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ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ
-1-4ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ :
ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺯﻴﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻟﻌﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﻴﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺯﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ 6
ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺘﺔ ﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﻟﺸﻜل ﺴﺩﺍﺴﻲ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ،ﻭﻜل ﺫﺭﺓ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﺫﺭﺓ
ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ .ﻭﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺯﻴﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺭﻨﻴﻥ ﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﻜﻴﻜﻭﻟﻲ .
ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻼﻙ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻥ ﻜل ﺫﺭﺓ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﻬﺠﻴﻥ ﻨﻭﻋﻪ sp2ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺠﻨﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ )
( σﻤﻊ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﺫﺭﺘﻲ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺘﻴﻥ .ﻭﻴﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺫﺭﺓ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻓﻠﻙ ) ( pﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ 3ﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ) . ( π
H H
ﻓﻠﻚ
H H
H H
ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ = ْ . 120ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﺴﺎﻭ ﻟﻪ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل .ﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺯﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻹﺤﻼل ﻤﺤل ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻹﺤﻼل ﻤﺤل ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ
ﻜل ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﹰﺎ .
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ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ Page 2 of 10
-2-4ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ :
- 1ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺸﺎﺌﻌﺔ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺠﻴﺯﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺤﺩ ) (IUPACﻭﻫﻲ:
-1-2-4ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ) : (IUPACﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﺌل ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺯﻴﻨﻴﺔ ) ﺒﺩﻴل ,ﺒﺩﻴﻠﻴﻥ 3 ,ﺒﺩﺍﺌل ( .
ﺃ -ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﻔﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ) ﺒﺩﻴل ( .
ﻓﺎﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﻤﺸﺘﻘﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ) ﺒﻨﺯﻴﻥ ( .
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ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ Page 3 of 10
Cl
Cl
أورﺛﻮ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ آﻠﻮرو ﻣﻴﺘﺎ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ آﻠﻮرو ﺑﻨﺰﻳﻦ
ﺑﺎرا ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ آﻠﻮرو ﺑﻨﺰﻳﻦ
NO 2
Cl
ﻣﻴﺘﺎ ﻥﻴﺘﺮو ﺗﻮﻝﻮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎرا آﻠﻮرو ﺳﺘﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ أورﺛﻮ اﻳﺜﺎﻳﻞ اﻥﻴﻠﻴﻦ
Cl Cl
CH3 NO2
) ( 4 , 2 , 1ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻨﺰﻳﻦ ) ( 5 , 3ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ آﻠﻮرو ﺗﻮﻝﻮﻳﻦ ) (6, 4 , 2ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﻥﻴﺘﺮو ﺗﻮﻝﻮﻳﻦ
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ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ Page 4 of 10
ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ :1-4
ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
- ( bﺍﻭﺭﺜﻭ ﺒﺭﻭﻤﻭ ﻓﻴﻨﻭل . - ( aﺒﺎﺭﺍﻨﻴﺘﺭﻭ ﺘﻭﻟﻭﻴﻥ .
- ( cﻤﻴﺘﺎ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﻨﻴﺘﺭﻭﺒﻨﺯﻴﻥ - ( d .ﺒﺎﺭﺍ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺇﻴﺜﻴﻠﻴﻥ ﺒﻨﺯﻴﻥ .
( 5 ، 3 ، 1 ) - ( eﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻤﻴﺜﺎﻴل ﺒﻨﺯﻴﻥ .
( 6 ، 2 ) - ( fﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺒﺭﻭﻤﻭ - 4 -ﻜﻠﻭﺭﻭﺘﻭﻟﻭﻴﻥ .
ﻼ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻔﺭﻋ ﹰﺎ :
ﺩ -ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﺒﺩﻴ ﹰ
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤـﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻔﺭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺩﻴـل ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﻤﻴـﻬﺎ ) ﻓﻴﻨﺎﻴل ( Ph ,ﺃﻭ ) ﺃﺭﺍﻴل (Ar ,
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻨﺯﻴﻥ ﻴﻨﻘﺼﻬﺎ ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ) ( H - C6H6ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﺎﻴل ﺘﻜﺘﺏ
ﺒﻨﺯﺍﻴل ( .
) . (C6H5-ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺯﻴﻥ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒـ CH2ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺭﻉ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﺴﻤﻰ CH)2
ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ :
CH3CHCH2CH2CH3
Ph
CH2 Cl
Ph Ph
ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ :2-4
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ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ :3-4
ﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﻅﺎﻡ ) : (IUPAC
NH2
Cl
FeCl3
+ Cl2 + HCl
Br
FeBr3
+ Br2 + HBr
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NO 2
+
H
+ HNO 3 + H2O
H2SO 4
SO3H
R
AlCl3
+ R Cl + HCl
+ CH2CH3
+
H
CH2=CH2
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O
C R
O
AlCl 3
+ R C Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Cl + Fe Cl Cl Cl Fe Cl
Cl Cl
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻌل ) ( Cl2ﻤﺭﻜﺒ ﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻓﻴﻠﻴ ﹰﺎ ) ﻗﻁﺒﻴﹰﺎ ( ﻗﻭﻴﹰﺎ .
Cl
+ Cl Cl Fe Cl
H
+ FeCl4
Cl
Cl
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H +
+ H
Cl Cl
O
O + O
H
H O N H O N N + H2O
O H O
O
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NO2
+ +
+ NO2 + H
+ -
H2SO 4 + SO 3 SO 3H + HSO 4
SO3H
+
+ SO3H
+ NaOH
Cl Cl
+
Al Cl + Cl CH2CH3 Cl Al Cl + CH3CH2
آﺎرﺑﻮآﺎﺗﻴﻮن
Cl Cl
CH2CH3
+
+ CH3CH2 + H2O
آﺎرﺑﻮآﺎﺗﻴﻮن
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O O
CH3C Cl + AlCl3 CH3C + AlC
O
CCH3
O
+ CH3C
أﺳﻴﺘﻮﻓﻴﻨﻮن
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