>ZmXwéñVrZo g_wXm`m§H$Sy>Z
àmW{_H$ {ejUmMo ì`dñWmnZ KS>dyZ AmUUo gwH$a Pmbo Amho. `m KQ>ZmXwéñVr_wio
n§Mm`V amO ì`dñWoVrb g§ñWm§Zm àmW{_H$ {ejUm_Ü`o _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m ~OmdÊ`mMr
g§Yr {_imbr Amho. `m g§ñWm§_Ü`o YmoaUmÝd`o AmVm AZwgy{MV OmVr, O_mVr Am{U
{ó`m§Zm _hÎdnyU© ñWmZ {_imbo Amho. VgoM JmdnmVirda, J«m_g^oMr EH$ _hÎdmMr
Cng{_Vr `m ZmË`mZo J«m_g^oÀ`m ì`mgnrR>mÛmao WoQ> ZmJarH$m§Zm `m_Ü`o gh^mJr hmoÊ`mMr
g§Yr {_imbr Amho. `m~amo~aM n§Mm`V amO g§ñWm§Zm gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Z, e¡j{UH$ {Z`moOZ
Am{U n`©dojU `m_Ü`o gh^mJr hmoUo eŠ` Pmbo AgyZ `mÛmao {ejUmÀ`m gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmMo
C{Ôï> JmR>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmV Amho. "gyú_ {Z`moOZ' Am{U "emim§Mo _yë`m§H$Z' `m
XmoZ ~m~r Zì`mZoM A_bmV AmUÊ`mÀ`m {ZU©`m_wio ñWm{ZH$ g_wXm` ho emim§À`m
A{YH$m{YH$ Odi `oV AgyZ àmW{_H$ {ejUmVrb àíZm§~m~V ñWm{ZH$ g_wXm`m§_Ü`o
OmJê$H$Vm dmT>Vo Amho. gd© {ejm A{^`mZmgma»`m `moOZm§Ûmao {dH|${ÐV {ZU©`à{H«$`obm
MmbZm {_iV AgyZ emimñVamdarb CnH«$_m§~m~V ñWm{ZH g_wXm`m§_Ü`o _mbH$sMr
^mdZm {Z_m©U ìhmdr `mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo OmV AmhoV. ñWm{ZH$ g_wXm`m§Mm gh^mJ, 6 Vo
14 d`moJQ>mVrb _wbm§Mm embmàdoe, nQ>mdarb gd© _wbm§Zm {H$_mZ 8 df} {Za§Va {ejU,
Am{U OrdZH$m¡eë`m§Mo {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r embo`-ì`dñWmnZmMr j_Vm~m§YUr hr gÜ`mÀ`m
àmW{_H$ {ejUmÀ`m YmoaUmMr _hÎdmMr C{Ôï>o AmhoV.
ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§À`m gh^mJm~m~V A{bH$S>À`m KQ>Zm Am{U {ZarjUo nm{hë`mg
bmoH$gh^mJmda A{YH$m{YH$ ^a XoUo Amdí`H$ Agë`mMo OmUdVo. _wbm§Zm XO}Xma {ejU
{_idyZ XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar ñdrH$maÊ`mgmR>r ñWm{ZH$ g_wXm`m§Zm V`ma H$aUo hr ñWm{ZH$
bmoH$gh^mJ KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>rMr _hÎdmMr YmoaUo A{bH$S>o am~dÊ`mV `oUmè`m AZoH$
H$m`©H«$_m§_Ü`o ñdrH$mabr Agë`mMo {XgVo. CXm. {Oëhm àmW{_H$ {ejU H$m`©H«$_, bmoH$
8
Ow§{~e àH$ën-Am§Y« àXoe, {ejm-H$_u àH$ën-amOñWmZ, Am{U {~hma {ejU àH$ën.
`mn¡H$s ñWm{ZH$m§Mm IamIwam gh^mJ ho Am§Y« Am{U amOñWmZ_Yrb {ejUmÀ`m H$m`©H«$_m§Mo
EH$ d¡{eîQ>` am{hbo Amho. bmoH$Ow§{~e àH$ënm_wio ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda {ZdSy>Z Amboë`m
à{V{ZYtMo, {deofV: _{hbm§Mo IaoIwao gj_rH$aU Pmbo Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. `mMo
_hÎdmMo {ZX}eH$ åhUOo bmoH$Ow§{~e_Yrb _{hbm§Mm Am{U _{hbm g_whm§Mm gh^mJ
Am{U {ejUmà{V Agbobr OmJéH$Vm. `mgmR>r J«m_{ejUg{_Ë`m§Zr à`ËZnyd©H$ ñWm{ZH$
nmVirda dmVmdaU {Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z Mm§Jbr H$m_{Jar ~Omdbr Amho. VgoM {ejmH$_u
àH$ënmÛmao amOñWmZ_Ü`o B.g.2000 gmbr J«m_{ejU g{_Ë`m ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda
bmoH$gh^mJ {_idÊ`mgmR>r J{R>V Ho$ë`m Joë`m AgyZ gyú_ {Z`moOZm_Ü`o ñWm{ZH$m§Mm
gh^mJ {_idÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`mÛmao CËgmhdY©H$ à`ËZ gwê$ AmhoV. {Oëhm àmW{_H$ {ejU
H$m`©H«$_hr J«m_ {ejU g{_Vr gXñ`m§À`m à{ejUm§Ûmao Cn`wº$ H$m_{Jar H$arV Amho.
`mÛmao "emioMr B_maV d BVa _mb_ÎmoÀ`m XoI^mb-XwéñVrgmR>r g§gmYZm§Mo {Z`moOZ',
VgoM emim§Mo dm{f©H$ doimnÌH$ ñWm{ZH$m§Mm gh^mJmZo V`ma H$aUo, Aem CnH«$_m§_Ü`o
J«m_{ejU g{_Ë`m _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m ~OmD$ eH$VmV ho nwT>o `oVo Amho.
_hmamï´>mVrb gÚpñWVr
H|$Ð emgZmZo J«m_{ejU g{_Ë`m§Mr g§aMZm A_bmV AmUmd`mMm {ZU©` KoÊ`mÀ`m ~è`mM
dfmªnydu _hmamï´> emgZmZo J«m_{ejU g{_VrMr g§H$ënZm ApñVËdmV AmUbr hmoVr. gd©
{ejm A{^`mZ ApñVËdmV `oÊ`mÀ`m ~è`mM AmYr _hmamï´>mV n§Mm`V amO g§ñWm§Mm
gh^mJ àmW{_H$ {ejUmÀ`m joÌmV Agmdm Aem VaVwXr hmoË`m. `m_wioM _hmamï´>mVrb
J«m_rU ^mJmVrb ~hwVm§e emim {Oëhm n[afXoÛmao Mmbdë`m OmVmV. _hmamï´>mVrb J«m_{ejU
g{_VrÀ`m g§aMZoZgw ma gan§M hm g{_VrMm nX{gÕ AÜ`j AgVmo Am{U ñWm{ZH$ g_wXm`m§Mo
Am¡nMm[aH$/AZm¡nMm[aH$ à{V{ZYr, gm_m{OH$ H$m`©H$V}, ñWm{ZH$ ñVamda H$m_ H$aUmao
H$_©Mmar/A{YH$mar, _w»`mÜ`mnH$ ho g{_VrMo gXñ` AgVmV. _mVm-{ejH$ g^m qH$dm
nmbH$-{ejH$ g^m `m JmdnmVirda J{R>V Ho$boë`m AgVmV.
J«m_{ejU g{_VrÀ`m gÜ`mÀ`m O~m~Xmè`m§_Ü`o dmT> hmoÊ`mMr
Amdí`H$Vm
da _m§S>bobm J«m_{ejU g{_Ë`m§Mm CX`, g§aMZm VgoM O~m~Xmè`m§Mm gÜ`m àmW{_H$
{ejUm_Ü`o Agboë`m àíZm§À`m g§X^m©V gmH$ë`mZo {dMma Ho$ë`mg J«m_{ejU g{_VrÀ`m
A{YH$maH$jm Am{U O~m~Xmè`m§_Ü`o {ZpíMVnUo dmT> H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho ho ñnï>
hmoVo. gÜ`mMr H$m`©H$jm hr Ho$di emioMo ì`dñWmnZ Am{U embo` CnH«$_m§Mo n`©dojU
`mg§X^m©VM {ZpíMV Ho$br Jobr Agë`mMo AmT>iVo. hr H$m`©H$jm _hÎdmMr Va AmhoM,
na§Vw nwaoer Zmhr. dñVwV: J«m_{ejU g{_VrÀ`m H$m_H$mOm_Ü`o Imbrb VrZ ~m~r g_m{dï>
H$aUo Amdí`H$ dmQ>Vo. (A) J«m_{ejU g{_Ë`m§Zr emioÀ`m H$m_H$mOmda gH$mamË_H$
à^md Q>mH$Uo (~) emioÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ `oUmè`m gd© `moOZm§Mm bm^ gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`
VgoM g_VoÀ`m VÎdmZo {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Vmo hñVjon H$aUo Am{U (H$)
emim-ì`dñWmnZ, nmbH$m§er Am{U J«m_g^oer Om~Xm`r amhrb `mMr ImVaO_m H$aUo.
`m_wio e¡j{UH$ joÌmVrb {dH|$ÐrH$aUmMr à{H«$`m Iè`m AWm©Zo nwT>o OmB©b. gXa gmYZm_Ü`o,
`m VrZ ~m~r àmW{_H$ ñVamda J«m_{ejU g{_VrÀ`m H$m`©H$jo_Ü`o g_m{dï> Ho$ë`m AgyZ
`m_wio g{_VrÀ`m H$m_mMm AmdmH$m H$mhr A§er dmT>Uo Ano{jV Amho.
VgoM, gÜ`m emgZmZo J«m_{ejU g{_Ë`m§gmR>r AmIbobr YmoaUmË_H$ Mm¡H$Q> ({deofV:
gd© {ejm A{^`mZ) J«m_{ejU g{_Ë`m§Zm Ho$di emgZmÛmao ({Oëhm n[afX d BVa
emgH$s` {d^mJ) Mmbdë`m OmUmè`m emim§À`m ~m~VrM H$mhr A{YH$ma Am{U O~m~Xmè`m
gmondVo. dñVwV: emgH$s` emim§À`m OmoS>rZoM _hmamï´>mgh AZoH$ amÁ`m§_Ü`o ImOJr
{ejUg§ñWm§Ûmao emim Mmbdë`m OmVmV. Aem Jmdm§_Ü`o Agohr AmT>ibo Amho H$s
emgH$s` emim ImOJr emim§À`m VwbZoZo bm§~ A§Vamda AgVmV. Aem ImOJr emim
({deofV: AZwXm{ZV) Zm__mÌ \$sda emim MmbdV AgVmV, _mÌ Aem emim§da emgZmMo
{Z`§ÌU A{Ve` Aënà_mUm_Ü`o AgVo. VgoM Agohr AmT>ibo Amho H$s Aem emim§_Yrb
{ejH$ Am{U H$_©Mmar dJ© hm Ho$di {ejUg§ñWoVrb daÀ`m ñVamdarb A{YH$mar qH$dm
~moS>©_Yrb bmoH$m§er Om~Xm`rËd XmIdVmo. `m_wio Aem Jmdm§_Ü`o J«m_{ejU g{_VrMo
9
H$m_H$mO ZJÊ` Agë`mMo AmT>iVo. `m emim§dahr J«m_{ejU g{_VrMo {Z`§ÌU àñWm{nV
H$aUo Amdí`H$ dmQ>Vo.
darbn¡H$s, _hmamï´>m_Ü`o J{R>V Ho$ë`m Joboë`m J«m_{ejU g{_VrÀ`m H$m`©H$jo_Ü`o
gwédmVrnmgyZ emioÀ`m H$m_H$mOmÀ`m n`©dojUmMr O~m~Xmar {Xbr Jobr hmoVr. Ago
Agbo Varhr `m g{_Ë`m Ano{jV Agboë`m Jm§^r`m©Zo H$m`©aV Z Pmë`mZo Ë`m§Mm n[aUm_
{XgyZ Ambobm Zmhr. _Zwî`~i {dH$mg Am{U {ejU_§Ìmb`mZo hmVr KoVboë`m gd}jUm§À`m
Ahdmbm_Ü`o _hmamï´>mVrb J«m_rU ^mJm_Ü`o àmW{_H$ {ejUm_Ü`o _wbtMo à_mU BVa
amÁ`m§À`m VwbZo_Ü`o Mm§Jbo Agë`mMo lo` H$mhr A§er J«m_{ejU g{_Ë`m§Zm {Xbo Agbo
Varhr AZoH$ àíZ AmOVmJm`V gmoS>dbo Jobo Zgë`mMm C„oIhr Ho$bm Amho. "embm~mø
_wbo', 'JiVr', "emioVrb ImÚnXmWmªMm Am{U gmo`rgw{dYm§Mm XOm©', "nmbH$m§_Yrb
OmUrdOmJ¥Vr' "nmbH$-{ejH$ g§~§Y' B. àíZm§~m~V J«m_{ejU g{_VrMo H$m_ A{Ve`
H$_Hw$dV am{hë`mMo AmT>iVo, ho `mMoM {ZXe©H$ Amho.
J«m_{ejU g{_Ë`m§À`m `m Oo_Vo_ qH$dm gw_ma H$m_{JarMo _w»` H$maU J«m_{ejU
g{_Ë`m§Mr Zì`m àH$maMo kmZ g_OyZ KoÊ`mMr Hw$dV Am{U n`©dojU H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm
H$_r AgUo hoM doimodoir Pmboë`m Aä`mgm§_YyZ {XgyZ Ambo Amho. J«m_{ejU g{_Vr hr
{ejUì`dñWoÀ`m {dH|$ÐrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$`o_Ü`o A{Ve` _hÎdmMr _mZbr Joë`m_wio
J«m_{ejU g{_VrÀ`m `m j_Vm~m§YUrÀ`m JaOm§Mr XIb YmoaUmË_H$ nmVirda KoVbr
OmUo An[ahm`©M hmoVr. åhUyZM gd© {ejm A{^`mZm§VJ©V à{ejUmWu_mJo 30 én`o ho
Zm__mÌ ewëH$ XoD$Z J«m_{ejU g{_VrÀ`m gXñ`m§À`m à{ejUmMr gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z
{Xbr Jobr Amho.
darb gmè`m {ddoMZmÀ`m AmYmao Ago åhUVm `oB©b H$s YmoaUmZo J«m_{ejU g{_VrÀ`m
H$m_H$mOmbm nwaoem à_mUmV H$m`ÚmMm AmYma {Z_m©U H$ê$Z {Xbm Amho. Ago Agbo
Varhr J«m_{ejU g{_Ë`m§Zm nwaoem j_VoZo Am{U VmH$XrZo H$m`©aV H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm
AgyZ Ë`m{edm` Cn`wŠV Am{U XO}Xma Aem {ejUmÀ`m gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmMo Ü`oæ` JmR>Uo
eŠ` hmoUma Zmhr.
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CÔoe
J«m_n§Mm`V Am{U J«m_g^obm emioÀ`m X¡Z§XrZ H$m_H$mOmgh EHy$U H$ma^mamMo n`©dojU
Am{U VnmgUr H$ê$Z Amdí`H$ VoWo `mo½` Vmo gH$mamË_H$ hñVjon H$aÊ`mgmR>r _XV H$aUo
Ago J«m_{ejU g{_VrnwT>rb CÔoí` AgyZ ho H$m_ g{_Vr {d{dY àH$maÀ`m à{H«$`m Am{U
H$m`©nÕVtÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$aob. `m_mJrb A§{V_ C{Ôï> ho {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU Ago
Agob.
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Zo_UyH$ H$aob.
◆ J«m_{ejU g{_VrMr ñWmnZm, amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaU Am{U _hmamï´> emgZmÀ`m \o$~«dw mar
1990 Am{U gßQ>|~a 1991 _Yrb emgZ{ZU©`mZwgma hmoVo. E{àb 2003 À`m
emgZ{ZU©`mZwgma `m g{_VrMr nwZa©MZm Pmbr AgyZ g{_VrMr gXñ`g§»`m {H$_mZ
5 Va H$_mb 15 Aer {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambr AgyZ g{_VrMm H$m`©H$mb 3 dfmªMm
Agob.
◆ _{hbm§Zm g{_Vr_Ü`o 50% AmajU Agob.
◆ nmbH$, {ejH$, VéU/`wdm, _{hbm, J«m_godH$, _w»`mÜ`mnH$, JmdmVrb ghH$mar
nVnoT>r/~°H$ qH$dm ghH$mar gmogm`Q>rMo gXñ`/AÜ`j, AZwg{y MV OmVr Am{U O_mVtMo
gXñ`, Am{U emar[aH$ ÑîQ>`m An§J Aem {d{dY KQ>H$m§À`m à{V{ZYtZm g{_VrMo
gXñ`Ëd XoVm `oB©b.
10
◆ gan§M hm `m g{_VrMm nX{gÕ AÜ`j Agob Am{U CnmÜ`jmMr {ZdS> g{_Vrda
Zo_UyH$ Pmbobo gXñ` H$aVrb.
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bmoH$gh^mJmZo CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
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◆ {d{dY _wÔ`m§da emimì`dñWmnZmgmo~V gmVË`mZo MMm© H$aUo
◆ emioMo EHy$U H$m_H$mO gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$-H$_©MmardJm©g _XV H$aUo
◆ {d{dY àH$maMo J¡aì`dhma Ogo H$s gm_w{hH$ H$m°nr, Am{W©H$ J¡aì`dhma B.
~m~V XjVm amIUo
(~) gd© {ejm A{^`mZmgh, {d{dY embo` `moOZm§À`m A§_b~OmdUrda
XoIaoI R>odUo
◆ gd© {ejm A{^`mZ `m `moOZoA§VJ©V A§_bmV AmUbo OmUmao CnH«$_ g_OyZ
KoUo
◆ embo` gmo`rgw{dYm, {eî`d¥Î`m, {ejH$ {ZYr, JUdoe, nmR>`nwñVHo$ B. gd©-
{ejm-A{^`mZm§VJ©V am~dë`m OmUmè`m `moOZoÀ`m/CnH«$_m§À`m A§_b~OmdUrMo
n`©dojU H$aUo
◆ {ejUmMm XOm© gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r A_bmV AmUë`m OmUmè`m CnH«$_m§da bj
R>odUo
◆ Am{Xdmgr Aml_emim§gh {d{dY emim§_YyZ {Xë`m OmUmè`m AÞnwadR>`mda,
Am{U AÞnXmWmªÀ`m XOm©da {deof bj R>odUo
11
(H$) embo` CnH«$_m§_Ü`o ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§Mm gh^mJ dmT>dUo
◆ àË`oH$ dmS>r/dñVr/Q>mobm B. _Ü`o KamoKar ^oQ>r XoD$Z {ejUm~ÔbMo àíZ
g_OmdyZ gm§JUo
◆ {dÚmÏ`mªMo àíZ g_OmdyZ KoUo, Jar~ {dÚmÏ`m©§Zm {eî`d¥Îmr {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r
à`ËZ H$aUo
◆ h§Jm_r ñWbm§Va H$aUmè`m Hw$Qw>§~m§_Yrb {dÚmÏ`mªZm dgVrJ¥hm§_Ü`o àdoe {_idyZ
XoÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo
◆ {dÚmWu Am{U Ë`m§Mr Hw$Qw>§~o `m§À`m AS>MUr gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r nmR>~i XoUmao
`mo½` ì`mgnrR> C^o H$aUo
(S>) J«m_n§Mm`V, J«m_g^m Am{U gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU g{_Vrbm `mo½`
Vo àíZ gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoUo
◆ Xa XmoZ _{hÝ`m§Zr _hÎdmÀ`m _wÔ`m§Mr VnmgUr H$aUo
◆ àË`oH$ g§ñWoÀ`m ^y{_H$m bjmV KoD$Z J«m_n§Mm`V, gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU
g{_Vr Am{U J«m_g^o_Ü`o _hÎdmÀ`m _wÔ`m§da MMm© KS>dyZ AmUUo
◆ AS>MUr Am{U àíZ gmoS>dÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo VgoM emioÀ`m H$m_H$mOmda à^md
Q>mH$Ê`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo J«m_g^oMr _XV d bmoH$m§Mm nmqR>~m {_idUo
g{_VrMo A{YH$ma
1. emim Am{U emioMr {d{dY H|$Ðo `m§Zm ^oQ>r XoUo
2. emioMo _ñQ>a Am{U {dÚmÏ`mªMo hOoarnÌH$ {H$_mZ VrZ _{hÝ`m§_YyZ EH$Xm VnmgUo
3. emioÀ`m _w»`mÜ`mnH$mMr gd©gm_mÝ` aOm _§Oya H$aUo Am{U XrK© _wXVrMr aOm
Amdí`H$ Voìhm gwMdUo/_§Oya H$aUo
4. emioÀ`m dm{f©H$ A§XmOnÌH$mMo AÜ``Z H$ê$Z d Ë`mV Amdí`H$ Ë`m {e\$magr
gwMdyZ JQ>{ejUm{YH$mè`mH$S>o A§XmOnÌH$mMr {e\$mag H$aUo
5. emioÀ`m B_maVrMr Am{U BVa gmo`rgw{dYm§À`m C^maUr~m~VÀ`m ~m§YH$m_mda
XoIaoI R>odUo, Ë`m~m~VMm IM© VnmgUo
6. emioÀ`m B_maVrÀ`m ~m§YH$m_mMr, VgoM BVa gmo`rgw{dYm§À`m ~m§YH$m_mMr nadmZJr
XoUo, VgoM {ejH$-{ZYrbm _§Oyar XoUo
7. _wbtZm embo` CnpñWVrgmR>r {Xë`m OmUmè`m ^Î`mÀ`m dmQ>nmÀ`m doir CnpñWV
amhUo
8. CƒnXñW bmoH$m§Zm H$m_mVrb {dg§JVr, J¡aì`dhma, Agä` dV©Z, AZwnpñWVr
`m~m~V Ahdmb gmXa H$aUo

J«m_{ejU g{_VrMo H$m_H$mO

◆ g{_VrMr ~¡R>H$ Xa XmoZ _{hÝ`m§Zr Am`mo{OV Ho$br OmB©b.
◆ ~¡R>H$sÀ`m MM}Mm H$m`©H«$_ gan§Mmer g„m_gbV H$ê$Z R>adÊ`mV `oB©b.
◆ J«m_{ejU g{_VrÀ¶m g{MdmZo ~¡R>H$sMo {Z_§ÌU XoUo, MM}Mm Vnerbdma Ahdmb
{b{hUo, VgoM ~¡R>H$s_Ü`o KoVë`m Joboë`m {ZU©`m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r
nmR>nwamdm H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar KoUo
◆ X¡Z§{XZ H$m_mVrb J¡adV©Z, J¡aì`dhma, ~oH$m`Xoera H$m_o `m§Mm Ahdmb R>odyZ
Ë`m~m~V AÜ`jmer MMm© H$aUo Am{U Amdí`H$VoZwgma darð> nmVirda Ahdmb
nmR>dUo.

12
 J«m‘ {ejU g{_Vr : gmYZg§M

Jmd {ejU g{_VrgmR>r* gmYZ gyMr

H$m`© gmYZo

1. nmíd©^y_r Vº$m 1.
2. H$m`© 1: df©^amVrc emioÀ`m CnH«$_m§da XoIaoI R>odUo
2A. emioer g§~§{YV à_wI _wÚm§Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z KoUo
2~. nm`m^yV gw{dYm§Mr VnmgUr
2H$. godH$dJm©À`m Amdí`H$Vo ~m~VMr VnmgUr
1. nyd©V`mar : Jmd {ejU g{_VrÀ`m g§X^m©Vrc _wÔo g_OyZ KoUo
2. XoIaoIrgmR>r emioÀ`m H$m_m§da AmYm[aV CnH«$_m§Mr {XZX{e©H$m
3. nm`m^yV gw{dYm§Mr VnmgUr `mXr
4. JmdnmVirdarc emioMm godH$dJ© Am{U Ë`m§Mr H$m_{Jar `m~m~VÀ`m
_wÔ`m§~ÔcMr VnmgUr `mXr

3. H$m`© 2 : emgH$s` `moOZm§da XoIaoI R>odUo

3A. JmdmVrc emim§gmR>r _§Oya Pmcoë`m `moOZm§da XoIaoI
4. H$m`© 3 : e¡j{UH$ CnH«$_m§_Ü`o g_mOmÀ`m gh^mJmcm MmcZm XoUo
4A. {ejH$-nmcH$ g§KmMr ~m§YUr
4~. {ejH$-nmcH$ g§Km_Ü`o g§dmX gwc^/gmonm H$aUo
5. H$m`© 4 : {ejUmer {ZJS>rV àíZm§§da JmdmVrc BVa g§ñWm§gmo~V g_Ýd` gmYUo
5A. AmT>mdm Am{U XoIaoIrÀ`m CÔoenyVugmR>r J«m_n§Mm`V, J«m_g^m,
Am{U gm_m{OH$ coIm narjU g{_Vr~amo~a g_Ýd` gmYUo
5. XoIaoI VnmgUr `mXr V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>rMo nÌH$
6. {ejH$ nmcH$ g§Km§Mr ~m§YUr H$aÊ`mgmR>rMr Aä`mg n{ÌH$m
7. _wÔ`m§Mr VnmgUr `mXr Am{U ^y{_H$m gyMr
8. J«m_n§Mm`V, J«m_g^m Am{U gm_m{OH$ coIm-narjU g{_Vrer g§nH©$
gmYmdm cmJoc Aem àíZm§Mr/_wÔ`m§Mr VnmgUr `mXr

* Jmd {ejU g{‘Vr d J«m‘{ejU g{‘Vr øm XmoÝhr g§H$ënZm dmnaë¶m AgyZ, XmoÝhtMm AW© EH$M Amho.

13
 H$m`© 1 : nmíd©^y_r Vº$m
gmYZ 1 : nyd©V`mar - JmdnmVirdarc {ejUmÀ`m g§X^m©Vrc _wÔo g_OyZ KoUo
AS>Wio/AS>MUr H$maUo (_wc^yV, gd©gmYmaU) H¥$Vr

1. {ejUm~m~V OmJéH$VoMm Amdí`H$ VodT>o ~mhoaÀ`m OJmMo kmZ/AmoiI ZgUo
A^md/H$_r OmJê$H$Vm
2. ñWcm§Va Jmdm_Ü`o CnOr{dHo$À`m (amoOJmamÀ`m) g§YrMr
AZwncãYVm
3. AZwnpñWVr/J¡ahOoar 1. {ejU KoÊ`mV ê$Mr/AmdS> ZgUo ({ejUmMr
({dÚmÏ`mª_Yrc) AmdS> {Z_m©U H$aUmar e¡j{UH$ gmYZo ZgUo)
2. {eH${dÊ`mMr AmdS> Zgcoco {ejH$
3. Anwè`m gw{dYm (dJ© ZgUo, Agwa{jV dJ©,
{nÊ`mMo nmUr d em¡Mmc`/g§S>mg ZgUo,
g§S>mgmV nmUr ZgUo)
4. H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ O~m~Xmè¶m (nmUr ^aUo, ñd¶§nmH$,
OiUmgmR>r cmHy$S> Jmoim H$aUo, ^md§S>m§Mr H$miOr
KoUo/g§JmonZ H$aUo, eoVmda H$m_, Jwam§Zm Mam`cm
ZoUo B.)
OmJéH$Vm dmT>{dUo, {ejUmMo _hÎd g_OmdyZ gm§JUo
1. ñWcm§Va (àm_w»`mZo D$g VmoS>UrgmR>rMo) H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r OmUrd
{Z_m©U H$aUo Am{U Ë`mgmR>r àd¥Îm H$aUo
2. {d{dY emgH$s` `moOZm {_idyZ CnOr{dH$m§À`m g§Yr/amoOJma {Z_m©U H$aUo
3. Á`m _wcm§Mo nmcH$ gmIaH$maImZo AWdm D$gVmoS>gmR>r ñWcm§Va H$aVmV
Ë`m§À`mgmR>r {Zdmgr emim gwê$ H$aÊ`m~m~VÀ`m eŠ`Vm nS>VmiUo
(Aem emim§gmR>r emgZ _XV/AZwXmZ XoVo)
1. J¥h^oQ>r
2. nmcH$ g^m/~¡R>H$m
3. emim§_Yrc Zm|XUr dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ/JiVr H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ.
4. emioer g§~§{YV {d{dY CnH«$_m§_Ü`o {dÚmÏ`mªZm gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoUo,
Ogo H$s, ñdÀN>Vm g{_Vr, emioÀ`m Amdmam_Ü`o \$iPmS>o, Am¡fYr
dZñnVtMr PmS>o, \w$cPmS>m§Mr ~mJ V`ma H$aUo Am{U n`m©daU nyaH$
emim ~Z{dUo Á`m_wio {dÚmÏ`mªZm emio_m\©$V Mmc{dë`m OmUmè`m
à{H«$`m§_Ü`o gh^mJr hmoÊ`mgmR>r àoaUm {_ioc, AmdS> {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mg
_XV hmoB©c
5. {dÚmÏ`mªZm {Z`{_VnUo emioV CnpñWV amhÊ`mg àd¥Îm H$aÊ`mgmR>r
CÎmoOZna ~jrgo XoUo
6. nwaoem gw{dYm {_imì`mV Am{U {ejH$m§{déÕ VH«$ma Zm|X{dcr Omdr
`mgmR>r e¡j{UH$ A{YH$mar Am{U VmcwH$m {dH$mg A{YH$mar VgoM
n§Mm`V g{_Vr d {Oëhm n[afX gXñ`m§Mm nmR>nwamdm H$aUo

14
AS>Wio/AS>MUr H$maUo (_wc^yV, gd©gmYmaU) H¥$Vr
4. J¡ahOoar/AZwnpñWVr 1. JmdmMo a{hdmgr AgUmè`m {ejH$m§Mr H$_r g§»`m. 1. {ejH$m§da X~md AmUVm `mdm `mgmR>r nmcH$ Am{U JmdH$è`m§_Ü`o
({ejH$m§_Yrc) 2. Ë`m§Mr amoOMr CnpñWVr/hOoar `mda XoIaoI R>odÊ`mg OmUrd OmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U H$aUo.
H$moUrhr ZgUo. 2. {eñV^§JmMr H$madmB© H$aÊ`mV `mdr `mgmR>r e¡j{UH$ A{YH$mar,
3. CXmgrZ {ejH$ VmcwH$m {dH$mg A{YH$mar VgoM n§Mm`V g{_Vr Am{U {Oëhm n[afX
4. CXmgrZ JmdH$ar ({ejH$m§À`m H$m_{Jar ~m~V VgoM gXñ`m§Mm nmR>nwamdm H$aUo.
{ejU g{_VrH$S>o {Z`moOZ, A§_c~OmdUr, 3. {S>g|~a 2006À`m Or. Ama. (emgZ A{Y{Z`_) Zwgma {ejH$m§À`m
AS>MUr, àJVr `m{df`r Ahdmc Z XoUo) X¡Z§{XZ CnpñWVrda g{_VrZo XoIaoI R>odUo Am{U `m Ahdmcmda
5 g{_Vr gXñ`m§À`m gøm AgUo ~§YZH$maH$ Amho.
4. {ejH$ Jmdm_Ü`o amhV Agë`mMr g{_VrZo ImÌr H$aUo Am{U
amhV Zgë`mg Vgo n§Mm`V g{_Vrcm H$idm`cm hdo åhUOo Ë`mZwgma
Am{Xdmgr ^mJm§gmR>r cmJy Agcocm Ka ^mS>o ^Îmm Am{U {deof ^Îmm
XoÊ`mMo ZmH$maVm `oB©c (emgZ A{Y{Z`_ {S>g|~a 2006).
5. X¡Z§{XZ H$m_o, dJm©V {eH$dUo, Zm|XUr, hOoar, emim JiVr `m~m~V
JmonZr` Ahdmc V`ma H$éZ Vmo VmcwH$m {dH$mg A{YH$mè`mH$S>o gmXa
H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma g{_Vrcm XoÊ`mV Amco AmhoV
(emgZ A{Y{Z`_, {S>g|~a 2006).
5. _mÜ`{_H$ nmVirZ§Va, 1. {ejUm_Ü`o ag/AmdS> ZgUo AWdm {ejUmVrc 1. nmcH$m§_Ü`o OmJéH$Vm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r/Ë`m§Zr _wctZm {ejU Úmdo `mgmR>r
àm_w»`mZo {dÚm{W©Zt_Ü`o, ag/ê$Mr H$_r hmoUo. àd¥Îm H$aÊ`mgmR>rÀ`m CnH«$_m§_Ü`o {ejH$m§Zm gh^mJr H$éZ KoUo.
emim JiVrMo à_mU _moR>çm 2. {ejH$ {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü`o VgoM {eH${dÊ`m_Ü`o AmdS>/ 2. _mJmgdJu` (AZwgy{MV OmVr/O_mVr) _wctZm gm`H$c {_idyZ XoUo,
à_mUmV {XgyZ `oVo. ag KoV ZmhrV. gd© {dÚmÏ`mªZm _mo\$V ~gMm nmg {_idyZ XoUo. `mgma»`m à{H«$`m§_Ü`o
3. A§Va _XV H$aUo, Á`m_wio {dÚmÏ`mªMm emioV `oÊ`mOmÊ`mMm àý gwQy> eHo$c.
4. _wctÀ`m {ejUm~m~V (Ë`m§Zm {eH${dÊ`m~Ôc) 3. AZwgy{MV OmVr/O_mVr§_Yrc {dÚmWr©, _wcr, Xm[aÐ` aofoImcrc Hw$Qw>§~mVrc
nmcH$m§Mr CXm{gZVm. _wcm§gmR>r AgUmè`m (JUdoe, nwñVHo$, {eî`d¥Îmr B.) {d{dY gaH$mar `moOZm
5. eoVrH$m_/KaH$m_m_Ü`o _XV {_i{dÊ`m_Ü`o _XV H$aUo.
6. g§S>mg/em¡Mmc`o ZgUo AWdm _wctgmR>r ñdV§Ì/ 4. àË`oH$ emio_Ü`o ~mcdmS>r/A§JUdmS>r/nmiUmKamMr gw{dYm Agoc `mMr
doJù`m em¡Mmc`mMr gmo` ZgUo. ImÌr H$aUo Á`m_wio chmZ _wcm§Zm (6 dfm©Imcrc) gm§^miÊ`mMm àý gwQ>oc.

15
AS>Wio/AS>MUr H$maUo (_wc^yV, gd©gmYmaU) H¥$Vr
em¡Mmc`mV nmUr ZgUo/H$_r/Anwao nmUr AgUo, 5. EHy$U {ejH$m§À`m g§»`on¡H$s 50% ór {e{jH$m AgÊ`mV.
AñdÀN>Vm AgUo. 6. _mÜ`{_H$ Am{U Cƒ _mÜ`{_H$ nmVirZ§Va {dÚm{W©ZtgmR>r ñdV§Ì
emim (_wctMr emim) Agmdr.
7. 6-14 d`moJQ>mVrc gd© _wcm§Zr emioV Zmd Zm|Xdmdo `mgmR>r JmdnmVirda
_mohr_ am~{dUo.
8. g§S>mgmMr gmo` g_mYmZH$maH$ Agoc `mMr ImÌr nwa{dUo
(_wctgmR>r ñdV§Ì g§S>mgmMr gmo` Agmdr, Ë`m_Ü`o Amdí`H$ VodT>r
ñdÀN>Vm d nwaogo nmUr Agmdo)

6. nm`m^yV gmo`r-gw{dYm ZgUo
{dJ©, Imoë`m, \${Z©Ma
(IwÀ`m©, Q>o~co, H$nmQ>o B.
gm_mZ), {nÊ`mMo nmUr, g§S>mg,
g§S>mgmVrc dmnamgmR>r cmJUmao
nmUr, _¡XmZ, J«§Wmc`}
1. {ejH$m§Zr nwT>mH$ma Z KoUo.
2. JmdH$ar VgoM {ejU g{_VrZo H$moUVmhr
nwT>mH$ma Z KoUo.
1. nmcH$ VgoM JmdH$ar `m§À`m_Ü`o OmJê$H$Vm {Z_m©U ìhmdr `mgmR>r ~¡R>H$m KoUo
Á`m_wio {ejH$m§da X~md AmUÊ`mg _XV hmoB©c.
2. g§S>mg ñdÀN> AgmdoV `mgmR>r emioÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoUo.
3. {ejU {d^mJmV\}$ {eñV^§J H$madmB©Mr A§_c~OmdUr ìhmdr `mgmR>r
e¡j{UH$ A{YH$mar, VmcwH$m {dH$mg A{YH$mar VgoM n§Mm`V g{_Vr Am{U
{Oëhm n[afX gXñ`m§Mm nmR>nwamdm H$aUo.

7. {ejUmMm XOm© Mm§Jcm
ZgUo/gw_ma XOm©Mo {ejU
1. CXmgrZ/AZwËgmhr {ejH$ dJ© 1. {ejUmÀ`m XOm©~m~V J«m_n§Mm`Vr_Ü`o AmT>mdm KoUo Am{U
(J¡ahOoarMo OmñV à_mU) Amdí`H$VoZwgma gyMZm XoUo.
2. nmcH$m§Mr CXm{gZVm 2. J«m_g^o_Ü`o àý, _wÔo CnpñWV H$aUo.
3. AH$m`©j_ e¡j{UH$ g{_Vr 3. {ejH$m§Zm JmdnmVirda `oUmè`m AS>MUr/AS>Wio g_OyZ KoUo Am{U
4. {ejH$m§_Yrc Aj_Vm Vo gmoS>{dÊ`m_Ü`o _XV H$aUo.
4. nmcH$m§Zr _wcm§À`m {ejUm_Ü`o ag/ê$Mr ¿`mdr `mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo.
5. {ejH$m§À`m _XVrZo Aä`mgmV _mJo nS>coë`m {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r OmñVrMo
dJ© Am`mo{OV H$aUo.
6. {ejH$m§Mr X¡Z§{XZ hOoar/CnpñWVr VgoM X¡Z§{XZ H$m_{Jarda XoIaoI R>odUo.
7. {ejH$m§À`m j_Vm Am{U H$m¡eë`o dmT>drV `mgmR>r `mo½` {ejH$m§Mr {ZdS>
H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm à{ejU H$m`©H«$_m§Zm nmR>{dUo.

16
AS>Wio/AS>MUr H$maUo (_wc^yV, gd©gmYmaU) H¥$Vr

8. Am§JUdmS>r d ~mcdmS>r 1. {ejUmÀ`m _hËdm~m~V nmcH$m§_Ü`o AkmZ 1. OmJê$H$Vm {Z_m©U H$aUo.

· H$_r CnpñWVr 2. nwaoem gw{dYm§Mr CncãYVm (dJ©, {nÊ`mMo nmUr, g§S>mg, e¡j{UH$ gmYZo,
· JiVrMo à_mU IoiUr B.), VgoM Xwnmar OodUmÀ`m gwÅ>rV {Xë`m OmUmè`m (_mÜ`mÝh `moOZm)
AÞmMr JwUdÎmm Mm§Jcr Agë`mMr ImÌr nwa{dUo.
3. Am§JUdmS>r d ~mcdmS>rÀ`m H$m_H$mOmda (go{dH$m§Mo H$m_) XoIaoI R>odUo d
Xa VrZ _{hÝ`m§Zr Ahdmc J«m_n§Mm`V d J«m_g^oV gmXa H$aUo.

9. dmS>r/dñVrdarc emim dmS>rdaMo a{hdmgr VgoM JmdH$ar dmS>r/dñVr Á`m dmS>rda H$_rV H$_r 20 {dÚmWu AmhoV {VWo emim gwê$ H$aÊ`mMr _mJUr
· dmS>rda emioMr emio~m~V CXmgrZ AgUo/VoWo emim Agmdr H$aUo Ë`mgmR>r n§Mm`V g{_Vr Am{U {Oëhm n[afX gXñ`m§Mm nmR>nwamdm H$aUo.
gmo` ZgUo. `m~m~V OmUrd ZgUo/Ë`m§Zr nwT>mH$ma Z KoUo.

10. àm¡T> d AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejU- 1. OmJê$H$VoMr nmVir VgoM àoaUm/ 1. AmH$f©H$ nÕVrZo JmdnmVirda _mohr_ am~{dUo.
· {ó`m Am{U Am{Xdmgt_Ü`o CËgmh H$_r AgUo. 2. àm_w»`mZo {ó`m§gmR>r doJdoJù`m dm°S>mª_Ü`o, dmS>çm§da Img dJ© ^a{dUo.
{ZajaVoMo à_mU 2. gmjaVm dJmªMr doi J¡agmo`rMr AgUo. 3. g§~§{YV ì`º$sMr ghr Agoc VaM Ë`mMm/{VMm (_Oyam§Mm) nJma
(_moR>o) OmñV Amho. Am{U ñd§æ` ghm`Vm JQ>m_m\©$V H$O© XoVm `oB©c H$m? hr eŠ`Vm
· gmjaVoÀ`m A{^`mZmg/ VnmgyZ/nS>VmiyZ nmhUo.
à`ËZmg à{VgmX ZgUo. 4. A{e{jV {ó`m Am{U Am{XdmgtÀ`m emioV OmUmè`m _wcm§Zm gh^mJr
H$aUo Á`m_wio Ë`m§Zm KaÀ`m Kar {eH${dUo AWdm H$_rV H$_r _wcm§À`m
_XVrZo Kar gamd/COiUr H$aUo eŠ` hmoB©c.

17
 H$m`© 2 : df©^a MmcUmè`m emioÀ`m CnH«$_m§da XoIaoI
H$m`© 2A : XoIaoI CnH«$_m§Mm AmamIS>m V`ma H$aUo
gmYZ 2 : emco` H$m_H$mOmda AmYm[aV CnH«$_ XoIaoI-X{e©H$m
_{hZm CnH«$_/KQ>Zm emioMr ^y{_H$m Jmd {ejU g{_VrMr emioMm gh^mJ {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m BVa ì`mgnrR>m§Mm
^y{_H$m nÕVr/_mJ© gh^mJ
OyZ emioV OmÊ`mÀ`m d`mV àdoe/nQ> Zm|XUr emio_Ü`o Zm|XUr H$amdr `mgmR>r _w»`mÜ`mnH$/_w»`mÜ`m{nH$m J«m_g^oÀ`m ì`mgnrR>mda
AgUmè`m gd© (emcm`mo½` Am{U àm_w»`mZo _wctMo Zmd emioV AWdm Zo_UyH$ Ho$coë`m ì`º$scm AmdmhZ H$aUo.
_wco) _wcm§À`m Zm|XUrgmR>r Zm|Xdmdo `mgmR>r emioZo Ho$coë`m J¥h (Ka)^oQ>tgmR>r ZoUo.
_mohr_ am~{dUo (`m_Ü`o gd}jUmMr H$gyZ VnmgUr H$aUo.
emcm~mø _wcm§Mo gd}jU emioV nmë`mMo ({deofV: _wctMo)
d Ë`m§À`m Zm|XUrgmR>r à`ËZ Zmd Kmcmdo `mgmR>r Hw$Qw>§~m§Zm _XV
H$aUohr Ano{jV Amho) H$aUo VgoM Ë`m§Mo _Z didUo
({deofV: Am{Xdmgr ^mJmV)

narjU/VnmgUr emco` gw{dYm gwpñWVrV gw{dYm§Mm XOm©, Ë`m§Mr pñWVr, emioMo à{V{ZYr Am{U Amdí`H$Voà_mUo J«m_n§Mm`V
(`m_Ü`o emco` gw{dYm amIUo, Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mr ì`dñWm Am{U XoI^mc {ejU g{_Vr gXñ`m§Mr gXñ`m§Zm gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoUo
Am{U emioVrc dmVmdaUmMmhr doimodoir XoI^mc `m§Mm AmT>mdm KoUo d EH${ÌV ^oQ> R>adUo. Am{U J«m_g^o_Ü`o àý-_wÔo
g_mdoe H$amdm) XwéñVr H$aUo. VnmgUr H$aUo. CnpñWV H$aUo.

Owc¡ {d{dY emgH$s` `moOZm§Mm JaOy {dÚmÏ`mªMr emco` `moOZoVyZ {_iUmam A§{V_ `mXr V`ma H$aÊ`mnydu gm_m{OH$ coImnarjU g{_Vr
cm^ emiogmR>r AmUUo. `mXr ~Z{dUo bm^ Am{U cm^mWu `m§Mo emioMr J«m_g^oMr _§Oyar KoUo Am{U {ejU g{_VrZo
{Z{üV ñdê$n g_OyZ KoUo ~§YZH$maH$ Agoc. g§`wº$[aË`m/EH${ÌVnUo
({ejH$, {dÚmWu B.) hr à{H«$`m nwT>o Ý`mdr.
AZwgy{MV OmVr, O_mVr, _wcr,
An§J `m§Zm Ë`m§À`mgmR>r AgUmao
gd© cm^ {_iVrc `mMr ImÌr H$aUo.

18
_{hZm CnH«$_/KQ>Zm
Am°JñQ> MmMUr narjm
gßQ>|~a emioV gwê$ AgUmè`m
`moOZm§Mm g§`wº$ AmT>mdm
(àm_w»`mZo _moR>çm `moOZm
Á`m_Ü`o H$m_mMm H$mcmdYr
OmñV AgVmo.
CXm: nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s ~m§YUo)
Am°ŠQ>mo~a Aä`mgoVa d
Aä`mgmg nyaH$
CnH«$_m§Mo Am`moOZ
emioMr ^y{_H$m Jmd {ejU g{_VrMr ^y{_H$m emioMm gh^mJ {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m BVa ì`mgnrR>m§Mm
nÕVr/_mJ© gh^mJ
H$m°nr H$aÊ`mcm ~oH$m`XoeranUo MmcUmè`m H$m°nrda H$m°nr Wm§~dÊ`mgmR>r emioZo {ZYm©a gm_{OH$ coImnarjU g{_VrMm
Amim KmcUo. (d¡`{º$H$ d gm_y{hH$) XoIaoI H$aUo, g§`wº$ _mo{h_ hmVr KoUo. gImoc gh^mJ Agmdm.
{ejU g{_Vrgmo~V hþema {dÚmÏ`mªZm àmoËgmhZ XoUo, àË`oH$ dJm©Mr {ejH$m§Zr `mXr nmcH$-{ejH$ g§Kmer g§nH©$
{ZH$mcm~m~V H$_Hw$dV {dÚmWu emoYUo d ~Zdmdr d {ejU g{_Vrcm gmYUo Am{U Ë`m§Zm _XV/
MMm© H$aUo. Ë`m§Zm _XV {_ioc Ago nmhUo. gmXa H$amdr. AmYma XoUo.
"Ahdmc-{ZH$mc-nÌH$' narjm {ZH$mcmMo nÌH$ V`ma "{ZH$mc-Ahdmc nÌH$' 15 Am°JñQ>À`m J«m_g^oV
^aÊ`mg {ejU H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwT>mH$ma KoUo. 15 Am°JñQ>À`m J«m_g^oV {Z`mo{OV H$m_m§Mm AmT>mdm
g{_Vrcm _XV H$aUo. EH${ÌVnUo ^amdo. KoUo VgoM Ho$coë¶m à`ËZm§Mr
g§`wº$nUo _m§S>Ur H$aUo.
H$_Hw$dV/Aä`mgmV _mJo H$_Hw$dV/Aä`mgmV _mJo Agcoco {deof dJ© Am{U e¡j{UH$ emioMm H$_©Mmar dJ©
nS>coë`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm {dÚmWu, _wctH$S>o {deof cj XoUo, CnH«$_m§Mo Am`moOZ H$aUo. ghH$m`m©g V`ma Zgë`mg
AmYma XoUo. Ë`m§Zm _XV H$aUo. BVa ì¶mgnrR>m§Mm gh^mJ KoUo.
"H$amd`mÀ`m H$m_m§Mr' VnmgUrÀ`m H$m_m§Mr `mXr _§Oya Pmcoë`m `moOZm d qMVmOZH$ _wX²Úm§~m~mVM
`mXr {ejU g{_Vrcm d X{e©H$m nmhÿZ emgH$s` àË`oH$ `moOZoA§VJ©V H$amd`mÀ`m
XoUo. `moOZm§Mm (gwê$ AgUmè`m H$m_m§Mr `mXr _w»`mÜ`mnH$
H$m_m§Mm) g§`wº$ AmT>mdm KoUo. {ejU g{_VrÀ`m gXñ`m§gmR>r
cm^mWu {dÚmÏ`mªMr ^oQ> KoUo V`ma H$aVrc.
d Ë`m§À`m AS>MUr g_OyZ KoUo
{d{dY ñnYmªMo (Ioi,
{Z~§Y, {MÌH$cm,
dº¥$Ëd B.) Am`moOZ H$aUo.
19
_{hZm CnH«$_/KQ>Zm
Zmoìh|~a ghm_mhr narjm
{S>g|~a {XdmirÀ`m gwÅ>`m§Z§Va gdmªZr
naV emioV XmIc ìhmdo
`mgmR>r {dÚmÏ`mªMm nmR>nwamdm.
ñWcm§VarV Hw$Qw>§~m§H$S>o
{deof cj nwa{dUo.
ghm_mhr narjm§À`m
{ZH$mcmda XoIaoI
R>odUo.
\o$~«wdmar MmMUr narjm
E{àc dm{f©H$ narjm
_o CÝhmù`mÀ`m gwQ²Q>çm§_wio
H$_r H$_©Mmar dJ© Agë`m
H$maUmZo emioMr _mc_Îmm
Am{U BVa g§gmYZm§À`m
gwa{jVVoMr H$miOr KoUo.
emioMr ^y{_H$m Jmd {ejU g{_VrMr ^y{_H$m emioMm gh^mJ {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m BVa ì`mgnrR>m§Mm
nÕVr/_mJ© gh^mJ
C{eam `oUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªMr nmcH$m§er g§nH©$ gmYUo Am{U
`mXr V`ma H$aUo. Ceram emioV `oUmè`m
{dÚmÏ`mª~m~VÀ`m AS>MUtMr
MMm© H$aUo, AS>MUr Xya H$aUo.
Zm|XUr Pmcoë`m gd© {XdmirÀ`m gwQ²Q>çm§Z§Va emim
{dÚmÏ`mªZr emim nwÝhm gwê$ Pmë`mda {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü`o
Mmcy R>odmdr JiVr hmoV Zmhr `mMr ImÌr
({XdmirÀ`m gwQ²Q>çm§Z§Va) nQ>Ê`mgmR>r pñWVrMm AmT>mdm KoUo.
`mgmR>r nwT>mH$ma KoUo.
{dÚmÏmu Mm§Jcr H$m_{JarMm AmT>mdm KoUo. gwê$dmVrnmgyZM {dÚmÏ`mªda 26 OmZodmarÀ`m J«m_g^o‘ܶo
H$m_{Jar H$aVrc _ohZV KoUo Á`m_wio {dÚmÏ`mªMr {Z`mo{OV H$m_m§Mm AmT>mdm KoUo.
`mMr ImÌr nwa{dUo. H$m_{Jar Mm§Jcr hmoB©c.
darc à_mUo darc à_mUo darc à_mUo darc à_mUo
darc à_mUo darc à_mUo darc à_mUo darc à_mUo
emioÀ`m gwajogmR>r emioMo Amdma - n[agamV
{AmdmamV ^oQ>r XoUo Q>ohmiUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^oQ> XoUo,
(dm°M_Z) Agë`mg nhmaoH$è`mgmo~V nmR>nwamdm H$aUo,
Ë`mcm _XV H$aUo, Ë`mÀ`m H$m_mda XoIaoI R>odUo.
Ë`mÀ`mda cj R>odUo.}
{Z`moOZ AmamIS>m ~Z{dUo.
20
 H$m`© 2 ~ : nm`m^yV gw{dYm§Mr VnmgUr H$aUo
gmYZ 3 : nm`m^yV gw{dYm§Mr VnmgUr H$aÊ`mgmR>rMr VnmgUr `mXr
emim Am{U dJ© eoam H¥$VrgmR>rMo _wÔo

emio_Ü`o nwaogm {nÊ`m`mo½` {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMm nwadR>m Am{U Amdí`H$ Agoc Voìhm `mo½` VodT>çm Šcmo[aZMm dmna Ho$cocm Agmdm.
emioVrc g§S>mgm§_Ü`o nmÊ`mMm nwaogm nwadR>m Agmdm, Á`m_wio ñdÀN>Vm amIÊ`mg _XV hmoB©c.
dJm©~mhoarc OmJm, Amogar (ìham§S>m) d emioMo Amdma ZrQ>ZoQ>Ho$, ñdÀN> Am{U àgÞ Agmdo.
emioÀ`m AmdmamMm (dJm©~mhoarc OmJoMmhr) dmna n[aUm_H$maH$ {eH$Ê`mMr OmJm åhUyZ H$aUo.
dJmªMm A§VJ©V ^mJ (N>ßna JiUo, {IS>Š`m, Q>çw~-{Xdo, n§Io, Hw$cwno, \$im) gwpñWVrV Agmdm, nwaogm gy`©àH$me Agmdm,
e¡j{UH$ Vºo$, ZH$meo, AmcoI, _m{hVr {Xgoc Aem nÕVrZo _m§S>Uo.
J«§Wmc`, nwñVH$m§Mr g§»`m, nwñVH$m§Mo àH$ma, H$_rV H$_r EH$ dV©_mZnÌ (amoO `oUmao) Agmdo.
e¡j{UH$ gmYZo (ISy>, AmcoI, à`moJemim B.).

dgVrJ¥hmVrc gw{dYm eoam H¥$VrgmR>rMo _wÔo

emioVrc dJmªMmM dmna amhÊ`mgmR>r Ho$cm OmVmo? doJir amhÊ`mMr gmo` (Imoë`m) Amho?
amhÊ`mgmR>r doJù`m Imoë`m§Mr gmo` Ë`m_Ü`o n§Io, {dOoÀ`m OmoS>Ê`m, {Xdo, àË`oH$ Imocr_mJo {dÚmÏ`mªMr g§»`m,
{dÚmWu-{dÚmWvZrÀ`m g§»`o_Ü`o `mo½` Vmo g_Vmoc, _wcm-_wctgmR>r doJdoJù`m g§S>m§g-_moè`m§Mr (ÝhmUrKam§Mr) gmo`.
_mc_ÎmoMr `mo½` Vr XoI^mc, XwéñVr.

21
 OodU eoam H¥$VrgmR>rMo _wÔo
nm¡{ï>H$ OodU, AÞ ~Z{dVmZm (ñd`§nmH$) Am{U dmT>VmZm ñdÀN>VoMr `mo½` VodT>r H$miOr KoVcr OmUo.
ñd`§nmH$Ka Am{U H$moR>rKa doJio Agmdo.
_wcm§Zm dmT>ë`m OmUmè`m OodUmMm XOm© Vnmgcm Omdm `mgmR>r dmT>Ê`mnydu O~m~Xma ì`º$sZo OodUmMr Md KoUo Amdí`H$.

O_rZ Am{U g^modVmcMo Amdma eoam H¥$VrgmR>rMo _wÔo

emioMr dmnaÊ`m`mo½` EHy$U OmJm (CncãY Agë`mg)
dmnamÀ`m eŠ`Vm (~mJ, \$iPmS>o cmJdS>, {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r à`moJ, dZm¡fYtMr ~mJ, IoiÊ`mMo _¡XmZ, {d{eï> Ioim§Mr _¡XmZo)

Ioi eoam H¥$VrgmR>rMo _wÔo

Ioim§er g§~§{YV gw{dYm Am{U gmYZo
Ioim§gmR>r {ejH$-{deof Z¡nwÊ` Agcoco {ejH$
em[aarH$ {ejU-à{ejU, ì`m`m_emim, `m§À`mer {ZJS>rV {ejH$ Am{U Ë`mg§~§{YV gw{dYm

22
 H$m`© 2 H$ : H$_©Mmar dJm©À`m Amdí`H$Vm§~m~VMr VnmgUr
gmYZ 4 : JmdnmVirdarc emioMr H$_©Mmar ^aVr (nwaoer Amho/Zmhr) Am{U Ë`m§Mr H$m_{Jar (H$m`©j_Vm) `m~m~VMr VnmgUr `mXr

VnmgUr `mXr Am{U H¥$VrgmR>rMo _wÔo

{ejH$dJ© eoam H¥$Vr
àmW{_H$ Am{U Ë`mdarc B`Îmm§_Ü`o àË`oH$ 40 {dÚmÏ`mª_mJo EH$ {ejH$/{e{jH$m ({Z`_mZwgma)
àmW{_H$ emio_Ü`o H$_rV H$_r 2 {ejH$
_mÜ`{_H$ emio_Ü`o àË`oH$ dJm©gmR>r EH$ {ejH$
gd© {ejm A{^`mZm A§VJ©V àË`oH$ ZdrZ _mÜ`{_H$ emim§gmR>r _§Oya Pmcoë`m 3 {ejH$m§n¡H$s EH$ {ejH$ J{UV d emó `m {d{eð>
{df`m§Mr e¡j{UH$ nmœ©^y_r Agcoco AgUo Amdí`H$
dgVrñWmZmnmgyZ 1 {H$cmo_rQ>a A§VamÀ`m AmV àmW{_H$ {ejUmMr gw{dYm
{ejH$ ho à{e{jV d O~m~Xmar KoUmao/~m§{YcH$s _mZUmao AmhoV

H$_©Mmar dJ© (_mÜ`{_H$ emim d dgVrJ¥h)

{enmB©
à`moJemim _w»`
à`moJ emim ghmæ`H$
_w»` ñd¡nmH$s
ghmæ`H$ ñd¡nmH$s
aoŠQ>a/dm°S>©Z
H$maHy$Z

23
 H$m`© 3 : emgH$s` `moOZm§da XoIaoI R>odUo
H$m`© 3 A : Jmdm_Yrc emim§gmR>r _§Oya Pmcoë`m `moOZm§da XoIaoI
gmYZ 5 : `moOZm§gmR>r XoIaoI VnmgUr `mXr V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r _wÔo
AZw.H«$. cm^mMo ñdê$n {ZYrMr CncãYVm nmÌVoMo {ZH$f `moOZoMo Zmd \o$aVnmgUrgmR>rMo _wÔo
1. JUdoe dmQ>n
2. nmR>çnwñVHo$ d døm
3. ~wQ>, Mßnc
4. {ejH$ {ZYr
5. {ejU g{_Vr {ZYr
6. {eî`d¥Îmr àH$ma 1
7. {eî`d¥Îmr àH$ma 2
8. nm`m^yV gw{dYm {Z_m©U
H$aÊ`mgmR>rMr J«m°ÝQ>
(~m§YH$m_, nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s,
a§Ja§JmoQ>r, Hw§$nU)

emioMo EHy$U dm{f©H$ A§XmOnÌH$ (én`m§_Ü`o)

24
 H$m`© 4 : e¡j{UH$ CnH«$_m§_Yrc g_mOmMm gh^mJ dmT>Ê`mg àmoËgmhZ XoUo
H$m`© 4 A : nmcH$-{ejH$ g§KmMr ñWmnZm (~m§YUr)
gmYZ 6 : nmcH$-{ejH$ g§K ñWmnÊ`mgmR>r/~m§YUrgmR>r VnmgUr `mXr

▲ nm`ar EH$ : nmíd©^y_r~m~V _m{hVr O_m H$aUo

◆ emio_Yrc gd© {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m nmcH$m§Mr _m{hVr O_m H$aUo
nmcH$m§Mr `mXr V`ma H$aUo
◆ Oa EH$mnojm OmñV JmdmVrc _wcm§Zr emioV Zmd Zm|Xco Agë`mg JmdmZwgma `mXr

◆ ñVamZwgma doJdoJù`m `mÚm (àmW{_H$, _mÜ`{_H$ VgoM cmJy Agë`mg 10drÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r)

◆ Cn-`mÚm, àJVr Zwgma (H$_Hw$dV {dÚmWu, gd©gmYmaU {dÚmWu, hþema {dÚmWu `m§À`m nmcH$m§À`m doJdoJù`m `mÚm)

▲ nm`ar 2 : ê$Mr KoUmè`m {ejH$m§Mr Zo_UyH$

◆ {ejH$m§er `mÚm§~m~V MMm© H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mm H$moUË`m àH$maÀ`m nmcH$m§~amo~a g§dmX gmYÊ`mH$S>o H$c Amho / {deof `mo½`Vm Amho ho emoYUo
◆ {ejH$m§_Ü`o nmcH$m§À`m `mÚm§Mr dmQ>Ur H$aUo (H$_rV H$_r EH$m `mXr_mJo EH$ {ejH$ Var Agmdm)

▲ nm`ar 3 : J«m_g^o_Ü`o nmcH$-{ejH$ g§KmMr ñWmnZm

◆ àË`oH$ àH$maÀ`m nmcH$ `mXrZwgma Hw$Qw>§~ ^oQ>r
◆ nmcH$-{ejH$ g§K ñWmnZogmR>r J«m_g^m ~mocmdUo
◆ _mVm-{ejH$ g§K ñWmnÊ`mgmR>r _{hcm J«m_g^m ~mocmdUo
◆ g§K ñWmnZm H$aÊ`m_mJrc C{Ôð>m§Mr MMm© Am{U g§K ñWmnZoMr KmofUm
◆ nmcH$-{ejH$ g§K d _mVm-{ejH$ g§Km§Mo O~m~Xma gXñ` åhUyZ à{V dfu é.5 Vo é.20 gXñ`Ëd AmH$ma (\$s) KmofrV H$aUo
◆ nmcH$, _mVm Am{U {ejH$m§Mo eŠ` AmhoV Ago CnH«$_, ^y{_H$m Am{U O~m~Xmè`m§Mr MMm©
◆ CnH«$_m§~m~V MMm© H$aUo

25
 H$m`© 4 ~ : nmcH$-{ejH$ g§Km_Yrc g§dmX
gmYZ 7 : _wÔ`m§Mr VnmgUr `mXr Am{U ^y{_H$m gyMr
XoIaoIrgmR>rMo gd©gmYmaU _wÔo (nyd©-àmW{_H$ Am{U n«mW{_H$ emim ) dma§dmaVm

❒ Amamo½`, ñdÀN>Vm Am{U Amamo½`Xm`r dmVmdaU

dOZ, C§Mr, nmofUmMm XOm©, cgrH$aU, ZIo H$mnUo, Ho$g H$mnUo, H$nS>o YwUo Am{U ñdÀN>Vm, VrZ _{hÝ`mVyZ EH$doim
ñdÀN>VoMo [aVr [admO, H$nS>o/JUdof ñdÀN>Vm, AmhmamVrc àmW{_H$ KQ>H$m§~m~VÀ`m JaOm.

❒ emioVrc dV©UyH$
{ZarjU, EH$mJ«Vm, Z¡g{J©H$ H$c/{deof `mo½`Vm, AmdS>/ê$Mr, ZoV¥Ëd JwU, g§K^mdZm Am{U JQ>mVrc dV©UyH$, VrZ _{hÝ`mVyZ EH$doim
g§»`oZo _moR>çm JQ>mV {_iyZ-{_giyZ amhÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr.

❒ Am{W©H$ JaOm
_yc^yV : emioV `oUo-OmUo (àdmg), JUdof, døm-nwñVHo$, ~wQ>, Mncm. àdoe KoVmZm, emim gwê$ hmoVmZm/
_yc^yVmoÎma : Cƒ {ejU, dgVrJ¥h, \$s B. hmoÊ`mAmYr Am{U {eî`d¥Î`m§gmR>rÀ`m
Zmdm§Zm A§{V_ ñdê$n XoVmZm

❒ H$_Hw$dV/Aä`mgmV _mJo nS>coë`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm AmYma

{dÚmÏ`mªZm nmR>~i XoUmao CnH«$_ Ogo H$s hñVmja gamd, gm_y{hH$ dmMZ, J{UVmMr H$moS>r, ñ_aUeº$sMo Ioi `mgmaIo
gamd dJ© Am`mo{OV H$aUo. Aem CnH«$_m§_Ü`o gh^mJr hmoUmè`m d Z hmoUmè`m _wcm§da cj R>odUo.

❒ nmR>çnwñVHo$Va CnH«$_m§_Ü`o JmdH$è`m§Mm gh^mJ

Ioim§À`m ñnYm©, dº¥$Ëd ñnYm©, 15 Am°JñQ> d 26 OmZodmarÀ`m à^mV \o$è`m, Jmoï>r gm§JUo, hñVmja ñnYm©, {MÌH$cm ñnYm©,
{Z~§Y ñnYm©, _wcm§Zr Ho$coë`m H$m_m§Mo/H$cm§Mo àXe©Z, BVa nmR>çnwñVHo$Va CnH«$_m§_Ü`o gh^mJ.

❒ VH«$matMo {ZdmaU/{ZamH$aU
{ejH$m§À`m VH«$mar : {eH$dVmV Ë`mH$S>o {dÚmÏ`mªMo cj ZgUo/H$_r cj, AmkmnmcZ Z H$aUo, Q>mnQ>rn ZgUo/Q>mnQ>rn Z R>odUo,
ImoQ>o ~mocUo, dJ© ~wS>{dUo, dJm©_Ü`o ^m§S>Ê`mMr àd¥Îmr. {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m VH«$mar : emar[aH$ _mahmU (OmñV à_mUmV),
N>idUyH$/`mVZm XoUo, {dÚm{W©Ztgmo~V dmB©Q> dV©UyH$, {ejH$m§Zr d¡`{º$H$ H$m_o gm§JUo.

26
 H$m`© 5 : e¡j{UH$ ~m~tÀ`m g§X^m©V JmdmVrc BVa g§ñWm§gmo~V g_Ýd`
H$m`© 5 ~ : AmT>mdm d XoIaoI H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo J«m_n§Mm`V, J«m_g^m Am{U coImnarjU g{_Vr~amo~a g_Ýd`
gmYZ 8 : J«m_n§Mm`V, J«m_g^m Am{U coImnarjU g{_Vrer g§nH©$ gmYmdm cmJoc Aem _wX²Úm§Mr VnmgUr `mXr
J«m_n§Mm`V J«m_g^m gm_m{OH$ coIm narjU g{_Vr

~¡R>H$m§Mr XmoZ _{hÝ`mVyZ 3 _{hÝ`mVyZ ghm _{hÝ`m§_YyZ

dma§dmaVm EH$ doim EH$doim EH$doim

T>mo~i/ ◆ {Z`moOZ Am{U A_§c~OmdUrÀ`m ◆ {Z`moOZmZwgma CnH«$_ hmoV Agë`mMr A§XmOnÌH$ Am{U IMm©~m~VMo H$moUVohr _wÔo/~m~r
gd©gmYmaU g§X^m©V _XV VgoM AmVmn`ªV ImÌr H$ê$Z KoUo. ◆ {ZYr `mo½`[aË`m IM© Pmcm Amho/Ë`mMm dmna Am{U
O~m~Xmè`m Ho$coë`m àJVrMm AmT>mdm ◆ cm^mWu {ZdS> à{H«$`m nmaXe©H$ Ho$coë`m H$m_m§Mm XOm© Mm§Jcm Amho ¶mo½¶ VoWo Pmbm
Am{U nmR>nwamdm AgÊ`mMr ImÌr H$aUo. Amho. nm`m^yV gw{dYm Á`m Zì`mZo {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m
AmhoV) `mMr ImÌr H$ê$Z KoUo.
gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mer {ZJS>rV H$moUVohr _wÔo/~m~r :
◆ AZwgy{MV OmVr, O_mVr Am{U narKmdarc
g_mOJQ>mVrb _wcm§Mr (àm_w»`mZo 6-14 d`moJQ>)
emio_Ü`o Zm|XUr Pmcr Amho.
`m g_mOJQ>mVrc _wcm§Zm {eî`d¥Î`m VgoM
{_iV BVa cm^ Agë`mMr ImÌr H$aUo.

OyZ ◆ {ejH$m§Mr j_Vm Am{U
H$m¡eë` d¥Õr/dmT>
e¡j{UH$ joÌmVrc (Jmdg§X^m©V) {Z`mo{OV CnH«$_ ◆ _mJrc dfmªMm (_mM© _Ü`o gmXa Ho$coco)
◆ emioH$S>rc CncãY {ZYr Am{U IMm©Mo {Z`moOZ. dm{f©H$ O_m-IM© Ahdmc
◆ `moOZm Am{U {ZYr {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r {Z`moOZ.
◆ Aä`mgmVrc {dÚmÏ`mªMr H$m_{Jar
gwYmaÊ`mgmR>rMo CnH«$_.
◆ nm`m^yV gw{dYm§Mm {dH$mg.

27
 J«m_n§Mm`V J«m_g^m gm_m{OH$ coIm narjU g{_Vr
◆ gwa{jV {nÊ`mMo nmUr d ñdÀN>Vm.
◆ nmcH$m§Mm gh^mJ {_imdm `mgmR>r gwê$ Ho$cocm g§dmX.

Am°JñQ> (15) ◆ d`moJQ>mZwgma ◆ emioV OmÊ`m`mo½` d`moJQ>mVrc (6 Vo 17 df})

(_wco Am{U _wcr) EHy$U _wcm§Mr (_wcr d _wcJo) g§»`m Am{U emioV
VgoM Á`m B`Îmo_Ü`o Zmd Zm|X{dcoë`m _wcm§Mr g§»`m `m~m~V
Ë`m§Mr Zm|XUr Pmcr Amho JmdmVrc gÚ:pñWVr.
Ë`mZwgma gÚpñWVr/XOm© ◆ gwa{jV {nÊ`mMo nmUr Am{U ñdÀN>VoÀ`m~m~V
emio_Ü`o AgUmè`m gw{dYm§Mr gÚpñWVr.

Zmoìh|~a/{S>g|~a gÚ:pñWVr (gmÜ` Ho$coë`m Jmoï>r, Amcoë`m ◆ gÚ:pñWVr (gmÜ` Ho$coë`m Jmoï>r,
AS>MUr, AnyU© cú`): Amcoë`m AS>MUr, AnyU© cú`)
◆ {_imcoë`m `moOZm. ◆ O_m Am{U IM©
◆ ~m§YH$m_mMr H$m_o (hmVr KoVcr Agë`mg).
◆ XwnmaMo OodU (_mÜ`mÝh ^moOZ H$m`©H«$_).
◆ Zm|XUr Pmcoco {dÚmWu {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`m~m~VMr H$m_{Jar.
◆ Aä`mg ({ZH$mc, {eî`d¥Îmr), Ioi, nmR>çnwñVHo$Va
CnH«$_m§_Yrc emioMr H$m_{Jar.

28
 Imcrc _m{hVr gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr cmdmdr
EHy$U _wc½`m§Mr g§»`m emioV Zmd Zm|Xdcoë`m EHy$U _wctMr g§»`m emioV Zmd Zm|Xdcoë`m
_wc½`m§Mr g§»`m _wctMr g§»`m
nyd©-àmW{_H$ (~mcdmS>r d A§mJUdmS>r)
àmW{_H$ (1cr Vo 4Wr)
Cƒ àmW{_H$ (5dr Vo 7dr)
_mÜ`{_H$ (8dr Vo 10dr)
Cƒ _mÜ`{_H$ (11dr d 12 dr)

emio~mhoa (emim~mø) AgÊ`m_mJrc H$maUm§Mm gmam§e :

e¡j{UH$ÑîQ>çm JmdmZo gmÜ` Ho$coë`m cjUr` ~m~r :

29
30
2(~) nmUr nwadR>m d ñdÀN>Vm g{_Vr
AmoiI
_hmamï´>mMr J«m_rU nmUrnwadR>`mMr gÚpñWVr
_hmamï´> EH$ àJV amÁ` JUbo OmV AgyZhr nmUrnwadR>çmÀ`m ~m~VrV _mÌ J«m_rU
_hmamï´>m_Ü`o A{Ve` {damoYm^mgmË_H$ {MÌ {XgVo. _hmamï´>mVrb EHy$U 86681 dmS>`m§nH¡ $s
Vã~b 40% dmS>`m§_Ü`o à{V{XZ-XaS>moB© 40 brQ>a `m amï´>r` {ZH$fmZwgma df©^a nwaogo
nmUr CnbãY hmoV Zmhr. Cd©[aV 60% dmS>`mdñË`m§Mo nmUrnwadR>`mMo àíZ gmoS>dyZhr
`mn¡H$s AZoH$ dñË`m§_Ü`o n`m©daUr` Am{U BVa XoI^mbXwéñVrÀ`m H$maUm§_wio nwÝhmnwÝhm
nmUrQ§MmB© {Z_m©U hmoVo Amho (OmJ{VH$ ~±H$, 2003).
amï´>r` J«m_rU nmUrnwadR>m `moOZoÀ`m XñVmdoOm§Zgw ma ^maVmVrb J«m_rU ^mJm§_Yo no`ObmMo
80% ómoV ho ^yObmda AmYm[aV AmhoV. `m nmUr`moOZm qH$dm no`ObòmoV AemídV
hmoÊ`mMr qH$dm {Za§VanUo Z {Q>H$Ê`mMr H$maUo AZoH$ Agbr Varhr àm_w»`mZo amÁ`mÀ`m
doJdoJù`m ^mJm§_Yrb nO©Ý`_mZmVrb ^m¡{J{bH$ {df_Vm, _`m©{XV ^yObgmR>o Am{U BVa
^yJ^u` H$maUo AmhoV. `m KQ>H$m§Mm emídVVoda A{Ve` J§^ra n[aUm_ hmoV AgyZ `m_wio
{deofV: \o$~«wdmar Vo _o `m _{hÝ`m§_Ü`o AZoH$ Jmdm§Zm _moR>`m à_mUmda nmUrQ>§MmB©bm
gm_moao Omdo bmJVo. VgoM, bKwAm¡Úmo{JH$ Am{U eoVH$s H$maUm§gmR>r ^yObmMm A{Z`§{ÌV
Cngm ho hr no`ObòmoV AemídV hmoÊ`m_mJrb EH$ _hÎdmMo H$maU Amho. ^yn¥ð>r` Am{U
31
^yObmÀ`m EH$mpË_H$ dmnamMr àUmbr AmOda J«m_rU ^mJm§_Ü`o àñWm{nV Z hmoÊ`m_mJo
^yOb dmnamda Hw$R>ë`mhr àH$maMo {Z~ªY Z KmbUo d Ë`mMo {d{Z`_Z Z H$aUo ho EH$
_hÎdmMo H$maU Amho (OmJ{VH$ ~±H$, 2003).
`mnyduÀ`m ~hwVm§e `moOZm§Ûmao Á`m dmS`m§Mm nmUrnwadR`mMm àíZ gmoS>dbm Jobm hmoVm
Ë`m dmS`m AmUIr EH$m _hÎdmÀ`m àíZmZo J«mgë`m AmhoV. `m dmS`m-Jmdm§_Ü`o Á`m
g§ñWm (CXm. J«m‘ n§Mm¶V, nmUrnwadR>m g{_Ë`m qH$dm _hmamï´> OrdZ àmYrH$aU-_Oràm B.),
`moOZoÀ`m qH$dm òmoVmÀ`m XoI^mbXwéñVrgmR>r O~m~Xma hmoË`m Aem g§ñWm§Zm no`ObòmoV
{Q>H$dÊ`m_Ü`o Am{U Ë`mgmR>r nmUrnÅ>r_YyZ `mo½` Vmo {ZYr C^maÊ`m_Ü`o g§nyU©nUo An`e
Amë`mMo ñnï> {XgVo. _Oràmgma»`m g§ñWm§H$S>o dmT>V OmUmar Z ^aboë`m ObXo`H$m§Mr
(dm°Q>a{~ëg) a¸$_ Am{U n[aUm_r ~ôwJ«m_ nmUrnwadR>m `moOZm MmbdÊ`mgmR>r emgZmbm
_moR>`m à_mUmda Úmdr bmJUmar g~{gS>r (AZwXmZo) ho `m g§ñWm§À`m An`emMo EH$
_hÎdmMo {ZXe©H$ Amho. _hmamï´>mVrb drOQ>§MmB©Zo `m_Yo ^aM KmVbr AgyZ J«m_rU
^mJm§_Ü`o _moR>`m à_mUmda hmoUmè`m ^ma{Z`_Zm_wio {H$Ë`oH$ {R>H$mUÀ`m nmUrnwadR>m
`moOZm nyU© j_VoZo df©^a MmbdVm `oV ZmhrV d `mMmhr n[aUm_ ObXo`Ho$ dgyb
H$aÊ`mda {dn[aVnUo hmoVmo Ago AmT>iyZ Ambo Amho.
nmUrnwadR>m Am{U ñdÀN>Vm joÌmVrb gwYmaUm
Joë`m H$mhr dfmª_Ü`o _hmamï´>mVrb J«m_rU nmUrnwadR>`mMo joÌ (goŠQ>a), åhUOoM emgZmÀ`m
{d{dY `moOZm Am{U YmoaU, `m_Ü`o Am_ybmJ« ~Xb hmoV Mmbbo AmhoV. J«m_rU
nmUrnwadR>`mMo YmoaU, Ë`mH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ, Ë`mg§~Y§ rÀ`m `moOZm Am{U H$m_H$mOnÕVr
`m_Ü`o ^maV emgZmZo _hÎdnyU© ~Xb H$ê$Z, gdmªZm nwaogo ñdÀN> Am{U ewÕ nmUr
{_imdo `mda ^a XoÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br Amho. `mgmR>rM emgZmZo {VÀ`m `mnyduÀ`m "godm-
nwadR>mXmamÀ`m' ^y{_Ho$VyZ {Zd¥Îm hmoD$Z "_XVH$maH$' (\°${g{bQ>oQ>a)Mr ^y{_H$m ñdrH$mabr
AgyZ `mnyduÀ`m nwadR>m AmYm[aV Ñ{ï>H$moZmnmgyZ \$maH$V KoD$Z nmUrnwadR>`mÀ`m gw{dYm
qH$dm `moOZm nwadÊ`mgmR>r "_mJUr AmYm[aV Ñ{ï>H$moZ' ñdrH$mabm Amho.
"{dH|$ÐrH$aU' hm emgZmÀ`m J«m_rU nmUrnwadR`mVrb gwYmaUm§_Yrb EH$ A{Ve`
_hÎdmMm Agm KQ>H$ Amho. H|$ÐemgZmZo àñVwV Ho$bobr J«m_rU nmUrnwadR`mMr Mm¡H$Q>
VgoM ñdObYmam `m `moOZoÀ`m _mJ©Xe©H$ gyMZm§_Ü`o J«m_rU nmUrnwadR`mÀ`m H$ma^mam_Ü`o
{dH|$ÐrH$aUmbm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ {Xbo Amho. `m `moOZoÀ`m XñVmdoOm§_Ü`o Z_yX Ho$ë`mZwgma
"ñWm{ZH$ n§Mm`Vrbm nmUrnwadR>m hr ñdV:Mr O~m~Xmar Z dmQ>Uo' ho AmOda nmUrnwadR>m
`moOZm§Zm Amboë`m An`em_mJrb _w»` H$maU Amho Ago åh§Q>bo Amho. VgoM J«m_n§Mm`Vt_Ü`o
nmUrnwadR`mà{V O~m~XmarMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U Z hmoÊ`m_mJo "nwadR>m AmYm[aV Ñ{ï>H$moZ'
Am{U "Agh^mJr nÕVrZo Ho$bobr A§§_b~OmdUr' `m XmoZ ~m~r H$maUr^yV Agë`mMo
åhQ>bo Amho. åhUyZM doJdoJù`m `moOZm Am{U H$m`©H«$_m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr "_mJUr
AmYm[aV Ñ{ï>H$moZ' (nyd©AQ>tda AmYm[aV d _mJUrZwgma _§Oyar) Am{U "gh^mJr nÕVrZo'
H$aÊ`mV `mdr Ago _mJ©Xe©H$ gyMZm§_Ü`o Z_yX Ho$bo Amho.
{d{dY `moOZm Ogo H$s "ObñdamÁ`'Am{U "Amnbo nmUr' (_hmamï´>), dmñ_mo (JwOamV),
"AmnUm nmUr' (amOñWmZ) "ñdObYmam' (H|$Ð emgZ) Am{U AmVm "amï´>r` J«m_rU
nmUrnwadR>m H$m`©H«$_' `m gd© `moOZm§ZrM da Z_yX Ho$boë`m {dH|$ÐrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$`oda ^a
{Xbm AgyZ Ë`mÛmao OZgh^mJ {_idVm `oB©b Ago åhQ>bo Amho. hr {dH|$ÐrH$aUmMr
32
à{H«$`m nwT>o KoD$Z OmÊ`mgmR>r EH (H$m`ÚmÛmao) gj_rH¥$V Aer g§ñWmË_H$ aMZm Jmdm_Ü`o
AmUbr OmV AgyZ `mÛmao, JmdñVamdarb nmÊ`mÀ`m `moOZoMr A§_b~OmdUr Am{U
{ZU©`à{H«$`m `m g§ñWm§Ûmao hmoUma Amho. `m `moOZm§À`m bm^mWu Jmdm§_Ü`o "Jmd nmUrnwadR>m
Am{U ñdÀN>Vm g{_Vr' ñWmnZ Ho$br AgyZ `m g{_Vrbm J«m_n§Mm`V H$m`Úm_Ü`o g_m{dï>
H$aÊ`mV Amë`m_wio H$m`ÚmMo A{Yð>mZ bm^bo Amho. _hmamï´> emgZmZohr J«m_n§Mm`
A{Y{Z`_ 1958/9 _Ü`o Amdí`H$ Vo ~Xb Ho$bo AgyZ, Ë`mÛmao "Jmd nmUrnwadR>m
Am{U ñdÀN>Vm g{_Vr', Am{U "nmS>m g{_Vr', ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mg _mÝ`Vm {Xbr Amho.
`mg§~§YrÀ`m _yi XwéñVr_Ü`o nmUrnwadR>m g{_VrEodOr "Jmd {dH$mg g{_Vr' Am{U
nmS>mg{_VrEodOr "bm^mWuñVar` Cng{_Vr' Agm C„oI Agbm Varhr `m XwéñVrMo _yi
CÔoe ho JmdñVamda nmUrnwadR>`mgh BVa {dH$mgmÀ`m {df`m§g~§ Y§ r J«m_g^oÀ`m AIË`mar_Ü`o
doJdoJù`m Cng{_Ë`m ñWmnÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$`obm d¡Ym{ZH$ _mÝ`Vm XoUo AgmM Amho. åhUyZM
`mM H$m`Úm§_Yrb XwéñVrMm AmYma KoD$Z emgZmZo ObñdamÁ` `moOZo_Ü`o "Jmd nmUrnwadR>m
Am{U ñdÀN>Vm g{_Vr' Am{U "nmS>m nmUrnwadR>m d ñdÀN>Vm g{_Vr' `m XmoZ àH$maÀ`m
g{_Ë`m ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m AmhoV. "emgZ `m gdmª_YyZ {dH|$ÐrH$aUmMr à{H«$`m nwT>o ZoV AgyZ
Ë`mÛmao bmoH$gj_rH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$`obm JVr {_iob' ho Xe©dUo hm CÔoe `m gd© g{_Ë`m,
Ë`mg§~§YrÀ`m XwéñË`m Am{U VaVyXtMm `oWo C„oI H$aÊ`m_mJo Amho.
_mÌ, `mVrb gdm©V _hÎdnyU© ~m~ Aer H$s _hmamï´>m_Ü`o "ObñdamÁ`' hr EH$_od
Aer `moOZm Amho Á`m_Ü`o JmdnmVirdarb {ZU©à{H«$`oMo gdm}ƒ A{YH$ma J«m_g^obm
XoÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. Jmd nmUrnwadR>m Am{U ñdÀN>Vm g{_VrÀ`m H$m_H$mOmÀ`m {Z`_m§_Ü`o
g{_VrÀ`m gd© {ZU©`m§Zm J«m_g^oMr _§Oyar Amdí`H$ Amho Ago {Z:g§{X½YnUo åhQ>bo Amho.
`mVyZM ho bjmV `oVo H$s {ZU©`à{H«$`oMo gdm}ƒ A{YH$ma J«m_g^obm XoÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.
AmOda Hw$R>ë`mhr amÁ`m§Zr qH$dm H|$ÐemgZmÀ`m Hw$R>ë`mhr H$m`Úm_Ü`o Aem àH$maMo
A{YH$ma J«m_g^obm {Xbo Jobobo ZmhrV, `m nmíd©^y_rda hr KQ>Zm {ZpíMVM _hÎdnyU©
Amho.
gÜ`mÀ`m YmoaUmË_H$ Mm¡H$Q>rZwgma "Jmd nmUrnwadR>m g{_VrÀ`m H$m_H$mOmMo
{Z`_'
`mnydu åhQ>ë`mà_mUo Jmd nmUrnwadR>m Am{U ñdÀN>Vm g{_VrH$S>,o JmdmVrb nmUrnwadR`mÀ`m
pñWVrMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z `moOZm AmIUo, Vr A_bmV AmUUo, VgoM `moOZm AmH$mamg
AmUë`mZ§Va `moOZm MmbdyZ {VMr XoI^mb-XwéñVr H$aUo hr O~m~Xmar gmondbr Amho.
hr A{Ve` ñdmJVmh© ~m~ Agbr Varhr gXa `moOZm§Imbr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV `oUmè`m
g{_VrMo H$m_H$mO Ho$di `moOZoMm JmdmVrb H$mbmdYr g§non`ªVM, åhUOoM `moOZm nyU©
hmoB©n`©§VM nmUrnwadR>m g{_VrZo H$m_ H$amd`mMo Amho. no`ObnwadR>m `moOZm nyU© Pmë`mZ§Va
gXa `moOZoMo H$m_H$mO, gÜ`mÀ`m {Z`_m§Zwgma J«m_n§Mm`VrH$S>o gmondm`Mo Amho. åhUOoM
`moOZoMr XoI^mbXwéñVrMr O~m~Xmar J«m_n§Mm`VrH$S>o qH$dm J«m_n§Mm`VrZo Zì`mZoM ñWmnZ
Ho$boë`m "XoI^mb-XwéñVr' g{_VrH$S>o gmondyZ nmUrnwadR>m d ñdÀN>Vm g{_Vr {dg{O©V
H$amd`mMr AgVo.
Ago Agbo Varhr gÜ`mÀ`m YmoaUm_Ü`o XoI^mbXwéñVrda àM§S> ^a {Xbm AgyZ,
`moOZm g§nÊ`mnydu XoI^mb-XwéñVrÀ`m nydV© `margmR>r VrZ _{hÝ`m§Mm EH$ doJim H$mbmdYrhr
ñdV§Ì Q>ßnm åhUyZ A§_b~OmdUrÀ`m doJdoJù`m Q>ßß`m§_Ü`o1 g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambm
Amho. `mg§~Y§ r ObñdamÁ` àH$ënm_Ü`o {Xbo Jobb o o Vnerb IamoIarM A{Ve` {dMmanydH© $
V`ma Ho$bo Jobo AgyZ H$m¡VwH$mñnXM AmhoV. ho _wÔm_ Z_yX H$am`bm hdo H$s, `m àH$ënm_Ü`o
JmdnmVirdarb {d{dY g§ñWm Ogo H$s, nmUrnwadR>m g{_Vr, gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU
g{_Vr, J«m_g^m, J«m_n§Mm`V, `m§Mr ^y{_H$m Am{U O~m~Xmè`m A{Ve` Aä`mgnyd©H$
{ZpíMV Ho$ë`m Joë`m AgyZ, `moOZoÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrMo g§nyU© Vnerbdma doimnÌH$M
V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. åhUyZM, `m àH$ënmVrb VaVyXtMm gImob Aä`mg Ho$ë`m{edm`
`mnwT>o Hw$R>ë`mhr JmdnmVirdarb nmUrnwadR>m Am{U ñdÀN>Vm g{_VrÀ`m H$m_H$mOmMo
Vnerb R>adë`mg Vo AnyU© H$m_ R>aob.
1. JmdnmVirda no`ObnwadR>m `moOZm§Mo Mma Q>ßno AmhoV. 1. _m{hVr-{ejU-g§dmX d j_Vm
~m§YUr - 3 _{hZo, 2. `moOZoMr AmIUr-3 _{hZo, 3. `moOZoMr A§_b~OmdUr-9 _{hZo
Am{U 4. XoI^mbXwéñVrMr nyd©V`mar-3 _{hZo
33
_mÌ emgZmZo J«m_rU nmUrnwadR>`mÀ`m joÌm_Ü`o BVH$m Mm§Jbm Am{U _moR>m à`ËZ
H$ê$Zhr, ObñdamÁ` Am{U Ë`mgma»`m `moOZm§~Ôb J«m_rU {dH$mgmÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Mo
Am{U Q>rH$mH$mam§Mo Mm§Jbo _V V`ma Pmbobo Zmhr. `m `moOZm§À`m n[aUm§_m§Mm Aä`mg
_m§S>Umao gm{hË` emgZmÛmao qH$dm OmJ{VH$ ~±H$ Am{U VËg_ g§ñWm§Ûmao AOyZ CnbãY
Pmbobo Zgbo Varhr H$mhr gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Zr Ho$boë`m Aä`mgmZwgma `moOZoÀ`m
A§_b~OmdUr_Ü`o AZoH$ AS>MUr AgyZ Ë`m_wio AZoH$ Jmdm§_Yo `moOZm AS>MUr_Ü`o
gmnS>br Amho. `m AS>MUtH$S>o EH$ Ñ{ï>jon Q>mH$ë`mg Ago bjmV `oVo H$s, `m AS>MUr
XmoZ àH$maÀ`m AmhoV. (1) YmoaUmË_H$ AS>MUr, Ogo H$s Jmd nmUrnwadR>m Am{U ñdÀN>Vm
g{_VrMr ^y{_H$m Am{U (2) `moOZoÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrVrb AS>MUr, CXm. `moOZm {ZX}{eV
H$mbmdYr_Yo nyU© Z hmoUo. _mÌ, `m gmYZm_Ü`o _mÌ Ho$di YmoaUmË_H$ AS>MUtMm {deofV:
Jmd nmUrnwadR>m Am{U ñdÀN>Vm g{_VrÀ¶m ^y{_Ho$À`m AZwf§JmZo, {dMma Ho$bobm Amho.
da _m§S>ë`mà_mUo gÜ`mMr YmoaUmË_H$ Mm¡H$Q> nwaoer gImob AgyZ Ë`m_Ü`o Jmd
nmUrnwadR>m Am{U ñdÀN>Vm g{_VrMr ^y{_H$m, O~m~Xmar Am{U H$m_H$mOm~Ôb A{Ve`
gImob Am{U ~marH$gmarH$ _wÔ`m§da {dMma Ho$bobm Amho. Ago Agbo Varhr, `moOZoMm
H$mbmdYr g§nwï>mV Amë`mZ§Va gXa g{_VrMr O~m~Xmar gÜ`mÀ`m _mJ©Xe©H$ gyMZm§Zwgma
g§nwï>mV `oVo. `mdê$Z Ago bjmV `oVo H$s Jmd nmUrnwadR>m Am{U ñdÀN>Vm g{_VrMr
{Z{_©VrM _wir Ho$di Jmdm_Ü`o `moOZm am~dÊ`mnwaVr Pmbobr Amho. `m_wio g{_VrMr
^y{_H$m Am{U H$m_H$mO `mda {H$Vrhr gImob {dMma Ho$bobm Agbm Varhr {VMo H$m_H$mO
Ho$di `moOZoÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrÀ`m A§JmZoM Ho$bo Jobo Agë`mMo AmT>iVo. `m_wio g{_VrMr
^y{_H$m Iao Va `moOZoMr A§_b~OmdUr nyU© Pmë`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimVhr _hÎdnyU© Agy
eH$Vo `m eŠ`VoH$S>o YmoaUm_Ü`o Xwb©j Pmbobo AmT>iVo. åhUyZM g{_VrH$S>o nmUrdmnamÀ`m
{Z`_ZmMr O~m~Xmar XoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo nwaogm {dMma Pmbobm ZgyZ hr gÜ`mÀ`m YmoaUm_Ü`o
EH$ CUrd amhÿZ Jobr Agë`mMo {XgVo. hr ^y{_H$m g{_VrH$S>o {Xbr AgVr Va Vo
"nmUrnwadR>`mMo g_Ý`m`r {dVaU' Am{U "Ë`mgmR>r nmUrgmR>`m§Mo g§ajU' `m XmoÝhr
~m~r§Mr ImÌr H$aÊ`mgmR>r A{Ve` _hÎdmMo R>abo AgVo.
 _mÌ2, gÜ`mÀ`m ("ObñdamÁ`' Am{U "ñdObYmam' `moOZm§Ûmao am~dë`m OmUmè`m)
YmoaUmË_H$ Mm¡H$Q>r_Ü`o `m _hÎdnyU© eŠ`VoH$S>o Xwb©j hmoÊ`mMo _hÎdmMo H$maU åhUOo
nmUrnwadR>m d ñdÀN>Vm g{_VrÀ`m H$m_H$mOmH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm àH$ënm{Y{ð>V Ñ{ï>H$moZ.
åhUyZM g{_VrÀ`m H$m_H$mOmMr gXa `moOZm§_Ü`o V`ma Ho$bobr Mm¡H$Q> Oar A{Ve`
_hÎdnyU© Am{U `mo½` Agbr Varhr Vr AnyU© Amho Ago åhUVm `oB©b.
`mdê$Z Agm {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm `oB©b H$s, JmdnmVirdarb nmÊ`mMo àíZ gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r
EH$m EH$mpË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho d Ë`mVyZ EH$ XrK©H$mbrZ {Z`moOZmMo
à{Vq~~ Agmdo Aer Anojm Amho. VgoM, nmUrnwadR>m Am{U ñdÀN>Vm g{_VrMo H$m_H$mO
`mM EH$mpË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmda AmYmabobo AgUo Amdí`H$ AgyZ Ë`m_Ü`o JmdmVrb nmÊ`mÀ`m
àíZm§Zm gdm}ƒ àmYmÝ` {Xbo OmUo A{^àoV Amho. Jmd-nmUrnwadR>m d ñdÀN>Vm g{_VrMo
H$m_H$mO gwH$a ìhmdo åhUyZ EH$m gdªH$f Aem Ñ{ï>H$moZmda AmYmaboë`m H$m_H$mO
à{H«$`oMo AmaoIZ d H$m_H$mO MmbdÊ`mgmR>r Cn`wº$ gmYZm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ago `m nwpñVHo$Mo
Xwhoar C{Ôï> Amho.
EH$mpË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMr JaO
"no`Ob' Am{U "gmd©Om{ZH$ ñdÀN>Vm' ho XmoÝhr EH$_oH$m§er g§~§{YV Agbobo àíZ AgyZ,
`m àíZm§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ EH$mpË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMm Adb§~ Ho$ë`mIoarO eŠ` Zmhr. gmd©Om{ZH$
ñdÀN>VoMm A^md hr ^maVmÀ`m J«m_rU Am{U ehar ^mJmVrb EH$ _moR>r g_ñ`m Amho.
2. J«m_rU nmUrnwadR>m H$m`©H«$_mZo (2008) AmIyZ {Xbobr YmoaUmË_H$ Mm¡H$Q> hr `mgmR>rMr gdm©V A{bH$S>Mr
YmoaUmË_H$ Mm¡H$Q> AgyZ `m_Ü`o J«m_n§Mm`Vrbm nmUrnwadR>m H$m`©H«$_ hmVr KoÊ`m_Ü`o A{Ve` _hÎdmMr
^y{_H$m XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho. nmUrnwadR`mÀ`m dmnamMo doimnÌH$ Am{U J{UV V`ma H$aUo, Am{U nmUrnwadR`mMo
ZdrZ òmoV {dH${gV H$aUo `m_Ü`o ñWm{ZH$ g_wXm`m§Zr O~m~Xmar ¿`mdr Ago hr YmoaUmË_H$ Mm¡H$Q> gwMdVo.
nO©Ý`Ob, ^yn¥ð>r` Ob Am{U ^yObmMm EH${ÌV Am{U gw`mo½` dmna H$aUo Am{U EH$mM òmoVm§da Adb§~yZ
Z amhVm EH$mhÿZ A{YH$ òmoVm§Mm {dYm`H$ Cn`moJ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Agë`mMo à{VnmXZ `m_Ü`o Ho$bo Amho.
VgoM no`ObgwajogmR>r òmoVm§À`m nmUbmoQ>joÌm§Mr gwajm, àXwfUmnmgyZ no`ObgmR>`m§Mr gwajm Aemhr
~m~tda ^a XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
34
ñdÀN>Vm hr WoQ>nUo Amamo½`mda emgZmV\}$ Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m IMm©er, VgoM ñdÀN> n`m©daUmer
Am{U nmÊ`mÀ`m XOm©er OmoS>bobr Amho Am{U åhUyZM A§{V_V: Vr g_¥Õ OrdZ_mZmer
{ZJ{S>V Amho. OmJ{VH$ Amamo½` g§KQ>ZoÀ`m EH$m gd}jUmZwgma 3.3 Xebj ì`º$s Ho$di
A{Vgmam_wio OJm_Ü`o Xadfu _¥Ë`y_wIr nS>VmV, Va Hw$R>ë`mhr doiog 1.5 Xebj ì`º$s
O§V, H¥$_r Am{U BVa _mZdr {dð>o_wio Am{U Anwè`m ñdÀN>Vo_wio Pmboë`m AmOmam§er
gm_Zm H$aV AgVmV. OmJ{VH$ ~±Ho$À`m 2005 _Yrb AmH$S>odmarZwgma à{V{XZ gw_mao
5000 nmM dfmªImbrb _wbo Ho$di nmÊ`m_wio hmoUmè`m A{Vgmam_wio (S>m`[a`m) _¥Ë`y_wIr
nS>VmV, Omo H$s g§nyU©nUo Wm§~dVm `oÊ`mgmaIm AmOma Amho. `m A{Vgmam_wio _wbm§Mr
nmofUmMr pñWVr ImbmdyZ Ë`m_wio AZoH$ AmOmam§Zm {Z_§ÌU {_iVo, d `m AmOmam§Mr
amoH$Wm_ H$aÊ`mgmR>rMm IM©, Amamo½`mdarb EHy$U amï´>r` IMm©À`m OdOdi 22%
BVŠ`m _moR>`m à_mUmda dmT>Vmo. H$mhr Aä`mgm§_YyZ Agohr {ZXe©Zmg Ambo Amho H$s
`m_wio _wbm§À`m AmH$bZeº$sda {dn[aV n[aUm_ hmoVmo, Ë`mM~amo~a emar[aH$ dmT>rdahr
n[aUm_ Pmë`m_wio `mMm Xwîn[aUm_ EH${ÌVnUo embo` {dH$mgmda hmoVmo. `m{edm`,
gmd©Om{ZH$ ñdÀN>VoMr gw{dYm Zgë`mZo, CKS`mdarb em¡MmMr _moR>r g_ñ`m {Z_m©U
Pmbr AgyZ `mM gdm©V OmñV Ìmg {ó`m Am{U VéU _wbtZm gmogmdm bmJVmo Amho. {ó`m
Am{U VéU _wbtZm em¡Mmg A§YmamV Omdo bmJV Agë`m_wio, _moR>`mà_mUmda O§Vwg§gJ©,
_bmdamoY Am{U _mZ{gH$ VmUmMm Ìmg ghZ H$amdm bmJVmo. VgoM `m_wio {ó`m§Zm Am{U
_wbr§Zm emar[aH$ N>i d AË`mMmamMrhr ^rVr AgVo. emim§_Ü`o gmd©Om{ZH$ ñdÀN>VoMr
gw{dYm ZgUo ho hr {deofV: nm¡J§S>mdñWoVrb _wbtMo emim§_Yrb à_mU H$_r AgUo Am{U
H$_r hmoUo `m_mJrb EH$ _hÎdmMo H$maU gm§{JVbo OmVo. Ë`mM~amo~a _{hbm-{ejH$
dJm©Mr ^aVr Am{U Ë`m§Mo emim§_Ü`o {Q>Hy$Z amhUo `mgmR>r emim§_Ü`o em¡Mmb`m§Mr ì`dñWm
AgUo A{Ve` _hÎdmMo R>aVo.
Aem arVrZo, em¡Mmb`m§Mr gw{dYm hm OmJ{VH$ ñVamdarb EH$ A{Ve` _hÎdmMm
{dH$mgmer {ZJ{S>V Agm _wÔm AgyZ åhUyZM "ghòH$mÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m C{Ôï>m'§_Ü`o
({_bo{Z`_ S>oìhbn_|Q> Jmoëg) Ë`mMm g_mdoe H$ê$Z EH$ `mo½` nmD$b CMbbo Jobo Amho.
Ë`m{edm` `mVrb EHy$U AmR> C{Ôï>m§n¡H$s VrZ C{Ôï>o (1) ~mb_¥Ë`y H$_r H$aUo (2)
AmOmam§er gm_Zm H$aUo Am{U (3) n`m©daUr` emídVVm amIUo hr VrZ C{Ôï>o WoQ>
gmd©Om{ZH$ ñdÀN>Voer OmoS>bobr AmhoV. BVHo$M Zìho Va, AmË`§{VH$ Jar~rMo g§nyU©
CƒmQ>Z H$aUo ho n{hbo C{Ôï>hr AàË`jnUo gmd©Om{ZH$ ñdÀN>Voer OmoS>bobo Amho, H$maU
AñdÀN>Vo_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmao AmOma H$_r CËnÞ Am{U Amamo½`mdarb dmT>rd IMm©g
H$maUr^yV R>aVmV Am{U Jar~m§À`m hbmIrÀ`m n[apñWVr_Ü`o ^a KmbVmV.
`m {df`mda Ho$boë`m joÌr` Aä`mgm§_YyZ ho bjmV Ambo Amho H$s (1) ñdÀN>Vo~m~V
OmUrdOmJ¥VrMm A^md (2) nmÊ`mMr H$_VaVm Am{U (3) ~m§YH$m_mMm {ZH¥$ï> XOm© `m
VrZ H$maUm§_wio em¡Mmb`m§Mm dmna hmoV Zmhr. nmÊ`mMr nwaoer CnbãYVm hm gmd©Om{ZH$
ñdÀN>VoMr g§ñH¥$Vr éOdÊ`m_Ü`o _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m {Z^mdUmam EH$ KQ>H$ Amho. CXm.
em¡Mmg OmD$Z Amë`mZ§Va hmV YwUo qH$dm em¡Mmb`mMr ñdÀN>Vm amIÊ`mgmR>r AgUmar
nmÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm BË`mXr, VgoM em¡Mmb`m§Mm dmna Z H$aÊ`mMr nÕV Am{U `m~amo~aM
KZH$Mam Am{U Ðdê$n H$Mè`mMr `mo½` {dëhodmQ> bmdUo hmhr darb gd© àíZm§er g§~§{YV
EH$ _hÎdmMm àíZ Amho. ho àíZ gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r ñWm{ZH$ g_wXm`m§Mm gh^mJ A{Ve`
Amdí`H$ AgyZ CKS`mdarb em¡MmMm àíZ {ZH$mbr H$mT>md`mMm Agë`mg J«m_rU bmoH$m§À`m
dmJUyH$sV _moR>`m à_mUmda ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. Agm ~Xb
KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r "_m{hVr-{ejU-g§dmX' _mohr_m§Mm _moR>`m à_mUmda Cn`moJ hmoD$
eH$Vmo.
`m gmè`m ~m~r A§_bmV AmUV AgVmZm H$mhr Vm§{ÌH$ _wÔohr bjmV R>odUo _hÎdmMo
Amho. CXm. nma§nm[aH$ IÈ>`m§Mo g§S>mg qH$dm gm§S>nmÊ`mMr {dëhodmQ> bmdÊ`mMr ì`dñWm,
`m_wio ^yObgmR>o àXw{fV hmoÊ`mMm _moR>m YmoH$m AgVmo ho bjmV R>odUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
n`m©daUÑîQ`m `mo½` ñdÀN>VMo o C{Ôï> Ago Amho H$s Á`m_wio gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ÑîQ>`m
ñdrH$mamh©, VgoM emídV, Amamo½`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo gwa{jV, Am{U AmOy~mOyÀ`m Z¡g{J©H$
n[apñWVrer gwg§JV Aem gmd©Om{ZH$ ñdÀN>VoMm Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ nwT>o `oUmao Cnm` am~dUo d
VgoM Ë`mMm àgma H$aUo. Aem àH$maÀ`m àH$ënm§Mr gd©gmYmaU C{Ôï>o nwT>rbà_mUo
35
AmhoV. (1) gm§S>nmÊ`mMr `mo½` {dëhodmQ> bmdÊ`mgmR>r gw`mo½` V§ÌkmZ, g§ñWmË_H$ aMZm
Am{U IM© `m§Mm `mo½` Vmi_oi AgUmao Cnm` {dH${gV H$aUo, VgoM `mgmR>r gÜ`m
CnbãY AgUmao nmBn Am{U gm§S>nmUr-à{H«$`m gw{dYoMm nwaonya dmna H$aUo (2) _mZdr
_yÌm_YyZ jma doJio H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mm Cn`moJ eoVrgmR>r H$aUo Am{U (3) H$mù`m gm§S>nmÊ`mda
à{H«$`m H$aUo Am{U JQ>matÛmao \o$H$bo OmUmè`m gm§S>nmÊ`mMo à_mU H$_r H$aUo. Aem
nÕVrZo nmUrnwadR>`mÀ`m OmoS>rZo gmd©Om{ZH$ ñdÀN>Voda ^a XoD$Z Ë`mg§~§YrMm H$ma^ma
nmUrnwadR>m Am{U ñdÀN>VoÀ`m H$jo_Yo AmUUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
nmUrnwadR>m Am{U ñdÀN>Vm g{_VrMr H$m_H$mO nÕVr :
^y{_H$m Am{U {Z`_
C{Ôï> : JmdnmVirda, nmUrnwadR>m Am{U gmd©Om{ZH$ ñdÀN>Vog§~§YrMo gd© àíZ
hmVmiÊ`mgmR>r EH$ g§ñWm {Z_m©U H$aUo. `m àíZm§_Ü`o (no`) ObòmoVm§Mm dmna, gdmªZm
nmUr, nmÊ`mMo gd© àH$maÀ`m dmnamgmR>rMo {dVaU Am{U J«m_g^oÀ`m {ZX}emZwgma
JmdnmVirda nmÊ`m~m~VÀ`m YmoaUmË_H$ ~m~r§Mr {ZpíMVr H$aUo ho KQ>H$ g_m{dï> AmhoV.
{ZpíMV Ho$bobr O~m~Xmar : g{_Vrbm XmoZ àH$maÀ`m ^y{_H$m nma nmS>mì`m bmJVrb
(1) nmUrnwadR`mMr godm nwadUo, Am{U (2) nmÊ`mMm J¡admna, A{Z`§{ÌV Cngm Am{U
Ag_mZ dmQ>n Q>miÊ`mgmR>r dmnamMo {Z`_Z. hr ^y{_H$m XmoZ doJdoJù`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ nma
nmS>mdr bmJob.
A) godm nwadR>mXmamMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ
◆ `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmZwgma 40 {bQ>a à{V{XZ XaS>mBo © nmÊ`mMr CnbãYVm Am{U {dVaU gw{ZpíMV
H$aUo. `m_Ü`o OmV qH$dm dJ© (lr_§V/Jar~) `mZwgma Hw$R>bmhr ^oX^md Z H$aUo,
◆ emgZmÀ`m _mJ©Xe©H$ gyMZm§Zwgma {Oëhm n[afXoÀ`m ghmæ`mZo JmdmVrb nmUrnwadR>m
`moOZoMo AmaoIZ Am{U A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo, VgoM `mgmR>r emgZmMo {d{dY {d^mJ
Am{U BVa ghmæ`H$mar g§ñWm (Ogo H$s, ^yOb gd}jU {d^mJ) `m§Mr _XV KoUo.
~) {Z`m_H$ `§ÌUoMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ
◆ amÁ` emgZ Am{U H|$Ð emgZmMo {d{dY H$m`Xo (CXm. _hmamï´> ^yOb Cngm {Z`_Z
(no`ObmgmR>r) H$m`Xm 1993), VgoM, J«m_g^obm {Xbo Jobobo A{YH$ma `m§À`mer
gwg§JVr amIyZ, J«m_n§Mm`VrÀ`m _hgybr hÔrÀ`m AmV Am{U g^modVmbÀ`m ^yn¥ð>r`
Am{U ^yObgmR>`m§da no`ObgwajoÀ`m Ñï>rZo {Z`§ÌU R>do Uo. ho H$aV AgVmZm nmÊ`mÀ`m
dmnamMm h¸$ g_Ý`m`r nÕVrZo dmnabm OmÊ`mg gdm}ƒ àmYmÝ` XoUo.
◆ no`ObòmoVm§À`m gwajogmR>r ImOJr òmoVm§gh gd© òmoVm§_YyZ {_iUmè`m nmÊ`mÀ`m
dmnamgmR>r _mJ©Xe©H$ gyMZm Am{U {Z`_ R>adUo Am{U `m _mJ©Xe©H$ gyMZm§Zm
J«m_g^oH$Sy>Z _§Oyar {_idUo.
◆ _mJ©Xe©H$ {Z`_mdbrMm ^§J H$aUmè`m ì`º$s¨{déÕ H$madmB© H$aUo
g{_VrMo A{YH$ma
◆ nmUrnwadR>m Am{U gmd©Om{ZH$ ñdÀN>Vog§~§YrMo {d{dY àíZ Ogo H$s, dmnamMm h¸$,
nmÊ`mMo {dVaU, `moOZoMo Vm§{ÌH$ _wÔo, XoI^mb-XwéñVr, no`ObòmoVm§Mo g§ajU,
ObòmoVm§Mo g§dY©Z BË`mqXda MMm© H$aÊ`mgmR>r J«m_g^m ~mobmdUo
◆ J«m_g^oÀ`m dVrZo _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§Zm AZwgê$Z òmoV Am{U {dVaU ì`dñWoÀ`m
XoI^mbXwéñVrMo {ZU©` KoUo
◆ XoI^mbXwéñVrÀ`m IM© ^ê$Z {ZKob Aem nÕVrZo nmUrnÅ>rMr AmH$maUr Am{U
dgybr H$aUo
36
g{_VrMr g§aMZm
{~JaAm{Xdmgr ^mJm§_Yrb Jmdm§gmR>r g{_VrMr g§aMZm
◆ g{_Vr_Ü`o {H$_mZ 12 Va H$_mb 24 gXñ` AgVrb.
◆ EHy$U gXñ`m§n¡H$s 50% gXñ` `m _{hbm gXñ` AgVrb.
◆ g{_Vr gXñ`m§_Ü`o JmdmVrb Vê$U _§S>io, _{hbm _§S>io Am{U g_wXm`mYm[aV g§ñWm§Zm
(gr~rAmo) nwaogo à{V{Z{YÎd Agob.
◆ Amdí`H$VoZwgma 2-3 dmS`m§gmR>r gm_y{hH$ (~hwJ«m_)$ nmUrnwadR>m `moOZoMr AmIUr
H$am`Mr Agë`mg, g§~§{YV dmS>`m-dñË`m§_YyZ gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> H$aVm `oB©b.
◆ g{_VrÀ`m 1/3 gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> J«m_n§Mm`V gXñ`m§_YyZ H$aVm `oB©b.
◆ hr g{_Vr H$m`_ amhrb Am{U `m g{_VrMr d¡Ym{ZH$Vm J«m_n§Mm`V H$m`ÚmZwgma
amhrb.
◆ ZdrZ J«m_n§Mm`V ñWmnZ Pmë`mZ§Va 45 {Xdgm§À`m AmV hr g{_Vr ñWmnZ H$aUo
~§YZH$maH$ amhrb. g{_Vr-gXñ` {ZdS>VmZm _mOr g{_Vr gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> H$ê$ Z`o
Ago H$moUVohr ~§YZ `m g{_VrgXñ`m§da amhUma Zmhr.
◆ J«m_n§Mm`VrMm g{Md Am{U J«m_n§Mm`VrÀ`m boImZm|XtgmR>r O~m~Xma AgUmam
J«m_godH$ hmhr `m g{_VrMm EH$ _hÎdnyU© gXñ` amhrb.
◆ g{_Vr {dg{O©V H$amd`mMr Agë`mg {deof J«m_g^oMo Am`moOZ H$aUo ~§YZH$maH$
Agob, VgoM {dgO©ZmÀ`m g_W©ZmW© {H$_mZ 2/3 J«m_g^m-gXñ`m§Zr R>amdmÀ`m
~mOyZr _VàXe©Z H$aUo Amdí`H$ amhrb.
◆ gXñ`mMm _¥Ë`y, amOrZm_m qH$dm ~S>V\$s©Z§Va g{_VrÀ`m Cd©[aV H$m`©H$mbmgmR>r Zì`m
gXñ`mMr {Z`wº$s J«m_g^o_m\©$V Ho$br OmB©b.
Am{Xdmgr ^mJm§gmR>r g{_VrMr aMZm
◆ g{_Vr_Ü`o {H$_mZ 12 Va H$_mb 24 gXñ` AgVrb.
◆ EHy$U gXñ`m§n¡H$s 50% gXñ` `m _{hbm gXñ` AgVrb.
◆ {H$_mZ 75% gXñ` ho Am{Xdmgr g_mOm§_YyZ {ZdS>bo OmVrb.
◆ g{_VrÀ`m 1/3 gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> J«m_n§Mm`V gXñ`m§_YyZ H$aVm `oB©b.
◆ _hgybr JmdmVrb àË`oH$ dmS>r-dñVr Am{U gd© Am{Xdmgr Am{U _mJmgdJu`
OmVrO_mVtZm g{_Vrda à{V{ZYrËd Agob.
◆ g{_Vr gXñ`m§_Ü`o JmdmVrb Vê$U _§S>io, _{hbm _§S>io Am{U g_wXm`mYm[aV g§ñWm§Zm
nwaogo à{V{Z{YÎd Agob.
g{_Vr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr nÕV
◆ g{_Vr ñWmnZ H$amd`mÀ`m à{H«$`o_Ü`o àË`oH$ dmS>r-dñVrnmVirda ñdV§Ì ~¡R>H$m
Am`mo{OV H$amì`mV, VgoM ñdV§Ì _{hbm-J«m_g^m Am`mo{OV Ho$ë`mZ§Va g{_Vr
gXñ` {ZdS>rgmR>r _w»` J«m_g^m Am`mo{OV H$amdr. `mZ§Va, dmS>r-dñVrnmVirdarb
g^m§_Ü`o {ZdS>bo Jobobo Am{U _{hbm J«m_g^o_Ü`o g§_V Pmboë`m à{V{ZYtMr
J«m_g^o_Ü`o g{_VrÀ`m gXñ`nXr A§{V_ {ZdS> H$aVm `oBb
© . `mM J«m_g^o_Ü`o Hw$R>ë`mhr
EH$m gXñ`mMr J«m_g^o_m\©$V AÜ`jnXr {ZdS> H$aVm `oB©b Am{U g{_VrÛmao g{Md
Am{U I{OZXmamMr {ZdS> H$aVm `oB©b.
◆ g{_VrÀ`m gXñ`m§_Ü`o J«m_n§Mm`VrMo gXñ`, _w»`mÜ`m{nH$m qH$dm emioVrb {e{jH$m,
Am§JUdmS>r {e{jH$m, àË`oH$ dñVrMm EH$ à{V{ZYr, _{hbm _§S>imMo XmoZ à{V{ZYr,
VéU _§S>i; AZwgy{MV OmVr Am{U O_mVrMm EHo$H$ à{V{ZYr `m§Mr {ZdS> H$aVm
`oB©b. `m gXñ`m§Mo {H$_mZ d` 18 df} AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. VgoM AZwgy{MV OmVr
Am{U O_mVtMo gXñ` dJiyZ BVa gXñ`m§gmR>r {H$_mZ Mm¡Wr nmg hr e¡j{UH$ nmÌVm
amhrb.
37
◆ `mnydu Zm|Xboë`m BVa O~m~Xmè`m§gh `m g{_Vrda `moOZogmR>r Amdí`H$VoZwgma
bmoH$dJ©Ur (EHy$Z `moOZoÀ`m IMm©À`m 10 Vo 15%) O_m H$aÊ`mMrhr O~m~Xmar
Agob.
g{_VrMr H$m`}
gXa nwpñVHo$_Ü`o "Jmd nmUrnwadR>m Am{U ñdÀN>Vm g{_Vr'gmR>r H$m`©nÕVr Am{U gmYZo
{dH${gV H$aVmZm Ago J¥{hV Yabo Amho H$s, g{_VrgmR>r {ZpíMV Ho$bobr gmYZo hr Ho$di
ì`mnH$ nmVirdaMr AgVrb Am{U àË`jmV g{_VrZo `m gmYZm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z {VÀ`mgmR>r
g§nyU© H$m`©nÕVr {dH${gV H$amdr. `mgmR>r, g{_VrZo JmdmV EImXr g§ñWm H$m_ H$aV
Agë`mg Ë`m g§ñWoÀ`m H$m`©H$Ë`mªMr _XV KoUo Ano{jV Amho.
_hmamï´> qH$dm BVa Hw$R>ë`mhr amÁ`mVrb Jmdm§À`m nmUrnwadR`mÀ`m pñWVrMm {dMma Ho$ë`mg
gmYmaUnUo VrZ àH$maMr n[apñWVr Jmdm§_Ü`o AmT>iy eH$Vo.
1) Jmdm_Ü`o Hw$R>ë`mhr àH$maMr nmUrnwadR>m `moOZm (ZinmUr `moOZm) CnbãY
Zgbobr Am{U Ho$di {d{har Am{U hmVn§nm§da Adb§~yZ AgUmar Jmdo
2) ZinmUr `moOZm AgUmar Jmdo (_mÌ hr `moOZm Ho$di EH$m JmdmnwaVrM _`m©{XV
AgUmar Jmdo)
3) XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ Jmdm§gmR>r EH${ÌVnUo nmUr`moOZm AgUmar Jmdo.
Jmd (qH$dm ~hwJ«m_) nmUrnwadR>m Am{U ñdÀN>Vm g{_VrMr H$m`} darb VrZ àH$maMr
nmUrnwadR`mMr pñWVr bjmV KoD$Z {ZpíMV Ho$bobr Amho. Ago Agbo Varhr darb VrÝhr
àH$maMr pñWVr gm§^miUmè`m g{_Ë`m§gmR>r _mÌ {Z`m_H$ nÕVrMr H$m`} gmaIrM AgVrb.
_mÌ godmnwadR>mXmamÀ`m ^y{_Ho$VyZ darb VrÝhr àH$maÀ`m pñWVrMm g{_VrÀ`m H$m`mªÀ`m
Am{U O~m~Xmè`m§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ {dMma Ho$ë`mg àË`oH$ àH$maMr pñWVr hmVmiUmè`m
g{_VrMr H$m_o doJdoJir Agy eH$VmV. `m VrÝhr àH$maÀ`m g{_VrgmR>r T>mo~i_mZmZo
nwT>rb àH$maMr H$m`} gwMdVm `oVrb.

àH$ma A
Á`m Jmdm§_Ü`o gmd©O{ZH$ nmUr nwadR>m
`moOZm Zmhr Aer Jmdo
1. JmdmVrc "{nÊ`mMo nmUr Am{U ñdÀN>Vm'
`m~m~VMr gÚpñWVr Aä`mgUo Am{U
Ë`m~ÔcÀ`m AS>MUr/àým§da MMm© H$aUo
d Ë`mda Cnm` gwM{dUo
2. {nÊ`mMo nmUr Am{U ñdÀN>Vm ì`dñWm/
gw{dYm `m~m~V {d{dY n`m©`m§À¶m
eŠ`Vm emoYUo.
3. {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mÀ`m `moOZoÀ`m
A§_c~OmdUrgmR>r {Oëhm nmVirdarc
g§ñWm/A{YH$mar/ImË`mMr
(àmYrH$aUo B.) _XV KoUo.
4. nmUr nwadR>m ì`dñWm C^r H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Omo ^m§S>db IM© hmoB©c Ë`mgmR>r
cmJUmam n¡gm nwa{dÊ`mgmR>r n`m©`r {ZYr
C^maÊ`mÀ`m eŠ`Vm VnmgUo (`m_Ü`o
emgH$s` {ZYr, _XV XoUJr, {~Ja-
emgH$s` n`m©` B. Mm g_mdoe Amho).
nmUr nwadR>m d ñdÀN>Vm g{‘Vr : gmYZg§M
{d{dY àH$maÀ`m Jmdm§gmR>r H$m`© Vº$m
àH$ma ~
Á`m Jmdm§_Ü`o gmd©O{ZH$ nmUr nwadR>m `moOZm
Ë`m JmdmnwaVrM Amho (EH$ Jmd) Aer Jmdo
H$m`© A : {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mgmR>r emídV Cnm` emoYUo
· {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mÀ`m godo~m~VMr gÚpñWVr Aä`mgUo.
· AS>MUr/àým§da MMm© Am{U Ë`mda Cnm` gwM{dUo.
· nmUr {dVaU ì`dñWoÀ`m (nmB©n, _moQ>ma, Zi B.)
gÚpñWVrMm AmT>mdm KoUo Am{U g_ñ`m-AS>MUr/Xmof,
CUrdm§Mm emoY KoUo.
· Ë`m§À`m ñd:VmÀ`m Jmdm_Yrc nmUr {dVaU ì`dñWoMm
Aä`mg H$éZ Ë`mVrc CUrdm emoYÊ`mMo H$m_ ~mhoarc
g§ñWocm Úm`Mm {ZU©` Amdí`H$VoZwgma KoUo.
· XwéñVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r _hmamï´> OrdZ àm{YH$aUmgma»`m
gmd©O{ZH$ g§ñWm§Mr _XV KoUo.
· ApñVËdmV AgUmè`m nmUr nwadR>m `moOZo_Ü`o Xwê$ñVr
H$aÊ`mgmR>r emgH$s` Am{U {~Ja-emgH$s` {ZYtÀ`m
òmoVm§Mm emoY KoUo, `m_Ü`o JmdnmVirdaM _hgyc C^m
(O_m) H$aÊ`mMm n`m©` Amho H$m ho VnmgUo.
· _mJrc WH$~mH$s dgyc H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZmdrÝ`nyU© àñVmd,
nmÊ`mMm dmna _moOÊ`mgmR>r _mnH$`§Ì (_rQ>a) ~g{dUo.
38
àH$ma H$
Á`m Jmdm§_Ü`o gmd©O{ZH$ nmUr nwadR>m `moOZm
AZoH$ Jmdm§Mr {_iyZ/EH${ÌV Amho Aer Jmdo
· {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mÀ`m godo~m~VMr gÚpñWVr Aä`mgUo.
· AS>MUr/àým§da MMm© Am{U Ë`mda Cnm` gwM{dUo.
· ñdV:À`m JmdmVrc nmUr {dVaU ì`dñWoMm
(_w»` nmB©ncmBZgh) AmT>mdm KoUo d CUrdm emoYUo.
· gd© cm^mWu Jmdm§À`m à{V{ZYtMr {ZdS> H$ê$Z ñWmnZ
Ho$coë`m g_Ýd` g{_VrnwT>o àý/_wÔo gmXa H$aUo.
· `mo½` Ë`m ì`mgnrR>m§da (J«m_n§Mm`V, J«m_g^m, gm_m{OH$
coIm narjU g{_Vr) Jmd nmVirdarc _wX²Úm§Mr MMm© H$aUo.
· Or H$m_o H$am`Mo {Z{üV Pmco Amho Ë`mMm nmR>nwamdm H$aUo.
· {ZYtMo ñV«moV emoYUo.
· _hgycm_Ü`o dmT> ìhmdr `mgmR>r n`m©`m§Mm emoY.
· _mJrc WH$~mH$s ({~c) dgyc H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZmdrÝ`nyU©
àñVmd Ogo H$s, WH$~mH$sV gyQ>, nmÊ`mMm dmna
_moOÊ`mgmR>r _rQ>a ~g{dUo B.
àH$ma A
Á`m Jmdm§_Ü`o gmd©O{ZH$ nmUr nwadR>m
`moOZm Zmhr Aer Jmdo
1. J«m_g^m Am{U nmUr d ñdÀN>Vm
g{_Vr `m§Zr {ZdS>coë`m n`m©`mMr
aMZm d A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Ë`m§Zm `mo½` dmQ>oc Aem ñd`§godr
g§ñWoMr/ImOJr godm nwa{dUmè`m§Mr/
gmd©O{ZH$ g§ñWoMr _XV KoUo.
2. {Z`moOZ, A§XmOnÌH$ ~Z{dUo,
ZdrZ ómoV/nmUr nwadR>m ì`dñWoÀ`m
~m§YH$m_mV gh^mJr hmoUo.
3. H§$ÌmQ>XmamMr Am{U {hemo~ZrgmMr
(AH$mCÝQ>Q²>) {Z`wº$s H$aUo d `moOZogmR>r
Amdí`H$ gm{hË`/_mcmMr IaoXr H$aUo.
4. A§_c~OmdUrÀ`m H$m_mda XoIaoI R>odUo/
n`©dojU H$aUo.
5. emgZmV\}$ {_imcoë`m {ZYrMo
ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo
àH$ma ~
Á`m Jmdm§_Ü`o gmd©O{ZH$ nmUr nwadR>m `moOZm
Ë`m JmdmnwaVrM Amho (EH$ Jmd) Aer Jmdo
H$m`© ~ : Cnm`mMr A§_c~OmdUr
Oa {ZYrMr gmo` Pmcr Agoc Va XwéñVrÀ`m H$m_mMo
(_moR>o AWdm chmZ) {Z`moOZ Am{U A§_c~OmdUr
H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` Ë`m j_VoMr g§ñWm (EOÝgr) emoYUo.
· Cnm`m§À`m A§_c~OmdUrgmR>r Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m {Z`moOZ
Am{U A§XmOnÌH$ ~Z{dÊ`mÀ`m Aä`mgmV d à{H«$`oV
gh^mJr hmoD$Z H$m_mMo ñdén d A§_c~OmdUrMo
Q>ßno g_OyZ KoUo.
· darc H$m_ ì`dpñWV g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r J«m_n§Mm`VrVrc
EH$m A{^`§Ë`mMr JaO ^mgoc.
godm nwa{dUmè`mÀ`m H$m_mda XoIaoI R>odUo Am{U
Jmdm_Yrc Hw$emc d AHw$ec H$m_Jmam§gmR>r amoOJma
{Z{_©Vr hmoB©c `mMr ImÌr nwa{dUo.
A§_c~OmdUrÀ`m H$m_mda XoIaoI R>odUo d
Pmcoë`m H$m_mMo _yë`_mnZ H$aUo.
· XoUr
· gm_m{OH$ÑîQ>çm Ý`m`nyU©
(CXm. _Owar), Vm§{ÌH$ VnmgUr
· coImnarjU (gm_{OH$, Vm§{ÌH$, Am{W©H$)
39
àH$ma H$
Á`m Jmdm§_Ü`o gmd©O{ZH$ nmUr nwadR>m `moOZm
AZoH$ Jmdm§Mr {_iyZ/EH${ÌV Amho Aer Jmdo
`moOZoÀ`m Xwê$ñVrgmR>r g§`wº$ à`ËZ Ho$co OmdoV `mgmR>r
nwT>mH$ma KoUo (g§nyU© `moOZogmR>r {ZYrMr
ì`dñWm Pmcr Agë`mg)
· XwéñVr{df`H$ H$m_m§Mo {Z`moOZ Am{U
A§XmOnÌH$ ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r
J«m_n§Mm`VtÀ`m g§`wº$ g{_VrZo gh^mJr ìhmdo.
· darc H$m_ ì`dpñWV g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r J«m_n§Mm`VrVrc
EH$m A{^`§Ë`mMr JaO ^mgoc.
~mhoarc _XVZrg A{^`§Ë`mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo godm
nwa{dUmè`mÀ`m H$m_mda XoIaoI R>odUo.
Pmcoë`m H$m_mMo _yë`_mnZ EH${ÌVnUo, gm_m{OH$ coImnarjU
g{_Vr d n`©dojU H§$ÌmQ>XmamÀ`m CnpñWVrV H$aUo.
XoUr, coImnarjU (gm_m{OH$, Vm§{ÌH$, Am{W©H$)
àH$ma A àH$ma ~ àH$ma H$
Á`m Jmdm§_Ü`o gmd©O{ZH$ nmUr nwadR>m Á`m Jmdm§_Ü`o gmd©O{ZH$ nmUr nwadR>m `moOZm Á`m Jmdm§_Ü`o gmd©O{ZH$ nmUr nwadR>m `moOZm
`moOZm Zmhr Aer Jmdo Ë`m JmdmnwaVrM Amho (EH$ Jmd) Aer Jmdo AZoH$ Jmdm§Mr {_iyZ/EH${ÌV Amho Aer Jmdo
H$m`© H$ : {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMo ómoV Am{U nmUr nwadR>m ì`dñWm Mmc{dUo d Ë`m§Mo ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo
1. Vm§{ÌH$ aMZm Am{U H$m_mÀ`m Vm§{ÌH$ g„mJma g§ñWm (Zo_cr Agë`mg) nmUr nwadR>m ì`dñWm Mmc{dÊ`mgmR>r Am{U
_yë`_mnZmgmR>r ~mhoarc qH$dm H§$ÌmQ>XmamH$Sy>Z nmUr ì`dñWm H$m`©j_nUo {VMo ì`dñWmnZ d XoI^mc XwéñVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r
A{^`§Ë`mMr/g§ñWm _XV KoUo. MmcdÊ`mgmR>r d ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r _mJ©Xe©H$ cm^mWu Jmdm§Mr g§`wº$ g{_Vr Zo_Uo.
gyMZm {c{IV ñdê$nmV g_OmdyZ KoUo.

2. g{_Vr _Ü`o H$m_m§Mr {d^mJUr H$aUo XoI^mc-Xwê$ñVrgmR>r nÕVr d àUmcr g§ñWo_Ü`o H$m_m§Mr {d^mJUr H$aUo Am{U
(CXm: IaoXr, {hemo~, XoIaoI {dH${gV H$aUo d g{_Vr Zo_Uo. H$m`©nÕVr {dH${gV H$éZ H$m_o hmoVrc `mgmR>r
Aem Cn-g{_Ë`m) `mo½` Vo nm`§S>o nmS>Uo.

3. cm^mÏ`mªÀ`m nmVirda Cng{_Vr ñWmnZ cm^mÏ`mªÀ`m nmVirda Cng{_Vr ñWmnZ cm^mÏ`mªÀ`m nmVirda Cng{_Vr ñWmnZ H$éZ
H$éZ H$m_m§Mo AmUIrZ {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$aUo. H$éZ H$m_m§Mo AmUIrZ {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$aUo. H$m_m§Mo AmUIrZ {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$aUo.

g_mZ H$m`} : XoI^mc Am{U ì`dñWmnZ

· cmoH$m§Mm {hñgm Am{U nmÊ`mdarc H$a doioV O_m hmoB©c `mMr ImÌr nwa{dUo.
· XwéñVr d XoI^mcrÀ`m H$m_m§_Ü`o AmdeH$VoZwgma Vm§{ÌH$ _XV KoUo.
· JmdnmVirdarc nmUr nwadR>m ì`dñWoÀ`m X¡Z§{XZ ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r JmdmVrc ì`º$s {ZdS>Uo, à{ejU XoUo d {Z`wº$s H$aUo.
· XwéñVr Am{U XoI^mcrer g§~§{YV H$m_m§Mm g_Ýd` d A§_c~OmdUr H$aUo.

40
 H$m`© S> : g§ajU, g§dY©Z Am{U nmÊ`mÀ`m dmnamMo {Z`_Z

· gd© ImOJr Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ nmÊ`mÀ`m ómoVm§Mm (`m_Ü`o H$moaS>o Pmcoë`m ómoVm§Mmhr g_mdoe hmoVmo) Ogo {dhrar, ~moAadoc (qdYU {dhrar), N>moQ>r YaUo,
~§Ymao B. `m§Mr _mcH$s, dmna, nmUr CncãYVm `m~m~V _m{hVr O_m H$aUo d Ë`m§Mr nÕV ~gdUo.
· CÝhmù`mVrc nmÊ`mÀ`m CncãYVoMo {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r gd© ómoVm§Mr h§Jm_mZwgma nmÊ`mMr CncãYVm H$er Amho ho Zm|X{dUo.
· eoVrgmR>r dmnaë`m OmUmè`m ómoVm§_YyZ XaamoO H$mT>co OmUmao nmUr d ({dhrarÀ`m ~m~VrV) XaamoO O_m hmoUmao nmUr `mMr Zm|X R>odUo.
· ^yOc nmVirMm Aä`mg H$aUo Am{U nañnamdc§~r ^yOc ómoV AmoiIyZ-{Z{üV H$aUo (nañnamdc§~r åhUOo EH$m ómoVmVyZ nmUr Cngë`mg CXm. ~moAadoc Xwgè`m
ómoVmMo nmUr H$_r hmoUo CXm. {dhra).
· Ooìhm gd© gmd©O{ZH$ ómoV H$moaS>o hmoVrc Voìhm J«m_g^oZo R>amd H$amdm H$s, ^yOc H$m`Xm 1993 Zwgma {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr JaO ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r ImOJr ómoV Vmã`mV
KoVco OmVrc, Omo J«m_n§Mm`Vr _m\©$V {Oëhm{YH$mè`mg H$idmdm.
· gd© {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMo J«m‘n§Mm¶V hÔrVrc ómoV {Z{üV H$aUo Am{U Ë`m§Mo g§ajU, VgoM g§dY©Z Am{U Ë`m Ñï>rZo ì`dñWmnZmMr H$m`©nÕVr ~gdUo.
· JmdmVrc {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mÀ`m ómoVm§À`m ~iH$Q>rH$aUmgmR>r CnH«$_ KoUo Am{U Ë`mgmR>r emgZmZo àm{YH¥$V Ho$coë`m emgH$s`/ImOJr
g§ñWm§Mr qH$dm ñd`§godr g§ñWm§Mr Vm§{ÌH$ _XV KoUo.
· nmÊ`mÀ`m ómoVm§À`m g§dY©ZmgmR>rMo CnH«$_ nmUcmoQ> joÌ {dH$mg CnH«$_m§er OmoS>Uo Am{U nmUcmoQ> {dH$mgmMo CnH«$_ JmdmV am~dco OmVrc Ago nmhUo.

41
 gmYZ gyMr
H$m`© gmYZo

1. nmíd©^y_r Vº$m 1. nyd©V`mar : {nÊ`mMo nmUr d ñdÀN>Vm `m g§X^m©Vrc JmdnmVirdarc àíZ g_OyZ KoUo
2. àma§{^H$/nyd©V`marMr H$m_o
2A. JmdnmVirdarc nmÊ`mMr n[apñWVr VnmgUo 2. nmÊ`mÀ`m H$_VaVo~m~VMr ê$naofm gmXa H$aUmam gmam§e
2~. `moOZm§Mr _m{hVr O_m H$aUo 3. _m{hVrÀ`m A{YH$mamÀ`m AOm©Mm Z_wZm
4. `moOZm§Mr VwcZm H$aUmam Vº$m
2H$. {ZYr {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r nmR>nwamdm 5. `moOZm _§OyargmR>r/{ZYrgmR>r AO©
3. emídV Cnm` emoYUo
3A. ghmæ`H$mar g§ñWoMr {ZdS> 6. Vm§{ÌH$ godm nwa{dUmè`m§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mJ©Xe©H$ gyMZm.
3~. nmÊ`mMr ^{dî`mVrc _mJUr/JaOoMm A§XmO ~m§YUo 7. {díbofU Vº$m-cmoH$g§»`oÀ`m ^{dî`mVrc dmT>rMm A§XmO ~m§YyZ
Ë`mAmYmao nmÊ`mMr JaO R>adÊ`mgmR>r-gh^mJr nÕVrZo Aä`mg H$aUo
3H$. gÜ`m ApñVËdmV Agcoë`m gmd©O{ZH$ nmUr nwadR>m 8. òmoVm§Mo dJuH$aU d nmUr XoÊ`mMr j_Vm VnmgÊ`mgmR>r gmam§e Vº$m
`moOZoMr H$m`©j_Vm VnmgUo 9. nmUr-nwadR>çmÀ`m `§ÌUoMr VnmgUr d Ahdmc ~ZdÊ`mgmR>r - "VnmgUr `mXr'
3S>. gÜ`mÀ`m nmUr nwadR>m `§ÌUoV gwYmaUm H$aUo qH$dm ZdrZ 10. JQ> MM}gmR>r _mJ©Xe©H$ àýmdcr
nmUr nwadR>m `§ÌUoMm n`m©` emoYUo-`mg§~Yr {ZU©` KoUo
4. Cnm`m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr
4A. H§$ÌmQ>XmamMr {ZdS> 11. "{ZdS>-à{H«$`m'- _mJ©Xe©H$ gyMZm
4~. H§$ÌmQ>Xmamda XoIaoI 12. XoIaoIrMr VnmgUr `mXr
4H$. Vm§{ÌH$-narjU, coImnarjU Am{U 13. {d{dY àH$mao (Vm§{ÌH$, coIm, gm_m{OH$) narjU H$aÊ`mgmR>r
gm_m{OH$ coImnarjU H$aUo/KS>dyZ AmUUo. H$am`À`m H$m_m§Mr `mXr.
5. XoI^mc, XwéñVr Am{U dmnamMo {Z`_Z. 14. XoI^mc-XwéñVrMo doimnÌH$ (dm{f©H$, _m{gH$, gmám{hH$) g§`wº$
5A. nyd©V`mar (nmUr g{_Vr d H§$ÌmQ>Xma) Aä`mgmÛmao V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mJ©Xe©H$ gyMZm.
15. nmÊ`mÀ`m CnemMr VnmgUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r VnmgUr-`mXr.
6. ñdÀN>VoMr gÚpñWVr VnmgUo 16. ñdÀN>VoMr gÚpñWVr VnmgÊ`mgmR>r gmam§e.

42

gmYZ 1 : nyd©V`mar: {nÊ`mMo nmUr d ñdÀN>Vm `m~m~VMo JmdnmVirdarc _wÔo g_OyZ KoUo
àH$ma A
AS>MUr/AS>Wio
1. {nÊ`mMo nmUr d ñdÀN>Vo~m~VMr J«m_n§Mm`V/
Cn-g{_VrMr ^y{_H$m d H$V©ì`o `m~Ôc
gd©gm_mÝ`m§_ܶo OmJéH$VoMm A^md.
2A. {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr nwadR>m ì`dñWm
~§X nS>cocr AgUo.
2~. nmÊ`mMr ZmgmS>r/nmUr dm`m OmUo,
AWdm nmUr JiVr (Zi, nmB©ncmBZ).
H$m`© 1 : nmœ©^y_r Vº$m
àH$ma ~
H$maUo (_wc^yV, gd©gmYmaU)
1. AH$m`©j_ g{_Vr.
2. J«m_n§Mm`V, J«m_g^m, g{_VrMr CXmgrZVm.
1. Vm§{ÌH$ÑîQ>çm A`mo½` d MwH$sMr aMZm.
2. nyU© Ho$coë`m {d{dY H$m_m§_Yrc H$m_mMm XOm©
gw_ma AWdm dmB©Q> AgUo (CXm: `mo½` Ë`m Imocrda
nmB©n ~g{dUo åhUOoM O_rZrImcrc Imocr,
Am`².Eg².Am`². à_m{UV Zgcoco nmB©n ~g{dUo, _moQ>ma
Hw$R>o, {H$Vr C§Mrda ~gdmdr `m~m~VMo {ZH$f Z nmiUo,
{ZH¥$ï> XOm©Mo ~m§YH$m_ (Q>mH$s, ZiH$m|S>mio, {dhra B.)
3. nmÊ`mMm ómoV/OmJoÀ`m A`mo½` {ZdS>r_wio nmÊ`mMr
Anwar CncãYVm.
4. nmÊ`mdarc H$a O_m Z Ho$ë`m_wio {dOoMo ~rc
^aVm `oV Zmhr VgoM nmUr nwadR>m ì`dñWm ~§X nS>cr/
Ë`mV {~KmS> Pmë`mg _moR>çm XwéñË`m H$aVm `oV ZmhrV.
5. dmS>çm§da AgUmè`m nmÊ`mÀ`m ómoVm§H$S>o (Xwc©j hmoVo)
cj {Xco OmV Zmhr.
6. gh^mJ Zgë`m_wio _mcH$sMr ^mdZm ZgVo
(~hþVoH$doim 10% cmoH$dmQ>m cmoH$m§_m\©$V Jmoim Ho$cm Z
OmVm hm R>oHo$XmamÀ`m _m\©$V Jmoim H$aVmV).
43
àH$ma H$
H¥$Vr
1. OmJéH$Vm - OmUrd dmT>{dUo.
2. g{_Vrcm H$m`©j_ ~Z{dUo.
1. AJXr gwédmVrnmgyZ åhUOoM {Z`moOZ, A§_c~OmdUr,
n`©dojU d XoIaoI `m àË`oH$ nm`arda cmoH$m§Mm gh^mJ Agmdm.
2. g{_Vrg H$m`©aV H$aUo.
3. n`m©` emoYÊ`mgmR>r JmdnmVirda gìh}jU, gh^mJr
J«m_rU _yë`m§H$ZmMo Aä`mg H$aUo.
4. ñWm{ZH$ kmZ d _m{hVrMm dmna ìhmdm `mgmR>r
{Z`moOZmV cmoH$m§Mm gh^mJ {_i{dUo.
5. cmoH$m§Mm {hñgm/dJ©Ur `m_Ü`o VS>OmoS> H$é Z`o
(l_XmZ, ~MVJQ> Ago n`m©` Ë`m§À`m g_moa R>odmdoV).
6. J«m_n§Mm`VrZo Zim§Mr pñWVr Vnmgmdr/n`©dojU H$amdo
Am{U gXmof CnH$aU Agë`mg XwéñVr H$amdr/~Xcmdo.
àH$ma A
AS>MUr/AS>Wio
3.3A. CKS>çmda em¡Mmg OmUo.
3~. nmÊ`mÀ`m ómoVmOdirc ^mJ AñdÀN>
AgUo (OZmdao YwUo, H$nS>o-^m§S>r
YwUo, Am§Kmoi H$aUo, g§S>mgmcm ~gUo,
ImOJr/gmd©O{ZH$ g§S>mg B.).
3H$. H$Mè`mMr {dëhodmQ> cmdÊ`mMr
ì`dñWm ZgUo AWdm Hw$Qw>§~ nmVirda
Agwa{jV nÕVrZo H$Mè`mMr {dëhodmQ>/
{ZH$mc cmdUo (JiUmao emofIÈ>o,
^éZ dmhUmè`m Q>mŠ`m, \w$Q>coë`m JQ>mar)
Agwa{jV nÕVrZo {dëhodmQ>
(O_rZr_Ü`o,nmÊ`mÀ`m gmR>çm§_Ü`o/
ómoVm§_Ü`o _c:{ZñgmaU).
àH$ma ~
H$maUo (_wc^yV, gd©gmYmaU)
1. JmdmVrc g_mOKQ>H$m§_Ü`o OmUrd-OmJê$H$Vm
ZgUo Am{U CXmgrZVm AgUo.
2. J«m_n§Mm`VrH$Sy>Z nwT>mH$ma Zmhr/Xwc©j.
3. g§S>mg (ImOJr d gmd©O{ZH$) ZgUo
AWdm Hw$Qw>§~ nmVirdarc nmÊ`mÀ`m
(ImOJr Zi) AZwncãYVo_wio Kam_Ü`o
~m§Ycoco g§S>mg dmnaÊ`mg
cmoH$ V`ma ZgUo.
4. em¡Mm~m~VÀ`m cmoH$m§À`m gd`r d dV©UyH$sV
~Xc KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mV AS>MUr.
44
àH$ma H$
H¥$Vr
1. OmJê$H$Vm _mohr_ hmVr KoUo.
2. Jmdm_Ü`o ñdÀN>Vm _mohr_oMr A§_c~OmdUr.
3. YwÊ`mgmR>r (H$nS>o-^m§S>r) doJir OmJm ~m§YUo,
OZmdam§gmR>r nmUnmoB© (nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r) ~m§YUo.
4. J«m_n§Mm`VrgmR>r CncãY AgUmè`m
`moOZm _§Oya H$ê$Z AmUUo.
5. hJUXmar _wº$sgmR>r _mohr_ hmVr KoUo VgoM
Ë`mÀ`mer {ZJS>rV dV©UwH$s¨_Ü`o ~Xc KS>dyZ
AmUUo CXm.g§S>mgmMm dmna, hmV YwUo B.
6. cmoH$m§Zr g§S>mg ~m§YmdoV `mgmR>r
àmoËgmhZna gdcVr XoUo.
7. nag~mJoMm àMma/àgma H$aUo. emofIÈ>o
~m§YÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$m§Mo _Z di{dUo.
8. _c:{ZñgmaU `moOZoMo {Z`moOZ, A§_c~OmdUr
Am{U XoI^mc XwéñVrgmR>r H$m`©nÕVr {dH${gV H$aUo.
9. gmd©O{ZH$ OmJm ñdÀN> amIUo (H$Mam Z Q>mH$Uo) d
H$Mè`mMr {dëhodmQ>, nwZ©dmna Am{U ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r,
H$m`©nÕVr ~g{dUo.
10. n`m©daUÑîQ>çm gwa{jV ñdÀN>VoMo Cnm` {eH$Ê`mgmR>r
{Oëhm n[afXoer g§nH©$ gmYUo Am{U Vkm§Mr `mXr {_i{dUo.
11. nmUr Q>§MmB© AgyZhr {OWo gmd©O{ZH$ ñdÀN>VoMo Cnm`
`eñdrnUo am~{dcr Joco AmhoV, Aem {R>H$mUr
Aä`mgXm¡ao Am`mo{OV H$aUo.
12. gmd©O{ZH$ ñdÀN>VoÀ`m àH$ënm§gmR>r {ZYr {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m
g§Yr emoYUo.
àH$ma A àH$ma ~ àH$ma H$
AS>MUr/AS>Wio H$maUo (_wc^yV, gd©gmYmaU) H¥$Vr

4.4A. nmÊ`mÀ`m ewÕrH$aUmgmR>r H$moUVrhr
Cnm``moOZm H$aÊ`mV Amcocr Zmhr
(Q>r.gr.Ec nmdS>a, Amo. Q>r narjU)
4~. nmUr H$a Jmoim Ho$cocm Zmhr.
4H$. gmd©O{ZH$ {dhra ñdÀN> Ho$cocr Zmhr
(Jmi H$mT>cocm Zmhr)Am{U PmH$cocr Zmhr.
4S>. dmS>çm§Zm {nÊ`m`mo½` nmUr {_iV Zmhr
Am{U dmS>çm§gmR>r \$ma H$_r nmÊ`mMo
ómoV CncãY AmhoV.
1. J«m_n§Mm`V gXñ`m§Mo Xwc©j
2. JmdH$è`m§Mr CXmgrZVm
3. n§Mm`V g{_VrH$S>o Q>r.gr.Ec. nmdS>a AZwncãY
Am{U nmdS>a IaoXrgmR>r n¡go ZgUo.
4. nmUr (gJù`m§Zm) gdmªgmR>r CncãY Zgë`m_wio
(àm_w»`mZo dmS>çm§Zm), cmoH$ nmÊ`mdarc H$a
(nmUr nÅ>r) ^aÊ`mg V`ma ZgVmV H$maU Vo nmUr
dmnaV ZgyZhr Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z hm H$a dgyc Ho$cm OmVmo.
1. nmUr gmoS>Umè`m§À`m (ZiH$ar) H$m_mda XoIaoI R>odUo.
2. Q>r. gr. Ec² nmdS>aÀ`m _mo\$V/{dZm_yë` d doioda
nwadR>çmgmR>r n§Mm`V g{_Vr_Ü`o nmR>nwamdm H$aUo.
3. nmUr nÅ>r doioV O_m H$aUo.
4. gdmªZm g_mZ nmUr nwadR>m hmoB©c `mMr ImÌr H$aUo.

5A. nmUr ^aÊ`mV ~amM OmVmo.
5~. H$m_mMo Vmg dm`m OmVmV.
5H$. H$m_ IS>Va Am{U H$ï>mMo
Agë`m_wio Amamo½` {df`H$
àý Ogo H$s nmR> XwIr B.
{Z_m©U hmoVmV.
5S>. \o$~«wdmarZ§Va Q>±H$a _mJdmdo cmJVmV.
1. EHy$U JaOoÀ`m VwcZoV nmÊ`mMo ómoV VgoM 1. OcómoVm§Mo g§dY©Z d ~iH$Q>rH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r
nmÊ`mMr CncãYVm Anwar Amho. Cnm``moOZm hmVr KoUo.
2. {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mÀ`m àýmcm àmYmÝ`H«$_ 2. {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr `moOZm am~{dUo Á`m_wio nmÊ`mMm
{Xcocm Zmhr Am{U qcJ^mdm~m~V ómoV H$_r A§Vamda AWdm Odi AmUUo eŠ` hmoB©c
({ó`m§~m~VMr) Ag§doXZercVm. Am{U Aem[aVrZo nmUr ^aÊ`mV dm`m OmUmam doi dmMoc.
3. Q>±H$aÀ`m nwadR>çm~m~V JmdH$ar emgZmda
{dg§~yZ (Adc§~yZ) AmhoV.
4. CncãY Agcoë`m OcómoVm§À`m g§dY©ZmgmR>r
(g§ajUmgmR>r) Am{U Vo emídV amhmdoV
({Q>Hy$Z amhmdoV) `mgmR>r H$moUVohr à`ËZ
Ho$ë`mMo {XgV Zmhr.
5. ^yOcmÀ`m dmnamda H$moUVmhr {Z~©Y ZgUo d
^yOc dmnam~m~V H$moUVmhr H$m`Xm Z nmiUo
VgoM ^yOc dmnamMo {Z`_Z Z H$aUo.
6. eoVrgmR>r cmJUmè`m nmÊ`mcm àmYmÝ`H«$_ {Xcm OmUo.

45
 H$m`© 2 : àma§{^H$/nyd©V`marMr H$m_o
H$m`© 2 A : JmdnmVirdarc nmÊ`mMr n[apñWVr VnmgUo
gmYZ 2 : nmÊ`mÀ`m H$_VaVo~m~VMr énaofm gmXa H$aUmam gmam§e

C{Ôï> : {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr `moOZm {_iÊ`mgmR>r AWdm {Oëhm n[afXoH$S>o {ZYrgmR>r {dZ§Vr H$aÊ`mnydu nmœ©^y_r V`ma H$aUo

AZw.H«$. _{hZm dñVrMo/dmS>rMo Zmd Kam§Mr g§»`m d cmoH$g§»`m nmÊ`mÀ`m A^mdmMr/VwQ>dS>çmMr/

H$_VaVoMr Vrd«Vm Am{U eoam

46
 H$m`© 2 A : emgH$s` `moOZm§{df`r _m{hVr O_m H$aUo
gmYZ : _m{hVrÀ`m A{YH$mamÀ`m AOm©Mm Z_wZm

C{Ôï>: gÜ`m ApñVËdmV AgUmè`m nmUr nwadR>m ì`dñWm AWdm ZdrZ nmUr nwadR>m ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r AgUmè`m {d{dY emgH$s`
`moOZm§{df`r _m{hVr O_m H$aUo
gmYZ 3 : {Oëhm n[afX _m{hVr A{YH$mè`mH$S>o _m{hVrÀ`m A{YH$mamA§VJ©V AO© H$aÊ`mgmR>r Z_wZm
à{V,
gmd©O{ZH$ _m{hVr A{YH$mar
............ ({Oëhm n[afXoVrc g§~§{YV {d^mJmMo Zmd d nÎmm)

1. AO©XmamMo g§nyU© Zmd: gm_m{OH$ coIm narjU g{_Vr AWdm {nÊ`mMo nmUr d ñdÀN>Vm g{_VrMo AÜ`j
2. nÎmm : AÜ`jmMm nÎmm
3. Amdí`H$ Agcoë`m _m{hVrMo Vnerc
A. _m{hVrMm {df` : {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mÀ`m `moOZm
~. g§~{YV _m{hVrMm H$mcmdYr : Mmcy df©
H$. Amdí`H$ _m{hVrMo dU©Z :
1. gÜ`m ApñVËdmV AgUmè`m nmUr nwadR>m ì`dñWoMo nwZé‚mrdZ qH$dm XwéñVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r AWdm ZdrZ nmUr
nwadR>m ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r AgUmè`m `moOZm Á`m§À`mgmR>r J«m_n§Mm`V AO© H$é eH$Vo.
2. `moOZm _§OyargmR>r Amdí`H$ AQ>r/`mo½`Vm d nmÌVm :
S>. _m{hVr nmoñQ>mÛmao hdr Amho AWdm ì`Vre:/ñdV: KoUma : nmoñQ>mÛmao
B. nmoñQ>mÛmao Agë`mg : (Am°S>uZar, a{OñQ>S>© AWdm ñnrS>) : a{OñQ>S>©
4. AO©Xma Xm[aÚ«aofoImcrc H$mS>© AgUmam Amho H$m`? Zmhr hmo` (hmo` Agë`mg, nwamdm åhUyZ N>m`màV (Poam°Šg) OmoS>mdr)

ñWi Am{U VmarI : AO©XmamMr ñdmjar

47
 gmYZ H«$. 4 : "`moOZm§Mm VwcZmË_H$ Vº$m'
C{Ôï : _m{hVrÀ`m A{YH$mamImcr Ho$coë`m AOm©À`m CÎmamMo {dícofU åhUyZ qH$dm {Oëhm n[afX H$Sy>Z `moOZm§~m~V {_imcoë`m _m{hVrÀ`m
AmYmao `moOZm§Mr VwcZm H$aUo d `mo½` `moOZm {ZdS>Uo
A.H«$. `moOZoMo Zmd {ZYrMr CncãYVm nmÌVoMo {ZH$f BVa ~§YZH$maH$ {ZH$f EH$mhÿZ A{YH$ n§Mm`VtZr `moOZogmR>r
AO© Ho$ë`mg àmW{_H$VogmR>rMo {Z`_
1. d{Y©V doJ `moOZm é. ............
2. Am{Xdmgr Cn`moOZm é. ............ 10% cmoH$dmQ>m
3. ñdOcYmam Amdí`H$VoZwgma 10% cmoH$dmQ>m + 100% ghmæ`H$mar d Vm§{ÌH$ godm g§ñWm
XoI^mc IM© cmoH$m§Ûmao ~§YZH$maH$, gh^mJmMo VËd,
_mJUr AmYm[aV
4. OcñdamÁ` é. ............
5. {Oëhm n[afXMr `moOZm é. .............
6. BVa é. ............

darc VŠË`mÀ`m AmYmao `moOZoMr {ZdS> H$amdr.

{ZdS>coë`m `moOZoMo Zmd : ........................................................................

48
 H$m`© 2 H$ : {ZYr {_iÊ`mgmR>r nmR>nwamdm
gmYZ 5 : {ZYr/`moOZm _§OyargmR>r AO©
C{Ôï : `mo½` Ë`m `moOZogmR>r AO© H$aUo
AOm©Mm Z_yZm

VmarI

à{V,
AÜ`j,
{Oëhm n[afX
{Oëhm ................
{df` : ""................................................'' `m `moOZogmR>r _§Oyar XoUo.

AmXaUr` _hmoX`/_hmoX`m,

Amåhr J«m_n§Mm`V, (JmdmMo Zmd) nmUr d ñdÀN>Vm g{_Vrgmo~V ......................................... `moOZogmR>r Am_Mr _mJUr Zm|Xdy BpÀN>Vmo. Amåhr JmdmVrc
{nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mÀ`m gÚpñWVrMr àmW{_H$ VnmgUr (g§X^m©gmR>r gmam§e Vº$m OmoS>cocm Amho) Ho$cr Amho. Amåhr Ago Omhra H$aVmo H$s, `oWo gmXa Ho$cocr _m{hVr Am_À`m
kmZmZwgma `mo½` Amho Am{U `moOZoMr _mJUr H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` J«m_g^oZo AZw_mo[XV Ho$cm Amho (R>amd d R>amdmMr VmarI gmo~V OmoS>cr Amho). gXa `moOZm _§Oya Pmë`mg,
`moOZoVrc {Z`_ d AQ>tMo nmcZ H$aÊ`mMr Amåhr ImÌr XoVmo.

H¥$n`m AO© J«mh` Yamdm hr {dZ§Vr.

Amnbm {dœmgy,

49
 H$m`© 3 : emídV Cnm` emoYUo
H$m`© 3 A : ghmæ`H$ g§ñWm§Mr {ZdS>
gmYZ 6 : Vm§{ÌH$ godm nwa{dUmè`m§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mgmR>r à{H«$`m _mJ©Xe©H$ gyMZm

`moOZm _§OyarMr pñWVr : ""`moOZm _§Oya Pmcr Amho Am{U JmdnmVirdarc {nÊ`mMo nmUr d ñdÀN>Vm g{_VrÀ`m ImË`m_Ü`o _§Oya Pmcocr a¸$_ O_m Pmcr Amho''.

C{Ôï : `moOZoMm AmamIS>m (aMZm) ~Z{dÊ`mV _XV KoÊ`mgmR>r Vm§{ÌH$ ghmæ`H$ g§ñWoMr {ZdS> H$aUo.

n{hcr nm`ar n§Mm`V g{_Vr/{Oëhm n[afX nmVirda {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mÀ`m `moOZm§Mm AmamIS>m ~Z{dÊ`mMo H§$ÌmQ> KoVmV, Aem emgZmH$S>o Zm|XUr Ho$coë`m Vm§{ÌH$ ghmæ`H$
g§ñWm§Mr _m{hVr O_m H$aUo, AWdm (Oa `moOZo_Ü`o A§V^m©d Agoc Va) {Oëhm n[afXoZo nwa{dcoë`m `mXr_YyZ H$mhr g§ñWm§À`m Zmdm§Mr {ZdS> H$aUo.
Xwgar nm`ar g§ñWm§er g§nH©$ H$aUo d g§dmX gmYUo, Vm§{ÌH$ ghmæ`H$ g§ñWoZr `mnwdu AmamIS>m ~Z{dcoë`m `moOZm OmD$Z nmhUo Am{U g§~§{YV Jmdm§_Yrc J«m_n§Mm`VrH$Sy>Z
VgoM {nÊ`mMo nmUr d ñdÀN>Vm gm{_VrH$Sy>Z Ë`m§Mo AZw^d OmUyZ KoUo. g§~§{YV Jmdm§Zr g§~§{YV g§ñWm§Zm {Xcoë`m _mZYZ/\$s ~Ôc AmdOyZ© OmUyZ KoUo.
{Vgar nm`ar (1) Vm§{ÌH$ ghmæ`H$ g§ñWm§Zr {Xcoë`m "A§XmOnÌH$m§Mr' VwcZm H$aUo, Vm§{ÌH$ ghmæ`H$ g§ñWocm J«m_g^o_Ü`o ~mocmdUo/gh^mJr H$aUo,
J«m_g^oMo g§ñWo~ÔcMo _V KoUo.
(2) Vm§{ÌH$ ghmæ`H$mar g§ñWm§Mo Jmdmcm/Vm§{ÌH$ kmZ d j_Vm~m~V gj_ ~ZdÊ`m~m~V _V OmUyZ KoUo. VwcZmË_H$ Vº$m ~ZdUo Á`m_Ü`o Vm§{ÌH$ ghmæ`H$
g§ñWm§Mr H«$_dmar H$ê$Z gdm}Îm_ g§ñWoMr {ZdS> H$am`À`m Ñï>rZo _m{hVr V`ma Ho$cr OmB©c.
Mm¡Wr nm`ar Á`m ghmæ`H$mar g§ñWoZo H$_rV H$_r IMm©V CÎm_moÎm_ (Mm§Jcm) àñVmd R>odcm Agoc Aem g§ñWoer {Oëhm n[afXoÀ`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImcr H$m_mMm H$ama H$aUo.

50
 H$m`© 3 ~ : nmÊ`mÀ`m _mJUrMm ^{dî`mVrc A§XmO dV©dUo
gmYZ 7 : {dícofU Vº$m

CnH«$_ : Amdí`H$ _m{hVr O_m H$aUo Am{U VŠË`mV _m§S>Uo

`mgmR>r nwT>rc _m{hVr Amdí`H$ Amho

· cmoH$g§»`m{df`H$ _m{hVr 1981, 1991 Am{U 2001 (goÝgg Zwgma)

· Hw$Qw>§~m§Mr g§»`m

· JmdmVrc BVa g§ñWm/H$m`m©c`o : (emim, J«m. n. H$m`m©c`, ghH$mar g§ñWm, OZmdam§Mm H$m|S>dmS>m /
ImOJr nmoëQ´>r \$m_©, \$m_© hmD$g, \$i~mJm B.)
· BVa nmÊ`mMm dmna H$aUmao Agë`mg

gh^mJr : nmUrnwadR>m d ñdÀN>Vm g{_VrMo gXñ`, Jmd {dH$mg g{_Vr d gm_m{OH$ coImnarjU g{_Vr gXñ`, J«m‘n§Mm¶V gXñ`, JmdmVrc gw{e{jV VéU

CXmhaU
df© 1981 df© 1991 Q>¸o$dmarVrc dmT> df© 2001 Q>¸o$dmarVrc dmT>
cmoH$g§»`m 1354 cmoH$g§»`m 1894 40% 2461 30%
gamgar dmT> nwT>rc 20 dfmªgmR>rMr A§XmOo cmoH$g§»`m (à{V{XZ à{V _mUer) 20 dfm©Z§VaMr
nmÊ`mMr JaO amoOMr nmÊ`mMr JaO
35% 4183 40 167320 ({cQ>a à{V{XZ)

nmÊ`mMr gÜ`mMr CncãYVm ....................., gÜ`mMr V\$mdV.................., ^{dî`mVrc EHy$U JaO .......................

51
 H$m`© 3 H$ : gÜ`m ApñVËdmV AgUmè`m gmd©O{ZH$ nmUr nwadR>m ì`dñWoMo {dícofU
gmYZ 8 : òmoVm§À`m H«$_dmarMm gmam§e ("A' àH$mamVrc Jmdm§gmR>r)

CnH«$_ : JmdmVrc gd© {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMo òmoV VnmgUo d Ë`m§Mm ZH$mem H$mT>Uo `mgmR>r joÌ ^oQ>

à{H«$`m : "{nÊ`mMo nmUr d ñdÀN>Vm g{_Vr', "gm_m{OH$ coImnarjU g{_Vr'/"J«m_n§Mm`V' `m VrZ g§ñWm_Yrc gXñ`m§_YyZ {ZdS> H$ê$Z EH$ JQ> ~Z{dÊ`mV `oB©c.
hm JQ> JmdmVrc {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mÀ`m òmoVm§Mo gìh}jU H$aoc Am{U JmdH$è`m§er Imcrc àým§da MMm© H$aoc.
· nmÊ`mÀ`m òmoVmMr gÚpñWVr (Mm§Jco ~m§YH$m_, dmB©Q> ~m§YH$m_)

· Oa òmoV {dhra/Vio Agoc Va Ë`m§Mr _moO_mno (Imocr, nmÊ`mMm gmR>m, n[a{_Vr)

· dmna H$aUmè`m§Mr nwZ©^aUm~m~V {ZarjUo Am{U h§Jm_mZwgma CncãYVo~m~VÀ`m Zm|Xr

· òmoVm§da Adc§~yZ AgUmè`m Hw$Qw>§~m§Mr g§»`m

· òmoVmMm dmna _w»`ËdoH$ê$Z.... (Ho$di {nÊ`mgmR>r/Ho$di {nÊ`mì`{V[aº$ BVa KaJwVr dmna/{nÊ`mgh BVa KaJwVr dmna/B.)

· àH$ma : O_rZrImcr/O_rZrda

· nmÊ`mMr JwUdÎmm (nmUr narjU {H$Q>)

gmam§e Vº$m : òmoVm§Mr H«$_dmar ({nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ EH$ CXmhaU)

òmoVm§Mo Zmd Adc§~yZ AgUmè`m Kam§Mr g§»`m ^m¡{VH$ gÚpñWVr A§Va òmoV H$moaS>m hmoVmo Vmo _{hZm _w»` dmna

H«$. 1 : {dhra 100 dmB©Q> 100 _rQ>g© E{àc {nÊ`mgmR>r

H«$. 2 : hmVn§n 50 Mm§Jcr AYm© {H$_r H$Yrhr Zmhr (~ma_mhr) XmoÝhrgmR>r
H«$. 3 : Vio gd© 275 A{Ve` dmB©Q> 1.5 {H$_r OmZodmar {nÊ`mgmR>r Zmhr, OZmdam§gmR>r

52
‘mJrb nmZmdarb (nmZ H«$. 52) VŠË`mVrc {ZarjUm§À`m AmYmao H$amd`mMr H¥$Vr :

CXm.: · E{àcZ§Va H$moaS>çm hmoUmè`m {dhrarMr Imocr dmT>dUo

· {dhra - nwZ^©aUmMo Cnm` `moOco

AmUr~mUrÀ`m àg§Jm_Ü`o dmnam`À`m òmoVm§Mr `mXr (CXmhaUmXmIc)

· XÎm AmirÀ`m a{hdmem§gmR>r (25 Hw$Qw>§~o) am_m nmQ>rc `m§Mr ImOJr {dhra dmnamdr.
· _moR>ç>m nmS>çmÀ`m a{hdmem§gmR>r (40 Hw$Qw>§~o) nÍ`m dmaKwS>o `m§Mr ~moAadoc dmnamdr (~moAadocMo {dOoMo ~rc J«m_n§Mm`V ^aoc AWdm dmna H$aUmè`m§H$Sy>Z dgyc H$aoc).

53
 H$m`© 3 H$
gmYZ 9 : Jmd/n§MH«$moer ñVamdarc nmUr nwadR>m ì`dñWoMo {dícofU H$aÊ`mgmR>r
VnmgUr `mXr Am{U Ahdmc n{ÌH$m ("~' Am{U "H$' àH$mamVrc Jmdm§gmR>r)

C{Ôï> : nmUr nwadR>m ì`dñWm, {VMo _w»` KQ>H$ VgoM Vm§{ÌH$-Am{W©H$ H$m`©j_Vm Am{U dmnamMr g_mZ g§Yr `m~m~VMr gÜ`mMr n[apñWVr VnmgUo

CnH«$_ : (A) gmd©O{ZH$ nmUr nwadR>m ì`dñWoÀ`m Vm§{ÌH$ A§Jm§Mo H$m_ H$go Mmcy Amho ho VnmgUo
(~) JmdmVrc Hw$Qw>§~m§Zm {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mÀ`m dmnamMr g§Yr H$er {_iVo `mMo gìh}jU d VnmgUr
(H$) `moOZoÀ`m Am{W©H$ gÚpñWVrMr VnmgUr

gmYZ Cn-àH$ma 1 : VnmgUr `mXr (Oa AZoH$ Jmdm§Mr {_iyZ EH$ `moOZm Agë`mg àË`oH$ JmdmgmR>r)

{df` : gmd©O{ZH$ nmUr nwadR>m ì`dñWoÀ`m Vm§{ÌH$ A§Jm§Mo H$m_ H$go Mmcy Amho, ho VnmgUo

· òmoVmMr n[apñWVr
· n§nKa d _moQ>ma
· _w»` nmB©ncmB©ZMr pñWVr
· ew{ÕH$aU - {\$ëQ>a
· nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s
· àoea ìhmëd
· JmdmVrc nmBncmBÝg d Zi
(nmÊ`mÀ`m CnemMo _moO_mn, {dhra Agë`mg nmÊ`mMr nmVir, {d{hatMr / Z{cH$m {dhrarMr ^m¡{VH$ pñWVr, ~m§YH$m_ B.)
(n§nKamMr d _moQ>marMr pñWVr, gpìh©qgJMo doimnÌH$, drOoMr CncãYVm, ìhmoëQ>oO, \o$P)
(JwéËdmH$f©UmZo òmoVmnmgyZ Q>mH$sn`ªV nmUr `oVo H$m? JiVr Amho H$m? n§n cmdmdm cmJVmo H$m, J§Ocr H$m?)
(nmÊ`mMo narjU H$aUo, JmiUo, nmÊ`mMm XOm© VnmgUo)
(Q>mH$sMr ~m§YH$m_mMr pñWVr, JiVr, gm\$g\$mB©)
(ìhm°ëdcm Hw$cwn Amho H$m? Mmdr Hw$UmH$S>o AgVo, nmUr ì`dpñWV, àm_m{UH$nUo gmoS>co OmVo H$m? ìhm°ëd_Yrc JiVr?)
(JiVr? ZiOmoS> - Om°B§Q>_YyZ? ZH$im|S>mio CÎm_ pñWVrV Amho H$m?, _rQ>a ~gdco H$m`? MmoarMo H$ZoŠeZ {H$Vr AmhoV?)

54
 gmam§e Vº$m Am{U H¥$VrMo _wÔo
H«$. {ZarjUo H¥$VrMo _wÔo Am{W©H$ JaOm

1. _w»` nmB©ncmBZ_Yrc JiVr XwéñVr ..............................

2. Q>mH$s gm\$ Ho$cocr Zmhr Vm~S>Vmo~ ñdÀN>Vm/g\$mB© ..............................

3. ~oH$m`Xoera OmoS>Ê`m§Mr g§»`m _moR>r AgUo ~oH$m`Xoera OmoS>Ê`m{déÕ H$madmB© (X§S>), `mo½` Ë`m d eŠ` Ë`m gdcVr XoD$Z OmoS>Ê`m H$m`Xoera
Pmcoë`m ZwH$gmZrMr XwéñVr (cmoH$m§H$Sy>Z/ H$ê$Z KoUo (CXm. {Z^©` ~Zm `moOZm Á`m_Ü`o ~oH$m`Xoera
4. ~oH$m`Xoera[aË`m nmUr XwgarH$S>o di{dë`m_wio J«m_n§Mm`VrH$Sy>Z IM© dgwcr) OmoS>Ur AgUmè`m ì`º$sZo/J«mhH$mZo H$mhr a¸$_ ^aë`mda
3 Zi Mmcy pñWVrV ZmhrV X§S> _m\$ Ho$cm OmVmo Am{U OmoS>Ur H$m`Xoera Ho$cr OmVo)

5. Vm§{ÌH$ aMZo_Yrc Xmofm_wio ......... (g§»`m) Hw$Qw>§~m§Zm nmB©ncmBZ d Q>mH$s `mo½` Ë`m C§Mrda J«m_n§Mm`V, {Oëhm n[afX AWdm ImgXma {ZYr_YyZ
{nÊ`mMo nmUr {_iV Zmhr. CXm. `mo½` Ë`m C§Mrdê$Z ~gdUo qH$dm BVa Cnm` emoYUo H$m_ nyU© H$aUo
nmUr Z gmoS>co OmUo

6. Hw$Qw>§~m§Zm ì`{º$JV nmVirda Zi OmoS>Ê`m XodyZ XoIrc,
H$mhr Hw$Qw>§~m§Zr Zi ~g{dcoco ZmhrV, Ë`m_wio nmUr
gmoS>Ê`mÀ`m doim§_Ü`o nmUr dmhV amhVo d dm`m OmVo
(ZiM Zgë`m_wio nmUr dmhV Agë`mg Zi
~§X H$aVm `oV Zmhr.)
àË`oH$ Hw$Qw>§~mgmR>r Zi ~gdyZ KoUo àË`oH$ Hw$Qw>§~mZo Zi ~g{dÊ`mgmR>r `oUmam IM© H$amdm
~§YZH$maH$ Agmdo Á`m_wio nmÊ`mMm
Anì`n/ZmgmS>r Q>miVm `oB©c

EHy$U IM©

55
 gmYZ CnàH$ma 9.1 : Aä`mg CnH«$_mgmR>r gmYZ
(AZoH$ Jmdm§Mr EH${ÌV `moOZm Agë`mg àË`oH$ JmdmgmR>r)

{df` : JmdmVrc Hw$Qw>§~m§À`m nmUr dmnamÀ`m g§YrMo gìh}jU Am{U VnmgUr

· OmVr-O_mVrZwgma JmdmVrc EHy$U Hw$Qw>§~m§Mr {d^mJUr

OmV A OmV ~ O_mV A O_mV ~

· OmVr-O_mVrZwgma ImOJr (d¡`{º$H$) Zi OmoS>Ê`m Agcoë`m EHy$U Hw$Qw>§~m§Mr {d^mJUr

OmV A OmV ~ O_mV A O_mV ~

· ZiH$m|S>mir VgoM ImOJr OmoS>Ê`m§À`m g§X^m©V nmUr dmnam~m~VMo H$moUVo àý AmhoV?

· ~oH$m`Xoera OmoS>Ê`m§_wio nmÊ`mMr JiVr hmoV Amho, VgoM nwaoem Xm~mZo nmUr gmoS>co OmV Zmhr Ë`m_wio C§Mmdarc Kam§Zm nmUr nmohmoMV Zmhr.
· Am{Xdmgr nmS>o Am{U X{cV dñË`m§Zm nmUr nwa{dUmè`m nmB©ncmBZcm OmUyZ ~yOyZ JiVr d VmoS>\$moS> Ho$cr OmVo.
· Zimcm WoQ> _moQ>ma qH$dm B§{OZ cmdyZ nmUr IoMë`mZo BVa Zim§Zm nwaoem Xm~mZo nmUr {Xco OmV Zmhr.
· BVa ....................

56
 gmYZ CnàH$ma 9.2 : Aä`mg CnH«$_mgmR>r gmYZ
(AZoH$ Jmdm§Mr EH${ÌV `moOZm Agë`mg àË`oH$ JmdmgmR>r)

{df` : `moOZoÀ`m Am{W©H$ gÚpñWVrMm Aä¶mg

{df` ~mH$s a¸$_ a¸$_ Z ^aë`mg hmoUmao n[aUm_ VmVS>rZo H$amd`mMr H¥$Vr

drOoMo ~rc é. 20,000/- drO VmoS>cr OmB©c · H$mhr a¸$_ ^aUo?

· dmQ>mKmQ>r?
· hßË`m§Zr a¸$_ ^aUo?

qgMZ {d^mJmg ^amd`mMr am°`ëQ>r

(YaUmVyZ nmUr KoV Agë`mg)
W{H$V nmUrnÅ>r
XwéñVrMr ~rco

XrK© nëë`mÀ`m AWdm dma§dma CX²^dUmè`m àým§darc Cnm` :

· nmUr nÅ>r/nmÊ`mMm H$a Z ^aUmè`m Hw$Qw>§~m§da H$S>H$/H$R>moa Cnm``moOZm? J«m_g^ocm gh^mJr H$ê$Z {ZU©` KoUo.

· n`m©`r òmoVm§Mm dmna (Ogo H$s ImOJr {d{har) H$aUmar Hw$Qw>§~o Or nmÊ`mMr ~rco ^aV ZmhrV na§Vw nmUr dmnaVmV Ë`m§À`m~Ôc Jm§^r`m©Zo nwZ©{dMma
(ho R>a{dVmZm J«m_n§Mm`V, gm_m{OH$ coImnarjU g{_Vr, _{hcm {dH$mg g{_Vrg gh^mJr H$aUo)
· nmdgmù`m_Ü`o Ooìhm gmd©O{ZH$ nmUr nwadR>m ì`dñWm dmnacr OmV Zmhr (H$maU nmdgm_wio JmdmVrc gd© Hw$Qw>§~o BVa n`m©`r òmoVm§Mm dmna H$aVmV)
Aem n[apñWVr_Ü`o ì`dñWoÀ`m XoI^mcrgmR>r H$_rV H$_r "XoI^mc AmH$ma (\$s)' àË`oH$ Hw$Qw>§~mH$Sy>Z KoÊ`mV `mdm.
· {nÊ`mMo nmUr nwa{dVmZm d¡`{º$H$ nmÊ`mMm _rQ>a (nmÊ`mMm dmna _moOÊ`mgmR>r) cmdmdm Á`m_wio d¡`{º$H$ Hw$Qw>§~m§Zr nmUrnÅ>r Z ^aë`mg Ë`m§Mr ZiOmoS>Ur
(H$ZoŠeZ ~§X) VmoS>Vm `oB©c.
· BVa

57
 H$m`© 3 S> : gÜ`m ApñVËdmV AgUmè`m ì`dñWo_Ü`o gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r AWdm
ZdrZ gmd©O{ZH$ nmUr nwadR>m ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` n`m©`mMr {ZdS> H$aUo ("A àH$maÀ`m' Jmdm§gmR>r)
gmYZ 10 : JQ>MM}gmR>r _mJ©Xe©H$ gyMZm
C{Ôï : JmdmVrc {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mÀ`m _yë`_mnZmÀ`m AmYmamda {ZU©` KoUo
gh^mJr JQ>
gh^mJr JQ> (n{hcr \o$ar) : nmUr nwadR>m d ñdÀN>Vm g{_Vr, J«m_n§Mm`V, gm_m{OH$ coImnarjU g{_Vr, _{hcm {dH$mg g{_VrMo gXñ`
gh^mJr JQ> (Xwgar \o$ar) : _{hcm J«m_g^m
gh^mJr JQ> ({Vgar \o$ar) : J«m_g^m, bm^mWu JQ>m§Mr g{‘Vr

_mJ©Xe©H$ àý
MMm© H$aÊ`mMo àý MM}gmR>r _wÔo {ZU©`mMo _wÔo
· ómoVm_Ü`o gwYmaUm · H$_Hw$dV ómoV · dñË`m§Mo àmYmÝ`H«$_ R>a{dUo
(nmÊ`mÀ`m CncãYVoV gwYmaUm) · ómoV Á`m§_Ü`o gwYmaUm H$aVm `oB©c · {d^mJ/ñd`§godr g§ñWoer g§nH©$ gmYUo
({dhrar : Imocr dmT>dUo, nwZ^©aUmMo {d{dY Cnm` `moOUo)
(hmVn§n : Oc^§OZ-hm`S´>mo \«°$ŠMa)
· nmUr nwadR>m ì`dñWoMo ñdê$n : gmd©O{ZH$ nmUr nwadR>m ì`dñWoMo (ZinmUr) \$m`Xo-VmoQ>o gmd©O{ZH$ nmUr nwadR>m ì`dñWm?
ZinmUr `moOZm? hmVn§n d {dhrar? (MM}gmR>r _wÔo : gwa{jV {nÊ`mMo nmUr, H$ï> H$_r hmoVrc, AWdm gÜ`mMr ì`dñWm?
nmUrnÅ>r ^aÊ`mMr Hw$dV Amho H$m? coImnarjU H$amdo cmJoc, `mn¡H$s {ZU©`!
XoI^mc-XwéñVrMm IM© H$amdm cmJoc? B.)
· emgH$s` `moOZm§À`m {ZH$fm§Mr nyV©Vm · `moOZoÀ`m ^m§S>dcr IMm©V 10% dJ©Ur-cmoH$m§Zr XoUo · 10% cmoH$dmQ>çmda gd©gh_Vr?
· ^m§S>dcr IMm©Mm dmQ>m ^aÊ`mgmR>r amoOJmam§À`m · H$moUË`m nÕVrZo dJ©Ur ^amdr -
g§YtMm dmna (CXm : _hmamï´> amoOJma h_r `moOZm) `m~m~VMm {ZU©`mda gd©gh_Vr?
· BVa ñWm{ZH$ àý

58
 H$m`© 4 : `moOZoMr A§_c~OmdUr
H$m`© 4 A : H§$ÌmQ>XmamMr {ZdS>
gmYZ 11 : à{H«$`ogmR>r _mJ©Xe©H$ gyMZm

g{_VrMr gÚpñWVr : `moOZm _§Oya Pmcr AgyZ "nmUr nwadR>m d ñdÀN>Vm g{_VrÀ`m' ImË`m_Ü`o a¸$_ O_m H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho.
C{Ôï : `moOZoÀ`m ~m§YH$m_mMo H$m_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r H§$ÌmQ>XmamMr {ZdS> H$aUo. (~m§YH$m_ XmoZ àH$maMo Agy eH$Vo) : XwéñVr AWdm ZdrZ {dhra/hmVn§n/nyU©V: gmd©O{ZH$ nmUr nwadR>m
ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aUo `m àH$maMo A{YH$ma g{_Vrcm \$º$ OcñdamÁ` àH$ënm_Ü`o _hmamï´>mV Am{U BVa amÁ`m§_Ü`o `m àH$mamÀ`m àH$ënmV {Xcoco AmhoV. `m A{YH$mam§Mm dmna
H$aVm `mdm åhUyZ ({d{dY amÁ`o am~dV Agocë`m àH$ënm_Ü`o) emgZmZo H$mhr Mm§Jcr gmYZohr {dH${gV Ho$cr AgyZ Vr nyaoer {dñV¥>V d g_mdoeH$ AmhoV. na§Vw `m àH$ënm§{edm`
BVa àH$ën Á`m_Ü`o gmYZo {dH${gV H$aUo ~§YZH$maH$ ZgVo (CXm. {Oëhm n[afXoÀ`m `moOZm) Aem àH$ënm§gmR>r hr gmYZo Cn`moJr R>ê$ eH$Vrc.

CnH«$_ : H§$ÌmQ>XmamMr {ZdS>

nm`ar n{hbr : n§Mm`V/{Oëhm nmVirdarc (emgH$s`) {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mer g§~§{YV H$m_o KoVmV Aem Zm|XUrH¥$V H§$ÌmQ>Xmam{df`r Aer _m{hVr O_m H$aUo
AWdm {Oëhm n[afXoZo nwa{dcoë`m (`moOZo_Ü`o A§V^m©d Agë`mg) `mXr_YyZ H$mhr R>oHo$Xmam§Mr Zmdo {ZdS>Uo.
`m à{H«$`oÀ`m eodQ>r H§$ÌmQ>Xmam§Mr `mXr, g§nH$m©~m~VMm Vnerc VgoM Ë`m§Zr OoWo H$m_ Ho$co Amho VoWrc nÎmm hr _m{hVr {_iUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
nm`ar Xwgar : Vm§{ÌH$ godm nwadR>mXmamer g§nH©$ H$ê$Z IaoXr ~m~VMr H$moQ>oeZ _mJdyZ KoUo.
H$m_ nyU© H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r {Z{dXm _mJ{dUo (`mgmR>r Vm§{ÌH$ godm nwadR>mXmamMr _XV KoUo). `m à{H«$`oÀ`m eodQ>r Amdí`H$VoZwgma IaoXr~m~VMr H$moQ>oeÝg²
Am{U/qH$dm H$m_m~ÔcÀ`m {Z{dXm (Q>|S>a) {_im`cm hì`mV.
nm`ar {Vgar : H$moQ>oeZ_Yrc qH$_Vr Am{U / qH$dm R>oHo$XmamZo ^acoë`m {Z{dXm§_Yrc àñVmd `m§Mr Vm§{ÌH$ godm nwadR>mXmamÀ`m _XVrZo VwcZm H$ê$Z IaoXr~m~V
VgoM H$m_ H$moUË`m R>oHo$Xmamcm Úm`Mo `m~m~V {ZU©` KoUo.
nm`ar Mm¡Wr : R>oHo$Xma AWdm H$moQ>oeZ~m~VMm {ZU©` KoVmZm gdm©V H$_r qH$_VrÀ`m àñVmdmMm àmYmÝ`nyd©H$ {dMma H$ê$Z H$moQ>oeZ d R>oHo$Xmam~m~VMm A§{V_ {ZU©` ¿`mdm.
VgoM g§~§{YV nwadR>mXmamH$Sy>Z IaoXr H$amdr Am{U / qH$dm g§~§{YV R>oHo$Xmamcm H$m_ XoÊ`mV Amco.

59
 H$m`© 4 ~ : H$m_mÀ`m àJVrda XoIaoI R>odUo
gmYZ 12 : XoIaoIrgmR>r VnmgUr `mXr

C{Ôï> : R>oHo$XmamÀ`m H$m_mÀ`m XOm©Mr VnmgUr H$aUo d XoIaoI R>odUo

CnH«$_ : H$m_ {OWo gwê$ Amho Ë`m OmJr XoIaoIrgmR>r ^oQ> XoUo, H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr ^oQ> XoD$Z H$m_mMr àJVr d XOm©da XoIaoI R>odUo.

H$m`© gyMr

XoIaoIrgmR>rMr ^oQ> {H$_mZ Xa XmoZ {Xdgm§Zr Agmdr

◆ Amcoë`m _mcmMr g§»`m Am{U XOm© VnmgUo
({g_|Q>, dmiy, {dQ>m VgoM _moQ>man§n, Zi, cmoI§S>r gi`m, Vwi`m Am{U BVa)
◆ hOoarnÌH$mMr (_ñQ>a) VnmgUr d hOoarnÌH$mMo Omhra dmMZ
§· H$m_Jma JmdmVrc Agë`mg, hOoarnÌH$mV Zm|Xcoë`m H$m_Jmam§À`m Zmdm§Mo dmMZ Jmdmg_moa H$amdo

§· J«m_g^og_moa Am{U Jmd nmVirdarc ~¡R>H$s_Ü`o H$m_ Ho$coco _Zwî` {Xdg Am{U doi `m§Mo dmMZ Ho$co Omdo

◆ _moO_mn KoUo
§· Ho$coë`m H$m_m§Mr _moO_mno KoUo

§· A§XmOnÌH$mVrc _moO_mno Am{U àË`j H$m_mZ§VaMr _moO_mno OwiVmV Zm ho VnmgUo (OwiV Zgë`mg R>oHo$Xmamda `mo½` Vr H$madmB© H$aUo)

§· R>oHo$XmamZo {dH$V AmUcoë`m _mcmÀ`m g§»`oMr d _mcmÀ`m XOm©Mr VnmgUr H$aUo d Ë`mZ§Va Ë`mMo n¡go MwH$Vo H$aUo

◆ H$m_Jma Am{U H§$ÌmQ>XmamMo àý g_OmdyZ KoUo

§· H§$ÌmQ>Xmam§Mo àíZ : ~m§YH$m_mgmR>r nmÊ`mMr CncãYVm, drOoÀ`m OmoS>UrMr CncãYVm, BVa

§· H$m_Jmam§Mo àíZ : H$m_mMo Vmg, doioda nJma, Amdí`H$ VodT>rM H$m_Jma g§»`m H$m_mda AgUo (H$_rhr ZH$mo d OmñVhr ZH$mo)

◆ IMm©À`m gÚpñWVrda XoIaoI (gm_mZmMo Xa, H$m_Jmam§Mo Xa, H$m_Jmam§Mr CncãYVm, A§XmOnÌH$mVrc IMm©nojm OmñV IM© hmoUma Zmhr `mMr H$miOr KoUo)

60
 H$m`© 4 H$ : Vm§{ÌH$, gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ coImnarjU H$aUo
gmYZ 13 : gd© àH$maÀ`m coImnarjUm§gmR>r H$m_m§Mr `mXr Am{U gh^mJmgmR>r _mJ©Xe©H$ gyMZm
C{Ôï> : Vm§{ÌH$, gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ (nmUr nwadR>m d ñdÀN>Vm g{_VrZo Ho$coë`m IMm©Mo) coImnarjU H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§~§{YV g§ñWm§Zm H$i{dUo Am{U coImnarjU H$ê$Z KoUo
H«$. CnH«$_ EH$ : Vm§{ÌH$ coImnarjU CnH«$_ XmoZ : gm_m{OH$ coImnarjU CnH«$_ VrZ : Am{W©H$ coImnarjU
1 Vm§{ÌH$ coImnarjU H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§ñWocm AWdm gm_m{OH$ coImnarjU g{_Vrer gm_m{OH$ {Oëhm n[afXoZo Vw_À`m JmdmgmR>r {ZdS>
Vm§{ÌH$ godm nwa{dUmè`m g§ñWocm (Zo_UyH$ Pmcr coImnarjUmgmR>r g§nH©$ gmYUo. Ho$coë`m Am°S>rQ>aer (coImnarjH$) g§nH©$ gmYUo.
Agë`mg) Am¡nMm[aH$ {dZ§Vr nÌ nmR>{dUo.

2 Vm§{ÌH$ coImnarjUmÀ`m VmaIoMo Am{U doimMo gm_m{OH$ coImnarjUmgmR>r gdmªÀ`m VmarI Am{U doioMo {Z`moOZ H$aUo.
{Z`moOZ H$aUo Am{U Ë`m~m~VMm Vnerc g§~§{YVm§Zm gmo`rMr VmarI R>a{dUo.
(gm_m{OH$ coIm narjU g{_Vr, _{hcm {dH$mg
g{_Vr, J«m_n§Mm`V, J«m_g^m) H$i{dUo.

3 Vm§{ÌH$ ghmæ` nwa{dUmè`m§gmo~V EH${ÌV à{H«$`o_Ü`o gh^mJr hmoD$Z gm_m{OH$ coImnarjU gd© Vnerc d H$mJXnÌo CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo,
joÌ^oQ>t_Ü`o gh^mJr hmoUo. `m ^oQ>rXaå`mZ g{_VrMr gmYZo; VgoM OmV/qcJ^md VnmgÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr Am{U e§H$m g_OyZ
_moO_mno, H$m_mMr JwUdÎmm, Vm§{ÌH$ÑîQ>çm ({ó`m§Mo àíZ)/Am{Xdmgr O_mVrMo àý, KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo, {Z`_m{déÕ H$moUË`m
VnmgÊ`mMr nÕV g_OyZ KoUo. e§H$m Am{U Ë`m§Mr CÎmao g_OyZ KoUo. Jmoï>r AmhoV ho g_OyZ KoUo.

4 Vm§{ÌH$ ghmæ` nwa{dUmè`m§H$S>o coImnarjUmMm
gmonm Am{U cmoH$mg_moa R>odVm `oB©c Agm
Ahdmc _mJUo Omo J«m_g^onwT>o _m§S>Vm `oB©c.
gm_m{OH$ coIm narjUg{_Vrgmo~V
g§`wº$ Ahdmc V`ma H$aUo Á`mMo XmoZ
KQ>H$ AgVrc
(A) gdmªg_moa R>odVm `oB©c Agm Ahdmc
(~) Vm~S>Vmo~rZo H$amd`mÀ`m H$m_m§Mr `mXr
coIm narjH$mcm XmoZ Ahdmc ~Z{dÊ`mg gm§JUo.
`mVrc EH$ Ahdmc J«m_g^og_moa R>odcm OmB©c
Am{U Xwgam Ahdmc nmUr nwadR>m Am{U
ñdÀN>Vm g{_VrZo ^{dî`mV H$amd`mÀ`m
XoI^mc XwéñVrÀ`m H$m_m§Mr `mXr Agoc.

5 J«m_g^m Am`mo{OV H$aUo, J«m_g^m Am`mo{OV H$aUo, J«m_g^m Am`mo{OV H$aUo,

AhdmcmMr _m§S>Ur Am{U g_mamon AhdmcmMr _m§S>Ur Am{U g_mamon AhdmcmMr _m§S>Ur Am{U g_mamon

61
 H$m`© 5 : XoI^mcXwéñVr Am{U nmUr {dVaUmMo {Z`_Z
gmYZ 14 : XoI^mc XwéñVrMo doimnÌH$ EH${ÌV Aä`mgmÛmao V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mJ©Xe©H$ gyMZm
C{Ôï> : XoI^mc XwéñVrÀ`m H$m_m§gmR>r nyd©V`mar H$aUo.
CnH«$_ EH$ : XoI^mc XwéñVrMr H$m_o g_OmdyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r nmUrnwadR>m `moOZog g§`wº$ ^oQ>
gh^mJr : J«m_ nmUr nwadR>m d ñdÀN>Vm g{_VrMo gXñ`, nmUr nwadR>m godH$ ({Z`wº$ H$amdm) Am{U Vm§{ÌH$ godm nwadR>mXma
H«$. CnH«$_ CnH«$_mMo _hËd doimnÌH$mV Q>mH$md`mMr H$m_o H$m_mMr dma§dmaVm
({H$Vr doimZo H$m_ H$amdo)

1 òmoVmMo H$m`© g_OyZ KoUo. nmUr nwa{dUmam EH$_od òmoV. gwajm, XwéñVr Am{U g\$mB©/ _{hÝ`mVyZ H$_rV H$_r EH$doim
ñdÀN>Vm JaO. XwéñVrMr Amdí`H$Vm VnmgUo.

2 _moQ>ma Am{U n§nKamMo H$m_ n§nm_wio nmUr Q>mH$sV MT>Vo Am{U _moQ>ma d n§nKamVrc CnH$aUm§Mr Mmoar _{hÝ`mVyZ EH$doim `m H$m_m§Mr
d _hËd g_OyZ KoUo. n§nKa _moQ>ma gwa{jV R>odVo. hmoD $Z`o åhUyZ XoIaoI R>odUo Am{U JaO VnmgUo.
n§nmMo gpìh©qgJ d JaO Agë`mg
_moQ>ma [admB©qS>J H$aUo.

3 nmUr nwadR>çmVrc ìhm°ëdMo ìhm°c nmÊ`mMm àdmh d Xm~mda XaamoOÀ`m nmUr nwadR>çmgmR>r ìhm°ëdÀ`m XaamoO VnmgUr H$aUo.
H$m`© g_OyZ KoUo. {Z`§ÌU R>odVo Á`mMm Cn`moJ dmnamda {Z`§ÌU R>odUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
gd© ^mJm§Zm nmUr `mo½` åhUyZ ìhm°ëd Hw$cwn ~§X R>odmdm d
Xm~mZo XoÊ`mgmR>r Ho$cm OmVmo. {H$„r nmUr nwadR>m godH$mH$S>o Agmdr.

4 _w»` nmB©ncmB©ZMo H$m_ _w»` nmB©ncmB©ZÛmao nmÊ`mÀ`m nmUr ZoÊ`mgmR>r _w»` nmBncmB©Z hm JiVrgmR>r Xa AmR>dS>çmVyZ EH$Xm
g_OyZ KoUo. Q>mH$sV nmUr Zoco OmVo. EH$_od _mJ© AgVmo, Ë`m_wio Ë`mVyZ VnmgUr Am{U Vm~S>Vmo~ XwéñVrMr
JiVr Pmë`mg nmÊ`mMm Anì`` ì`dñWm ApñVËdmV Agmdr.
hmoD$Z nmÊ`mMr CncãYVm H$_r hmoVo.

62
H«$. CnH«$_ CnH«$_mMo _hËd
5 nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s gmR>dUo, JwéËdmH$f©U eº$sZo nmUr
Zim_Ü`o gmoS>Uo VgoM nmÊ`mMm òmoV
Am{U Zi `m§À`m_Ü`o n`m©`r gmR>m
åhUyZ H$m_ H$aVo.
6 {dVaUmMo Omio g_OyZ KoUo. {dVaU ì`dñWoVrc _hËdmÀ`m
OmoS>Ê`m Am{U nmBncmB©ZMm ZH$mem
_m{hVr AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
7 ZiH$m|S>mio, ImOJr Zi OmoS>Ê`m, nmÊ`mMm àdmh VnmgUo, _moOUo
_rQ>g© d gmd©O{ZH$ Zi H$m|S>mù`m§Mo
nmUr ì`dpñWV amIUo.
doimnÌH$mV Q>mH$md`mMr H$m_o
ømMr pñWVr Mm§Jcr AgUo
{ZUm©`H$ Amho, nmUr Amog§Sy>Z
dm`m OmUo Q>mico nm{hOo.
gwa{jVVoMr H$miOr KoÊ`mMr JaO,
~hþVoH$doim g_mO{dKmVH$ àd¥Îmr
VgoM ñdmWu ZmJ[aH$m§Ûmao nmUr Mmoar,
{d{eï> g_mOKQ>H$m§Zm CXm. X{cV,
nmUr Z {_iyZ XoUo BË`mXrgmR>r
nmBncmB©Zcm ZwH$gmZ nmoMdco OmVo.
cmoH$ Ad¡Ú Zi OmoS>Ê`m KoVmV
Ë`mda cj R>odUo.
63
H$m_mMr dma§dmaVm
({H$Vr doimZo H$m_ H$amdo)
àË`oH$ VrZ _{hÝ`mZ§Va EH$Xm
VnmgUr d dfmªVyZ EH$Xm
Q>mH$s gm\$ H$aUo.
AmR>dS>çmVyZ EH$Xm VnmgUo
Amdí`H$M Amho.
AmR>dS>çmVyZ EH$Xm VnmgUo
Amdí`H$ Amho.
 gmYZ 15 : nmÊ`mMm Cngm _moOÊ`mgmR>r VnmgUo `mXr
C{Ôï : (A) òmoVmMr nmUr XoÊ`mMr j_Vm gmVË`mZo VnmgV amhUo.
(~) nmÊ`mÀ`m dmnamÀ`m `mo½` {Z`moOZmgmR>r òmoVmMm ~ogw_ma dmnamda {Z`§ÌU R>odUo.
gmYZ : (C{Ôï> A) : VnmgUr `mXr d gmam§e Vº$m
(C{Ôï> ~) : XIcnmÌ d {Z`_~mø H¥$Vrda H$amd`mMr H$madmB©
CnH«$_ : Vm§{ÌH$ _m{hVrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ XoIaoI :
A) AmR>dS>çmVyZ EH$Xm {dhrarÀ`m nmÊ`mMr nmVir _moOUo (àm_w»`mZo CÝhmù`m_Ü`o)
~) hmVn§nmÀ`m ~m~VrVrc {ZarjU (20 {cQ>a nmÊ`mMr ~mXcr ^aÊ`mg cmJUmam doi ({_ZrQ>o)
H$) Vcmd Agë`mg, Ë`mVrc nmÊ`mÀ`m CncãYVo~m~VMr {ZarjUo (Xa_hm)

_m{hVr gmam§e Vº$m

òmoV nmÊ`mMr nmVir {dhra/_rQ>g© cmJcocr {_ZrQ>o (hmVn§n)/gmd©O{ZH$ Zi ({_ZrQ>o/Vmg)

E{àc 2009 AmR>dS>o _o 2009 AmR>dS>o
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
{dhra 1
{dhra 2
hmVn§n 1
hmVn§n 2

`m à{H«$`ocm eodQ>r nwT>rc ~m~r H$aVm `oUo Amdí`H$ Amho : H$_Hw$dV òmoV emoYUo, Jmoim Ho$cocr _m{hVr ^yOc gìh}jU {d^mJ ˶m ^mJmV ¶m {df¶m§da H$m‘ H$aUmar ñd¶§godr g§ñWm
`m§Zm nmR>{dUo d Ë`m§À`mer MMm© H$ê$Z Ocg§dY©ZmMo Cnm` H$aUo VgoM dZrH$aU, g§`wº$ dZì`dñWmnZ, ^yOcmÀ`m dmnamMo {Z`_Z Ago CnH«$_ am~{dUo.

64
 H$m`© 6 : JmdmVrc gmd©O{ZH$ ñdÀN>Vo~m~VÀ`m gÚpñWVrMr VnmgUr
gmYZ 16 : gmam§e Vº$m

Imcrc VŠË`m_Ü`o àm_w»`mZo g§S>mg/em¡Mmc`o Am{U Ë`m§À`m dmnam~m~VÀ`m gÚpñWVrMm {dMma Ho$cm Amho, Ë`mZwgma H¥$Vr AmamIS>çmMo {Z`moOZ H$aVm `oB©c.
CnH«$_ : nwT>rc hoVy gmÜ` hmoÊ`mgmR>r JmdmVrc àË`oH$ Hw$Qw>§~mcm ^oQ> XoD$Z _m{hVr O_m H$am`cm cmJoc. Hw$Qw>§~m_Ü`o ImOJr em¡Mmc` Amho AWdm Zmhr, Ë`mMm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo
AWdm/Zmhr, nag~mJoMr cmJdS> `m~Ôc _m{hVr Jmoim H$aUo. `m _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmao Imcrc gmam§e VŠË`m V`ma H$amdm.
gmam§e Vº$m 1 : em¡Mmc`/g§S>mgm§Mr gÚpñWVr
Hw$Qw>§~nmVir Am{U emim em¡Mmc` Amho em¡Mmc` Zmhr em¡Mmc`o Agcocr Hw$Qw>§~o Am{U Ë`m§Mm dmna dmna H$aV Zgë`mg,
nmVirdarc _m{hVr hmo` Zmhr Ë`m_mJMr H$maUo
JmdmVrc EHy$U Hw$Qw>§~ g§»`m
Xm[aÚ« aofodarc _mJmgdJu` (SC) Hw$Qw>§~o
Xm[aÚ« aofoImcrc _mJmgdJu` (SC) Hw$Qw>§~o
Xm[aÚ« aofodarc AZwgy{MV O_mVtMr (Am{Xdmgr) Hw$Qw>§~o
Xm[aÚ« aofoImcrc AZwgy{MV O_mVr (Am{Xdmgr) Hw$Qw>§~o
Xm[aÚ« aofodarc Iwë`m JQ>mVrc Hw$Qw>§~o
Xm[aÚ« aofoImcrc Iwë`m JQ>mVrc Hw$Q>§w~o
BVa JQ>mVrc Hw$Qw>§~o (H¥$n`m ñnï> H$am)
gaH$mar/emgH$s` emim
Am§JUdmS>r
~mcdmS>r
emgH$s` AZwXmZ Zgcoë`m emim (ImOJr emim)

65
Jmd nmVirdarc _m{hVr em¡Mmc`o em¡Mmc`o dmnaV Agcoë`m em¡Mmc`o dmnaV Zgcoë`m dñË`m,
AmhoV ZmhrV dñË`m, nmS>o, dmS>çm, nmS>o, dmS>çm, JmdR>mU d dmna Z
JmdR>mU H$aÊ`m_mJrc H$maUo*

_w»` JmdmV (JmdR>mU) gmd©O{ZH$ em¡Mmc`o

em¡Mmc`o Agcoë`m dñVr/dmS>çm/nmS>çm§Mr g§»`m

* dmna Z H$aÊ`m_mJrc H$maUo :

1 ñdÀN> ZmhrV d Aamo½`mg Anm`H$maH$ AmhoV 2 dmg/XwJªYr `oVo 3 gmo`rñH$a Zmhr

4 dmnamMr gd` Zmhr 5 ì`dpñWVnUo H$m`©aV Zmhr 6 nmUr ZgVo
7 gmR>dUyH$sMr Imocr åhUyZ dmna 8 Iyn N>moQ>o/chmZ 9 Ym{_©H$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$maUo
10 BVa, H¥$n`m ñnï> H$am

66
 gmam§e Vº$m 2: ñdÀN>VoMr gÚpñWVr
Jmd nmVirdarc _m{hVr emof IÈ>m 1, nag~mJ 2, JQ>ma 3, eoVm_Ü`o 4,
añË`mda 5, O{_Zrdarc nmÊ`mMo gmR>o 6, BVa (ñnï> H$am) 7

1. H$Mè`mMr, {dëhodmQ> cmdÊ`mgmR>r ì`dñWm /ì`dñWmnZ hmo` 1 Zmhr 2

2. KaJwVr H$Mam/KmUrMr {dëhodmQ>

2A. em¡Mmc`o
2~. ñd¡nmH$ KamVrc H$Mam
2H$. Am§KmoirMo nmUr
2S>. H$nS>o YwUo, ^m§S>r Kmgë`mZ§Va dm`m OmUmao nmUr

3. nmÊ`m_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmao amoJ AmhoV/ZmhrV. 2008 - Zmhr. hmo` Agë`mg ñnï> H$am.
(H¥$n`m Joë`m 3 dfmª_Yrc n[apñWVr Z_yX H$am) 2007 - Zmhr. hmo` Agë`mg ñnï> H$am.
2006 - Zmhr. hmo` Agë`mg ñnï> H$am.

4. {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mÀ`m òmoVm§À`m g§ajUmgmR>r

(ñdÀN>VoÀ`m/Amamo½`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo) Ho$cocr gmo` :

67
68
2(H$) gm‘m{OH$ boImnarjU g{_Vr
AmoiI
gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU Am{U emgH$s` `moOZm
gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU g{_Vr (gmbon) hr J«m_g^oÛmao {ZdSy>Z {Xbr OmUmar EH$ _hÎdmMr
g{_Vr Amho. J«m_n§Mm`VrÀ`m H$ma^mam_Ü`o nmaXe©H$Vm AmUUo, VgoM J«m_n§Mm`VrZo
J«m_g^oàVr AgUmao CÎmaXm`rËd {Z^dmdo `m_Ü`o gmbon g{_VrMr _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m
Amho. J«m_n§Mm`VrÛmao am~dë`m OmUmè`m gd© `moOZm§À`m A§_b~OmdUrda XoIaoI R>odUo
ho H$m_ gmbon g{_VrÀ`m H$jo_Ü`o `oVo. åhUyZM, J«m_g^oÛmao {ZdSy>Z XoÊ`mV `oUmè`m
{d{dY Cng{_Ë`m§_Ü`o gmbon g{_Vr hr gd©ñneu (gd©g_mdoeH$) Agë`mMo _mZÊ`mV
`oVo. J«m_n§Mm`VrÀ`m gd© `moOZm§À`m A§_b~OmdUr~m~V Xj amhÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar gmbon
g{_Vrda Agbr Varhr H$mhr `moOZm§gmR>r _mÌ emgZmZo {deof VOdrO Ho$br AgyZ,
ObñdamÁ` `m `moOZo_Ü`o ñdV§Ì gmbon g{_Vr J{R>V H$aÊ`mMr VaVyX Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo
"gd© {ejm A{^`mZ', "EH$mpË_H$ ~mb {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_', "B§{Xam Amdmg `moOZm',
"g§nyU© J«m_rU amoOJma `moOZm', "nmUbmoQ> joÌ {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_', "_hmamï´> J«m_rU amoOJma
h_r `moOZm' Aem `moOZm§À`m A§_b~OmdmUrMo gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU H$aUo emgZmZo
A{Zdm`© Ho$bo Amho. `mn¡H$s "_hmamï´> J«m_rU amoOJma h_r `moOZo'_Ü`o H$m_mda AgUmè`m
_Owam§Mr "XjVm g{_Vr' ñWmnZ H$amd`mMr AgyZ Ë`m§Zr H$m_mÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrÀ`m
à{H«$`oda XjVm R>odÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar nobUo Ano{jV Amho.
69
gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU åhUOo H$m`?
emgZmÀ`m H$m`©H«$_mMo qH$dm g_mOmgmR>r am~dë`m OmUmè`m EImÚm H$m`©H«$_mMo \$m`Xo
g_mOmVrb gd© KQ>H$m§n`ªV nmoMUo Ano{jV AgVo. `mgmR>r `moOZo~Ôb g§~§{YV KQ>H$m§_Ü`o
OmUrdOmJ¥Vr H$ê$Z, `moOZoMr g_O dmT>dyZ, `moOZoÀ`m n[aUm_m§Mo _yë`_mnZ H$aÊ`mMr
à{H«$`m åhUOo gm_m{OH$ boImnarjUmMr à{H«$`m Ago åhUVm `oB©b. `m à{H«$`o_Ü`o
g_mOmVrb gd© KQ>H$m§À`m dVrZo qH$dm bm^mWvÀ`m dVrZo `moOZoÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrda
{Z`§ÌU R>oD$Z, gm_m{OH$ÑîQ`m Xwb©{jV _wÔ`m§~m~V {deof OmJê$H$ amhUo d gdmªZm bm^
{_idyZ XoUo Ano{jV AgVo. `m_wio {ZU©`à{H«$`o_Ü`o g_mOmVrb gd© KQ>H$m§Zm, ({deofV:
d§{MV KQ>H$m§Zm) Ë`m§Mr _Vo _m§S>md`mMr g§Yr XoD$Z Ë`m§À`mgmR>r ñWmZ {Z_m©U H$aUo
Ano{jV AgVo. `m à{H«$`oVyZ g_mOmVrb ~bdmZ KQ>H$ Am{U d§{MV KQ>H$m§_Ü`o EH$
Zì`m àH$maMm g§dmX àñWm{nV hmoD$Z d§{MV KQ>H$m§Mr dmQ>mKmQ>r H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm dmT>Ê`mg
_XV hmoVo.
gm_m{OH$ boImnarjUmMo EH$ _hÎdmMo dm¡{eîQ` Ago Amho H$s `m à{H«$`o_Ü`o
emgH$s` `moOZm§À`m n`©dojUm_Ü`o bmoH$ WoQ> emgZmgmo~VM H$m_ H$aVmV, åhUyZM
`m_Ü`o `moOZoÀ`m àmW{_H$ bm^mWu§Mm gh^mJ AgUo A{Ve` JaOoMo AgVo. VgoM
gm_m{OH$ boImnarjUm_Ü`o `moOZm {H$§dm H$m`©H«$_mMr AmIUr, A§_b~OmdUr Am{U
Ano{jV n[aUm_ `m gdmªMo _yë`m§H$Z hmoUo Ano{jV AgyZ `m à{H«$`oV Ë`mÀ`m g§»`mË_H$
Am{U JwUmË_H$ Aem XmoÝhr ~mOy Am{U IM© Ho$bobo n¡go `m§Mm Vmi_oi VnmgUohr
Amdí`H$ Amho. boImnarjUmMr à{H«$`m hr `moOZoÀ`m g§nyU© H$mbmdYr_Ü`o gmVË`mZo
KS>dUo An[ahm`©M AgVo. gm_m{OH$ boImnarjUmMo `emn`e ho g§~§{YV `moOZoMr g§nyU©
_m{hVr gmoß`m Am{U gdmªZm g_Oob Aem nÕVrZo gdmªn`ªV nmoMdUo `mda Adb§~yZ
AgVo.
gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU: {dH$mg, àH$ma, _w»` gyÌo
eVH$mZweVH$m§nmgyZ boImnarjUmMr {d{dY H$m_o, _w»`ÎdmZo J¡aì`dhmam§Mr H$gyZ VnmgUr
H$aUo, VgoM Ë`mg Amim KmbÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo {dH${gV hmoV Jobr. "XjVm' (pìh{ObÝg)
ho `m_mJrb EH$ à_wI gyÌ hmoV.o `m XjVogmR>r Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m boImnarjUmZ§Va H$mbm§VamZo
"gwg§JVVm' (ao½`wb°[aQ>r) `mgmR>r Am°{S>Q>, IM© Ho$boë`m n¡emVyZ {H$Vr _yë`{Z{_©Vr Pmbr
ho VnmgÊ`mgmR>r narjU Á`mg "ìh°ë`y \$m°a _Zr Am°{S>Q>' Ago åh§Q>bo OmVo, Ë`mMà_mUo
"H$m_{Jar' (na\$m°_©Ýg Am°{S>Q>) VnmgÊ`mgmR>rMo narjU, Am{U gdm©V eodQ>r "gm_m{OH$
boImnarjU' Aem H«$_mZo narjUmÀ`m doJdoJù`m nÕVr {dH${gV hmoV Joë`m. `mn¡H$s
eodQ>À`m VrZ narjUmÀ`m nÕVr `m H«$_mZwgma Am{W©H$/{dÎmr`, VgoM H$m`©j_Vm Am{U
n[aUm_H$maH$Vm VnmgUmè`m nÕVr AmhoV Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. `m gJù`m ~m~tMm {dMma
emgZmÛmao Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m boImnarjUmÀ`m g§X^m©V Ho$ë`mg Ago bjmV `oVo H$s emgZmÀ`m
boImnarjUm_Ü`o "Am{W©H$ IMm©VyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmar _yë`{Z{_©Vr VnmgUo' Am{U "H$m_{Jar
VnmgUo' Aem XmoZ ~m~tMm A§V^m©d Ho$bobm AmT>iVmo, Á`m emgZmÀ`m A§VJ©V ~m~ter
g§~§{YV AmhoV. _mÌ gm_m{OH$ boImnarjUmMr à{H«$`m `mn{bH$S>o OmD$Z emgZmÀ`m
`moOZoMm qH$dm H$m`©H«$_mMm n[aUm_ g_mOmVrb {d{eï> KQ>H$m§À`m g§X^m©V (CXm. VimVrb
KQ>H$) VnmgVo, Am{U _w»` åhUOo `m à{H«$`o_Ü`o g§~§{YV g_mOKQ>H$m§Zm gh^mJr H$ê$Z
KoVo (nmW©gmaWr).
70
boImnarjUmMo àm_w»`mZo VrZ àH$ma AmhoV -
A) emgZmÛmao Ho$bo OmUmao boImnarjU
~) bmoH$m§Zr Ho$bobo boImnarjU Am{U
H$) gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU
`mVrb emgZmÛmao Ho$bo OmUmao boImnarjU ho àm{YH¥$V boImnarjH$m§H$Sy>Z Ho$bo OmVo
Am{U `m_Ü`o g§~§{YV H$m_mZo qH$dm CnH«$_mZo à^m{dV hmoUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mm gh^mJ ZgVmo.
`m à{H«$`o_Ü`o Ho$di H$m`©nÕVtMo _yë`m§H$Z hmoV Agë`mZo Ë`m_Ü`o g§~§{YV H$m_ qH$dm
CnH«$_m§À`m n[aUm_m~m~VÀ`m bmoH$m§À`m ^mdZm§Mm A§V^m©d ZgVmo. bmoH$m§Zr Ho$bobo narjU
ho ~è`mM doim ~mø g§ñWoÀ`m qH$dm MidirÀ`m _XVrZo Ho$bobo AgVo Á`m_Ü`o Ho$di
emgZmbm/emgZmÀ`m à{V{ZYtZm gh^mJr hmoÊ`mMo AmdmhZ AgVo. Aem bmoH$m§Zr Ho$boë`m
boImnarjUm_Ü`o bmoH$m§À`m ^mdZm§Mo à{Vq~~ Agy eH$Vo, VgoM ñWm{ZH$ kmZ/_m{hVr
Am{U bmoH$m§Ûmao H$m`©H«$_m§À`m n[aUm_m§Mr nS>VmiUr `mhr ~m~r gmÜ` hmoVmV. _mÌ
gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU ho emgZ Am{U bmoH$ `m§Zr EH${ÌVnUo Ho$bobo Agë`mZo `moOZoÀ`m
A§_b~OmdUrH$S>o nmhÊ`mÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOy§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZm§Mr XodmUKodmU hmoD$Z, ñWm{ZH$
kmZ, `moOZoÀ`m n[aUm_m§Mr nS>VmiUr Aem ~m~rhr gmÜ` hmoVmV. `m_wioM, emgZmZo
Am{U bmoH$m§Zr ñdV§ÌnUo Ho$boë`m boImnarjUmnojm, emgZ Am{U bmoH `m§Zr EH${ÌVnUo
gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU Ho$ë`mg Ë`mVyZ nwT>o `oUmè`m ~m~tMr ñdrH$mamh©Vm dmT>Vo.
gm_m{OH$ boImnarjUmMr VrZ _hÎdmMr gyÌo AmhoV.
◆ nmaX{e©Îd : `moOZog§~§YrÀ`m {ZU©`à{H«$`oMo Am{U àemgH$s` ~m~r§g§~§YrMo g§nyU©
nmaX{e©Îd amIUo hr emgZmMr _hÎdmMr O~m~Xmar AgVo. `m_Ü`o _mJUrZwgma
_m{hVr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mÀ`m O~m~Xmargmo~VM, ñd`§àoaUoZo _m{hVr àgm[aV
H$aÊ`mMrhr _hÎdmMr O~m~Xmar AgVo.
◆ gh^mJ : bmoH$m§Mm gh^mJ ho `m_Yrb EH$ _hÎdmMo gyÌ AgyZ gm_m{OH$
boImnarjUmÀ`m à{H«$`oV gh^mJmMr g§Yr ZmH$maUo ho bmoH$m§À`m h¸$m§Mo C„§KZ
_mZbo OmVo.
◆ CÎmaXm`rËd : bmoH$à{V{ZYtMo bmoH$m§à{V (VËH$mi) AgUmao Om~Xm`rÎd ho EH$
_hÎdmMo gyÌ _mZbo Amho, Am{U gm_m{OH$ boInarjUmVyZ nwT>o `oUmè`m ~m~ter
emgZ Am{U àemgZ CÎmaXm`r AgUo _hÎdmMo Amho.
gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU : à{H«$`m EH$ ^y{_H$m AZoH$
gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU ho EH$ Ago gmYZ Amho H$s Oo doJdoJù`m ^y{_H$m {Z^mdy$ eH$Vo.
`mn¡H$s gdm©V _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m åhUOo gm_m{OH$ boImnarjUm_Ü`o EH$ à^mdr
bmoH$à~moYZmMo _mÜ`_ ~ZÊ`mMr j_Vm AgyZ `m_wio bmoH$m§Mo {ejU Am{U bmoH$m§Mr
OmUrdOmJ¥Vr dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m gmè`m à{H«$`m A§V^y©V AmhoV.
Ë`mMà_mUo, gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU ho bmoH$m§Mm EH${ÌV X~md emgH$s` `moOZm§À`m
AmIUr Am{U A§_b~OmdUrda {Z_m©U H$aVo. `m_wio gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU ho `moOZm§Mr
H$m_{Jar Mm§Jbr hmoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo Am{U Ë`mÛmao emgZmMm H$ma^ma bmoH$m{^_wI H$aÊ`mMr
_hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m {Z^mdy$ eH$Vo. H$maU `moOZm§À¶m A§_b~OmdUrVrb CUrdm emoYUo,
`moOZoMo CÔoí` g\$b hmoVo Amho AWdm Zmhr `mMo narjU H$aUo, Ë`mVrb AS>MUr nwT>o
AmUUo Am{U A§_b~OmUrgmR>r O~m~Xma AgUmè`m `§ÌUobm MwH$m gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r ^mJ
nmS>Uo Aer AZoH$ _hÎdmMr H$m_o H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm `m à{H«$`o_Ü`o XS>bobr AmhoV.
`mhr nwT>o OmD$Z gm_m{OH$ boImnarjUmÀ`m XmoZ _hÎdmÀ`m ^y{_H$m {XgVmV. EH$
åhUOo, emgZmZoM àXmZ Ho$bobo h¸$ ZmJ[aH$m§Zm {_imdoV `mgmR>r AZyHy$b n[apñWVr
`moOZoÀ`m narjUmVyZ Am{U n`©dojUmVyZ (_m°{ZQ>[a¨J) {Z_m©U H$aUo. hr ^y{_H$m `mAmYr
_m§S>boë`m ^y{_Ho$nojm WmoS>r ì`mnH$ Amho Am{U Ë`m_wioM gm_m{OH$ boImnarjUmMr
à{H«$`m darb n[aÀN>Xo m_Ü`o _m§S>bëo `m ^y{_H$m (bmoH$à~moYZ Am{U bmoH$m{^_wI H$ma^mamÀ`m
71
^y{_H$m) H$em {Z^mdVo `mdaM `m h¸$ {_idÊ`mgmR>r AZyH$y b n[apñWVr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mVrb
`emn`e Adb§~yZ AgVo. gm_m{OH$ boImnarjUmÀ`m `m h¸$ {_idÊ`mgmR>r AZyHy$b
n[apñWVr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mVrb ^y{_Ho$À`m OmoS>rZoM, AmUIr EH$ ^y{_H$m Amho Vr åhUOo
emgH$s` `moOZm§Ûmao {_iUmam bm^ "gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mÀ`m' VÎdmZwgma gdmªZm {_iÊ`mgmR>r
`mo½` Vr I~aXmar KoUo. `mgmR>r g_mOmVrb VimVrb, d§{MV KQ>H$m§Zm `moOZog§~§YrÀ`m
{ZU©`à{H«$`o_Ü`o ñWmZ {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r, EH$ Ý`m` {_idÊ`mgmR>rMo ì`mgnrR> C^o
H$aÊ`mMr _hÎdmMr à{H«$`m gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU KS>dyZ AmUy eH$Vo.
Aem àH$mao, gm_m{OH$ boImnarjUmÀ`m Mma _hÎdmÀ`m ^y{_H$m _m§S>Vm `oVrb
1) bmoH$à~moYZ
2) bmoH$m{^_wI H$ma^ma
3) h¸$ {_idÊ`mgmR>r AZyHy$b n[apñWVr {Z_m©U H$aUo
4) gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mMo VËd A§_bmV `mdo åhUyZ EH$ ì`mgnrR> {Z_m©U H$aUo
gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU g{_Vr hr BVa g{_Ë`m§nojm doJir H$m Amho?
◆ gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU ho EH$mM doir Ho$di EH$mM `moOZogmR>r qH$dm EH$mhÿZ OmñV
`moOZm§gmR>r KS>dVm `oVo. BVa g{_Ë`m `m g§~§{YV `moOZm qH$dm g§~§{YV {df`mnwaË`m
_`m©{XV AgVmV.
◆ gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU g{_VrÀ`m gXñ`m§_Ü`o AgUmar H$m¡eë`o Am{U j_Vm `m
BVa g{_Vr gXñ`m§À`m j_Vm§nojm (CXm. "Jmd {ejU g{_Vr') doJù`m AgUo
Amdí`H$ AgVo. BVa g{_Ë`m `m Ë`m Ë`m {df`m§g§~§YrMr O~m~Xmar {Z^{dÊ`mÀ`m
CÔoemZo J{R>V Ho$boë`m AgVmV, _mÌ gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU g{_VrÀ`m gXñ`m§Zm
_mÌ àË`oH$ {df`mMr gImob OmU {Z_m©U H$aUo d àË`oH$ g{_VrMo H$m_H$mO g_OyZ
KoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
◆ `m_wiMo "gm_m{OH$ boImnarjUmMr H$m¡eë`o' hr Hw$R>ë`mhr {df`mbm qH$dm `moOZogmR>r
Cn`wº$ Agy eH$VmV.
gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU g{_VrMr H$m`}
{ZgJ©V:M gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU g{_VrMr ^y{_H$m hr "Z¡{_{ÎmH$' (E{ngmo{S>H$) Amho.
H$maU, EImÚm `moOZoÀ`m JmdnmVirdarb A§_b~OmdUrÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZoM gm_m{OH$
boImnarjU g{_Vr H$m`©aV hmoVo Am{U {VMr ^y{_H$m ~OmdÊ`mg gwédmV H$aVo. `moOZoÀ`m
bm^mWu Jmdm_Ü`o gmYmaUV: `moOZoÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrÀ`m gwédmVrbm gm_m{OH$
boImnarjU g{_Vr J{R>V Ho$br OmVo Am{U Ë`mZ§Va `moOZoÀ`m àË`j (bm^mÀ`m)
A§_b~OmdUrg gwédmV Ho$br OmVo. Ooìhm `moOZoMr A§_b~OmdUr nyU© hmoVo Voìhm gm_m{OH$
boImnarjUmÀ`m eodQ>À`m _yë`_mnZmZ§Va g{_Vr AmnmoAmn H$m_ H$aUo Wm§~dVo, H$maU
`moOZoMo H$m_ nyU© Pmbobo AgVo Am{U g{_Vr `moOZonwaVr J{R>V Ho$bobr Agë`mZo `moOZm
g§në`m_wio g{_VrMohr H$m_ g§nbobo AgVo.
dñVwV: hr gdmªZmM _m{hVr AgUmar ~m~ Amho H$s, Hw$R>ë`mhr Jmdm_Ü`o gmVË`mZo
`moOZm _§Oya hmoV ZmhrV, Ë`m_wio gVV Hw$R>ë`m Z Hw$R>ë`m `moOZoMo H$m_ Jmdm_Ü`o gwé
Amho Aer n[apñWVr Jmdm_Ü`o ZgVo. JmdmgmR>r gm_w{hH$ bm^mÀ`m (_moR>`m aH$_oMo
A§XmOnÌH$ AgUmè`m) `moOZm _§Oya hmoUo hr ~m~M _wimV AZoH$ KQ>H$m§da Adb§~yZ
AgVo. CXmhaUmW©, JmdmVrb ZoVÎ¥ dmMr {Oëhm n[afXo_Ü`o AgUmar CR>~g, Ë`m§Mr amOH$s`
VmH$X, JmdmMr JaO, bmoH$m§Mr _mJUr Am{U ZoV¥Îdmbm AgUmam nm{R>§~m, gÎmmYmar Am{U
{damoYr nj B. Aem KQ>H$m§Mm JmdmgmR>r `moOZm _§Oya hmoÊ`m_Ü`o _hÎdmMm dmQ>m AgVmo.
åhUyZM JmdmgmR>r gmVË`mZo `moOZm _§Oay hmoV ZgVmV d `m_wiMo gm_m{OH$ boImnarjUmÀ`m
à{H«$`og gÜ`m Z¡{_{ÎmH$ ñdê$n àmá Pmbo Amho. Ago Agbo Varhr gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU
g{_Vrbm H|$Ð qH$dm amÁ` emgZmÀ`m XrK©H$mbrZ `moOZm§À`m A§_b~OmdUr_Ü`o (CXm.
h[a`mbr, nmUbmoQ>joÌ {dH$mg, AmXe© Jmd `moOZm, ObñdamÁ`) _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m
~OmdÊ`mMr g§Yr Amho.
72
darb Z¡{_{ÎmH$ ^y{_H$m§_wio gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU g{_VrÀ`m H$m_mbm Amboë`m
_`m©Xm bjmV KoVm, gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU g{_Vr XmoÝhr Q>ßß`m§_Ü`o, åhUOoM `moOZoÀ`m
H$mimV Am{U `moOZm ZgUmè`m H$mim_Ü`ohr H$m`©aV ahmdr Aem nÕVrZr gm_m{OH
boImnarjU g{_VrMr ^y{_H$m R>adUo Amdí`H$ Amho. ho bjmV KoD$Z gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU
g{_VrMr XrK©H$mbrZ H$V©ì`o Am{U `moOZoÀ`m H$mbmdYrVrb H$V©ì`o Aer XmoZ àH$maMr
H$m`} Imbr {Xbr AmhoV.
XrK©H$mbrZ H$V©ì`o
◆ JmdmVrb (JmdnmVirdarb) {dH$mgH$m_m§~ÔbMr Imbrb _wÔ`m§À`m
AmYmao g_O dmT>dUo
◆ nmUbmoQ>joÌ {dH$mgmMr H$m_o d Ë`mAmYm[aV Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZm§À`m
ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m {d{dY `moOZm
◆ Aem `moOZm§Mr Jmdmbm AgUmar JaO, Ë`m_wio {_iUmao \$m`Xo,
Am{U CUrdm (nmUr, O§Jb, O_rZ, ney B. g§gmYZo)
◆ emgZmÀ`m à_wI `moOZm, `moOZm§Mo àH$ma
(EH$mpË_H$ Am{U EH$mM {df`mg§~§{YV)
gm_m{OH$ boImnarjUmg§~§YrMr H$m`} (`moOZm gwê$ AgVmZm)
◆ `moOZm g_OyZ KoUo
◆ `moOZoMr _m{hVr {_idUo
◆ `moOZoer g§~§{YV gd© ì`º$s, g§ñWm, H§$ÌmQ>Xma, {d^mJ Am{U
bm^mWvMr _m{hVr {_idUo, Ë`m§Mr ^y{_H$m g_OyZ KoUo
 ◆ g§ñWmË_H$ aMZm g_OmdyZ KoUo
◆ emgH$s` {d^mJ, {Oëhm n[afX, n§Mm`V g{_Vr, J«m_n§Mm`V
◆ `moOZoMo {Z`_, eVu, AQ>r d bm^mWu (Jmd/ì`º$sMr nmÌVm)
◆ gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU H$aÊ`mgmR>r VnmgÊ`m`mo½` _wÔ`m§Mr "VnmgUr `mXr' V`ma
H$aUo
gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU g{_VrÀ`m gXñ` ~ZÊ`mgmR>r nmÌVm R>adÊ`mgmR>rMo _wÔo
◆ J«m_n§Mm`VrMo 1/3 Ago gXñ` Oo Hw$R>ë`mhr Cng{_VrMo gXñ` ZgVrb Aem
gXñ`m§Mr gmbon g{_VrÀ`m gXñ`nXr {ZdS> H$aVm `oB©b. {deofV: AemM gXñ`m§Mr
{ZdS> H$amdr Á`m§Mr e¡j{UH$ nmíd©^y_r Mm§Jbr Amho Am{U Á`m§Zm boIm-Zm|Xr
R>odÊ`mÀ`m nÕVtMr _m{hVr Amho.
◆ g§`wº$ _{hbm g{_Vr qH$dm _{hbm ~MV JQ>mÀ`m EH$ qH$dm XmoZ à{V{ZYr gmbon
g{_VrÀ`m gXñ`nXr Zo_Vm `oVrb. {e{jV _{hbm§Zm àmYmÝ` Úmdo.
◆ JmdmMo ZmJarH$ AgUmè`m embo` (àmW{_H$/_mÜ`{_H$) {ejH$m§Zm gmbon g{_VrÀ`m
gXñ`/AÜ`jnXr àmYmÝ`mZo Zo_Ê`mV `mdo.
◆ {Zd¥Îm emgH$s`/{Z_emgH$s`/ImOJr godVo Zy {Zd¥Îm Pmboë`m Am{U JmdmÀ`m ZmJ[aH$
AgUmè`m ì`º$sg, {deofV: boImZm|XrÀ`m nÕVr Am{U boImnarjUmMr _m{hVr
Amho Aem ì`º$shr gmbon g{_Vrda Zo_Vm `oD$ eH$VmV.
◆ VéU _§S>i,o {_Ì-_§S>io Aem AZm¡nMm[aH$ g§ñWm§À`m VéU gXñ`m§Zmhr gmbon g{_Vrda
àmYmÝ`mZo Zo_bo Omdo.
◆ gXñ`m§Zr {_iyZ EH$ AÜ`j Am{U g{Mdm§Mr Zo_UyH$ H$amdr. `m_Ü`o {deofV:
dm{UÁ` emIoMm nXdrYa qH$dm VËg_ C_oXdmamg àmYmÝ` Úmdo.
73
gmbon g{_VrÀ`m H$ma^ma MmbdUmgmR>r {Z`_mdbr
CÔoe
◆ JmdmVrb {dH$mgmÀ`m H$m_m§Mr AmIUr Am{U A§_b~OmdUr_Ü`o VgoM JmdmÀ`m
_mb_ÎmoÀ`m XoI^mb-XwéñVrÀ`m H$m_m_Ü`o nmaX{e©Ëd AmUUo
◆ àH$ën, `moOZm, CnH«$_ `mgmR>r Amboë`m {ZYrMo A{YH$ Mm§Jë`m nÕVrZo {Z`moOZ
Am{U ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo, VgoM Ë`mg§~§YrÀ`m gd© Zm|Xr AÚ`mdV R>odUo
◆ hmVr KoVbobr `moOZm qH$dm CnH«$_mMm XOm© dmT>dUo. `m_Ü`o ^m¡{VH$ XOm© CXm.
~m§YH$m_mMm XOm© Am{U àH$ënmMo bm^ Aem XmoÝhr ~m~r g_m{dï> AmhoV.
◆ g_mOmVrb (JmdmVrb) d§{MV KQ>H$, VimJmimVrb Jar~, gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$
ÑîQ`m _mJmg Aem KQ>H$m§_Ü`o Am{U àJV KQ>H$m§_Ü`o gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mÀ`m A§JmZo
^oX (^oX^md Zìho) H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm `moOZm AWdm àH$ënmMr gd© \$io {_iVrb, ho
nhmUo.
g§aMZm
emgZmÀ`m no`ObnwadR>m `moOZm Ogo H$s, ñdObYmam, ObñdamÁ`, Amnbo nmUr, _hmOb,
^maV-{Z_m©U Am{U amï´>r` J«m_rU amoOJma h_r `moOZm B. _Ü`o gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU
g{_Vr J{R>V H$aUo A{Zdm`© Amho. _mÌ, darbn¡H$s Hw$R>brhr `moOZm Jmdm_Ü`o am~dbr
OmV Zgbr Varhr gXa gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU g{_Vr Jmdm_Ü`o J{R>V H$aUo Ano{jV
Amho. J«m_n§Mm`VrMm gwYm[aV H$m`Xm (1-8-2003) 1958, À`m H$b_ 49(1) AÝd`o
Aem àH$maÀ`m g{_Ë`m J{R>V H$aUo H$m`ÚmZo ~§YZH$maH$ Agob.
◆ `m g{_Ë`m§Mm H$m`©H$mb hm J«m_n§Mm`VrÀ`m H$m`©H$mbmBVH$mM åhUOo J«m_n§Mm`VrÀ`m
(5 dfmªÀ`m) H$mbmdYrer gwg§JV Agob.
◆ g{_VrMr gXñ`g§»`m {H$_mZ 12 Va H$_mb 24 Agob.
◆ g{_Vr_Ü`o AZwgy{MV OmVr Am{U AZygy{MV O_mVtZm à{V{Z{YËd Agob. ◆ gd© boImZmo§Xr, Ë`mg§~§YrÀ`m døm/a{OñQ>g© Am{U g§~§{YV BVa Zm|Xr AÚ`mdV
◆ gXñ`m§_Ü`o _{hbm§Zm 50% à{V{ZYrËd Agob. Agë`mMr ImVaO_m H$aUo
◆ gXñ` {ZdS>VmZm boIm-Zm|XtÀ`m nÕVr Am{U AmH$S>o_moS>rMr g_O, kmZ Am{U ◆ àH$ënmMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aVmZm H$m_mÀ`m XOm©~m~V (^m¡{VH$) H$moUVrhr VS>OmoS>
AZw^d AgUmè`m ì`º$s¨Mr àmYmÝ`mZo gXñ`nXr Zo_UyH$ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. hmoV Zgë`mMr ImÌr H$aUo
VgoM Aem ì`º$s¨Mm nyd}{Vhmg ñdÀN> Mm[aÍ`mMm Am{U nmaXeu AgUo Amdí`H$ ◆ {H$_mZ Xa VrZ _{hÝ`m§Zr J«m_g^og_moa darb ~m~tg§~§YtMm Ahdmb _m§S>Uo.
Amho.
◆ g{MdnXr Zo_UyH$ H$aVmZm {Zd¥Îm boIm{YH$mar qH$dm VËg_ nmíd©^y_r AgUmè`m
ì`º$sMr àmYmÝ`mZo {ZdS> H$amdr
◆ J«m_g^oÀ`m BVa Cng{_Ë`m§Mo gXñ` `m g{_VrMo gXñ` Agy eH$Uma ZmhrV.

h¸$ Am{U O~m~Xmè`m

◆ Jmd-{dH$mg AmamIS>`mZwgma `m àH$ënmMr A§_b~OmdUr hmoV Agë`mMr ImÌr
H$aUo
◆ àH$ën-{ZYrMm Ano{jV nÕVrZo {d{Z`moJ hmoVmo Amho Zm `mda XoIaoI R>odUo
◆ Amdí`H$ _mbmÀ`m IaoXrÀ`m ì`dhmam_Ü`o nmaX{e©Ëd R>odUo
◆ g_mOmVrb d§{MV KQ>H$m§Zm (àmYmÝ`mZo AZwgy{MV OmVr, O_mVr-Am{Xdmgr, {ó`m
d _wbo) àH$ënmMm bm^ hmoB©b `mMr ImÌr H$aUo
◆ AZwgy{MV OmVr, AZwgy{MV O_mVr Am{U {ó`m§Zm àH$ënmg§~§YrÀ`m g{_Ë`m Am{U
H$m_H$mOm_Ü`o `mo½` Vo à{V{ZYrËd Agë`mMr ImÌr H$aUo, AÝ`Wm Ë`mgmR>r
H$m_H$mOm_Ü`o `mo½` Vmo hñVjon H$aUo

74
 gm‘m{OH$ boIm narjU g{‘Vr : gmYZg§M

gm_m{OH$ coIm narjU g{_VrgmR>r gmYZ - gyMr

H$m`© gmYZo

1. nmíd©^y_r Vº$m
2. {dH$mg `moOZm§~m~VMr g_O dmT>{dUo
2A. JmdmMo nwT>rc dfm©gmR>rMo A§XmOnÌH$ Aä`mgUo
d Ë`mMo _yë`_mnZ H$aUo
4. coIm narjUmMr à{H«$`m g_OyZ KoUo
5. gm_m{OH$ coIm narjU - nm`m^yV gw{dYm§{df`H$
`moOZm§À`m XoIaoIrgmR>rMo _wÔo
6. gm_m{OH$ coIm narjU à{H«$`m - gm_m{OH$ gwajm {df`H$
`moOZm§À`m XoIaoIrgmR>rMo _wÔo
7. gm_m{OH$ coIm narjU à{H«$`m - OmUrd - OmJ¥Vr d j_Vm ~m§YUrÀ`m
`moOZm§À`m XoIaoIrgmR>rMo _wÔo
1. nyd©V`mar: gm_m{OH$ coIm narjU g{_VrÀ`m g§X^m©Vrc JmdnmVirdarc àý g_OyZ KoUo
2. VrZ àH$maÀ`m `moOZm§gmR>r Vºo$
3A. _m{hVr A{YH$ma H$m`ÚmImcr _m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r AOm©Mm Z_yZm
3~. `moOZm§~m~VMr _m{hVr g§H${cV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vº$m
4. coIm narjUm~m~VMr _m{hVr: àíZmoÎma ñdê$nmV
5. _mJ©Xe©Zna gyMZm
6. VnmgUr `mXr
7. VnmgUr `mXr

75

gmYZ 1 : nyd©V`mar: gm_m{OH$ coIm narjU g{_VrÀ`m g§X^m©Vrc JmdnmVirdarc àíZ g_OyZ KoUo
àíZ/AS>MUr
1A. Jmd nmVirdarc {dH$mg H$m_m§À`m
A§_c~OmdUrV nmaXe©H$Vm Zgë`m_wio
JmdH$è`m§_Ü`o H$m_m~m~V _mcH$sMr ^mdZm
VgoM {dídmg {Z_m©U hmoV Zmhr d Ë`m_wio
Ë`m§Mm gh^mJ AË`ën AgVmo.
1~. gÎmmñWmZr Agcoë`m ì`º$s Am{U Ë`m§À`m
hmVmImcr H$m_ H$aUmam H$_©Mmar dJ© d
gaH$mar A{YH$mè`m§Zr (ZmoH$aehm) {ZYrMm
J¡admna Am{U J¡aì`dñWmnZ H$aUo.
H$m`© 1 : nmíd©^y_r Vº$m
H$maUo
1. gÜ`m ApñVËdmV Agcocr gm_m{OH$
coImnarjU g{_Vr AH$m`©j_ Agë`m_wio
qH$dm H$m`©aV Zgë`m_wio VgoM cmoH$m§Mm
g{_Vr_Ü`o WoQ> gh^mJ ZgUo AWdm gh^mJ
Agë`mg Ë`m§À`m _Vmcm _hËd ZgUo.
2. gÎmm hmVmV amhmdr åhUyZ JmdmVrc
à^mdemcr d ~cdmZ KQ>H$ (CXm. ZoVo)
nañnanyaH$ g§~§Y OmonmgVmV.
3. {d{dY {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_m§_Ü`o gh^mJr
hmoÊ`m~m~V JmdH$è`m§_Ü`o Agcocr CXmgrZVm.
4. J«m_n§Mm`VrÀ`m cmoH$m§À`mà{V/ZmJ[aH$m§à{V
AgUmè`m O~m~Xmè`m§~m~V cmoH$m§Zm ^mZ/
OmUrd ZgVo, Ë`m_wio cmoH$ J«m_n§Mm`Vrcm
Om~Xm`r _mZV ZmhrV Am{U J«m_g^m `m
ì`mgnrR>mMm nwaoem VmH$XrZo dmna hmoV Zmhr.
76
H¥$Vr
1. _mJ©Xe©H$ gyMZm§Zwgma gm_m{OH$ coImnarjU
g{_VrMr ñWmnZm Am{U Vr H$m`©aV H$aUo.
2. gm_m{OH$ coIm narjU g{_Vr H$m`©j_ ìhmdr
VgoM g{_VrZo JmdH$è`m§À`m dVrZo {d{dY {dH$mg
H$m`©H«$_m§À`m A§_c ~OmdUrgmR>r Xj amhmdo
`mgmR>r VrMo gj_rH$aU d à{ejU H$aUo.
3. _{hVrÀ`m A{YH$mamÀ`m H$m`Úm~m~V
JmdH$è`m§_Ü`o OmJê$H$Vm {Z_m©U H$aUo.
4. {d{dY Cn-g{_Ë`m VgoM J«m_n§Mm`VrÀ`m
gXñ`m§H$S>o ñnï>rH$aU _mJÊ`mMm A{YH$ma gm_m{OH$
coIm narjU g{_Vrcm Amho. H$mhr Amjonmh©/haH$V
KoÊ`mOmo½`m Jmoï>r AmT>ië`mg g{_Vr J«m_g^m ~mocmdy
eH$Vo. _mÌ J«m_g^m ~mocm{dÊ`mnydu H$_rV H$_r
3 {Xdg Ë`m§Zr Cng{_Vrcm H$i{dco nm{hOo,
OoUoH$ê$Z Cng{_Vr à{V{H«$`m XoD$ eHo$c.
5. Oa JmdH$è`m§Zm/cm^mÏ`mªZm _m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mV
ê$Mr Agoc Va J«m_g^oZo R>a{dcocm AmH$ma (\$s)
^ê$Z Vr _m{hVr {_idVm `oB©c.
àíZ/AS>MUr H$maUo H¥$Vr

6. àH$ënmÀ`m IMm©~m~VMr _m{hVr doimodoir \$cH$mda

cmdÊ`mV `mdr VgoM hm \$cH$ AÚ`mdV R>odcm OmVmo
Zm `mda cj R>odmdo.
7. Xa 3 _{hÝ`m§Zr H$_rV H$_r EH$ doim J«m_n§Mm`V d
J«m_g^oÀ`m Cng{_Ë`m gm§^miV Agcoë`m gd© Am{W©H$
~m~tMm AmT>mdm KoUo, Ë`mda XoIaoI R>odUo. {gd© ìhmD$Mg©
(n¡go {Xco AmhoV `mMm nwamdm AgUmar nmdVr),
hOoarnÌHo$, H°$e~wH$, coOa ImVo, _moOUrMo a{OñQ>a,
ImVodhr (nmg~wH$), MoH$~wH$} Am{U gd© a{OñQ>g© VnmgUo.
8. ZdrZ Am{W©H$ dfm©Vrc n{hcr J«m_g^m hmoÊ`mnydu
gd© Hw$Qw>§~m§Zm _mJrc dfm©Mo O_m-IMm©À`m Zm|XtMo
{ZdoXZ {_imco Amho H$m `mda XoIaoI R>odUo.
9. gd© àH$maÀ`m Zm|Xr J«m_g^m gXñ`m§Zm _mJUrZwgma
CncãY AmhoV `mMr ImÌr nwa{dUo.
10. gm_m{OH$ coIm narjU g{_Vr hr Am{W©H$
~m~t{df`H$ Vk g{_Vr Agë`m_wio Vr coIm Zm|Xr
(AH$mD$Q>g²) _§Oya/Zm_§Oya H$ê$ eH$Vo. Ë`m§Zr
3 _{hÝ`m§_YyZ H$_rV H$_r EH$doim Am{W©H$ Ahdmc
J«m_g^oV gmXa H$am`cm hdm Am{U hm Ahdmc
J«m_g^oZo 2/3 ~hþ_VmZo g§_V Ho$cm nm{hOo.
11. A{YH¥$V VnmgUr ^oQ>rÀ`m doir CnpñWV amhUo Am{U
Am{W©H$ ~m~t~m~V Amdí`H$Vm Agë`mg ñnï>rH$aUo XoUo.

77
àíZ/AS>MUr
2. XOm©hrZ H$m_.
3. Am{W©H$ Am{U BVa g§gmYZm§À`m
dmQ>nm_Ü`o gm_m{OH$ g_Vm ZgUo.
H$maUo
1. hcŠ`m XOm©Mo gm{hË` dmnaUo.
2. {hVg§~§Y J§wVco Agë`m_wio _OuVrc
H§$ÌmQ>Xmamcm H$m_ XoUo.
ImÌr nwa{dUo.
3. Vm§{ÌH$ A§Jm§Mo H$mQ>oH$moanUo nmcZ Z H$aUo.
4. gwê$ Agcoë`m H$m_mda XoIaoI Z R>odUo,
Ë`m~m~V Xj/OmJê$H$ Z amhUo.
1. d§{MVm§À`m àíZm§Mr XIc Z KoVë`mZo gmYZg§nÎmr
d `moOZoÀ`m cm^m§Mo Ag_mZ dmQ>n.
2. gj_rH$aUmÀ`m A^mdr d§{MV KQ>H$ Ë`m§Mo àíZ
Am{U _wÔo R>mognUo _m§S>V ZmhrV VgoM Ë`m§À`m
h¸$m§gmR>r cT>Ê`mg g_W© ZgVmV.
78
H¥$Vr
1. H§$ÌmQ> Úm`Mo Pmë`mg eŠ`Vmo ñWm{ZH$ ì`º$scm Úmdo.
2. g§~§{YV Cn - g{_Ë`m Am{U J«m_n§Mm`V gXñ` Mmcy
Agcoë`m H$m_mMo {Z`{_VnUo n`©dojU H$arV Agë`mMr
3. àH$ënmMr A§_c~OmdUr hmoV AgVmZm àË`oH$ Q>ßß`mda
JmdH$è`m§Zm Am{U cm^mÏ`mªZm gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoUo.
4. Á`m {R>H$mUr Vm§{ÌH$ nmR>~imMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho {VWo
Vo KoVco OmVo Amho `mMr ImÌr H$aUo.
1. JmdH$è`m§Zm {deofV… d§{MVm§Zm (X{cV, A{Xdmgr, {ó`m)
{_iUmè`m cm^m§Mo _yë`m§H$Z gm_m{OH$ coIm narjU g{_VrZo
ñdV§ÌnUo H$ê$Z g§~§{YV Ahdmc dfmªVyZ {H$_mZ XmoZXm
J«m_g^onwT>o R>odmdm
2. hmVr KoVcoë`m gd© {dH$mg àH$ënm§_Ü`o g_mZVoMm
_wÔm/Ý`mæ` dmQ>nmMm _wÔm `mo½`[aVrZo hmVmicm Jocm Amho
`mMr g{_VrZo ImÌr nwadmdr. àH$ën {df`H$ {ZU©`
KoVmZmÀ`m Am{U {Z`moOZmÀ`m Q>ßß`mda g{_VrZo ImÌr
nwadmdr H$s cm^mÏ`mªMr {ZdS> Ý`mæ` Amho.
3. Jar~, narKmdarc Am{U d§{MV g_mO KQ>H$m§Zm H$_rV
H$_r _wc^yV d AË`mdí`H$ godm nwa{dë`m OmVrc
`mMr ImÌr gm_m{OH$ coIm narjU g{_VrZo ¿`mdr.
4. g_mOmVrc Xw~©c KQ>H$ d {ó`m `m§Mo àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r
gm_m{OH$ coIm narjU g{_VrÀ`m ~¡R>H$m dma§dma
Am`mo{OV H$amì`mV.
àíZ/AS>MUr H$maUo H¥$Vr

5. Imcrc Jmoï>t~m~VMr _m{hVr gm_m{OH$ coIm narjU

g{_VrZo O_m H$amdr d gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr cmdmdr.
`moOZoMo Zmd - {_imcoë`m cm^mMo ñdê$n - JmdmVrc
{d{dY OmVtMr, {ó`m§Mr (OmVrZwgma) EHy$U cmoH$g§»`m
Am{U `m cmoH$g§»`oÀ`m à_mUmV (g§»`m d Q>¸o$dmar)
OmVr{Zhm` cm^mÏ`mªMo dJuH$aU (`m dJuH$aUm_Ü`o
AZwgy{MV OmVr, AZwgy{MV O_mVr, Iwë`m dJm©Vrc OmVr,
d§{MV/narKmdarc OmVr, EH$Q>çm {ó`m, d¥Õ, An§J B.
Mm. AV§^m©d Agmdm).

79
 H$m`© 2 : {dH$mg `moOZm§Mr _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoUo
1. _moR>çm IMm©À`m nm`m^yV gw{dYm§~m~VÀ`m `moOZm
2. AZwXmZmÀ`m `moOZm (gm_m{OH$ gwajm, {ejU {df`H$ `moOZm)
3. kmZàgma, j_Vm ~m§YUr d OmUrd OmJ¥Vr g§~§YrÀ`m `moOZm
· _m{hVrMm A{YH$ma dmnê$Z `moOZm§Mr _m{hVr {_i{dUo. da Z_yX Ho$coë`m àH$mam§Zwgma `moOZm§Mr àVdmar H$aUo.

gmYZ 2 A : nm`m^yV gw{dYm g§~§YrÀ`m `moOZm§Mo CXmhaU

H«$. cm^mMm àH$ma joÌ gm_m{OH$ÑîQ>çm H$_Hw$dV KQ>H$m§gmR>r {d^mJmMo Zmd
gdcVr d {deof cm^

1. eoV Vio `moOZm nmUr Am{U H¥$fr Jmd/VmcwH$m/{Oëhm nmVirda d§{MVm§gmR>r AmajU nmQ>~§Ymao, H¥$fr

2. h[a`mcr/nmUcmoQ> joÌ {dH$mg nmUr Am{U H¥$fr ^y_r{hZ, AZwgy{MV OmVr, O_mVr Am{U Xm[aÚ«aofoImcrc àH$ën g§MmcH$-{Oëhm J«m_rU {dH$mg
(àH$ën) `moOZm Hw$Qw>§~o `m§À`mgmR>r {deof gdcVr d cm^ `§ÌUm (DRDA)/{Oëhm n[afX/
n§Mm¶V g{‘Vr

3. O_rZ gnmQ>rH$aU, nmUcmoQ> joÌ, H¥$fr AZwgy{MV OmVr, O_mVr Am{U Xm[aÚ«aofoImcrc H¥$fr, A{Xdmgr {dH$mg {d^mJ g§~§YrV
ImMao nmS>Ê`mMr `moOZm Hw$Qw>§~m§gmR>r {deof {ZYr emgH$s` `moOZm, Cn-{Oëhm{YH$mar
H$m`m©c` (CXm. _hmamï´> J«m_rU
amoOJma h_r `moOZm)

4. qgMZmgmR>rÀ`m ~§Ymam, nmUcmoQ>joÌ d§{MV KQ>H$m§Zm àmYmÝ`H«$_ nmQ>~§Ymao {d^mJ, H$m`©H$mar A{^`§Vm -
H$moëhmnya Q>mB©n ~§Ymam, CXm. ^y_r{hZ AWdm Xm[aÚ«aofoImcrc {Oëhm n[afX
MoH$ S>°_ B. Hw$Qw>§~m§Zm _Ëñ`nmcZmMo {deof A{YH$ma

80
H«$. cm^mMm àH$ma joÌ gm_m{OH$ÑîQ>çm H$_Hw$dV KQ>H$m§gmR>r {d^mJmMo Zmd
gdcVr d {deof cm^

5. _¥X² d Ocg§YmaUmg§~§YrÀ`m `moOZm nmUcmoQ>joÌ l_XmZmVyZ ^y_r{hZm§Zm gyQ>, emgZ {Z`_mZwgma {Oëhm J«m_rU {dH$mg `§ÌUm,
(gcJ g_nmVir Ma d ~m§Y) AZwgy{MV OmVr, O_mVr d Xm[aÚ«aofoImcrc {Oëhm n[afX (h[a`mcr), dZ {d^mJ,
Hw$Qw>§~m§H$Sy>Z 5% `moJXmZ gm_m{OH$ dZrH$aU, _hgyc

6. no`Oc `moOZm Am{U nm`m^yV nmUr nwadR>m AZwgy{MV OmVr d O_mVr d Xm[aÚ«aofoImcrc H$m`©H$mar A{^`§Vm - {Oëhm n[afX
gw{dYm§{df`r `moOZm Hw$Qw>§~m§H$Sy>Z 5% `moJXmZ (nmUr nwadR>m {d^mJ)

7. emioMr q^V, emioMr B_maV, {ejU {ejU {d^mJ, {Oëhm n[afX/

emio_Ü`o nmÊ`mMr gw{dYm n§Mm¶V g{‘Vr
`m~m~VÀ`m `moOZm

8. gm_m{OH$ dZrH$aU, g§`wº$ dZ dZo ^y_r{hZ Am{U H$_Hw$dV KQ>H$m§Zm O§Jc dmnamMo dZ {d^mJ, gm_m{OH$ dZrH$aU
ì`dñWmnZ, dZrH$aU d Jm¡U dZmonO KoÊ`mMo A{YH$ma

9. AZwgy{MV OmVr, O_mVr, Xm[aÚ« gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mU `mo½` d JaOy cm^mÏ`mªMr {ZdS> g_mO H$ë`mU A{YH$mar -
aofoImcrc Hw$Qw>§~o `m§gmR>rÀ`m amÁ` emgZ/{Oëhm n[afX
{d{dY `moOZm

10. AÞ gwa{jVVm AÞ d ZmJar nwadR>m Xm[aÚ« aofoImcrc Hw$Qw>§~o Am{U A§VmoX` AÞ d ZmJar nwadR>m {d^mJ
(_hgyc) cm^mÏ`mªZm gdcVrÀ`m XamZo aoeZ (VhgrcXma H$Moar)
(YmÝ`, gmIa, am°Ho$c)

81
 gmYZ 2 ~ : AZwXmZmÀ`m `moOZm§Mr CXmhaUo
H«$. cm^mMm àH$ma joÌ gm_{OH$ÑîQ>çm H$_Hw$dV {d^mJmMo Zmd
KQ>H$m§gmR>r gdcVr d {deof cm^

1. cgrH$aU, nmo{cAmo {ZdmaU, Zg© Am{U àmW{_H$ Amamo½` Amamo½` A{YH$mar - Amamo½` {d^mJ,
Amamo½` H|$ÐmÛmao nwa{dë`m OmUmè`m gw{dYm {Oëhm n[afX
2. ~r-{~`mUo, amonm§Mo dmQ>n H¥$fr H¥$fr A{YH$mar - H¥$fr {d^mJ,
{Oëhm n[afX/n§Mm¶V g{‘Vr
3. IVo, {H$Q>H$ZmeH$m§gmR>r AZwXmZ, H¥$fr H¥$fr A{YH$mar - H¥$fr {d^mJ,
nrH$ {d_m AZwXmZ {Oëhm n[afX/n§Mm¶V g{‘Vr
4. eoVrgmR>r H$_r ì`mOXamZr H$O© H¥$fr AZwgy{MV OmVr ì`mdgm{`H$ ~±H$m/ghH$mar ~±H$m (gmogm`Q>r,
(_hmË_m \w$co _mJmgdJu` _hm_§S>i) H¥$fr {d^mJ, _hmË_m \w$co _mJmgdJu` _hm_§S>i
5. cKw CÚmoJm§gmR>r ImXr J«m_moÚm§JmV\}$,
ñd`§§ ghm`Vm JQ>m§gmR>r AZwXm{ZV
AWdm H$_r ì`mOXamZr H$O© ñd`§amoOJma ImXr J«m_moÚmoJ
6. Kao ~m§YUrgmR>r {ZYr J«m_rU J¥h{Z_m©U {Oëhm J«m_rU {dH$mg `§ÌUm -
(B§{Xam Amdmg `moOZm) {Oëhm n[afX/n§Mm¶V g{‘Vr
7. d¥Õ cmoH$, {dYdm Am{U BVa H$_Hw$dV _hgyc VhgrcXma H$Moar
KQ>H$m§gmR>r Xa_hm noÝeZ
8. {deof JaOm Agcoë`m§gmR>r (An§J B.) g_mO H$ë`mU
Am{W©H$ nmR>~i/AmYma
9. BVa 1
10. BVa 2

82
 gmYZ 2 H$ : OmUrd - OmJ¥Vr d j_Vm ~m§YUrÀ`m `moOZm g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r CXmhaU
H«$. cm^mMm àH$ma
1. V§ÌkmZmMm àMma d àgmamgmR>r
({deofV… eoVrVrc ~r-{~`mUo, IVo,
H$sQ>H$ZmeHo$ d cmJdS> nÕVr B.)
`moOZm. CXm. Mma gyÌr ^mV cmJdS> nÕV
2. g§V JmS>Jo~m~m ñdÀN>Vm A{^`mZ
3. _hmË_m Jm§Yr V§Q>m_wº$ Jmd
4. doJdoJù`m H§$nmoñQ> IVo ~Z{dÊ`mÀ`m
nÕVr, O¡{dH$ H$sQ>H$ZmeHo$, IVo,
Jm§Sy>i IV VgoM nag~mJ, Am¡fYr
dZñnVtMr cmJdS>, nrH$ nÕVr
B. g§~§YrÀ`m `moOZm
5. H¥$fr CËnmXZmÀ`m _mH}$Q>tJgmR>r
({dH«$s) gmhmæ`
6. cKw CÚmoOH$m§Zm nmR>~i XoUmè`m
`moOZm CXmhaUmW© : {dÎmr` ghmæ`,
nUZ (_mH}$Q>tJ) ghmæ`
7. BVa 1
8. BVa 2
joÌ gm_m{OH$ÑîQ>çm H$_Hw$dV {d^mJ
KQ>H$m§gmR>r gdcVr d {deof cm^
H¥$fr H¥$fr A{YH$mar - H¥$fr {d^mJ,
H¥$fr {dñVma A{YH$mar -
[Oëhm n[afX, n§Mm¶V g{‘Vr
ñdÀN>Vm (gmd©O{ZH$ d ImOJr) n§Mm¶V g{‘Vr
gm_m{OH$, H$m`Xm d gwì`dñWm nmo{cg ImVo, {Oëhm n[afX/n§Mm¶V g{‘Vr
H¥$fr H¥$fr A{YH$mar - H¥$fr {d^mJ/H¥$fr {dñVma
A{YH$mar - {Oëhm n[afX Am{U
n§Mm¶V g{‘Vr
H¥$fr H¥$fr A{YH$mar - H¥$fr {d^mJ/H¥$fr {dñVma
A{YH$mar - {Oëhm n[afX Am{U n§Mm¶V
g{‘Vr
cKwCÚmoJ ImXr J«m_moÚmoJ {d^mJ, {Oëhm J«m_rU
{dH$mg `§ÌUm/{Oëhm n[afX,
{Oëhm CÚmoJ H|$Ð, _hmamï´> emgZ
83
 H$m`© 3 : JmdmMo nwT>rc dfm©gmR>rMo A§XmOnÌH$ Aä`mgUo d Ë`mMo _yë`_mnZ H$aUo
nm`ar n{hcr : df© ........... gmR>r _§Oya Pmcoë`m `moOZm Am{U Ë`m§Mo A§XmOnÌH$ `m{df`r _m{hVr {_idUo
gmYZ 3 A : _m{hVrÀ`m A{YH$mamImcr H$amd`mÀ`m AOm©Mm Z_wZm

à{V,
_m{hVr A{YH$mar, ............... {d^mJ (n§Mm`V g{_Vr_Yrc g§~§{YV {d^mJmMo Zmd d nÎmm)

1. AO©XmamMo g§nyU© Zmd : AÜ`j, gm_m{OH$ coIm narjU g{_Vr

2. nÎmm : AÜ`jmMm nÎmm :
3. _m{hVrMo Vnerc :

A. _m{hVrMm {df¶ : A-1. ..................... Am{W©H$ dfm©gmR>r ...................... J«m_n§Mm‘Vrg _§Oya Pmcoë‘m ‘moOZm
A-2. d¡¶{º$H$ cm^mÀ¶m ‘moOZm§gmR>r Amcoco EHy$U AO© d AO©Xmam§Mr Zmdo VgoM ¶moOZm§Mr Zmdo (_§Oya d Zm_§Oya XmoÝhr)
~. _m{hVr Á¶m H$mcmdYrVrc hdr Amho Vmo H$mcmdYr
H$. _m{hVrMo Vnerc :
A-1. gmR>rMo Vnerc
· ¶moOZm§Mr Zmdo; · cm^m§Mo ñdê$n; · nmÌVoMo {ZH$f; · _§Oya hmoD$ eH$Umam {ZYr
A-2. gmR>rMo Vnerc
· ¶moOZoZwgma AO©Xmam§Mr Zmdo · cm^mMo ñdê$n · _§Oya hmoD$ eH$Umam {ZYr

S>. _m{hVr nmoñQ>mZo hdr Amho H$s 춺$se… hdr Amho?

B. Oa nmoñQ>mZo hdr Agë‘mg gmÜ‘m nmoñQ>mZo, a{OñQ>©S>© AWdm ñnrS> :

4. AO©Xma Xm[aÚ«aofoImcrc Amho H$m`? Agë`mg Ë`mg§~§YrÀ`m nwamì`mMr (CXm. aoeZH$mS>m©darc {e¸$m) N>m`m§H$sV (Poam°Šg) àV OmoS>mdr.

{R>H$mU d VmarI : AO©XmamMr ghr

84
 nm`ar 2 : _m{hVrÀ`m A{YH$mamImcr {_imcoë`m `moOZm§g§~§YrÀ`m _m{hVrMo dJuH$aU d Ë`mAmYmao A§XmOnÌH$ ~Z{dUo
gmYZ 3 ~ : `moOZm _m{hVr dJuH$aU Vº$m: EH$ CXmhaU

H«$. `moOZoMo Zmd àH$ma cm^mMo ñdê$n A§_c~OmdUrgmR>r A§XmOnÌH$

O~m~Xma `§ÌUm

1. _hmamï´> J«m_rU amoOJma h_r `moOZm nm`m^yV gw{dYm {Z_m©U añVm (500 _rQ>a, H$ƒm) J«m_n§Mm`V Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ nmM cmI én`o
(J«m_n§Mm`V ñVamdarc {Z`moOZ) H$aUmar `moOZm ~m§YH$m_ {d^mJ

2. ......................... darc à_mUo eoV Vio qgMZ/cKwnmQ>~§Ymao qH$dm EH$m Vù`mgmR>r 30,000
(CXm. _hmË_m \w$co) H¥$fr {d^mJ EHy$U é. 60,000
eoV Vio `moOZm (2 cm^mWu)

3. em¡Mmc`o ~m§YÊ`mgmR>r nm`m^yV gw{dYm§gmR>r em¡Mmc`mgmR>r AZwXmZ n§Mm`V g{_Vr d àË`oH$s 1000
J«m_n§Mm`VrMr `moOZm AZwXmZmda AmYm[aV J«m_n§Mm`V EHy$U 10,000
(`mdfugmR>r 10 cm^mWu) `moOZm

4. d¥Õm§gmR>r noÝeZ `moOZm AZwXmZmda AmYm[aV AZwXmZ gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mU {d^mJ é. 500 à{V/_{hZm EHy$U
(`mdfuMo ZdrZ cm^mWu) 500 X 2 X 12 = 12000

5. g§`wº$ dZ ì`dñWmnZ _m{hVrMo nmR>~i Am{U à{ejU Am{U dZImVo Am{U Jmd nmVirdarc à{ejUmgmR>r é. 20,000 +
nm`m^yV gw{dYm amonm§Mr cmJdS> g§`wº$ dZ ì`dñWmnZ g{_Vr cmJdS>rgmR>r é. 1,00,000
= EHy$U é. 1,20,000

6. BVa BVa BVa 18,000

EHy$U IM© 7,20,000

85
 H$m`© 4 : coImnarjUmMr à{H«$`m g_OyZ KoUo
àíZ 1 coIm-Zm|XrnÕVr (AH$m§C§Q²>g {gñQ>r_) åhUOo H$m`?
"coIm-Zm|Xr' hr EH$ {heo~ {chrÊ`mMr gd©_mÝ` Am{U gd©Ì dmnacr nÕV AgyZ `m_Ü`o {d{dY _mJmªZr hmoUmar EHy$U O_m d EHy$U IM© `mMo Vnerc
Zm|Xcoco AgVmV. coIm Zm|Xr R>odUo ho gd© àH$maÀ`m gmd©O{ZH$ g§ñWm Ogo H$s, J«m_n§Mm`V, n§Mm`V g{_Vr, {d{dY gaH$mar ImVo `m§Zm ~§YZH$maH$ Amho.

àíZ 2 coIm-Zm|Xt_Yo H$moUË`m àH$maÀ`m Zm|Xr qH$dm XñVmdoO R>odco OmVmV?

amoH$S> dhr (H°$e-~wH$), coOa-~wH$, _mc_Îmm (A°goQ>) Zm|Xdhr, gmR>m (_mcmMm, stock) Zm|Xdhr, ~±H$-nmg~wH$, ìhmD$Ma, H$amaZm_o, {S>nm°{PQ>Mo H$mJX, _yë`m§H$ZmMr
(Ho$coë`m H$m_mMo ìh°ë`wEeZ) H$mJXnÌo, hOoarnÌHo$, _moO_mn-nwpñVH$m (measurement) Aem {heo~, Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamg§~§YrÀ`m gd© XñVmdoOm§Mm `mVg_mdoe hmoVmo.

àíZ 3 ìhmD$Ma åhUOo H$m`?

ìhmD$Ma åhUOo, g§~§{YV g§ñWoZo N>mncoë`m VŠË`mZwgma EImÚm ì`º$sZo Ho$coë`m IMm©Mo Vnerc Á`m VŠË`mV gmXa Ho$co Vmo XñVmdoO ìhmD$M åhUOo enW! hm IM© g§~§{YV
ì`º$sZo, g§ñWoZo KmcyZ {Xcoë`m {Z`_mZwgmaM H$am`Mm AgVmo. ìhmD$Ma_Yo IMm©Mr a¸$_, nmdVr (Agë`mg) `m XmoZ ~m~r d IMm©g§~§YrMo BVa Vnerc Zm|Xdcoco AgVmV.

àíZ 4 ^«ï>mMmamMo àM{cV _mJ© H$moUVo?

ìhmD$Ma _Ü`o Z Ho$cocm IM© XmIdyZ, Ë`m IMm©gmR>r ImoQ>çm nmdË`m OmoS>Uo d Vr a¸$_ {_idUo, hm ^«ï>mMmamMm EH$ gm_mÝ`V… dmnacm OmUmam _mJ© Amho.
VgoM hOoarnÌH$mVrc ImoQ>çm hOoè`m, H§$ÌmQ>XmamH$Sy>Z KoVcocr cmM, OmñV {H$_VrV H$_r XOm©Mm _mc {dH$V KoD$Z n¡go {dH«o$Ë`mH$Sy>Z ImUo,
ImoQ>çm _moO_mnm§À`m AmYmao Ho$coë`m H$m_mMr qH$_V dmT>dyZ daMo n¡go nXamV nmS>Uo ho hr ^«ï>mMmamMo BVa _mJ© AmhoV. gmcon g{_VrZo `mda cj R>odUo Ano{jV Amho.

àíZ 5 coImnarjU åhUOo H$m`? Vo H$moU H$aVo?

coImnarjU åhUOo - Pmcocm IM©, IM© H$aÊ`mgmR>r KmcyZ {Xcoë`m {Z`_mZwgma d IMm©À`m _`m©Xm nmiyZM Pmcm Amho AWdm Zmhr?
VgoM IM© {chrÊ`mMr nÕV coIm - Zm|XtÀ`m nÕVrZwgma R>odcr Amho Zm? `mMr A{Ve` gImoc VnmgUr H$aUo. `m_Ü`o gd© Vnerc Ogo
H$s O_m, IM©, ~±Ho$VyZ H$mT>coco n¡go, B. Vnmgco OmVmV. ho H$m_ emgZmZo Zo_cocm MmQ>©S>© AH$mD§$Q>Q>M H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

àíZ 6 MmQ>©S> AH$mD$§Q>Q> H$moU AgVmo?

MmQ>©S>© AH$mD$§Q>Q> hm Xoem^amVrc MmQ>©S>© AH$mD$§Q>Q>À`m g§ñWoZo V`ma Ho$cocm {heo~ d Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamg§~§YrMr EH$ AdKS> narjm nmg Pmcocr ì`º$s AgVo.
{Ocm {heo~ {chrÊ`mMr nÕVr d A{W©H$ ì`dhmamMo gImoc kmZ AgVo.

86
àíZ 7 coImnarjH$ H$m` VnmgVmo?
{heo~ d Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamV Hw$R>ohr J„V, MyH$, ^«ï>mMma AWdm J¡aì`dhma Pmcm Zmhr Zm? ho VnmgÊ`mMo H$m_ coImnarjH$ H$aVmo.

àíZ 8 na§Vw Zo_Ho$ H$m` VngVmo?

· gd© àH$mao `oUmam (O_m) n¡gm
· gd© IMm©Mo Vnerc
· gd© IM© {Z`_mZwgma AmhoV H$m`?
· àË`oH$ IMm©cm nmdVr/H$moQ>oeZ B. OmoS>co Amho H$m`?
· nmdVr{edm`Mo IM© à_mUm~mhoa d _`m©Xo~mhoa ZmhrV Zm?

àíZ 9 coImnarjH$mcm J¡aì`dhma AmT>ië`mg?

gd© àH$maÀ`m MyH$m, J„Vr, J¡aì`dhmamÀ`m eŠ`Vm d àË`j ^«ï>mMma `m~m~VMm Ahdmc coImnarjH$ d[aï> A{YH$mè`m§Zm XoVmo.
Ë`m§Zr Xmofr ì`º$tda `mo½` H$madmB© H$aUo Ano{jV AgVo.

àíZ 10 coImnarjUmMo \$m`Xo H$moUVo?

coImnarjU nwaoem ZrQ>nUo d Aä`mgnyd©H$ Ho$ë`mg, Ë`m_wio J¡aì`dhma d n¡emMr ZmgmS>r `m ~m~rda {Z`§ÌU R>odVm `oVo.

àíZ 11 coImnarjUmÀ`m _`m©Xm H$m`?

coImnarjH$mcmM cmM XoD$Z, Ë`mcm ^«ï>mMmamV gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoUo Aer eŠ`Vm AgVo. `mgmR>r gmcon g{_VrZo cj R>odUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
åhUyZ gmcon g{_Vrdarc XmoZ gXñ`m§Zm {heo~ nÕVr d coIm-Zm|Xr {eH$Uo Amdí`H$ Amho.

87
 H$m`© 5 : gm_m{OH$ coIm narjU - nm`m^yV gw{dYm§{df`H$ `moOZm§À`m XoIaoIrgmR>rMo _wÔo
gmYZ 5 : _mJ©Xe©H$ _wÔo

^mJ A : `moOZoMo {Z`moOZ

◆ `moOZoMo {Z`moOZ H$aVmZm H$moUVr _m{hVr O_m Ho$cr OmVo?

· H$m_ gwê$ Agcoë`m Ë`m OmJoda H$m_mMr _moO_mno (CXm. H$moUVohr H$m_ Á`m_Ü`o ~m§YH$m_ Ho$co OmVo Ë`m_Ü`o {Z`moOZmÀ`m Q>ßß`mdaM _moO_mno KoÊ`mMr JaO ^mgVo
Ogo H$s Vcmd, añVo, {dhra B. _moO_mnm§À`m AmYmamdaM `moOZogmR>r cmJUmam IM© {ZpíMV H$aVm `oVmo.
_hËdmMo : Ago {XgyZ Amco Amho H$s darc gd© àH$maÀ`m _moO_mnm§_Ü`o _moR>çm à_mUmV ^«ï>mMma hmoVmo H$maU H$s ì`dpñWVnUo XoIaoI R>odcr OmV Zmhr.
· (O_rZ) ^yg§nmXZ (Jar~m§Zm O_rZ XmZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r O~aXñVr H$aUo, O_rZrMo ZrQ> _moc Z H$aUo / ì`dpñWV qH$_V Z R>a{dUo, `m_YyZ O_rZ _mcH$mg _moR>m VmoQ>m hmoVmo,
`mg H$m` n`m©` Agmdm?)
· _Oyam§Mr Amdí`H$Vm/JaO? R>a{dÊ`mgmR>rMm AmamIS>m ({Z`moOZ) (cm^mWu Jmdm_YyZ {H$Vr _Oya CncãY hmoVrc Ago (J¥hrV) Yaco Amho? AmOy~mOyÀ`m Jmdm§_YyZ
{H$Vr _Oya Ano{jV AmhoV? `m_Ü`o AZm¡nMm[aH$[aË`m H§$ÌmQ>Xma/EO§Q> (_Oya - EO§Q>) H$m`©aV Amho H$m? Agë`mg Ë`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho H$m? ~mhoaMo, ñWcm§VarV
_Oya AmhoV H$m? Aem àH$maÀ`m àíZm§H$S>o cj Úm`cm hdo.)

◆ IaoXr d Ë`mg§~§YrMo {Z`moOZ (Oa JmdnmVirdarc g{_Vr ì`dgm` gm§^mirV Agë`mg)

· àË`oH$ àH$maÀ`m _mcmgmR>r A§XmOnÌH$ ~ZdVmZm AmYma^yV qH$_V d Ë`m_mJrc J¥{hV g_OyZ KoUo (CXm. {g_|Q>, dmiy, nmB©n, _Oyam§À`m nJmamMm Xa, XiUdiUmMm IM©)

· ~mOmamVrc BVa {dH«o$Ë`m§H$S>rc qH$_Vter VwcZm H$aUo.

· _mcmMm nwadR>m H$aUmè`m {dH«o$Ë`mgmo~VMr ~mocUr/dmQ>mKmQ>r - MMm© `mMr _m{hVr KoUo d Ë`mda cj R>odUo.

· A§XmOnÌH$ (A§XmOnÌH$mVrc àË`oH$ àH$maMm _mc/dñVy (Am`Q>_) Ë`mMr {heo~mgmR>r Yacocr (AmYma^yV) qH$_V Ë`mVrc _m{O©Z Am{U Ë`m_mJrc H$maU{__m§gm VnmgUo,
H$m_mMr _moO_mno d H$m_ {H$VnV _moR>o/N>moQ>o `m AmYmao VgoM ~mOma^mdmÀ`m AmYmao A§XmOnÌH$mVrc AmH$S>o VnmgUo. Amdí`H$VoZwgma EImÚm {dídmgy A{^`§Ë`mMr
qH$dm ñd`§godr g§ñWoMr _XV KoUo.
· J«m_g^m Am`mo{OV H$aUo d `moOZoMo {Z`moOZ H$aUmè`m g§~§{YV `§ÌUocm ~mocm{dUo Am{U àíZmoÎmam§Mo gÌ Am`mo{OV H$ê$Z, J«m_g^o_Yo H$m_m{df`r MMm© KS>dyZ AmUUo.

88
^mJ ~ : `moOZoMr A§_c~mOdUr : àíZmoÎmam§Mr `mXr (J«m_g^oVrc MM}gmR>r)
◆ ñWm{ZH$ H$m_Jmam§Zm Ý`m`
· H$m_ gwê$ H$aÊ`mnydu J«m_g^ocm `mo½` nÕVrZo gyMZm {Xcr Amho H$m`?(cm^mWu JmdmVrc gd© _Oya, _Oya JQ>m§Zm H$m_m~m~VMr _m{hVr gyMZm XoUo)

· Xa AmR>dS>çmcm hOoarnÌH$ (_ñQ>a) VnmgUo (H$m_mda `oUmè`m gd© H$m_Jmam§g_moa hOoarnÌH$mMo dmMZ Am{U CnpñWVr VnmgUo VgoM XmoÝhr ~mOy§À`m VH«$matMo {ZdmaU H$aUo).

◆ JwUdÎmoMr/XOm©Mr VnmgUr
· IaoXr Ho$coë`m _mcmda Am`.Eg².Am`.Mm {e¸$m Agë`mMo VnmgUo Am{U BVa JwUdÎmoMr à_mUo nmicr AmhoV H$m?

· ~m§YH$m_mÀ`m JwUdÎmoda/XOm©da XoIaoI R>odUo {CXm., Hw$ec H$m_Jmam§Mr j_Vm, ~m§YH$m_mMo {Z`_ nmico Joco AmhoV dm Zmhr, Ogo H$s, {g_|Q> Am{U dmiy `mo½` Ë`m
à_mUmV {_giÊ`m~m~VMo (EH$Ì H$aÊ`m~m~VMo) {Z`_ B.}

◆ ^«ï>mMmamda {Z`§ÌU
· {Z`mo{OV IaoXrZwgma VgoM {Z`moOZmZwgma _mcmMr IaoXr Pmcr H$m`? VgoM gmR>çmMm (gmR>dUyH$) dmna Pmcm Amho H$m? ho VnmgUo.

· _moR>çm Am°S>g©, _mcmMr Xo`Ho$ ({~c) Am{U nmdË`m VnmgUo.

· OmñVrMm _mc, ~MV Am{U BVa eŠ` Agcoë`m ~MVrVyZ d _mc naV Ho$ë`mZo hmoUmao \$m`Xo VnmgUo.

◆ J«m_g^oZoM R>adë`mZwgma - A§_c~OmdUrVrc àíZ/_wÚm§Mr MMm© H$aÊ`mgmR>r J«m_g^m ~¡R>H$sMo R>am{dH$ A§VamZo Am`moOZ H$aUo
· {Z`moOZmÀ`m doir KoVcoco {ZU©` ~XcÊ`mMr JaO Amho H$m ho VnmgÊ`mgmR>r J«m_g^m ~mocmdUo.

· cmoH$m§gmR>r KoÊ`mÀ`m gd© àH$maÀ`m {ZU©`m§À`m ~m~VrV J«m_g^m ~mocmdUo.

· gdm©V eodQ>r J«m_g^og_moa hOoarnÌH$mMo (_ñQ>a) dmMZ ìhm`cmM hdo.

◆ Pmcoë`m H$m_mMr VnmgUr

· nyU© Pmcoë`m H$m_mMo g§`wº$nUo {edma\o$ar d BVa _mÜ`_mVyZ VnmgUr H$aUo d J«m_g^og_moa gmXa H$aUo.

· {Z`mo{OV _moO_mnm§Zwgma H$m_ Pmco Amho dm Zmhr ho VnmgUo.

· H$m_ Am{U hOoarnÌH$mMr (_ñQ>a) VnmgUr.

89
◆ Q>o~cmdarc (XñVmdoOm§Mr) VnmgUr
· Am{W©H$ co»`m§Mr (AH$mD§$Q>g²) VnmgUr.

· XñVmdoO/H$mJXnÌm§da XoIaoI.

◆ R>oHo$Xma/g§ñWm H$m_ g§ndyZ ~mhoa nS>Ê`mnyduMr VnmgUr

· J«m_g^og_moa g§»`m/{d^mJmMo à{V{ZYr Am{U gm_m{OH$ coIm narjU g{_VrMo gXñ` `m§Zr EH${ÌVnUo _m§S>Ur H$aUo.

· àíZm§Mr CÎmao XoUo Am{U e§H$m Xya H$aUo (ñnï>rH$aU).

◆ nwT>rc H¥$Vr{df`H$ _m{hVr XoUo (Agë`mg, Ogo H$s XoI^mc Am{U XwéñVr).

90
 H$m`© 6 : gm_m{OH$ coIm narjU à{H«$`m - gm_m{OH$ gwajm {df`H$ `moOZm
gmYZ 6 : VnmgUr `mXr

{ZdS>rMo {ZH$f cm^

· Am{W©H$ CËnÞm~m~VMo {ZH$f ◆ d¡¶{º$H$/춺$sJV (CXm. JUdof, Eg².Q>r.Mm nmg, {eî¶d¥Îmr,

◆ cm^mWvMo {ZH$fmV ~gUmao Am{W©H$ CËnÞ Amamo½¶ godm B.)
◆ g§^mì¶ cm^mWuMo Am{W©H$ CËnÞ _moOʶmgmR>r dmnaʶmV ¶oUmar ◆ Hw$Qw>§~ (eoVr{df¶H$ AZwXmZo d gdcVr, H$Om©{da{hV ì¶mOmdarc AZwXmZ /
emgZmMr nÕV gdcVr, OZmdam§gmR>r {d_m B.)
◆ Am{W©H$ CËnÞ dJiyZ BVa (CËnÞm~m~VMo) {ZH$f AmhoV H$m‘? ◆ JQ> (~MV JQ>m§gmR>r H$O©, gm_y{hH$ H$O©)

· Am{W©H$ CËnÞm{edm¶Mo (gm_m{OH$) {ZH$f · {ZdS>rMr à{H«$¶m : {deof VnmgUr

◆ OmV/O_mV/_mJmgdJu¶ JQ> ◆ nmÌVoÀ¶m {ZH$fm§_ܶo
◆ O_rZrMr _mcH$s (cmJy Agë¶mg) ◆ hñVjon, ImgXmamH$Sy>Z X~md
◆ {deof {e\$magr (Ano{jV Agë¶mg Ogo H$s J«m_n§Mm¶V, J«m_g^m, ImgXma) ◆ A§{V_ {ZdS> H$aVmZm ^«ï>mMma

{OWo Amdí¶H$ Agoc {VWo J«m_g^ocm gh^mJr/g_m{dð> H$ê$Z ¿¶m, na§Vw {deofV… cm^m϶mªMr A§{V_ {ZdS> H$aVmZm J«m_g^ocm gh^mJr H$amM.

91
 H$m`© 7 : gm_m{OH$ coIm narjU à{H«$`m - OmUrd OmJ¥Vr d j_Vm ~m§YUrÀ`m `moOZm§Mm àgma
gmYZ 7 : VnmgUr `mXr

OmUrd - OmJ¥Vr - _mo{h_oMm "g§Xoe'

· OmUrd-OmJ¥Vr, kmZ-àgma _mo{h_ (_oimdm) ¶mVyZ {Xcm OmUmam _w»¶ g§Xoe g_OyZ KoUo

· ¶moOZm qH$dm _mohr_oVyZ {Xcm OmUmam g§Xoe g_OyZ KoD$Z, ˶mMr cmoH$m§À¶m Ñï>rZo Amdí¶H$Vm VnmgUo (Amdí¶H$Vm Agë¶mg - H$m?, Amdí¶H$ Zgë¶mg - H$m Zmhr?).

kmZàgmamÀ¶m gyMZm
· _m{hVrMm àgma H$aʶmgmR>rMr nÕV g_OyZ KoUo (nmoñQ>a, H$cmnWH$, B.).

· _m{hVr-àgmamgmR>rMr Q>maJoQ>g² (cjUo VmngUo - {H$Vr Jmdo, H$moUVo g_mOKQ>H$ - {ó¶m/_wco B.) bú¶§ VnmgUo.

· _m{hVr-àgma H$aUmè¶m 춺$s_Yrc Amdí¶H$ H$m¡eë¶o VnmgUo.

kmZ-_m{hVrMm àgma : 춺$s, Hw$Qw>§~, _{hcm, JQ,> JmdnmVirdarc _§S>io/g§ñWm, ñd¶§ ghm¶Vm JQ>

kmZ-_m{hVrMm àgma - g§dmXmgmR>r _mÜ‘_o

· JmdmVrc ^mfm, g§ñH¥$Vr, Mmcr-[aVr ¶m§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z OmUrd-OmJ¥Vr gmR>r ¶mo½¶ _mܶ_ {ZdS>co Amho Zm, ¶mMr ImÌr H$aUo.

· _mܶ_ {ZdS>VmZm ^mfm, ~mocʶmMr - gm§JʶmMr nÕV ¶mda {deof cj R>odUo.

· 춺$sJV nmVirdarc g§dmX, g§^mfU, JQ>MMm©, Am{U dmS>r-dñVr nmVirdarc {deof H$m¶©H«$_ ¶mda ^a XoUo.

kmZ-_m{hVrMm àgma - g_mO KQ>H$m§_ܶo ê$Mr {Z_m©U H$aUo

· J¥h^oQ>r

· OmUrd - OmJ¥Vr _mohr_onydu d Z§Va JQ>m§_ܶo MMm© KS>Vrc ¶mH$S>o cj XoUo

· J«m_g^m Am¶mo{OV H$aUo.

92
 H$m`© 8 : JmdmÀ`m cmoH$g§»`oVrc gd© KQ>H$m§Zm (g_mOm§Zm) JmdmV am~{dë`m OmUmè`m `moOZm/H$m`©H«$_m§_Ü`o g_mZ
g§Yr {_ioc `mMr ImÌr nwa{dUo
gmYZ 8 : g_mZ g§YtMr VnmgUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mJ©Xe©H$ Vº$m

gwédmVrcmM gm_m{OH$ coIm narjU g{_Vr J«m_n§Mm`V am~{dV AgUmè`m àË`oH$ {dH$mg `moOZm/H$m`©H«$_m~m~V _m{hVr O_m H$aoc. `m_Ü`o cm^mÏ`mªMr `mXr
Am{U Ë`m§Zm {_imcoë`m cm^mMo ñdê$n `mMmhr g_mdoe Agoc, J«m_g^oÀ`m BVa Cn-g{_Ë`m§H$Sy>Z gm‘m{OH$ boIm narjU Ë`m g{_Vrer g§~§{YV _m{hVr Vo {_idy eHo$c.

hr _m{hVr O_m Ho$ë`mZ§Va gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr {OWo JmdmVrc gd© ZmJ[aH$ dmMy eH$Vrc Aem OmJoda hr _m{hVr cmdmdr.

CXmhaU Vº$m :

{dH$mg {_imcoë`m EHy$U OmVrZwgma VgoM {cJmZwgma (ór-nwéf) Am{U g_mOmVrc {d{eð> ñWmZmZwgma cm^mÏ`mªMo dJuH$aU.
`moOZoMo Zmd cm^mMo ñdê$n cm^mÏ`mªMr `m_Ü`o dJuH$aU Ho$coë`m OmV/O_mVrMr JmdmVrc EHy$U cmoH$g§»`m {H$Vr ho XoIrc _hËdmMo Amho.
g§»`m Ë`m_wio EHy$U cmoH$g§»`oÀ`m à_mUmVrc OmVr{Zhm` cm^mÏ`mªMm {hñgm {H$Vr ho cjmV `oB©c.
_hmamï´> J«m_rU 1. ~oamoOJmam§gmR>r 60 {Xdg 50 ì`º$s · Iwë`m àdJm©Vrc nwéf/ór (EHy$U cmoH$g§»`on¡H$s) · _{hcm§À`m `mXrV, àË`oH$ àH$mamV "EH$Q>çm'
amoOJma h‘r ¶moOZm amoOJma nwa{dcm Jocm. · AZygy{MV O_mVr - nwéf/ór (EHy$U cmoH$g§»`on¡H$s) _{hcm§Mr doJir AmH$S>odmar Úmdr

2. ì`º$sÀ`m nmVirda · AZygy{MV OmVr - nwéf/ór (EHy$U cmoH$g§»`on¡H$s) · eŠ` Pmë`mg - ~oamoOJma àm¡T>m§Mr doJir
nJma {Xcm Jocm. · BVa _mJmgdJu` - nwéf/ór (EHy$U cmoH$g§»`on¡H$s) AmH$S>odmar - àË`oH$ àH$mamZwgma

3. gmd©O{ZH$ _mc_ÎmoMr {Z{_©Vr : · ^Q>Ho$ {d_wº$ - nwéf/ór (EHy$U cmoH$g§»`on¡H$s)

Oc g§dY©ZmMo H$m_

93
94
2(S>) ‘{hbm {dH$mg g{_Vr
AmoiI
EImÚm ì`º$sMo gm_m{OH$ ñWmZ, Am{W©H$ j_Vm, amOH$s` VmH$X, gm§ñH¥${VH$ gh^mJ
`mgh Ë`m ì`º$sbm {_iUmè`m {dH$mgmÀ`m g§Yr ho g§~§{YV ì`º$s ór Amho AWdm nwéf
Amho `mda Adb§~yZ AgUo åhUOoM ór-nwéf Ag_mZVm, Aer Ag_mZVoMr ì`m»`m
Ho$br Jobr Amho. åhUyZM ór-nwéf Ag_mZVoMm g§gmYZm§À`m dmQ>nmda Am{U EHy$U
{dH$mgmÀ`m à{H«$`oda {dn[aV n[aUm_ hmoVmo Ago gmVË`mZo AmT>iyZ `oVo. `mCbQ> {ZdS>rMo
ñdmV§Í` OmonmgyZ hdo Vgo OJÊ`mMr g§Yr Am{U d§{MVVm Q>miÊ`mMr j_Vm {ó`m Am{U
nwéfm§Zm g_mZ à_mUmV {_iUo åhUOoM órnwéf g_mZVm Ago åhQ>bo Jobo Amho. `m_Ü`o
A{YH$mam§_Yrb g_mZVm, g§gmYZm§À`m dmQ>nmVrb g_mZVm Am{U åhUUo/_V _m§S>m`Mr
g_mZ g§Yr ho hr g_m{dï> Amho. `m "ór-nwéf Ag_mZVm' Am{U "g_mZVm' `m g§H$ënZm§À`m
ì`m»`m OmJ{VH$ ~±Ho$Zo V`ma Ho$boë`m XñVmdoOm§_Yo Z_yX H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m AmhoV.
AmO XoemÀ`m VgoM OmJ{VH$ nmVirda ór-nwéf Ag_mZVoÀ`m àíZm~m~V _moR>`m
à_mUmda Aä`mg, MMm© Am{U {bImU àpñVÕ hmoV Amho. amOH$s` YmoaU, {ZdS>UyH$m,
AmajU, {dH$mgmÀ`m `moOZm, VgoM ImOJr joÌmVrb ZmoH$è`m Aem AZoH$ doJdoJù`m
joÌm§_Ü`ohr ór-nwéf g_mZVm hm EH$ àmYmÝ`mMm _wÔm ~Zbm AgyZ `m~m~V {ó`m§_Yrb
OmJê$H$Vmhr dmT>Vo Amho. `mdê$ZM {ó`m Am{U nwéfm§_Yrb Ag_mZVoMo CƒmQ>Z H$aÊ`mMm
CÔoem_wio "qbJ^md' (O|S>a) hm AmOÀ`m OJmVrb EH$ nadbrMm eãX ~Zbm Amho.
95
^maVmÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m àñVmdZo_Ü`o, VgoM _yb^yV h¸$, _yb^yV O~m~Xmè`m Am{U
_mJ©Xe©H$ gyÌm§_Ü`ohr ór-nwéf g_mZVoMo VËd g_m{dï> Ho$bo Jobo hmoVo. amÁ`KQ>ZoZo Ho$di
ór-nwéf g_mZVoMm nwañH$maM Ho$bobm Zmhr Va _{hbm§À`m gj_rH$aUmgmR>r d Ë`m§Zm
g_mZ XOm© {_imdm `mgmR>r amÁ`m§Zm gH$mamË_H$ ^oXmMo VËd ñdrH$mamdo Ago ñnï> {ZX}e
{Xbo AmhoV (amï´>r` _{hbm gj_rH$aU YmoaU 2001). Ago Agbo Varhr ^maVmgma»`m
{dH$gZerb Xoem§_Ü`o ór-nwéf g_mZVoMr n[apñWVr AmOhr g_mYmZH$maH$ Zmhr. H$m¡Q>w {§ ~H$
qhgm, KaH$m_mVrb H$m~mS>H$ï>, na§nam-g§ñH¥$Vr `m ZmdmImbr KmbÊ`mV `oUmar ~§YZo,
Am{W©H$ nmaV§Í`, J^©qbJ {ZXmZ Am{U ór^¥UhË`m Ago AZoH$ àíZ AmOÀ`m {ó`m§nwT>o
({deofV: J«m_rU ^mJmVrb) Am dmgyZ C^o AmhoV. `m_mJo AgUmè`m BVa H$maUm§~amo~aM
amOH$maU, {dH$mg, ZmoH$è`m, Am{W©H$ ì`dhma `m_Yrb nwéfm§Mo dM©ñd ho `m_mJrb EH$
_hÎdmMo H$maU Amho. VgoM {ejU, Amamo½`, AÞ-gwajm, amoOJma/CnOr{dH$m, amOH$s`
gh^mJ, Am{U _mb_ÎmoMr _mbH$s Aem AZoH$ joÌm§_Ü`o ór-nwéf Ag_mZVm {XgyZ `oVo.
_{hbm§À`m nwéfm§À`m g§»`oer AgUmao EHy$U bmoH$g§»`oVrb à_mU gmVË`mZo H$_r hmoV
OmUo ho ór-nwéf Ag_mZVo_Yrb _hËdmMo {ZX}eH$ _mZbo Jobo Amho.
_{hbm§~m~VÀ`m Aem {ZamemOZH$ n[apñWVrÀ`m nmíd©^y_rda _{hbm§Zm g_mOmÀ`m
_w»` àdmhm_Ü`o `oÊ`mMr gwdU©g§Yr 73ì`m KQ>ZmXwéñVrZo CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbr AgyZ
_{hbm§gmR>r n§Mm`V amO ì`dñWo_Ü`o amIrd OmJmhr (33%) R>odë`m AmhoV. `m_wio
_{hbm§Zm Ë`m§Mr JmdnmVirdarb {ZU©`à{H«$`oVrb ^y{_H$m R>adUo, {ZU©`à{H«$`o_Ü`o gh^mJr
hmoUo, Am{U Ë`m_Ü`o _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m ~OmdÊ`mgmR>r EH$ ì`mgnrR> CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbo
Amho. n§Mm`V amO ì`dñWo_Ü`o EHy$U Xhm bmIm§hÿZ A{YH$ _{hbm {ZdSy>Z Amë`m AgyZ
Ë`m§Mo EHy$U {ZdSy>Z Amboë`m C_oXdmam§_Yrb à_mU Vã~b 37% BVHo$ Amho. ór-nwéf
g_mZVoÀ`m {XeoZo EH$ _hÎdnyU© _¡bmMm XJS> _mZë`m OmUmè`m 73ì`m KQ>ZmXwéñVrì`{V[aº$,
gdªH$f _{hbm YmoaU, gj_rH$aUmÀ`m `moOZm Am{U H$m`©H«$_ emgZmZo hmVr KoVbo AgyZ
`mÛmao _{hbm§Zm {dH$mgmÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr AmUÊ`mMo à`ËZ gwê$ AmhoV. _hmamï´> emgZmÀ`m
_{hbm YmoaUmZo (2001) _{hbm§À`m {dH$mgmÀ`m Ñï>rZo H$mhr _hËdnyU© {df` {ZpíMV
Ho$>bo AgyZ JmdnmVirdarb {dH$mgmÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb H$mhr {df` nwT>o {Xbo AmhoV.
◆ AZwXm{ZV, {dZm-AZwXm{ZV Am{U ghH$mar Aem gd© àH$maÀ`m g§ñWm§_Ü`o _{hbm§gmR>r
1/3 AmajU R>odUo.
◆ eoVrjoÌm_Ü`o emgZmÛmao à{e{jV Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m à{ejUmWvn¡H$s 50% à{ejUmWu
_{hbm AgVrb.
◆ nmUrnwadR>`mÀ`m `moOZo_Ü`o _{hbm§Mr {ZUm©`H$ ^y{_H$m Agob.
◆ emgZmÛmao {Xë`m OmUmè`m gd© Kam§gmR>r {Xboë`m O{_Zr, KaR>mUo Am{U gX{ZH$m§Mr
_mbH$s Zdam Am{U ~m`H$moÀ`m g§`wº$ Zmdmda Agob. hm {ZU©` `mAmYr `mg§X^m©V
{Xë`m Joboë`m gd© {ZU©`m§Zmhr nyd©bjr à^mdmZo bmJy.
◆ Zdè`mZo {dH$V KoVboë`m Kam§Mr _mbH$s Zdam Am{U ~m`H$mo Aem XmoKm§Mrhr g§`wº$
Agmdr `mgmR>r bdH$aM H$m`Xm.
◆ JmdnmVirdarb CnH«$_m§_Ü`o _{hbm§À`m g{H«$` gh^mJmgmR>r J«m_g^oÀ`m AmXë`m
{Xder _{hbm J«m_g^m ^adÊ`mV `oB©b.
96
◆ JmdmVrb/n[agamVrb 50% _{hbm§À`m _mJUrZwgma g§~§{YV n[agamVrb gd© Xoer
Xmê$Mr XwH$mZo ~§X H$aÊ`mV `oVrb.
◆ _{hbm gmjaVogmR>r {deof à`ËZ.
_{hbm {dH$mg g{_Vr
_{hbm§À`m {dH$mgmMo _wÔo Am{U _{hbm§Mo {dH$mg{df`H$ {dMma nwT>o AmUÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo
R>mog à`ËZ H$aUo hm _{hbm {dH$mg g{_VrMm CÔoe AgyZ, hr g{_Vr J«m_g^oMrM EH$
Cng{_Vr åhUyZ H$m_ H$aob. _{hbm§À`m {dH$mgmÀ`m JaOm Am{U àmW{_H$Vm R>adyZ VgoM
JmdmVrb n§Mm`Vrer g§b¾ g{_Ë`m Am{U {dH$mgmÀ`m CnH«$_m§_Ü`o _{hbm§Mm gh^mJ
dmT>dyZ, JmdmVrb _{hbm§Mm gdmªJrU {dH$mg H$aUo hm _{hbm {dH$mg g{_VrMm EH$ hoVy
Amho. _{hbm {dH$mg g{_VrZo órnwéf g_mZVoÀ`m Ñï>rZo gmVË`nyU© à`ËZ H$aUo Ano{jV
Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo _{hbm {dH$mg g{_Vr hr _{hbm-gj_rH$aUm_Ü`o Am{U _{hbm§Mo
gm_m{OH$ ñWmZ C§MmdÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m ~Omdy eH$VmV. EH$m ~mOyZo _{hbm
J«m_g^m, J«m_g^oÀ`m {d{dY g{_Ë`m, gd©gmYmaU J«m_g^m Am{U J«m_n§Mm`Vr_Ü`o
gh^mJ dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r _{hbm§Zm CÚwº$ H$aÊ`m~amo~aM _{hbm§Mr j_Vm, kmZ Am{U
H$m¡eë`o dmT>dÊ`mMr Xwhoar O~m~Xmar _{hbm {dH$mg g{_Vrbm nma nmS>md`mMr Amho.
Á`m_Ü`o _{hbm§Mm g{H«$` gh^mJ Ano{jV Amho Aem {d{dY {dH$mg CnH«$_m§_Ü`o
åhUOo - ewÕ Am{U ñdÀN> nmUr, gmd©O{ZH$ Amamo½` (àOZZ Amamo½` Am{U
~mbAmamo½`mgh), gmd©O{ZH$ ñdÀN>Vm, Kao~m§YUr, AÞ-gwajm, {ejU, CnOr{dH$m
{Z_m©U H$aUo, Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ, gmd©O{ZH$ _mb_Îmm Am{U g§gmYZm§Mo
ì`dñWmnZ, newYZ {dH$mg, KaJwVr CÚmoJ, gm_m{OH$ boImnarjU B. _{hbm§Zr gmVË`nyU©
Am{U g{H«$` gh^mJ XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. hr C{ÔîQ>o JmR>Ê`mgmR>r _{hbm {dH$mg g{_Vr
{d{dY CnH«$_ am~dy eHo$b. CXm. Aä`mgXm¡ao, H$m`©emim, à{ejUo Am`mo{OV H$aUo,
ì`dgm` à{ejUo, H$m`Úm~m~VMr g_O dmT>dUo, ì`{º$_Ëd {dH$mg {e{~ao, H$m¡eë`
à{ejU, `m~amo~a _{hbm§À`m {dH$mgmÀ`m VmVS>rÀ`m JaOm Zo_Š`m AmoiIyZ Ë`m§Zm
Jmd-{dH$mg AmamIS`m_Ü`o ñWmZ {_idyZ XoUo hr _{hbm {dH$mg g{_VrMr EH$ _hÎdmMr
O~m~Xmar Amho. hr gJir O~m~Xmar nma nmS>V AgVmZm Jar~ Am{U d§{MV KQ>H$m§_Yrb
_{hbm§H$S>o {deof bj XoÊ`mMrhr g{_VrMr _hÎdmMr O~m~Xmar Amho.
EImÚm `moOZoMo bm^mWu R>adV AgVmZm {deof g_mOKQ>H$m§Zm àmYmÝ` {_imdo
`mgmR>r _{hbm {dH$mg g{_VrZo Imbr Z_yX Ho$ë`mZwgma H$miOr KoUo Ano{jV AgyZ
Ë`mgmR>r Imbrb _{hbm JQ>m§Zm àmYmÝ` Úmdo.
◆ A{Ve` Jar~ _{hbm, EH$Q>`m _{hbm/n[aË`º$m, {dYdm, A{ddm{hV _{hbm
◆ AZwgy{MV OmVr Am{U O_mVt_Yrb _{hbm
◆ Aëng§»`m§H$ g_mOmVrb _{hbm, gm_m{OH$ÑîQ>`m _mJmgdJu` _{hbm
◆ Ag§K{Q>V joÌm_Ü`o H$m_ H$aUmè`m _{hbm
◆ CnOr{dHo$Mm Hw$R>bmhr òmoV ZgUmè`m ^y_rhrZ _{hbm
◆ ñWbm§Va H$aUmè`m _{hbm (_Oya)
◆ ES²>gJ«ñV _{hbm, _mZ{gH$/emar[aH$ÑîQ>`m AmOmar, An§J _{hbm
◆ Hw$R>ë`mhr àH$maMo nmR>~i ZgUmè`m d¥Õ _{hbm
◆ nm¡J§S>mdñWoVrb _wbr
Aem arVrZo, Jmdm_Ü`o gwê$ AgUmè`m qH$dm ^{dî`m_Ü`o am~dë`m OmUmè`m H$m`©H«$_m§_Ü`o
qbJ^md/qbJ^oXmer g§~§{YV _wÔ`m§Mm g_mdoe Agmdm, `mgmR>r _{hbm {dH$mg g{_VrZo
OmUrdnyd©H$ à`ËZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. J«m_n§Mm`VrMm {dH$mg AmamIS>m Am{U {dH$mg
AmamIS>`mg§~§{YV A§XmOnÌH$mMo qbJ^mdmÀ`m (O|S>a) Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ {díbofU H$aUo, ho
{ò`m§À`m JaOm Am{U àmYmÝ`H«$_m§Zm H$moUVr g§gmYZo {Xbr OmVmV, ho nS>VmiÊ`mgmR>rMo
EH$ _hÎdmMo gmYZ Amho. {ó`m/_wbr VgoM nwéf/_wbJo Am{U `m_Yrb doJdoJù`m
97
CnJQ>mda emgZmÀ`m A§XmOnÌH$mMm H$m` n[aUm_ hmoVmo hm qbJ^mdmYm[aV A§XmOnÌH$mMm
(O|S>a ~OoQ) H|$Ðq~Xy Amho (BnZ, 2004). _mÌ qbJ^mdmYm[aV A§XmOnÌH$mMr g§H$ënZm
ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§Zmhr Ogo H$s J«m_n§Mm`V bmJy H$aVm `oB©b, `m_wio `m~m~V
A{YH$m{YH$ OmJéH$Vm {Z_m©U hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
g{_VrMr g§aMZm
gXñ` g§»`m : `m g{_Vr_Yrb gd© (100%) gXñ` `m _{hbm AgyZ g{_Vr_Ü`o
{H$_mZ 12 Va H$_mb 24 gXñ` g§»`m R>odVm `oB©b.
g§ñWmË_H$ à{V{Z{YÎd : Ago Agbo Var, Jmdm_Ü`o ñd`§ghm`Vm JQ>m§À`m g§»`odê$Z
_{hbm {dH$mg g{_VrMr gXñ`-g§»`m {H$Vr Agmdr ho R>adVm `oUo eŠ` Amho. CXm.
EH$m Jmdm_Ü`o ghm ñd`§ghm`Vm JQ> Agë`mg àË`oH$ JQ>mVyZ 2 à{V{ZYr _{hbm {dH$mg
g{_Vrda {ZdS>Vm `oVrb. EHy$U gXñ`m§n¡H$s 1/3 gXñ`m J«m_n§Mm`VrVyZ {ZdS>ë`m
Omì`mV.
gm_m{OH$ à{V{Z{YÎd : _{hbm {dH$mg g{_VrMo gXñ` {ZdS>Vm§Zm d§{MV JQ>m_Yrb/
g_mOm_Yrb Ogo H$s, AZy{g{MV OmVr, AZygw{MV O_mVr, ^Q>Š`m {d_wº$ O_mVr, BVa
_mJgdJu`, ^y_rhrZ Am{U EH$Q>`m/n[aË`º$m {ó`m§Zm à{V{Z{YËd {_iob Aer H$miOr
¿`mdr.
{ZdS> à{H«$`m : gXñ` {ZdS>rMr à{H«$`m J«m_n§Mm`Vr_Yrb _{hbm gXñ` d ñd`§ghm`Vm
JQ>m§À`m CnpñWVrV Am{U Amdí`H$Vm Agë`mg ~mhoarb g§ñWoÀ`m (CXm. ñd`§godr
g§ñWm) CnpñWVrV H$amdr. `m g{_Vrbm _{hbm J«m_g^m Am{U gd©gmYmaU J«m_g^m
_§Oyar XoB©b.
^y{_H$m d O~m~Xmè`m§Zm _§Oyar : _{hbm {dH$mg g{_VrMr ñWmnZm, {VMm XOm©,
^y{_H$m Am{U O~m~Xmè`m§À`m ~m~VMm R>amd J«m_g^o_Ü`o _§Oya Ho$bm OmB©b.
g{_VrÀ`m nXm{YH$mè`m§Mr {ZdS> : Ë`mZ§Va J«m_n§Mm`V Am{U J«m_g^oZo {Xbobm
OZmXoe/{ZX}e ñdrH$maÊ`mgmR>r _{hbm {dH$mg g{_VrMr ~¡R>H$ hmoB©b. `m ~¡R>H$s_Ü`o
g{_VrMo gXñ`, AÜ`j d g{Mdm§Mr {ZdS> H$aVrb. `m{edm` g{_VrÀ`m {d{dY
O~m~Xmè`m§Mo dmQ>n {d{eï> nXo {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Ho$bo OmB©b.
H$m`©H$mb Am{U \o$a{ZdS> : _{hbm {dH$mg g{_VrMm H$mbmdYr J«m_n§Mm`VrÀ`m
H$mbmdYrà_mUoM 5 dfmªMm Agob Am{U {VMr ñWmnZm Am{U gXñ`m§Mr \o$a{ZdS>
J«m_n§Mm`VrMo {dgO©Z Am{U {ZdS>UyH$sÀ`m doimnÌH$mer OmoSy>Z KoVbo OmB©b.
g{_VrMo Om~Xm`rËd
_{hbm {dH$mg g{_Vr, {VMo H$m`© Am{U Am{W©H$ ~m~r `m{df`r J«m_n§Mm`V, J«m_g^m
Am{U _{hbm J«m_g^og Om~Xm`r Agob. VgoM, J«m_n§Mm`VrÀ`m _m{gH$ ~¡R>H$m§_Ü`o
_{hbm {dH$mg g{_VrÀ`m Am{YH$mè`m§Zm, g{_VrÀ`m gd© Ahdmbm§g{hV J«m_n§Mm`V
Am_§{ÌV H$ê$ eH$Vo. Xa 3 _{hÝ`m§_YyZ EH$ doim _{hbm {dH$mg g{_Vr, _{hbm
J«m_g^m Am{U gd©gmYmaU J«m_g^o_Ü`o Ë`m§Mo gJio Ahdmb (g{_VrMo Am{W©H$ ì`dhma,
CnH«$_m§Mr àJVr ) gmXa H$aob. J«m_n§Mm`V d J«m_g^m _{hbm {dH$mg g{_VrMr H$m_{Jar
à^mdr Amho AWdm Zmhr `mda {e¸$m_moV©~ H$aob.
Ë`mMà_mUo àË`oH$ _{hbm {dH$mg g{_VrMr gXñ` Á`m ñd`§ghm`Vm JQ>mMo à{V{Z{YÎd
H$arV Amho Ë`m JQ>mbm Om~Xm`r Agob. doimodoir AWdm H$_rV H$_r VrZ _{hÝ`m§_YyZ
EH$Xm g§~{§ YV à{V{ZYrZo _{hbm {dH$mg g{_VrÀ`m g§nUy © H$ma^mam{df`r {VÀ`m ñd`§ghm`Vm
JQ>mbm _m{hVr XoUo ~§YZH$maH$ Amho. g§~§{YV ñd`§ghm`Vm JQ> Ë`m§À`m à{V{ZYrÀ¶m
H$m_mg ng§Vr Xe©dob AWdm JQ> à{V{ZYrÀ`m H$m_m{df`r Ag_mYmZr Agë`mg {VMr
98
{ZdS> aÔ H$ê$Z, _{hbm {dH$mg g{_VrÀ`m AÜ`jm d gan§M `m§À`m CnpñWVrV H$Yrhr
ZdrZ gXñ` à{V{ZYrMr {ZdS> H$aob. J«m_n§Mm`V, gd©gmYmaU J«m_g^m Am{U _{hbm
J«m_g^m darb gXñ`m§À`m {ZdS>rbm _mÝ`Vm d _§Oyar XoB©b.
^y{_H$m Am{U O~m~Xmè`m
1. _{hbm {dH$mgmer {ZJ{S>V CnH«$_m§À`m g§X^m©V g{_VrMr _w»` ^y{_H$m AgyZ `m
CnH«$_m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr g{_Vr H$aob.
2. J«m_n§Mm`rVrÀ`m n`©dj
o U Am{U {Z`§ÌUmImbr g{_Vr H$m_ H$aob. g{_Vr J«m_n§Mm`V,
VgoM _{hbm J«m_g^m d gd©gmYmaU J«m_g^obm Om~Xm`r Agob.
3. _{hbm J«m_g^o_Ü`o {ó`m§er g§~§{YV _hÎdmMo {df` {ZdSy>Z, Ë`mda MMm© KS>dUo
Am{U Cnm` emoYUo hr g{_VrMr O~m~Xmar Agob.
4. {ó`m§Mm gd©gmYmaU J«m_g^oVrb gh^mJ dmT>mdm hr g{_VrMr O~m~Xmar Agob.
Aem arVrZo {ó`m§Mo àíZ J«m_g^oÀ`m ì`mgnrR>mda AmUÊ`mgmR>r g{_Vr à`ËZ H$aob.
VgoM gd©gmYmaU J«m_g^oÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZhr {ó`m Am{U _{hbm {dH$mg, Jmd{dH$mgmÀ`m
g§~§Yr {ZU©` KoÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aob.
5. _{hbm {dH$mgmMm dm{f©H$ AmamIS>m ~ZdÊ`mgmR>rMr O~m~Xmar g{_VrMr amhrb.
6. g{_Vr qbJ^mdm~Ôb OmJéH$Vm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r, {ó`m§Zm EH${ÌV H$aÊ`mgmR>r
VgoM ñd`§ghm`Vm g_whm§À`m ñWmnZogmR>r à`ËZ H$aob.
7. gm_m{OH$ (CXm., {nÊ`mMo nmUr d ñdÀN>Vm, H$m~mS>H$ï>mMr H$m_o H$_r H$aUo, Amamo½`,
AÞgwajm, gmd©Om{ZH$ {dVaU ì`dñWm, Ka ~m§YUo, Xmê$~§Xr B.) d Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmer
(CnOr{dHo$Mr {Z{_©Vr d {dH$mg, amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr, Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ)
g§~§{YV _{hbm {dH$mg CnH«$_m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aob.
8. J«m_n§Mm`VrÀ`m A§XmOnÌH$m_Ü`o _{hbm d ~mb{dH$mgmgmR>r EHy$U A§XmOnÌH$mÀ`m XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. àË`oH$ {df`mVrb àíZ d AS>MUr `m§Mr Jw§VmJw§V bjmV KoVm
10% VaVyX H$aÊ`mMr gmo` Amho. Ë`mA§VJ©V _{hbm {dH$mg CnH«$_m_Yrb JaOm àË`oH$ {df`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì gmYZm§À`m gyMrMr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgob Ago Amåhmbm dmQ>Vo.
emoYUo Am{U Ë`m§Mm àmYmÝ`H«$_ R>a{dUo VgoM Ë`m§Mo {Z`moOZ, A§_b~OmdUr Am{U
Ë`mda XoIaoI R>odÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar {Z^mdUo.
9. ZdrZ ZoV¥Îd C^o ahmdo, VgoM J«m_g^oÀ`m {d{dY Cng{_Ë`m d J«m_n§Mm`Vr_Ü`o
_{hbm§Mr H$m_{Jar Mm§Jbr ìhmdr `mgmR>r nwT>mH$ma KoD$Z Ë`mgmR>r JmdmVrb {ó`m§Mr
j_Vm~m§YUr H$aUo d Ë`m§Zm Amdí`H$ Vr BVa _XV H$aUo.
10. {d{dY _{hbm CnH«$_m§gmR>r, bmoH$dJ©Ur Jmoim H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar.
11. g{_VrÀ`m _m{gH$ g^m KoUo Am{U H$m_H$mOmMr Zm|Xdhr R>odUo.
12. _{hbm J«m_g^m KoÊ`mgmR>r nwT>mH$ma KoUo, g{_VrÀ`m H$m_mÀ`m àJVrMm Ahdmb Xa
VrZ _{hÝ`m§Zr EH$Xm gd©gmYmaU Am{U _{hbm J«m_g^onwT>o _m§S>Uo.
13. Xa _{hÝ`mbm g{_VrÀ`m ~¡R>H$s_Ü`o ^m¡{VH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ CnbãYrMm Ahdmb
gmXa H$aUo.
14. {ó`m§À`m gÚpñWVr~m~VMr _m{hVr O_m H$aÊ`mgmR>r g_Ýd` H$aUo, Ë`m _m{hVrMm
Cn`moJ, _{hbm {dH$mg AmamIS>m ~ZdÊ`mgmR>r AWdm àH$ënmÀ`m n[aUm_m§Mo
{ZX}eH$ R>adÊ`mgmR>r hmoB©b.

_{hbm {dH$mg g{_VrgmR>r ~Z{dbobr gmYZo JmdnmVirdarb {d{dY {dH$mg{df`H$

~m~t~m~V {ó`m§Mr gÚpñWVr H$m` Amho ho nmhÊ`mgmR>r V`ma Ho$br AmhoV. `m nmhUrMm
Cn`moJ VmVS>rÀ`m JaOm H$moUË`m AmhoV ho emoYÊ`mgmR>r hmoB©b. _mÌ ho Z_yX H$aUo
Amdí`H$ Amho H$s hr gmYZo, JaO d àíZ emoYbm H$r Vmo H$gm gmoS>dm`Mm `mMo {ddoMZ
H$aV ZmhrV. åhUyZ hr gmYZo g§~§{YV {df`mÀ`m \$º$ àmW{_H nmVirdarb àíZm§Mo CÎma

99
 _{hcm {dH$mg g{_Vr : gmYZg§M
_{hcm {dH$mg g{_VrgmR>r gmYZo gyMr
H$m`© gmYZo

1. _{hcm {dH$mgmer {ZJS>rV àý g_OyZ KoUo 1. nyd©V`mar : àým§Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>rMm Vº$m
2. {ó`m§À`m Amamo½`m~m~VMr gÚpñWVr VnmgUo 2. àýmdcr
3. {ó`m§Zm H$amì`m cmJUmè`m H$ï>mÀ`m 3. VnmgUr `mXr
H$m_m~ÔcMr gÚpñWVr VnmgUo
4. {ó`m Am{U _mc_ÎmoMr _mcH$s `m~m~VMr 4. gmam§e Vº$m
gÚ:pñWVr VnmgUo
5. Hw$Qw>§~ nmVirdaÀ`m {ó`m§À`m {ZU©` 5. gmam§e Vº$m
à{H«$`oVrc gh^mJm~m~VMr gÚpñWVr VnmgUr
6. {ó`m§À`m amOH$maUmVrc gh^mJm~m~VMr 6. VnmgUr `mXr
gÚ:pñWVr VnmgUo
7. {ó`m§À`m CnOr{dH$m {Z{_©Vr Am{U 7. VnmgUr `mXr
g_mZ CËnÞ (H$_mB©) {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m
g§Yt~m~VMr gÚpñWVr VnmgUo
8. {ó`m§À`m Jmdm_Yrc ñWmZm~m~VMr 8. VnmgUr `mXr
gÚ:pñWVr VnmgUo
9. {ó`m Am{U qhgm: gÚpñWVr VnmgUo 9. àJVrnÌH$
10. Jmd {dH$mg `moOZm§_Yrc {ó`m§À`m dmQ>çmcm `oUmam {ZYr 10. gmam§e Vº$m
Am{U J«m_n§Mm`VrÀ`m EHy$U A§XmOnÌH$mÀ`m 10% {ó`m§gmR>r
amIrd Agcocm {ZYr d Ë`mMm dmna, `m~m~VMr gÚ:pñWVr

100

àíZ
1.qcJ^md (ór-nwéf) g_mZVm
Am{U {ó`m§Mm {dH$mg `m~m~V
H$_r OmUrd/OmUrd ZgUo.
2. {ó`m§Zm Hw$Qw>§~ Am{U g_mOmer
{ZJS>rV ~m~t_Ü`o H$moUVohr _V
ì`º$ H$aÊ`mMm AWdm
~mocÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Zmhr
VgoM {ZU©` à{H«$`m§_Ü`o
Ë`m§Zm H$moUVrhr ^y{_H$m Zmhr.
H$m`© 1 : _{hcm {dH$mgmer {ZJS>rV àíZ g_OyZ KoUo
gmYZ 1 : _{hcm§À`m àíZm§Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>rMm nmíd©^y_r Vº$m
H$maUo (_wc^yV, _w»`/T>mo~i)
1. ~mhoaÀ`m OJmMm AZw^d ZgUo.
2. {nV¥gÎmmH$ g_mOì`dñWoMm, _yë`m§Mm/
g_OwVr§Mm à^md/nJSm> AgUo, Á`m_wio
{ó`m§Mo g_mOmVrc ñWmZ ImcMo AgVo
Am{U nwê$f ho daMT> Am{U A{YH$mamÀ`m
ñWmZr AgVmV.
1. {ó`m§da nwéfm§Mo {Z`§ÌU AgVo
(dS>rc, ^mD$, Zdam, _wcJm) åhUOoM
{ó`m§À`m dmdamda - Ë`m§Mo {\$aUo/~mhoa
OmUo-`oUo VgoM Ë`m§À`m earamda XoIrc.
2. {nÎm¥gÎVmH$ gm_m{OH$ _yë`m§_wio {ó`m§Mo
ñWmZ KamV d g_mOmV ImcMo AgVo
Am{U Ë`m§Mr _Vo/Ñï>rH$moZ {dMmamV KoVco
OmV ZmhrV AWdm EoH$cohr OmV ZmhrV.
3. àm_w»`mZo g_mOmV (Kam~mhoa) dmdaVmZm
{ó`m Ë`m§Mr _Vo, {dMma ñnï>nUo ì`º$ H$ê$
eH$V ZmhrV. Ë`m§Zm nwéfm§g_moa ~mocÊ`mMr
(_moH$ionUmZr) gd` ZgVo.
H¥$Vr
· qcJ^md Am{U J«m_rU g§X^m©Vrc qcJ^mdmY[aV H$m_mMr {d^mJUr
(CXm. {ó`m§Mo Hw$Qw>§~mer {ZJS>rV H$V©ì`m§_Ü`o AS>Hy$Z amhUo Am{U Oarhr {ó`m
Kam~mhoa H$m_mgmR>r nS>V Agë`m Varhr Ë`m EH$Va ñdV:À`m eoVmV AWdm
amoO§Xmarda H$m_ H$aVmV. `mì`{V[aº$ Iyn doim Agohr {XgyZ `oVo H$s Ë`m§À`m
H$_mB©da Ë`m§Mo {Z`§ÌU ZgVo) `m{df`r OmUrd OmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U H$aUo.
· {ó`m§Zm Hw$Qw>§~m_Ü`o VgoM g_mOm_Ü`o A{YH$ma H$m ZgVmV `m{df`r OmUrd dmT>{dUo
(CËnmXH$ gmYZo, Ogo H$s O_rZ, Ka, n¡gm/{_iH$V B. `m§Mr _mcH$s ZgUo,
Ka, _wco VgoM ñdV:~m~V {ZU©` KoÊ`mMo A{YH$ma ZgUo).
· qcJ^md Am{U qcJ^mdmer {ZJS>rV àý `m~m~V nwê$fm§_Ü`o OmUrd-OmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U H$aUo
Á`m_wio Ë`m§Mo ghH$m`© {_iÊ`mg _XV hmoB©c.
· gwédmVrcm {ó`m§Zm JmdnmVirdarc gd© _{hcm Agcoë`m ì`mgnrR>m§da, Ogo H$s
ñdæ`§-ghm`Vm JQ>, _{hcm J«m_g^m B., EH$Ì AmUmdo Am{U {VWo Ë`m§Zm _moH$ionUmZr
~mocÊ`mgmR>r àmoËgmhZ Úmdo.
· {ó`m§_Ü`o j_Vm {Z_m©U H$amì`mV AWdm gmd©O{ZH$ ì`mgnrR>m§da {ó`m§Zr Ë`m§Mr _Vo
Am{U àý _m§S>mdoV `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm àmoËgmhZ Úmdo.
· H$moUË`mhr {dH$mgmÀ`m H$m_mMo {Z`moOZ H$aVmZm nwê$f Am{U {ó`m XmoKm§Mrhr _Vo,
JaOm Am{U àý {dMmamV ¿`mdoV.
101
 àíZ H$maUo (_wc^yV, _w»`/T>mo~i) H¥$Vr

3. {ó`m Hw$Qw>§~mVrc nwê$f gXñ`m§da 1. gd©gmYmaUnUo Ago {XgVo H$s {ó`m
AWdm nwê$f ZmVodmB©H$m§da {_iH$VrÀ`m ~m~V ñdV§Ì ZgVmV Am{U
Adc§~yZ AgVmV. àm_w»`mZo Ë`m KaH$m_mV Jw§Vcoë`m AgVmV.
2. Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§Mo kmZ Am{U H$m¡eë` dmT>mdrV
`mgmR>r H$moUVohr à{ejU {_iV Zmhr
AWdm Ë`m§Mr j_Vm ~m§YUr Ho$cr OmV
Zmhr.
3. JmdmVrc _{hcm§gmR>r CnOr{dH$m§~m~VÀ`m
g§Yr (amoOJma B.) {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m OmV ZmhrV.
4. ~aoMXm {ó`m§Zm nwê$fm§BVHo$M åhUOo g_mZ
H$m_ H$ê$Z XoIrc Ag_mZ doVZ {_iVo.
· H$m_mVrc T>moa_ohZV/ H$ï> d H§$Q>midmUonU (Drudgry) H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ
H$aUo AWdm CnH«$_ hmVr KoUo.
· qcJ^oXmda AmYm[aV H$m_m§Mr {d^mJUr Z H$aVm nwê$fm§ZmXoIrc H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ O~m~Xmè`m
Am{U _wcm§Mm gm§^mi H$aÊ`m_Ü`o, Ë`m§Zm dmT>{dÊ`m_Ü`o gh^mJr H$aUo.
· {d{dY gaH$mar `moOZm§Mm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z CnOr{dHo$À`m g§Yr {Z_m©U H$amì`mV/
amoOJma {Z_m©U H$amdm.
· {ó`m§Zr ñdæ`§ ghm`Vm JQ>m§À`m gXñ` ìhmdo `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm àmoËgmhZ Úmdo,
Á`m_wio Ë`m§Zm ~MV H$aÊ`mMr Am{U ñdV§Ì hmoÊ`mMr g§Yr {_ioc.
· {ó`m§Zr cKw-nV-nwadR>m Am{U cKw CÚmoJ CnH«$_mV ^mJ ¿`mdm `mgmR>r
Ë`m§Zm àmoËgmhZ Úmdo.
· J«m_n§Mm`Vrgma»`m Jmd nmVirdarc g§ñWm§Zr nwT>mH$ma KoD$Z ImÌr H$amdr H$s
ór-nwê$fm§Zm g_mZ H$m_mgmR>r g_mZ doVZ {_ioc d `mgmR>r _{hcm {dH$mg
g{_VrZr nmR>nwamdm H$amdm.

4. {ó`m J«m_n§Mm`VrÀ`m AWdm
Jmd nmVirdarc {d{dY
g§ñWm§À`m gXñ` AWdm
A{YH$mamÀ`m ñWmZmda
AgyZ XoIrc (gan§M, AÜ`j)
Aem g§ñWm§À`m H$m_m§_Ü`o/
H$ma^mam_Ü`o gh^mJr
hmoV ZmhrV.
1. {ó`m§Mo gm_m{OH$sH$aU hmoVmZm Ë`m
{nV¥gÎmmH$ (g_mOì`dñWoMr) _yë`o
AmË_gmV H$aVmV Á`m_Ü`o
Ë`m§Zm {eH${dco OmVo H$s, nwê$fm§g_moa
àm_w»`mZo nanwê$fm§g_moa (CnpñWVrV)
~mocy Z`o (Hw$Qw>§~mVrc nwê$f gmoSy>Z
BVa nwê$fm§g_moa).
2. Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejUmMm A^md hm {ó`m§Mm
gH«$s` gh^mJ ZgÊ`m_mJrc EH$
_hËdmMm AS>Wim Amho.
3. g§ñWm_Yrc nwê$f gXñ`, {ó`m§Zm gh^mJr
hmoÊ`mnmgyZ namd¥Îm H$aVmV/_{hcm
· Á`m g§ñWm_Ü`o AWdm Jmdm§_Ü`o {ó`m ZoË`mÀ`m/ZoV¥ËdmÀ`m ^y{_Ho$_Ü`o AmhoV,
{dH$mgm_Ü`o ~Xc KS>dUmè`m à{V{ZYr åhUyZ AmKmS>rda AmhoV, _mc_Îmm Am{U
g§gmYZm§da Ë`m§Zr {Z`§ÌU {_i{dco Amho Aem {R>H$mUr Aä`mg ^oQ>r Am`mo{OV H$aUo.
· ZoV¥Ëd-JwU Agcoë`m {ó`m emoYUo Am{U qcJ^mdmMo {dícofU H$aÊ`mVrc
Ë`m§Mo H$m¡eë` dmT>mdo (gÚpñWVr VnmgUo, JaOm Am{U AJ«H«$_ emoYUo).
{ó`m§Mo g_mOmVrc ñWmZ C§Mm{dÊ`mgmR>rMr Ë`m§Mr j_Vm
Am{U ì`dñWmnZmVrc H$m¡eë` dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo.
· j_Vm ~m§YUr Am{U H$m¡eë` dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>rMo à{ejU XoUo.
· nwê$f gXñ`m§Zr Jmd nmVirdarc g§ñWm§Mm ^mJ (gXñ`) Agcoë`m {ó`m§Zm nmqR>~m
Úmdm, Ë`m§Zm ghH$m`© H$amdo `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm nQ>{dUo, Ë`m§Mo AZwHy$c _V V`ma H$aUo.
· JmdmVrc Am¡nMm[aH$ VgoM AZm¡nMm[aH$ ì`mgnrR>m§da, Ogo H$s, J«m_n§Mm`V, _{hcm
J«m_g^m, ñdæ`§-ghm`Vm JQ>, {nÊ`mMo nmUr Am{U ñdÀN>Vm g{_Vr, {ejU g{_Vr,

102
 àíZ H$maUo (_wc^yV, _w»`/T>mo~i) H¥$Vr

gXñ`m§À`m gh^mJmg _moS>Vm KmcVmV/
IƒrH$aU H$aVmV Á`mMr n[aUVr
{ó`m§da XS>nU `oÊ`mV/gh^mJr hmoÊ`mVrc
ê$Mr g§nÊ`m_Ü`o Am{U {^Vr_Ü`o hmoVo.
gm_m{OH$ coIm narjU g{_Vr, _{hcm {dH$mg g{_Vr B. _Ü`o {ó`m§Zr gh^mJr
ìhmdo, _moH$ionUmZr ~mocmdo, Ë`m§Mo àíZ gmoS>{dco OmVrc `mgmR>r à`ËZ H$amdoV,
`mgmR>r àmoËgmhZ XoUo.
· Jmd {dH$mg AmamIS>m V`ma H$aVmZm {ó`m§À`m JaOm Am{U àmYmÝ`H«$_m§Zm
`mo½` Ý`m` {_ioc `mMr ImÌr H$amdr.

5. {d{dY àH$maÀ`m qhgm {ó`m§Mo g_mOmVrc ImcMo ñWmZ/ · Xmê$~§Xr.

(_mZ{gH$ Am{U emar[aH$) ImcMm XOm©. · J«m_n§Mm`VrZo Hw$Qw>§~mV Am{U g_mOmV {ó`m§da hmoUmè`m AË`mMmam§Zm Amim
Á`m§Zm {ó`m gm_moè`m OmVmV. KmcÊ`mgmR>r nwT>mH$ma ¿`mdm, J«m_n§Mm`VrZo AnamÜ`m§{dê$Õ H$R>moa H¥$Vr H$amdr,
· H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ qhgm (`m_Ü`o hþ§S>çmer `mgmR>r X~md JQ> V¶ma H$aUo.
g§~§{YV qhgoMmhr g_mdoe hmoVmo) · ór ^¥U hË`oÀ`m {damoYmV _mohr_ hmVr KoUo.
· Xmê$_wio hmoUmar qhgm
(J¡adV©Z, {edrJmi, _mahmU)
· H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr hmoUmam c¢{JH$ N>i
· _wcm§Mo/~mc emofU
· à{VHy$c qcJ JwUmoÎma
(Xa hOmar nwê$fm§_mJrc {ó`m§Mr g§»`m)
(ór ^¥UhË`m, qcJ {ZdS>)

6. JmdmVrc Jar~m§_Yrc
Jar~m§_Ü`o {ó`m AmhoV.
1. EH$Q>çm {ó`m§H$S>o ({dYdm, n[aË`º$m, · CnOr{dH$m gwajoMr ImÌr {_ioc Ago CnH«$_ hmVr KoUo.
A{ddm{hV) CËnmXH$ _mc_Îmm g§gmYZm§Mr,
Ogo H$s O_rZ, _mcH$s Zmhr.
2. H$moUVrhr AmYma XoUmar ì`dñWm Zmhr · EH$Ì `oD$Z AmYma XoUmar ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aUo.
(Hw$Qw>§~, g_mO) · gm_wXm{`H$ CnH«$_ hmVr KoUo.
3. CnOr{dH$m§À`m g§YtMm A^md.

103
 H$m`© 2 : {ó`m§gmR>rÀ`m Amamo½` godm§Mr gÚpñWVr VnmgUo
gmYZ 2 : JmdnmVirda {ó`m§gmo~VÀ`m ~¡R>H$s_Yrc MM}gmR>rMr àýmdcr

Amamo½` godm§À`m CncãYVo~m~V gd©gmYmaU _m{hVr 4~. AmR>dS>çmVyZ 3 doim

(Imcrc n¡H$s EH$m CÎmamda ~amo~aMr IyU H$am) 4H$. AmR>dS>çmVyZ 2 doim
1. Xa _{hÝ`mV Jmdm_Ü`o Amamo½` go{dH$m {H$Vr doim ^oQ> XoVmV? 4S>. AmR>dS>çmVyZ 1 doim
1A. AmR>dS>çmVyZ 3 doim 4B. n§Yam {XdgmVyZ 1 doim
1~. AmR>dS>çmVyZ 2 doim 4\$. _{hÝ`mVyZ EH$ doim
1H$. AmR>dS>çmVyZ EH$ doim 4J. BVa (H¥$n`m ñnï> H$am)
1S>. n§Yam {XdgmVyZ EH$ doim 5. gd©gmYmaU AmOmam§gmR>r JmdmVrc _{hcm§Ûmao KoVcm OmUmam gmd©O{ZH$
1B. _{hÝ`mVyZ EH$ doim Amamo½` godoMm cm^
1\$. BVa (H¥$n`m ñnï> H$am) 5A. Zoh_r/{Z`{_VnUo
5~. H$mhrdoim
2. àmW{_H$ Amamo½` H|$Ð AWdm CnH|$ÐmMo JmdmnmgyZ A§Va
5H$. Zmhr
2A. Jmdm_Ü`oM
5S>. ImOJr Amamo½` godm nwa{dUmao (H¥$n`m ñnï> H$am)
2~. eoOmaÀ`m Jmdm_Ü`o (3-10 {H$_r.)
2H$. 10 {H$_rhÿZ A{YH$ A§Vamda (H¥$n`m ñnï> H$am) 6. {ó`m§_Yrc A°{Z{_`mcm (aº$j`) Amim KmcÊ`mgmR>r Ho$cocr Cnm``moOZm H$moUVr?
3. gd©gmYmaU AmOmam§da {Xë`m OmUmè`m Am¡fYm§Mr CnH|$ÐmVrc/àmW{_H$ Amamo½` 7. EM².Am`².ìhr./ES>²g~m~V {ó`m§_Yrc OmJê$H$Vm
H|$ÐmVrc CncãYVm 7A. 15-20 d`moJQ>
3A. Zoh_r CncãY 7~. 20 nojm OmñV Vo 30 df} hm d`moJQ>
3~. H$mhr doim CncãY 7H$. 30 nojm OmñV Vo 40 df} hm d`moJQ>
3H$. CncãY Zmhr/AZwncãY 7S>. 40 nojm OmñV Vo 50 df} hm d`moJQ>
4. à{e{jV S>m°ŠQ>aMr CnH|$Ðmda/àmW{_H$ Amamo½` H|$Ðmda CnpñWVr 8. àOZZ Amamo½`
4A. XaamoO 8A. {ó`m§Mr ^y{_H$m

104
 · Hw$Qw> §~ {Z`moOZmMr gmYZo (eó{H«$`m AWdm J^©{ZamoYH$ Jmoù`m, 8B. àgwVr nümV/ JamoXanUmZ§Va nwa{dë`m OmUmè`m godm (H¥$n`m ñnï> H$am.)
Vm§~r B.) dmnaUo hr O~m~Xmar àm_w»`mZo {ó`m§Mr AgVo. 9. ~mcH$m§Mr H$miOr KoUmè`m godm
· ¹${MVM {ó`m Hw$Qw>§~ {Z`moOZmg§~§Yr O~m~Xmar KoVmV. 9A. cgrH$aU (0-6 d`moJQ>mVrc _wco)
· 0-6 df} d`moJQ>mVrc _wcm§À`m cgrH$aUmMo doimnÌH$ nmico OmVo
8 ~. nwéfm§Mr ^y{_H$m
· doimnÌH$ nmico OmV Zmhr
· nwê$fm§Zr Hw$Qw>§~ {Z`moOZm~m~V (eó{H«$`m, {ZamoY) O~m~Xmar
· JmdmVrc gd© _wcm§Mo cgrH$aU hmoB©c `mMr h_r KoVcr OmVo
KoÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$cr Amho.
· cgrH$aUmMr h_r KoVcr OmV Zmhr
· Hw$Qw>§~ {Z`moOZm~m~V nwê$f H$moUVrhr O~m~Xmar KoV ZmhrV.
9~. Hw$nmofUmcm Amim ~gmdm `mgmR>r `moOco OmUmao Cnm`
8H$. Hw$Qw>§~ {Z`moOZm~m~VÀ`m {ZU©`m§_Ü`o {ó`m§À`m _VmMm AmXa
· dOZmMo _moO_mn (XoIaoI)
· {ó`m§À`m _Vmcm _hËd Amho.
· C§MrMo _moO_mn (XoIaoI)
· {ó`m§Mo _V WmoS>çm\$ma à_mUmV {dMmamV KoVco OmVo.
· S>moŠ`mÀ`m KoamMo _moO_mn (XoIaoI)
· {ZU©` KoÊ`mV {ó`m§Zm H$moUVohr ñWmZ Zmhr.
· X§S>mÀ`m KoamMo _moO_mn (XoIaoI)
8S>. àgyVr-nyd©/JamoXanUmV (~mi§VnUmV) ¿`md`mMr H$miOr · nmofH$ Amhmam~m~V {ó`m§_Ü`o OmJê$H$Vm {Z_m©U H$aUo
· CnH|$Ð/àmW{_H$ Amamo½` H|$Ðm_Ü`o-àgwVr{df`H$ AZw^dr Am{U (ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda {nH$Umè`m ^mÁ`m, \$io, YmÝ` `m§nmgyZ Ho$ë`m
H$m¡eë` AgUmè`m H$_©Mmè`m§Mr CncãYVm. OmUmè`m nmH$H¥$VtMo (ImÊ`mÀ`m nXmWmªMo) àmË`{jH$ H$ê$Z XmI{dUo,
· JamoXa AgVmZmMr VnmgUr nag~mJoMo _hËd nQ>dyZ XoUo)
EH$Xm
10. ñdV:À`m Amamo½`m~m~VÀ`m {ZU©`m§_Ü`o {ó`m§Mm gh^mJ
XmoZdoim AWdm VrZ doim
3 nojm OmñV doim 10A. Hw$Qw>§~mVrc nwê$fM {ZU©` KoVmV
· JamoXa {ó`m§Zm {Z`{_VnUo cmohmÀ`m Jmoù`m§Mm nwadR>m Ho$cm OmVmo. 10~. {ó`m ñdV:M {ZU©` KoVmV
hmo` 10H$. {ZU©` g§`wº$nUo KoVco OmVmV
Zmhr
10S>. {ó`m§À`m Amamo½`mH$S>o Xwc©j hmoVo
· ~mi§VnU/àgyVr H$er Ho$cr OmVo?
g§ñWm (XdmImZm, àgyVrJ¥h, Amamo½` H|$Ð) 11. {H$emoad`rZ _wct_Ü`o OmUrd (nmofH$ Amhma, c¢{JH$ Amamo½`) {Z_m©U
· Kar, XmB©À`m _XVrZo (à{ejrV, à{ejrV Zgcocr ñnï> H$am) H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$co Jococo à`ËZ H$moUVo ho ñnï> H$am.
· Kar, XmB©À`m _XVr{edm`

105
 H$m`© 3 : H$m~mS> H$ï>mÀ`m H$m_m§~m~VMr gÚpñWVr
gmYZ 3 : JmdnmVirda {ó`m§~amo~a MMm© H$aÊ`mgmR>r VnmgUr `mXr (nmS>m/dmS>r/dñVrZwgma {ó`m§Mo JQ> V`ma H$aVm `oVrc)
1. {nÊ`mÀ`m d KaJwVr dmnamgmR>rÀ`m nmÊ`mÀ`m ómoVmMo A§Va
· 0-100 _rQ>a
· 100-500 _rQ>a
· 500 _rQ>a nojm OmñV A§Va
2. nmUr AmUÊ`mgmRr XaamoO cmJUmam doi
cmJUmam doi nmdgmim {hdmim CÝhmim
· AÜ`m© Vmgmn`ªV
· AYm© Vmg Vo 1 Vmg
· 1 Vmg Vo 3 Vmg
· 3 VmgmhÿZ OmñV
3. ñd`§nmH$mgmR>r dmnaco OmUmao ómoV
ñd`§nmH$mMo ómoV OmñVdoim dmna AYyZ-_YyZ dmna dmna Zmhr
1. cmHy$S>\$mQ>m
2. eoUmÀ`m Jmodè`m
3. H$moigm
4. am°Ho$c
5. Ec².nr.Or. (J°gMr Q>mH$s)
6. ~m`moJ°g
7. O¡d_mcmMm ñQ>moìh (eoV H$Mè`mVyZ ~Z{dcoco OiU/B§YZ)
8. gm¡a COm©

106
4. cmHy$S>\$mQ>m Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r XaamoO cmJUmam doi
cmJUmam doi
· AÜ`m©Vmgmn`ªV
· AYm© Vo EH$ Vmg
· EH$ Vmg Vo VrZ Vmg
· VrZ VmgmhÿZ A{YH$
5. ZdrZ CnOrdrH$m CnH«$_ gwê$ Ho$ë`m_wio dmT>cocm H$m_mMm ~moOm
CnOr{dH$m CnH«$_ nydu cmJUmam doi AmVm cmJUmam doi
1. eoVrer {ZJS>rV H$m_o (O{_Zrcm Ho$cm OmUmam nmUrnwadR>m (H$mcì`mÛmao B.),
O{_Zrdarc CnMma, {nH$m§À`m Z_wÝ`m_Ü`o ~Xc)
2. Xw½Yì`dgm`-OZmdam§Mr H$miOr (ñdÀN>Vm, MmaUo, XyY H$mT>Uo B.)
3. Mmam Jmoim H$aUo
4. eoir d _|T>r nmcZ
5. BVa (H¥$n`m ñnï> H$am)
6. KaH$m_m_Ü`o nwê$f Hw$Qw>§~ gXñ`, àm_w»`mZo àm¡T>m§Mm (nwéf) gh^mJ
KamVrc H$m_o Zoh_r AYyZ _YyZ H$YrM Zmhr
1. nmUr ^aUo
2. cmHy$S>\$mQ>m/ganU Jmoim H$aUo
3. ñd`§nmH$
4. H$nS>o/^m§S>r YwUo
5. KamVrc gm\$g\$mB©
6. _wcm§Mo g§§JmonZ (Am§Kmoi, OodU, AmOmanU, Aä`mg)
7. åhmVmè`m _mUgm§Mr H$miOr (àm_w»`mZo AmOmanUm§_Ü`o)

107
 H$m`© 4 : _mc_ÎmoÀ`m _mcH$s~m~VMr gÚpñWVr VnmgUo
gmYZ 4 : Jmofdmam Vº$m (Hw$Qw>§~ nmVirda ^aUo)

_mc_Îmm/g§gmYZm§Mr `mXr ì`º$sJV/ñdV§Ì _mcH$s g§`wº$ _mcH$s (Zdè`mgmo~V) _mcH$s Zmhr

1. Ka

2. CËnmXH$ (cmJdS>rgmR>r `mo½`) O_rZ

3. AZwËnmXH$ (cmJdS>rg A`mo½`) O_rZ

4. órYZ (ñdV:À`m c¾mV {_imcoco gmoÝ`mMo Xm{JZo)

5. amoI a¸$_, ~MV ~±Ho$_Ü`o/~MVJQ>m§_Ü`o

6. {_iH$V (n¡emÀ`m ñdê$nmVrc)

7. {ó`m§Mm {d_m H$mT>cocm Amho ({då`mMm hám {Z`{_VnUo/Xadfu ^acm OmVmo)

8. BVa (H¥$n`m ñnï> H$am)

108
 H$m`© 5 : Hw$Qw>§~ nmVirdarc {ZU©`m§~m~VMr gÚpñWVr
gmYZ 5 : gmam§e Vº$m (Hw$Qw>§~nmVirda nS>VmiUr H$aUo)

{d{dY _wÔo Am{U {ZU©`mMo ñdmV§Í` nadmZJrMr Amdí`H$Vm cmJV Zmhr, H$mhr doim nwê$fm§H$Sy>Z àË`oH$ doir nwê$fm§H$Sy>ZM
ñdV§ÌnUo {ZU©` KoVm `oVmo nadmZJr ¿`mdr cmJVo nadmZJr ¿`mdr cmJVo

1. H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ H$m_mÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo Kam~mhoa nS>Uo/~mOmamV OmUo

2. n[a{MV-_¡{ÌUtH$S>o/ZmVodmB©H$m§H$S>o OmUo

3. cmoH$m§Zm ^oQ>Uo, _oimì`m§Zm CnpñWV amhUo, AZmoiIr ì`º$ter ~mocUo

4. N>moQ>r/_moR>r IaoXr H$aUo, ñdV:À`m BÀN>oZwgma/_OuZwgma IM© H$aUo

5. Xm{JZo IaoXr H$aÊ`m~m~V {ZU©`

6. JmdnmVirdarc g§ñWm§À`m ~¡R>H$m§_Ü`o gh^mJr hmoUo
(g§`wº$ _{hcm g{_Vr, ñd`§-ghmæ`Vm JQ>,
_{hcm {dH$mg g{_Vr, J«m_g^m, Jmd {dH$mg g{_Vr)

109
 H$m`© 6 : amOH$s` gh^mJm~m~VMr gÚpñWVr
gmYZ 6 : {ZX}eH$m§Mr VnmgUr `mXr

{d{dY {ZX}eH$m§Mr `mXr hmo` Zmhr cmJy hmoV Zmhr

1. {ó`m§Mo àý, {ó`m§er {ZJS>rV _wX²Úm§da J«m_g^m§_Ü`o MMm© hmoVo

2. gmd©O{ZH$ ì`mgnrR>m§da {ó`m§Mo ApñVËd, Ë`m§Mm gh^mJ AgVmo ({d{dY g§ñWm§_Ü`o)
3. g§ñWm§_Ü`o {ó`m§Zm ^oX^mdmcm gm_moao Om`cm cmJVo
4. {ZU©` KoÊ`mÀ`m gd© à{H«$`m§_Ü`o {ó`m§Zm à{V{ZYrËd {_ioc `mgmR>r h_r KoVcr OmVo
5. {d{dY g§ñWm§_Ü`o qcJ^md Ag_mZVoÀ`m _wX²Úm§da MMm© hmoVo
6. {ó`m§Zm XoIrc ñdmV§Í` Am{U A{YH$ma AgmdoV hm g_O gd©gmYmaUnUo pñdH$maë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo
7. _{hcm {dH$mg g{_VrZo {ó`m§À`m gj_rH$aUm_Ü`o _hËdmMr ^y{_H$m ~Omdcr
8. {ZdSy>Z Amcoë`m _{hcm à{V{ZYtZm {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_ Am{U H$ë`mU `moOZm§~m~V _m{hVr Amho
9. Imcr Z_yX Ho$coë`m ~m~t~m~V, {ZdSy>Z Amcoë`m _{hcm à{V{ZYtMr CnpñWVr OmUdÊ`mBVH$s {XgyZ `oVo
9A. J«m_g^oÀ`m ~¡R>H$m§_Ü`o gH«$s` gh^mJ
9~. CnpñWV Ho$coë`m _wX²Úm§Mo ñdê$n (H¥$n`m ñnï> H$am)
9H$. {ó`m Am{U _wctgmR>r Ho$cocr {deof H$m_o/CnH«$_ (H¥$n`m ñnï> H$am)
9S>. {dH$mg `moOZm§_Ü`o cm^mÏ`mªMr {ZdS> H$aÊ`m_Yrc gh^mJ
9B. {Z`moOZm_Yrc gh^mJ
9\$. {dH$mg `moOZm§À`m A§_c~OmdUr_Yrc gh^mJ

110
 9J. cmoH$m§Zr/{ó`m§Zr àý _m§S>mdoV `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm àmoËgmhZ XoUo Am{U Ë`m§À`m gyMZm {_i{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo
9h. gmd©O{ZH$ ì`dñWm§_Yrc gh^mJ,
CXm.: aoeZ ì`dñWm, JmdmVrc godm-gw{dYm nwa{dUmè`m ì`dñWm, Amamo½`, {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMm nwadR>m, {ejU B.
10. à{ejU Am{U j_Vm ~m§YUrÀ`m H$m`©H«$_m§_Ü`o {ó`m§Mr CnpñWVr (Agë`mg ñnï> H$am)
11. emgH$s` H$_©Mmar/A{YH$mar, g§c¾ _§S>io, Am{U Cn^moJVm g{_Ë`m§er {ó`m§Mm g§dmX hmoVmo
12. Jmd nmVirda KoVco Jococo {ó¶m§gmR>rMo CnH«$_/H$m`©H«$_ (g{dñVa {bhm.)
· gd©gmYmaU dJmªgmR>tÀ`m H$m`©H«$_m§_Ü`o
· {deofV: {ó`m§gmR>r V`ma Ho$coco H$m`©H«$_
13. H$m`©H«$_m§À`m A§_c~OmdUr_Ü`o {ó`m gH«$s`nUo gh^mJr AmhoV (Agë`mg H$moUË`m àH$mao Vo ñnï> H$am)

111
 H$m`© 7 : CnOr{dH$m§À`m {Z{_©Vr~m~VMr gÚpñWVr VnmgUo
gmYZ 7 : VnmgUr `mXr

`mXr hmo` Zmhr cmJy Zmhr

1. nydunojm {ó`m A{YH$ Mm§Jcr a¸$_ {_idrV AmhoV.

2. g_mZ H$m_mgmR>r {ó`m§Zm g_mZ doVZ {_iVo.
3. {ó`m§_Yrc ~oamoOJmarMm àý hmVmicm Jocm.
4. nma§nm[aH$ CÚmoJY§Úm§_Ü`o H$m_ H$aUmè`m ór H$m_Jmam§Zm nmR>~i/AmYma nwa{dcm OmV Amho Am{U _mcm_Ü`o
d¡{dÜ` `mdo `mgmR>r à{ejU {Xco Amho.
5. H$m_mÀ`m Anma§nm[aH$ joÌmer g§~§{YV à{ejU {Xco Joco. {ó`m Anm§anm[aH$ joÌ Am{U ZdrZ joÌm_Ü`o H$m_
H$ê$ cmJë`m AmhoV. Oa `mMo CÎma hmo` Agoc Va H¥$n`m Ë`m H$aVm Agcoë`m H$m_m§Mr `mXr H$am.
6. gmR>dUyH$, à{H«$`m Am{U _mcmÀ`m/CËnmXZmÀ`m {dH«$sÀ`m emóm~m~V {ó`m§Zm à{ejU {Xco Amho.
Ë`m§À`m ~mocUr H$aÊ`mÀ`m H$m¡eë`m_Ü`o dmT> Pmcr Amho.
7. {ó`m§Zm ì¶dgm¶ H$aʶmgmR>r H$ƒm ‘mb CncãY Amho. (ñnï> H$am ì¶dgm¶mMo Zmd d ‘mbmMo ñdê$n)
8. Vm§{ÌH$ kmZ {_i{dUo, {ó`m§Zm eŠ` Pmco Amho.
9. {d{dY _m{hVr {_iUo {ó`m§Zm eŠ` Pmco Amho.
10. H$m`©H«$_ am~{dcm Joë`m_wio {ó`m§À`m n¡go {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m j_Vo_Ü`o, EHy$UM Z¡nwÊ`, g§KQ>ZmË_H$ H$m¡eë`o,
dmQ>mKmQ>r H$aÊ`mÀ`m j_VoV dmT> Pmcr Amho.
11. CnH«$_m§Ûmao emœV CnOr{dH$m§Mr {Z{_©Vr Pmcr Amho Am{U CËnÞ VgoM n¡gm {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m eŠ`Vo_Ü`o
gwYmaUm Pmcr Amho (H¥$n`m ñnï> H$am).

112
 H$m`© 8 : JmdmVrc {ó`m§Mr gÚpñWVr VnmgUo
gmYZ 8 : VnmgUr `mXr
`mXr hmo` Zmhr

1. {ó`m§Mo Kam~mhoa nS>Uo, doJdoJù`m CnH«$_mV gh^mJr hmoÊ`mÀ`m à_mUmV dmT> Pmcr Amho
2. nma§nm[aH$ qcJmYm[aV l_m§À`m/H$m_m§À`m {d^mJUrMr Mm¡H$Q> _moS>Uo Am{U Anma§nm[aH$ H$m_m_Ü`o gh^mJ
3. gm_m{OH$ àým§da {ó`m§Zr {ZU©` KoUo `mg _mÝ`Vm {_imcr Amho (pñdH$maco Joco Amho)
4. {ó`m§Zm ì`º$sJV Am{U Am{W©H$ nmVirda ñdmV§Í` Amho, Ë`m§Mm AmË_{dœmg dmT>cm Amho
5. Hw$Qw>§~ VgoM g_mOmVrc {ó`m§Mm gh^mJ dmT>cm Amho
6. g_mOmVrc {ZU©` KoÊ`mgmR>r Agcoë`m ì`mgnrR>m§darc {ó`m§À`m gh^mJmV dmT> {XgVo
7. Am{W©H$ ñdmdc§~Zm_wio {ó`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m ñdV:À`m n¡emMo {Z`§ÌU H$aUo eŠ` Pmco Amho
8. {ejU Am{U à{ejUmer {ZJS>rV CnH«$_m§_Ü`o {ó`m§Mm gh^mJ dmT>cm Amho
9. gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{U amOH$s` CnH«$_m§_Ü`o {ó`m gH«$s`nUo gh^mJr hmoVmV
10. Jmd nmVirdarc g§ñWm§_Ü`o {ó`m ZoV¥ËdñWmZr AmhoV
11. J«m_n§Mm`VrV\}$ A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mV `oUmè`m {d{dY {dH$mg `moOZm§_Ü`o {ó`m§À`m JaOm Am{U àým§Zm àmYmÝ`H«$_ {Xcm Amho
(CÎma hmoH$mamWu Agë`mg ñnï> H$am)
12. emgH$s` `moOZm/H$m`©H«$_ Oo {ó`m§gmR>r ~Z{dco AmhoV Ë`m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr JmdmV Ho$cr OmVo (hmoH$mamWu Agë`mg, ñnï> H$am.)
13. {ó`m§À`m gwa{jVoV dmT> Pmcr Amho Am{U {ó`m§da hmoUmè`m qhgmMmamMo à_mU KQ>co Amho
14. gd©gmYmaU qcJ JwUmoÎmamMo {MÌ \$mago ZH$mamË_H$ Zmhr
15. 0-6 d`moJQ>mVrc qcJ JwUmoÎma ZH$mamË_H$ Zmhr

113
 H$m`© 9 : {ó`m§darc qhgmMmam~m~V JmdmVrc gÚpñWVr VnmgUo
H$m`© 9 : àJ{VnÌH$

{ó`m§darc qhgmMma (gmYmaU {H$Vr hm AmH$S>m Úmdm) OmñV _Ü`_ H$_r

9A. _mJrc 5 dfmª_Ü`o {ó`m§À`m ~m~VrV KS>Umè`m H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm

9~. _mJrc 5 dfmª_Ü`o Jmdm_Ü`o KS>Umè`m ór {damoYr AË`mMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm

9H$. _mJrc 5 dfmª_Ü`o Jmdm_Ü`o Zm|X H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m hþ§S>m~irMr g§»`m

(hmoH$mamWu CÎma Agë`mg, H¥$n`m ñnï> H$am)

9S>. JmdmV Xmê$~§Xr Amho Zmhr

114
 H$m`© 10 : _mJrc dfm©_Yrc {dH$mg àH$ën/g§gmYZm§À`m dmQ>nm_Ü`o Agcoco {ó`m§Mo ñWmZ VnmgUo
gmYZ: gmam§e Vº$m

A§_c~OmdUr Ho$coë`m {ó`m§Zm g§gmYZm§À`m JmdmVrc {d{dY OmVrO_mVt_Yrc ór cm^mWu

`moOZm/{dH$mg àH$ën dmQ>nmV {_imcocm {hñgm
IwcmJQ AZwgy{MV OmVr AZwgy{MV O_mVr BVa n[aKmdarc
d§{MV OmVr
(ñnï> H$am)
A> ~ H$ S>
{ddm{hV EH$Q>çm {ddm{hV EH$Q>çm {ddm{hV EH$Q>çm {ddm{hV EH$Q>çm

J«m_n§Mm`VrÀ`m EHy$U dm{f©H$ A§XmOnÌH$m_Yrc 10% a¸$_ hr {ó`m§gmR>r amIyZ

R>odcocr AgVo Ë`mMm Pmcocm dmna ñnï> H$am

df© KoVcoë`m CnH«$_mMo Zmd {_imcocr a¸$_ ór cm^mÏ`mªMr g§»`m OmVrZwgma

2008-2009

2007-2008

115
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n[a{eï> _w§~B© J«m_n§Mm¶V A{Y{Z¶_, 1958 ¶mV AmUIr gwYmaUm H$aʶmH$[aVm A{Y{Z¶_.

1959 Mm _w§~B© 3, ¶m AWv, amÁ¶ {dYmZ_§S>imÀ¶m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Mo A{YdoeZ Mmcy

2003 Mm _hm. ZìhVo. Am{U ¶mAWu, ¶mV ¶mnwT>o {Xcoë¶m à¶moOZm§H$arVm, _w§~B©
_hmamï´> emgZ amOnÌ Aܶm. 5 J«m_n§Mm¶V A{Y{Z¶_, 1958 ¶mV AmUIr gwYmaUm H$aʶmH$[aVm,
AgmYmaU 2003 Mm _hm. _hmamï´>mÀ¶m amÁ¶nmcm§Zr VmVS>rZo H$m¶©dmhr H$aUo Or_wio Amdí¶H$
àm{YH¥$V àH$meZ Aܶm.7 ìhmdr Aer n[apñWVr ApñVËdmV Agë¶m~X²Xc ˶m§Mr ImÌr nQ>cr
================================================== hmoVr; Am{U åhUyZ ˶m§Zr {XZm§H$ 17 OyZ 2003 amoOr _w§~B©
ewH«$dma, Am°JñQ> 1, 2003 / lmdU 10, eHo$ 1925 J«m_n§Mm¶V (gwYmaUm) AܶmXoe, 2003 Am{U 2 Owb¡, 2003 amoOr
================================================== _w§~B© J«m_n§Mm¶V (Xwgar gwYmaUm) AܶmXoe 2003 àñWm{nV Ho$bo hmoVo.
ñdV§Ì g§H$cZ åhUyZ ’$mB©c H$aʶmgmR>r ¶m ^mJmcm doJio n¥ð> H«$_m§H$ {Xco AmhoV. Am{U ¶mAWu, CŠV AܶmXoem§Mo amÁ¶ {dYmZ_§S>imÀ¶m EH${ÌV
------------ A{Y{Z¶_mV énm§Va H$aUo Bï> Amho; ˶mAWu, ^maVr¶ JUamÁ¶mÀ¶m
^mJ Mma Mm¡nÞmì¶m dfu, ¶mìXmao, nwT>rc A{Y{Z¶_ H$aʶm§V ¶oV Amho.
_hmamï´> {dYmZ_§S>imMo A{Y{Z¶_ d amÁ¶nmcm§Zr ໶m{nV Ho$coco AܶmXoe d Ho$coco {d{Z¶_
--------- g§{já Zm§d d 1. (1) ¶m A{Y{Z¶_mg, _w§~B© J«m_n§Mm¶V (Xwgar gwYmaUm)
AZwH«$_{UH$m àma§^ A{Y{Z¶_, 2003 Ago åhUmdo
------------------------------------------------------ H$ ¶m A{Y{Z¶_mMr H$c_o 4 d 6, {XZm§H$ 14 OmZodmar
gZ 2003 Mm _hmamï´> A{Y{Z¶_ H«$_m§H$ 23 - _w§~B© J«m_n§Mm¶V A{Y{Z¶_, 1958, ¶mV AmUIr 2003 amoOr A§_cmV Amcr Agë¶mMo _mZݶmV ¶oB©c; Am{U
gwYmaUm H$aʶmgmR>r A{Y{Z¶_. n¥ï> 246-252 I ¶m A{Y{Z¶_mMr H$c_o 2,3 d 5, {XZm§H$ 2 Owc¡ 2003 amoOr
-------------------------------------------------------- A§_cmV Amcr Agë¶mMo _mZݶmV ¶oB©c.
{XZm§H$ 31 Owc¡ 2003 amoOr _m. amÁ¶nmcm§Zr g§_Vr {Xcocm, _hmamï´> {dYmZ_§S>imMm nwT>rc gZ 1959 Mm 2 _w§~B© J«m_n§Mm¶V A{Y{Z¶_, 1958 (¶mV ¶mnwT>o 1959 Mm
A{Y{Z¶_ _m{hVrgmR>r ¶mìXmao à{gÜX H$aʶmV ¶oV Amho. _w§~B© A{Y{Z¶_ ¶mMm {ZX©oe ""_w»¶ A{Y{Z¶_'' 1959 Mm Agm _w§~B© 3
à{V_m C_aOr, H«$_m§H$ 3 ¶mÀ¶m H$aʶmV Amcm Amho), ¶mÀ¶m H$c_ 3 _ܶo,- _w§~B© 3
àYmZ g{Md, H$c_ 49 Mr
_hmamï´> emgZ gwYmaUm H$ I§S> (H$-3) Z§Va nwT>rc I§S> g_m{dï> H$aʶmV ¶oB©c -
{dYr d ݶm¶ {d^mJ ""(H$-4)''""cm^mWu ñVa Cn-g{_Vr'' ¶mMm AW© J«m_n§Mm¶Vr _Yrc
------------ dg{VñWmZ (à^mJ, dñVr, dmS>r, Vm§S>m, nmS>m qH$dm H$moU˶mhr
Zm§dmZo g§~moYʶmV ¶oUmao Ago ñdV§Ì dg{VñWmZ) qH$dm ˶mMm ^mJ
gZ 2003 Mm _hmamï´> A{Y{Z¶_ H«$_m§H$ 23 ¶mMr ^m¡Jmo{cH$, ^y-Ocemór¶, V§Ìemór¶, AW©emór¶, gm‘m{OH$
(_m. amÁ¶nmcm§Mr g§_Vr {_imë¶mZ§Va ""_hmamï´> emgZ amOnÌmV '' Am{U cmoH$g§»¶memór¶ pñWVr {dMmamV KoD$Z EImXm, {d{eï>
{XZm§H$ 1 Am°JñQ> 2003 amoOr àW_ à{gÜX Ho$coco A{Y{Z¶_) H$m¶©H«$_, ¶moOZm H$m¶© qH$dm Cn¶wŠVVm ¶m§À¶m H$[aVm H$c_
49-H$ AÝd¶o KQ>rV H$aʶmV Amcocr Cn-g{_Vr Agm Amho;''

121
 (I) I§S> (24) Z§Va, nwT>rc I§S> g_m{dï> H$aʶmV ¶oB©c :-
""(24-H$)'' ""J«m_{dH$mg g{_Vr'' ¶mMm AW©, H$c_ 49 AÝd¶o K{Q>V
H$aʶmV Amcocr g{_Vr Agm Amho, ¶oB©c'';
3 _w»¶ A{Y{Z¶_mÀ¶m H$c_ 49 Eodmr, nwT>rc H$c_o XmIc
H$aʶmV ¶oVrc :-
J«m‘{dH$mg 49 (1) J«m_g^m, n§Mm¶Vrer {dMma{d{Z_¶ H$éZ, n§Mm¶VrMo gXñ¶,
g{‘˶m J«m_n§Mm¶V joÌmV H$m_ H$aUmè¶m g_yhmYm[aV g§KQ>Zm§Mo à{V{ZYr,
n§Mm¶Vr, {Oëhm n[afX, amÁ¶ emgZ Am{U _VXma ¶m§Mo J«m_
ñVamdarc H$m¶©H$V©o, ¶m§À¶m_YyZ, H$moU˶mhr ZmdmZo g§~moYʶmV
¶oVrc Aem EH$ qH$dm A{YH$ J«m_{dH$mg g{_˶m K{Q>V H$arc.
(2) Aem g{_VrMr _wXV n§Mm¶VrÀ¶m ‘wXVrEdT>r Agoc.
(3) Aem g{_˶m, AZwgyMr EH$ _ܶo Z_yX Ho$coco {df¶ d H$m¶©o
¶m§~m~V n§Mm¶Vrer {dMma {d{Z_¶ H$éZ, J«m_g^oH$Sy>Z à˶m¶mo{OV
H$aʶmV ¶oVrc qH$dm Zo_yZ XoʶmV ¶oVrc Aem A{YH$mam§Mm dmna
H$aVrc, Am{U n§Mm¶VrMr Aer H$V©ì¶o d H$m_o, nma nmS>Vrc
Am{U J«m_g^m, {Oëhm n[afX, emgZ qH$dm BVa H$moUVohr gj_
àm{YH$aU ¶m§À¶mH$Sy>Z n§Mm¶VrH$So>, doimodoir gmonʶmV ¶oVrc Aer
n§Mm¶Vrer g§~§{YV qH$dm {VÀ¶mer g§c¾ Agcocr BVa H$m_o d
H$m¶©o nma nmS>Vrc. J«m_g^ocm n§Mm¶VrMo gd©gmYmaU n¶©dojU
Am{U {Z¶§ÌU ¶m§Zm AYrZ amhÿZ, Aem g{_˶m§À¶m H$m¶©nÜXVrMo
{Z¶_Z H$aVm ¶oB©c.
(4) J«m_{dH$mg g{_VrVrc gXñ¶m§Mr EHy$U g§»¶m, ~mamnojm H$_r Zgoc
Am{U Mmodrgnojm OmñV Zgoc :
na§Vy
(H$) {VÀ¶m gXñ¶m§n¡H$s EH$ -V¥Vr¶m§em§nojm H$_r ZgVrc BVHo$ gXñ¶
n§Mm¶VrÀ¶m gXñ¶m§_Yrc AgVrc;
(I) {VÀ¶m gXñ¶m§n¡H$s EH$-pìXVr¶m§emnojm H$_r ZgVrc BVHo$ gXñ¶
_{hcm AgVrc; Am{U
(J) ˶m ~m~VrV emgZmH$Sy>Z {d{Z{X©ï> H$aʶmV ¶oB©c Aem g§»¶oVrc
gXñ¶, AZwgy{MV OmVr, AZwgy{MV O_mVr, {d_wŠV OmVr d ^Q>Š¶m
O_mVr (¶mV ¶mnwT>o ¶mMm CëcoI""Xw~©c dJ©''Agm H$aʶmV Amcm Amho)
¶mVrc AgVrc; na§Vw AmUIr Ago H$s, Ooìhm J«m_{dH$mg g{‘Vr hr
122
Ho$di _{hcm§À¶m qH$dm Xw~©c dJm©À¶m {hVmgmR>r H$amd¶mMo EImXo H¥${V
H$m¶©H«$_, ¶moOZm qH$dm Cn¶wŠVVm ¶m§À¶m à¶momZmgmR>r K{Q>V H$aʶmV
Amcr Agoc Voìhm Aem g{_Vr_Yrc _{hcm gXñ¶m§Mo qH$dm ¶WmpñW{V,
Xw~©c dJ© gXñ¶m§Mo g§»¶m~i ho g{_Vr gXñ¶m§À¶m EHy$U g§»¶oÀ¶m VrZ
- MVwWmªemnojm H$_r AgUma Zmhr;
(K) J«m_g^m, J«m_{dH$mg g{_Vr_ܶo, J«m_ _{hcm _§S>i qH$dm ¶m à¶moOZmgmR>r
{deof[a˶m ~mocm{dʶmV Amcocr _{hcm _VXmam§Mr J«m_g^m ¶m§À¶mH$Sy>Z
{e’$mag H$aʶmV ¶oB©c Aem _{hcm gXñ¶m§Mo gm_mݶnUo Zm_{ZX©oeZ
H$arc. nwago o H$maU Agco Va Vo H$m_H$mOm_ܶo Z_yX H$éZ _JM J«m_g^ocm
Aer H$moUVrhr {e’$mag ZmH$maVm ¶oB©c;
(S>) J«m_g^ocm, {VÀ¶m ñdoÀN>m{ZU©¶mZwgma, _{hcm _§S>io, ¶wW Šc~ ¶wdH$
g§K B˶mXr gma»¶m H$moU˶mhr J«m_ñVamdarc g§ñWm§À¶m gXñ¶m§Zm ng§VrH«$_
XoVm ¶oB©c;
(M) J«m_g^ocm, {ejH$, VcmR>r, A§JUdmS>r go{dH$m, JmdmVrc nmUrdmco
J«m_rU Amamo½¶ godH$, ¶m§gmaIo J«m_rU ^mJmV H$m_ H$aUmao emgZmMo,
{Z_-emgZmMo, {Oëhm n[afXoMo J«m_ñVamdarc H$moUVohr A{YH$mar qH$dm
H$_©Mmar ¶m§Zm XoIrc, H$moU˶mhr ~m~tda qH$dm ~m~tda ghmæ¶ H$aʶmÀ¶m
qH$dm gëcm XoʶmÀ¶m à¶moOZmgmR>r J«m_{dH$mg g{_VrÀ¶m g^ocm qH$dm
g^m§Zm hOa amhʶmgmR>r {deof Am_§{ÌV åhUyZ ~mocmdVm ¶oB©c. Aem
Am_§{ÌV Ho$coë¶m A{YH$mè¶mcm H$m_H$mOm_ܶo ^mJ KoVm ¶oB©c, na§Vw
˶mcm _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma AgUma Zmhr.
(5) nmoQ>-H$c_ 1 AÝd¶o K{Q>V Ho$cocr J«m_{dH$mg g{_Vr hr n§Mm¶VrMr
g{_Vr Agë¶mMo _mZʶmV ¶oB©c Am{U Vr, n§Mm¶VrÀ¶m gd©H$f
n¶©dojUmImcr d {Z¶§ÌUmImcr Agoc. n§Mm¶VrMr àemgH$s¶ ¶§ÌUm
Oer n§Mm¶Vrcm ghmæ¶ H$aVo VerM Vr Aem g{_Vrcm ghmæ¶ H$arc.
(6) J«m_{dH$mg g{_VrÀ¶m coIm§Mo dm{f©H$ {ddaU d H$m_H$mm, X¡Z{§ XZ gmo¶rgmR>r
ñdV§ÌnUo R>do ʶmV ¶oBc© d OVZ H$aʶmV ¶oBc © , _mÌ n§Mm¶V A{^coImMm,
co»¶m§Mm d H$m_H$mOmMm Vmo A{d^mÁ¶ ^mJ Agoc, Am{U n§Mm¶Vr_m’©$V,
n§Mm¶VrÀ¶m dm{f©H$ AW©gH§ $ënmcm _mݶVm XoʶmÀ¶m Am{U dm{f©H$ co»¶m§Zm
‘§Oaw r XoʶmÀ¶m à¶momZmgmR>r {deofar˶m ~mocm{dʶmV Amcoë¶m J«m_g^oÀ¶m
g^o_ܶo, Vo gmXa H$aʶmV ¶oB©c.
 (7) J«m_{dH$mg g{_VrMo A{YH$ma, H$V©ì¶o Am{U H$m¶©o H$mTy>Z KoʶmÀ¶m Am{U
J«m_n§Mm¶Vrcm, ˶m§Mr H$m¶© naV KoD$ XoʶmÀ¶m à¶moOZmgmR>r Img
~mocm{dcoë¶m ~¡R>H$s_ܶo CnpñWV Agcoë¶m Am{U _VXmZ H$aUmè¶m
gXñ¶m§À¶m XmoZ-V¥Vr¶m§emnojm H$_r Zmhr BVŠ¶m ~hþ_VmZo, AgmYmaU
n[apñWVr_ܶo, Aer n[apñWVr Z_yX H$éZ Am{U {Vcm _mݶVm XoD$Z
J«m_g^oìXmao Vgo R>a{dco Agë¶mIoarO, gm_mݶV: n§Mm¶V, J«m_g^oH$Sy>Z
J«m_{dH$mg g{_VrH$So> gmon{dʶmV Amcoë¶m A{YH$mam§Mm dmna H$aUma
Zmhr Am{U {VMr H$V©ì¶o Am{U H$m¶© nma nmS>Uma Zmhr.
(8) (H$) J«m_{dH$mg g{_VrMo EH$Xm {Z¶wŠV Ho$coco gXñ¶, nwT>rc ~m~r
dJiVm, nmoQ>-H$c_ (2) VaVyX Ho$cocm ˶m§Mm nXmdYr g_má
hmoʶmnydu, nXmdéZ Xya H$aʶmV ¶oUma Zmhr qH$dm naV ~mocmdco
OmUma ZmhrV :-
(EH$) ˶m à¶moOZmgmR>r ¶oWmo{MV[a˶m ~mocm{dcoë¶m ~¡R>H$s_ܶo
J«m_g^oZo Vgm ñnï> {ZU©¶ g§_V Ho$cm Agë¶mIoarO, qH$dm
(XmoZ) Aem gXñ¶mcm, H$c_ 14 _ܶo, n§Mm¶V gXñ¶m§gmR>r
{d{Z{X©ï> Ho$coë¶mn¡H$s H$moUVrhr {Zah©Vm cmJy Agë¶mIoarO;
(I) J«m_{dH$mg g{_VrÀ¶m gXñ¶mMm _¥Ë¶y, ˶mMm amOrZm_m, ˶mcm
nXmdéZ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Uo qH$dm naV ~mocmdUo qH$dm Aݶ àH$maMr
gXñ¶mMr {Zah©Vm ¶m_wio [aŠV Pmcoco H$moUVohr nX nmoQ>-H$c_o
(1), (2) Am{U (4)¶m AÝd¶o VaVyX Ho$ë¶mà_mUo ^aʶmV ¶oB©c.
(9) Z{dZ n§Mm¶V K{Q>V Pmë¶mda, ZdrZ n§Mm¶V K{Q>V Pmë¶mnmgyZ n§MMo mirg
{Xdgm§À¶m Am§V J«m_{dH$mg g{_Vr nwZK©{Q>V H$aʶmV ¶oB©c:
na§Vw, AmYrÀ¶m g{_VrÀ¶m gXñ¶m§Zm, Vo AݶWm nmÌ AgVrc Va, ZdrZ
g{_Vrda nwZ©{Z¶wŠVrgmR>r H$moUVrhr AmS>H$mR>r H$aʶmV ¶oUma Zmhr.
bm^mWu 49- (1) H$c_ 49 À¶m nmoQ >- H$c_ 1 AÝd¶o K{Q>V H$aʶmV Amcoë¶m J«m_{dH$mg
ñVa H$ g{_Vrcm, n§Mm¶Vrer {dMma{d{Z_¶ H$éZ Am{U J«m_g^oÀ¶m nyd©_mݶVoZo
Cn-g{‘Vr Am{U Bï> dmQ>ë¶mg, n§Mm¶V joÌmVrc dñVrMr ^m¡Jmo{cH$, ^yOcemór¶,
V§Ìemó{df¶H$, Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d cmoH$g§»¶m{df¶H$ pñWVr
{dMmamV KoD$Z, Ho$di ˶m dñVrgmR>rM Agcoë¶m {dÚ_mZ qH$dm àñVm{dV
H¥$Vr H$m¶©H«$_, ¶moOZm AWdm Cn¶mo{JVm ¶m§À¶m cm^mWu _VXmam§À¶m
{ZdS>UyH$sH$arVm åhUyZ KoʶmV ¶oUmè¶m ~¡R>H$s_ܶo ¶mV à˶oH$ cm^mWu
123
Hw$Qy>§~mcm EH$ _V Agoc - EH$ cm^mWu ñVa Cn-g{_Vr K{Q>V H$aVm
¶oB©c.
(2) Aem g{_VrMr _wXV n§Mm¶VrÀ¶m _wXVrEdT>r Agoc.
(3) J«m_{dH$mg g{_Vrcm, J«m_n§Mm¶VrÀ¶m _mݶVoZo, {d{Z{X©ï> H¥$Vr H$m¶©H«$_,
¶moOZm qH$dm Cn¶mo{JVoÀ¶m g§~§YmVrc {VMo A{YH$ma, àm{YH$ma, H$m¶©
Am{U H$V©ì¶o cm^mWu ñVa Cn-g{_VrH$So> gmondVm ¶oVrc.
(4) cm^mWu ñVa Cn-g{_VrVrc gXñ¶m§Mr EHy$U g§»¶m ~mamhÿZ A{YH$
AgUma Zmhr :
na§Vw
(H$) cm^mWu ñVa Cn-g{_Vr Á¶mgmR>r K{Q>V Ho$cr Agoc Aem ¶moOZoM,o
H¥$Vr H$m¶©H«$_mMo qH$dm Cn¶mo{JVoMo Oo cm^mWu AmhoV Ago n§Mm¶V
gXñ¶ ho Aem cm^mWu ñVa Cn-g{_VrMo gXñ¶ AgVrc;
(I) g{_VrÀ¶m gXñ¶m§n¡H$s EH$ ìXrVr¶m§emnojm H$_r ZgVrc BVHo$
gXñ¶ _{hcm AgVrc; Am{U
(J) ¶m ~m~VrV emgZmH$Sy>Z {d{Z{X©ï> H$aʶmV ¶oB©c VodT>¶m à_mUmV
CŠV g{_Vrdarc nXo amIyZ R>odʶmV ¶oVrc d Vr Xw~©c KQ>H$mVrc
gXñ¶m§_YyZ ^aʶmV ¶oVrc.
(5) cm^mWu ñVa Cn-g{_Vr, Vr ¶mgmR>r K{Q>V H$aʶmV Amcr Agoc Ago
H¥$Vr H$m¶©H«$_, ¶moOZm qH$dm Cn¶mo{JVm ¶m§À¶m g§~§YmVrc A{YH$mam§Mm
dmna H$arc Am{U ˶m§À¶mer g§~§{YV H$V©ì¶o Am{U H$m¶©o nma nmS>rc
Am{U Vr g§~§{YV J«m_{dH$mg g{_VrMo gd©H$f AYrjU, {Z¶§ÌU Am{U
_mJ©Xe©Z ¶m§Zm AYrZ Agoc.
(6) (H$) EH$Xm {Z¶wŠV Ho$coë¶m cm^mWu ñVa Cn-g{_VrÀ¶m gXñ¶m§Zm nwT>rc
~m~r dJiVm, nmoQ>-H$c_ (2) _ܶo VaVyX Ho$cocm ˶m§Mm nXmdYr
g_má hmoʶmnydu, nXmdéZ Xya H$aʶmV ¶oUma Zmhr qH$dm naV
~mocmdco OmUma ZmhrV :-
(EH$) ˶m à¶moOZmgmR>r ¶Wmo{MV[a˶m ~mocm{dcoë¶m ~¡R>H$s_ܶo
J«m_g^oZo qH$dm ¶WmpñWVr, H¥$Vr H$m¶©H«$_, ¶moOZm qH$dm
Ho$cm Agë¶mIoarO, qH$dm
(XmoZ) Aem gXñ¶mcm, H$c_ 14 _ܶo, n§Mm¶V gXñ¶m§gmR>r
{d{Z{X©ï> Ho$coë¶mn¡H$s H$moUVrhr {ZahVm© cmJy Agë¶mIoarO;
 (I) cm^mWu ñVa Cn-g{_VrÀ¶m gXñ¶mMm _¥Ë¶y, ˶mMm amOrZm_m,
˶mcm nXmdéZ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Uo dm naV ~mocmdUo qH$dm Aݶ àH$maMr
gXñ¶mMr {Zah©Vm ¶m_wio [aŠV Pmcoco H$moUVohr - nX nmoQ> - H$c_o
(1), (2) Am{U (4) ¶mImcr VaVyX H$aʶmV Amë¶mà_mUo ^aʶmV
¶oB©c.
(7) ZdrZ n§Mm¶V K{Q>V Pmë¶mda, ZdrZ n§Mm¶V K{Q>V Pmë¶mnmgyZ n§MMo mirg
{Xdgm§À¶m Am§V, cm^mWu ñVa Cn-g{_Vr nyZK©{Q>V H$aʶmV ¶oB©c :
na§Vw AmYrÀ¶m g{_VrÀ¶m gXñ¶m§Zm, AݶWm Vo nmÌ AgVrc Va, ZdrZ
g{_Vrda nwZ{Z©¶wŠVrgmR>r H$moUVrhr AmS>H$mR>r H$aʶmV ¶oUma Zmhr.
4 _w»¶ {Z¶_mÀ¶m H$c_ 160 _Yrc nmoQ> - H$c_ (1) gZ 1959 Mm
_ܶo, I§S> (H$) Z§Va, nwT>rc na§VwH$ ‘w~§ B© A{Y{Z¶‘
OmXm XmIc H$aʶmV ¶oB©c :- H«$‘m§H$ 2
""na§Vw, ¶oWo JmdmÀ¶m hÔr_ܶo g_m{dï> Agcoco ¶m§À¶m H$b‘
H$moUVohr ñWm{ZH$ joÌ, Aem Jm§dmÀ¶m ñWm{ZH$ 160 Mr
joÌmVyZ dJicoco Agoc Am{U Aem {dÚ_mZ gwYmaUm.
JmdmÀ¶m cmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m Xhm Q>ŠŠ¶m§hÿZ A{YH$
cmoH$g§»¶m, H$moU˶mhr àH$mao ~m{YV Z hmoVm qH$dm
Zì¶mZo Kmo{fV Ho$coë¶m Jmdm_ܶo ñWcm§VarV Z hmoVm
Vo Ho$di àH$ën ~m{YV 춊VtÀ¶m nyZd©gZmgmR>rMo
doJio Jm§d Agë¶mMo Kmo{fV Ho$co Agoc Va, Aem
àH$aUmV, ¶m I§S>m_ܶo qH$dm ˶mdoir A_cmV Agcoë¶m
BVa H$moU˶mhr H$m¶Úm_ܶo H$mhrhr A§V^y©V Agco Var,
AemàH$mao ñWm{ZH$ joÌ dJiUo Am{U ˶mÀ¶m n[aUm_r
{dÚ_mZ Jm§dmÀ¶m hÔrV hmoUmam ~Xc hm, H$c_ 4 Mo
nmoQ>-H$c_ (2)Am{U H$c_ 160 Mo nmoQ>-H$c_ (1)
¶m_ܶo A{^àoV Agë¶mà_mUo Aem JmdmÀ¶m hÔrVrc ~Xc
Agë¶mMo _mZʶmV ¶oUma Zmhr Am{U ¶m I§S>mV VaVyX
Ho$ë¶mà_mUo Aem {dÚ_mZ ~m{YV JmdmMr {dÚ_mZ n§Mm¶V
{dg{O©V Pmë¶mMo _mZʶmV ¶oUma Zmhr Am{U n§Mm¶VrMo gd©
gXñ¶, ˶m§À¶m _wXVrÀ¶m Cd©[aV H$mcmdYrgmR>r Aem
n§Mm¶VrMo gXñ¶ AgUo gwé amhrc''
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5. _w»¶ A{Y{Z¶_mÀ¶m H$c_ 176 À¶m nmoQ>-H$c_ gZ 1959 Mm
(2) À¶m I§S> (Xhm-H$) Z§Va nwT>rc I§S> g_m{dï> ‘w~§ B© A{Y{Z¶‘
H$aʶmV ¶oB©c :- H«$‘m§H$ 3
""(Xhm-I) H$c_ 49 d 49-H$ ¶m AÝd¶o, ¶mÀ¶m H$b‘
¶mgmR>r {Z¶_ H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Agoc Aem 176 Mr
H$moU˶mhr ~m~tgmR>r qH$dm gd©gmYmaUnUo gwYmaUm
CŠV H$c_m§Mr à¶moOZo nma nmS>ʶmgmR>r.
2003 Mm 6 (1) _w»¶ A{Y{Z¶_ H$c_ 4 AÝd¶o H$mT>ʶmV Amcocr H$moUVrhr A{YgyMZm,
‘hm. 23 qH$dm _w§~B© J«m_n§Mm¶V (Xwgar gwYmaUm) A{Y{Z¶_, 2003 Mm H$c_ 4
hm A§_cmV Amë¶mÀ¶m {XZm§H$mcm qH$dm ˶mZ§Va, _w»¶ A{Y{Z¶_mImcr
H$mT>ʶmV Amcocm H$moUVmhr AmXoe, {ZXoe qH$dm gyMZm, H$Yrhr H$mT>ʶmV
Amcocr ZìhVr Ago _mZʶmV ¶oB©c Am{U A{YgyMZm, AmXoe, {ZXoe
qH$dm, ¶WmpñWVr, gyMZm H$mTʶmÀ¶m n[aUm_r, ¶mÀ¶m {g_m§_ܶo ’o$a’$ma
H$aʶmV Amco AmhoV Aer {dÚ_mZ J«m_n§Mm¶V {dg{O©V hmoUma Zmhr
qH$dm {VMo H$Yrhr {dgO©Z Pmco ZìhVo Ago _mZʶmV ¶oB©c, Am{U Aem
n§Mm¶VrÀ¶m H$moU˶mhr gXñ¶mZo, ˶mMo nX H$Yrhr gmoS>co ZìhVo Ago
_mZʶmV ¶oB©c Am{U ˶mZwgma, Aem n§Mm¶VrZo gd© gXñ¶ ˶m§Mr _wXV
nyU© hmoB©n¶©V gXñ¶ åhUyZ nXmda amhVrc Am{U Vo gVV nXmda hmoVo
Ago _mZʶmV ¶oB©c.
(2) Aem {dÚ_mZ n§Mm¶VrÀ¶m gr_m§_ܶo ’o$a’$ma H$aUmar _w»¶ A{Y{m¶_mÀ¶m
H$c_ 4 Imcrc A{YgyMZm, _w§~B© J«m_n§Mm¶V (Xwgar gwYmaUm)
A{Y{Z¶_, 2003 Mm H$c_ 4 hm A§_cmV ¶m¶À¶m {XZm§H$mcm qH$dm
˶mnydu, AmYrM H$mT>ʶmV Amcocr hmoVr, EdT>¶mM Ho$di H$maUmdéZ,
H$moUVmhr Xmdm, AO© qH$dm H$moUVrhr H$m¶Xo{ea H$m¶©dmhr H$moU˶mhr
ݶm¶mb¶mV qH$dm H$moUVmhr A{YH$mar qH$dm àm{YH$mar ¶m§À¶mg_moa XmIc
H$aVm ¶oUma Zmhr qH$dm MmcdVm ¶oUma Zmhr.
AS>MUr Xÿa (7) (1) ¶m A{Y{Z¶_mìXmao gwYmaUm H$aʶmV Amcoë¶m _w»¶ A{Y{Z¶_mÀ¶m
H$aʶmMm VaVyXr A§_cmV AmUVmZm qH$dm ˶m_ܶo A§V^y©V Agcoë¶m
A{YH$ma H$moU˶mhr Jmoï>r_wio A{YH$ma H$moUVrhr AS>MU CX²^dë¶mg, amÁ¶
emgmZmcm, àg§J CX²^doc ˶mà_mUo AS>MU Xya H$aʶmÀ¶m
 à¶moOZmgmR>r, ˶mg Amdí¶H$ qH$dm Bï> dmQ>oc Aer, ¶m
A{Y{Z¶_mìXmao gwYmaUm H$aʶmV Amcoë¶m _w»¶ A{Y{Z¶_mÀ¶m
VaVwXter {dg§JV Zgoc Aer H$moUVrhr H¥$Vr AmXoemìXmao,
H$aVm ¶oB©c : na§Vw ¶m A{Y{Z¶_mÀ¶m àma§^mÀ¶m VmaIonmgyZ
XmoZ dfm©Mm H$mcmdYr g_má Pmë¶mZ§Va H$moUVmhr
Agm AmXoe H$mT>ʶmV ¶oUma Zmhr.
(2) nmoQ>-H$c_ (1) AÝd¶o H$mT>ʶmV Amcocm à˶oH$ 2003 Mo
AmXoe, Vmo H$mT>ʶmV Amë¶mZ§Va, eŠ¶ _hmamï´>
{VVŠ¶m cdH$a, amÁ¶ {dYmZ_§S>imÀ¶m à˶oH$ AܶmXoe
g^mJ¥hmnwT>o R>odʶmV ¶oB©c. H«$_m§H$ 5 d
2003 Mm 8 (1) _w§~B© J«m_n§Mm¶V (gwYmaUm) AܶmXoe, 2003 _hmamï´>
‘hm.Aܶm. 5 d ‘w§~B© J«m_n§Mm¶V (Xwgar) gwYmaUm AܶmXoe, AܶmXoe
2003 ho ¶mìXmao {Za{gV H$aʶmV ¶oV AmhoV. H«$_m§H$ 7 Mo
{ZagZ d
ì¶md¥ËVr
2003 Mm (2) Aem àH$mao {ZagZ Pmco Agco Varhr, CŠV
‘hm.Aܶm.7 AܶmXoemZm§ìXmao gwYmaUm Ho$ë¶mà_mUo, _w»¶
A{Y{Z¶_mÝd¶o H$aʶmV Amcocr H$moUVrhr H¥$Vr
qH$dm H$m¶©dmhr hr, (H$mT>ʶmV Amcocr H$moUVrhr
A{YgyMZm, AmXoe, {ZX}e qH$dm gwMZm ¶m§gh) ¶m
A{Y{Z¶_mìXmao gwYmaUm H$aʶmV Amcoë¶m _w»¶
A{Y{Z¶_mÀ¶m VaVwXrÝd¶o Ho$cocr H¥$Vr qH$dm,
¶WmpñWVr, H$m¶©dmhr Agë¶mMo _mZʶmV ¶oB©c.

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