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➤ Exercice 1
n
X
➊ Montrer la relation : {pk = {p+1
n+1 ∀n ∈ N.
k=p
Autrement :
D’après la relation de Pascal, on a : {p+1 p+1
k+1 = {k + {pk . Alors,
Donc,
n
X n
X
{pk {p+1 p+1
= {p+1 p+1
= {p+1
= k+1 − {k n+1 − {p n+1 .
k=p k=p
|{z}
=0
n! n! (n − k)n!
➊ (a) (k + 1){k+1
n = (k + 1). = = = (n −
(k + 1)!(n − k − 1)! k!(n − k − 1)! k!(n − k)(n − k − 1)!
n!
k) = (n − k){nk .
k!(n − k)!
n
X n
X n
X n
X
(n − 2k){kn = (n − k − k){kn = (n − k){kn − k{kn = k+1 k
(b) Sn = (k + 1){n − k{n .
| {z } |{z}
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1 ak+1 ak
C’est une somme téléscopique. Alors, cette somme vaut :
Sn = an+1 − a1 = (n + 1) {n+1
n −{1n = −n.
|{z}
=0
Pour a = b = 1, on aura :
n
X n
X
n n
(1 + 1) = 2 = {kn 1k 1n−k = {kn .
k=0 k=0
n
X
Donc, {kn = 2n .
k=0
n k−1 n (n − 1)! n!
(b) {n−1 = = = {kn .
k k (k − 1)!(n − k)! k!(n − k)!
n n n n−1
0
X X X X
(c) k {kn = n{k−1
n−1 =n {k−1
n−1 =n {kn−1 = n2n−1 (en posant k 0 = k − 1).
k=1 k=1 k=1 k0 =0
n
X Xn n
X
n{kn − 2k{kn = n{kn − 2k{kn
(d) Sn =
k=1 k=1 k=1
Xn Xn
=n {kn − 2 k {kn
k=1 k=1
X n
= n {kn − {0n − 2n2n−1
|{z}
k=0 pour k=0
n n
= n(2 − 1) − n2 = −n.
n+1
X
(a) i Tn+1 = k 2k = Tn + (n + 1)2n+1 .
k=0
n+1
X
ii On remarque que Tn+1 = k 2k .
k=1
On pose k 0 = k − 1, on aura :
n n n n
!
1 − 2n+1
k0 +1 k0 k0 k0
X X X X
0 0 0
Tn+1 = (k +1) 2 = 2. (k +1) 2 = 2 k 2 + 2 = 2 Tn + .
k0 =0 k0 =0 k0 =0 k0 =0
1−2
1 − xn+1 xn+1 − 1
(b) i fn (x) = = .
1−x x−1
n n+1
0
(n + 1)x (x − 1) − x − 1 (n + 1)xn+1 − (n + 1)xn − xn+1 + 1
ii fn (x) = (x − 1)2
=
(x − 1)2
.
Alors,
nxn+1 − (n + 1)xn + 1
fn0 (x) = .
(x − 1)2
n−1
X
= (k + 1) xk ( à l’aide d’un changement de variable )
k=0
n−1
X n−1
X
= k xk + xk
k=0 k=0
n
X
= k xk − nxn + fn−1 (x).
k=0
Pour x = 2, on aura :
n
X
fn0 (2) = k 2k − n2n + fn−1 (2) = Tn − n2n + 2n − 1.
k=0
D’autre part,
n2n+1 − (n + 1)2n + 1
fn0 (2) = = n2n+1 − (n + 1)2n + 1.
(2 − 1)2
Alors,
n n k
! k
n X k
n X n X
n
X X X X X X X
(c) Tn = k 2k = 1 2k = 2k = 2k = 2k = 2k =
k=0 k=0 i=1 k=0 i=1 k=1 i=1 16i6k6n i=1 k=i
n n−i+1 n n
X
i1 − 2 i
X
n−i+1
X 1 − 2n
2n+1 − 2i = 2n+1 .n − 2. = n2n+1 − 2(2n −
2 = 2 2 −1 =
i=1
1 − 2 i=1 i=1
1 − 2
1) = n2n+1 − 2n+1 + 2 = (n − 1)2n−1 + 2.
X n X
X k n
X k
X n
X
➍ Un = k {ik = k {ik = k i
{k = k2k = Tn = (n − 1)2n−1 + 2.
06i6k6n k=0 i=0 k=0 i=0 k=0