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Les Critères Du Tassement Admissible
Les Critères Du Tassement Admissible
To cite this article: par Maher Atalla (1975) les critères du tassement admissible, Batiment
International, Building Research and Practice, 3:3, 173-181, DOI: 10.1080/09613217508550389
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les criteres du
tassement admissible
par Maher Atalla
Une conference sur le tassement des ouvrages a eu lieu du 2 au 4 avril de I'annee
derniere a I'Universite de Cambridge sous les auspices de la British Geotechnical
Society. L'auteur, actuellement Professeur a I'Universite d'Alger, evoque ici I'un
des themes de la conference : les tassements totaux ou differentials, admissibles ou
dommageables.
L'observation a montre que les deformations inadmis- critique du seul fait que leur deformation conduit
sibles des structures (fissures, inclinaisons, etc.) et pour la superstructure a l'etat limite qui lui est
meme leur effondrement se produisent pour une propre.
valeur definie de tassement differentiel variant avec La situation est optimale si la portance des sols est
les differents types de structures et de sols de fonda-
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Total settlement S Total value of settlement of an isolated foot- The unit of these values
ing or of a building if settlement is uniform. used in the paper is the
mm.
Mean settlement sm Mean value of settlement for the whole buil-
ding.
Maximum settlement Smai Maximum value of settlements of isolated
footings.
Differential settlement AS Differential settlement of two neighbour-
ing foundations or the two end foundations.
Maximum differential (AS) r o a l Maximum value of differential settlement.
settlement
Deformation (settlement) limit state The problems related to the estimation of the left-
hand side of equation (1) are not discussed here. Such
In designing foundation soil according to the defor- a subject needs to be dealt with separately. I would
mation limit state, we have to differentiate between only add that the rate of settlement should be taken
two kinds of deformation limits into consideration, as for different structures the per-
1 Damage limit, at which damage occurs, missible tate is different.
2 Permissible (or design) limit, equalling the damage With respect to the right-hand side of equation (1),
limit divided by a certain factor of safety. the permissible settlement needs more serious analysis.
Without having a list of such settlements—even
This "permissible limit" has the meaning 'maximum approximately—it is impossible to apply in practice
permissible value' of settlement, which should not be the design of foundations according to the deforma-
exceeded. tion limit state. Two conventional methods are used
By "damage" either structural damage or functional in determining the deformation damage limit (as a
damage is meant. The structural damage ranges from first step to estimating the permissible limit) of foun-
wall cracks to complete collapse, while the functional dation soils, namely:
damage ranges from distorted appearance to complete 1. Statistical analysis of settlement observations of
unserviceability. constructed buildings, comparing them with the
The approach to designing foundation soil according state of the construction and its degree of service-
to the deformation limit state can be summarised as ability, where the settlement records cover cases
estimating the expected value of the soil settlement ranging from full performance to complete struc-
and comparing it with the already known permissible tural damage.
deformation limit. The condition which must be
satisfied is: 2. Theroetical studies of the stress-state of the con-
structions due to loads and soil deformation, and
how much excess stresses the given type of con-
A S < A Sp (1) struction can sustain.
where S —predicted settlement; The most favoured method is to combine these two.
AS — predicted differential settlement; The "sensitivity" of structures to settlement is affected
Sp — total settlement permissible limit; by the degree of rigidity of the structure. On this
ASp — differential settlement permissible limit. basis it can be stated that perfectly rigid and flexible
It is most important to notice that the design of structures are less sensitive to differential settlement
foundation soils according to equation (1) expresses than structures of finite rigidity.
the requirement of considering the soil and founda- Similarly, the type of foundation soil plays a role in
tion as one unit in mutual action and the settlement determining the sensitivity of the structure to diffe-
as the result of this mutual action. rential settlement. The more the compressibility of
174 Building Research and Practice May/June 1975
Tableau 1
Terme Symbole Definition Observations
Type de tassement
gulaire
Pente (basculement) AS Tassement differentiel rapporte a la dis-
1 tance entre appuis d'extremites ou ecart
lateral de fondations continues
Table 3
Permissible differential settlement* (mm/m)
Permissible angular
distortion for civic Structure's characteristics Russin I *.. 1962
Skemp-
and industrial ton
Sowers. Bjerrum
buildings 1962 1963
19S6 Sands Clays
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1 Load-bearing walls 2
2 Load-bearing walls" of multi-storey building in case of:
— Large panel walls (unframed) 1 1.4
— Big blocks and brick walls (unstrengthened) 1.4 2
— Big blocks and brick walls (strengthened by r.c. ties) 2 2.6
3 Walls of one-storey industrial buildings and similar struc- 2 2 1-2
tures
4 High continuous brick walls 0,5-1
5 Traditional-type frame buildings (for panel walls, masonry
facing) 2
6 Reinforced concrete frame buildings 2 2 2.5-4
7 End row of columns with brick filling (brick facing frames) 0.7 1
8 Steel frame structures 2 2 2-5
9 Buildings where cracking is not permissible 1-2 2
10 Tilting of high rigid buildings (silos, water towers, smoke
stacks) 4 4 4
"Differential settlement in mm for each one metre spacing between columns or between any two points that settle differently.
" For load-bearing walls, the Russian regulations give the permissible relative deflection values. Here, given in item 2 are the angular distortion
values assumed, equalling twice the relative deflection.
researches of the stress-state of a construction due to given in tables 2, 3. In table 3, the item of 'Structures'
settlement and differential settlement of foundations, Characteristics' was classified to three groups: Load-
some trials to get the permissible settlement were bearing walls and walls in general (items 1-4), frame
established (Egorov, 1952, Tokar, 1956, Polshin and bouildings (items 5-8) and general features (items 9-10).
Tokar, 1957, Polshin, 1961, Russian Regulations 1962, For ease of angular distortion comparison, the ratio
Skempton and MacDonald, 1956, Little, 1961, mm/m is used as a unified measure. For example, the
Lambe and Whitman, 1969, Sowers, 1962, Bjerrum,
1963). value JZT: given by Skempton and MacDonald (1956)
J\J\J
For the majority of industrial buildings, the permis- as a permissible angular distortion is expressed in
sible settlement is determined by the conditions of table 3 as 2 mm/m. Similary, the value of 0.002 given
serviceability and the strength of bearing walls or as permissible angular distortion in the Russian
brick walls filling the structure's skeleton. This Regulations (1962) is expressed also as 2 mm/m.
applies especially to steel structures, where it is
It is worth noting the compatibility of the permissible
difficult to arrive at a visual measure for the permis-
settlement values reported—independently—by diffe-
sible soil deformation. On the other hand, it is
rent authorities (tables 2, 3) whereas such a compa-
somewhat clearer with respect to reinforced concrete
tibility is not observed for permissible bearing pres-
buildings, in which the appearance of visual cracks in
sure.
the construction's elements can be considered as a
measure of permissible settlement. Following tables 2 and 3, presumed settlement values
I have tried to collect some data in a table presenting can be calculated based either on local experience or
the permissible settlement values as given by different calculations using partial factors of safety correspond-
authorities. The main difficulty was the different ing to the required degree of functional and structural
terminology, approaches and wording. Results are safety.
178 Building Research and Practice May/June 1975
Tassement total admissible (en mm) Tableau 2
Tassement total
Carateristiques des structures Skempton 1956 admissible pour les
Rdglementations Sowers
1962
batiments
Argiles Sables de 1962 d'habitation et les
batiments industriels
Murs porteurs ou panneaux de batiments
avec ossatures classiques :
— appuis isolfis 60 40
— radiers 60-100 40-60
Tableau 3
Tassement diffSrentiel admissible (*) (mm/m)
Diformation
Caract£ristiques des structures Reglem. russes 1962 angulaire admissible
Skempton Sowers Bjerrum pour les batiments
1956 Sables Argiles 1962 1963 d'habitation et les
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batiments industriels
1. Murs porteurs 2
2. Murs porteurs" des batiments a plusieurs Stages dans
les cas suivants :
— murs panneaux de grande dimension (sans ossature) 1 1,4
— gros blocs et murs en briques (sans renforcement) 1,4 2
— gros blocs et murs en briques (renforce's par poutres en
be'ton arm§) 2 2,6
3. Murs des batiments industriels a 1 niveau et des struc-
sture similaires 2 2 1-2
4. Murs en briques continus de grande hauteur 0,5-1
5. Batiments classiques en maconnerie 2
6. Batiments a ossature en .be'ton arm6 2 2 2,5-4
7. Range'es de poteaux avec garnissage en briques 0,7 1
8. Structures a ossature en acier 2 2 2-5
9. Batiments pour lesquels une fissuration n'est pas admis-
sible 1-2 2
10. Basculement de batiments rigides de grande hauteur
(silos, chateaux d'eau, chemine'es) 4 4 4
' Tassement difffirentiel en mm pour chaque mitre d'intervalle entre poteaux ou entre deux points quelconques dont le tassement est different.
"" Pour les murs porteurs, les r6glementations russes mentionnent les vaieurs de deformation relatives admissibles. lei, on trouve au point 2 les
vaieurs de deformation angulaire conside're'es comme £gales a 2 fois la deformation relative.
Polshin et Tokar 1957, Polshin 1961, reglementations a ete divise en trois groupes : murs porteurs et murs
russes 1962, Skempton et McDonald 1956, Little 1951, en general (postes 1 a 4), ossatures (postes 5 a 8)
Lambe et Whitman 1969, Sowers 1962, Bjerrum 1963) et ouvrages speciaux (postes 9 et 10).
a la suite d'observations du tassement de differentes
structures, d'essais sur modeles et de recherches Pour faciliter la comparaison des deformations angu-
theoriques des contraintes dans une construction laires, le rapport mm/metre est utilise comme mesure
soumise a des tassements globaux et differentiels. unifiee. Par exemple, la valeur 1/500 donnee par
Pour la majorite des batiments industriels, le tasse- Skempton et McDonald (1956) comme constituant
ment admissible est celui qui conditionne la poursuite la deformation angulaire admissible est exprimee au
de l'exploitation et la bonne resistance des murs por- tableau 3 comme etant de 2 mm par metre. II en est
teurs ou de remplissage. Ceci s'applique specialement de meme de la valeur 0,002 donnee comme deforma-
aux ossatures en acier pour lesquelles il est diffi- tion angulaire admissible par les reglementations
cile d'avoir une evaluation visuelle de la deformation russes (1962).
admissible du sol. Par contre, cette appreciation est
plus facile dans le cas des batiments en beton arme II est interessant de remarquer la concordance des
pour lesquels l'apparition de fissures visibles peut etre vaieurs de tassement admissibles donnees par diffe-
consideree comme une mesure du tassement admis- rentes autorites (voir tableaux 2 et 3) alors que cette
sible. J'ai tente de rassembler en un tableau un certain concordance n'est pas observee pour les pressions
nombre de vaieurs de tassements admissibles avan- d'appui admissibles.
cees par differentes autorites. La principale difficulte
resultait des differences de terminologie, de methodes Les tableaux 2 et 3 aidant les vaieurs de tassement
et d'expression. II s'agit des tableaux 2 et 3. Dans le prevues peuvent etre determinees soit par l'experience
tableau 3, le poste « caracteristiques des structures » locale, soit par des calculs tenant compte des coeffi-
Batiment international Mai/Juin 1975 179
References/Bibliographie
1 BJERRUM. L., (1963). Discussion, European Conference
on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng., vol. II, p. 135.
2 British Standard Code of Practice for Foundations, C.P.
No. 4: 1954 and C.P. 2004: 1972.
3 COZZOLINO, V. M., (1961). Statisticalforecas ing of com-
pression index. Proc, 5th Inter. Cont. on Soil Mech.
and Foundation Eng., vol. I, Paris.
4 EGOROV, K. E., (1952). On the question of allowable
settlement for building foundations. Collection of Works
of the Scientific Research Institute of Foundation Soils
and Underground Structures No. 18 (in Russian).
5 FOLAYAN, J. L., HOEG, K., BENJAMIN, J. R. (1970),
Moreover, it can be remarked (basically from table 4) Decision theory applied to settlement predictions.
that for load-bearing walls, a permissible angular J. Soil Mech., Found. Div., ASCE 96 No. SM4.
distortion rafiging between 1-2 mm/m may be adopted 6 HANNA, \V. S. and TSCHEBOTAZIOFF (1936), Settlement
The corresponding value for frame buildings is observations of buildings in Egypt. 1st Int. Conf. Soil
Mech. and Found., Eng., vol. I, pp. 71-77.
2 mm/m.
7 HANNA, W. S., TSCHEBOTAZIOFF, M. K., KHALIFA, K.E.,
(1938). Results of research work carried for the period
of 1933-1936, Bulletin No. 1, Soil Mech. and Founda-
tion Research Lab., Faculty of Engineering, Cairo
University.
Some future activities 8 HANNA, W. S., (1950). Settlement studies in Egypt.
Geotechnique II, p. 33.
The key words governing the future research lines are
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