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Géophysique appliquée 2
gabriel.fabien-ouellet@polymtl.ca
Été 2017
Plan du cours
1. Pseudo-sections
2. Inversion
3. Configuration des électrodes
4. Études de cas
1
Tomographie ?
Définition: Technique d’imagerie qui permet de reconstruire le volume d’un
objet à partir d’une série de mesures effectuées depuis l’extérieur de cet objet.
La tomographie de résistivité
électrique ou de polarisation
provoquée permet de
reconstruire la variation 2D, 3D
ou 4D (suivi en temps) de la
résistivité électrique et de la
chargeabilité.
Tomographie à rayon X
2
La pseudo-section
3
1. Pseudosection
Rappel: Sondages
Plus l’espacement entre les électrodes est grand, plus le courant pénètre
profondément.
4
1. Pseudosection
Coupe 2D
Il est possible d’obtenir une coupe 2D en variant latéralement le centre des
dispositifs ainsi que leur espacement.
n=1
n=2
n=3
5
1. Pseudosection
Pseudosection
n=1
n=2
n=3
6
1. Pseudosection
Pseudosection
A M N B
n=1
n=2
n=3
7
1. Pseudosection
Pseudosection
A M N B
n=1
n=2
n=3
8
1. Pseudosection
Pseudosection
A M N B
n=1
n=2
n=3
9
1. Pseudosection
Pseudosection
A M N B
n=1
n=2
n=3
10
1. Pseudosection
Pseudosection
A M N B
n=1
n=2
n=3
11
1. Pseudosection
Pseudosection
A M N B
n=1
n=2
n=3
12
1. Pseudosection
Pseudosection
A M N B
n=1
n=2
n=3
13
1. Pseudosection
Pseudosection
• On met en carte les données de la pseudosection
• Historiquement, les pseudosections étaient interprétées directement.
• Ce n’est qu’une carte des résistivités apparentes.
• Pour retrouver un modèle plus représentatif de la vraie résistivité, on doit utiliser
l’inversion.
Point d’un dispositif
14
Inversion
15
2. Inversion
Modèle physique
Quantités Propriétés Propriétés
Observables physiques géologiques
Inversion
géophysique
16
2. Inversion
Inversion: Définitions
Inversion: Processus permettant de déterminer les paramètres d’un modèle
géophysique à partir de mesures de la réponse de ce modèle.
17
2. Inversion
Mathématiquement:
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Simulation numérique
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18
2. Inversion
Paramètres d’inversion
Lors de l’inversion, le modèle est discretisé. Ceci est requis lors de la modélisation
numérique de la loi d’Ohm.
Une discrétisation est aussi requise pour l’inversion, qui peut être la même ou non
que lors de la simulation. <latexit sha1_base64="ryt/mpdXw+8HS8Sogdfd4fh3C9o=">AAADcXiclVJNT9tAEH2JaaHpF7Qn1ItFVKlqpcjmUo6ReuFIpYYgQYRss6EW/pK9Toui/Ihe21/GPyhn/kDfDEtFQYiyVpzZN++9nRlvXGVpY4PgrNP1lh49Xl550nv67PmLl6trr3absq0TM0rKrKz34qgxWVqYkU1tZvaq2kR5nJlxfPJJ8uOZqZu0LL7Y08pM8ui4SKdpEllC44Mqj+f54nC1HwwCXf7tIHRBH27tlGud9zjAEUokaJHDoIBlnCFCw2cfIQJUxCaYE6sZpZo3WKBHbUuWISMiesL3MXf7Di24F89G1QlPyfirqfTxlpqSvJqxnOZrvlVnQe/ynqun1HbK/9h55UQtvhK9T3fF/F+d9GIxxZb2kLKnShHpLnEurU5FKvevdWXpUBGT+Ij5mnGiyqs5+6pptHeZbaT538oUVPaJ47Y4d1UWRL7ptHKtv6D7nLgwZ6xIvtlEEfGZ6hniG1PxXXFxbLRK83cCgs+U+XBlnycurj093sPw5q27HexuDsJgEH4O+sOhu5EreIMNvKPfRwyxjR2M9Fv8wE/86l54657vbVxSux2neY1/lvfhD5jXsuM=</latexit>
Discrétisation lors de la
simulation numérique
Paramétrisation d’inversion
19
2. Inversion
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20
2. Inversion
l’échantillon ci-contre.
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<latexit sha1_base64="PSK76fvhQW9QPDGkxyZuwZDH99I=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="7M1AL/8vahbj+eP6Up9me5OLu38=">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</latexit>
21
2. Inversion
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<latexit sha1_base64="txzjIpGLeQ2D2yVP6Fy4gx6YczU=">AAADcHiclVLLbtNAFD2JeZTwassGiQWGCAl1EdlFVdtdJDYsi0TSSm1U2e6kNfVL43FoFfUf2MKf8Qftli/g3IuDilAFjOX4zrnnnLn3ZuIqS2sXBN86Xe/W7Tt3l+717j94+Ojx8srquC4bm5hRUmal3Yuj2mRpYUYudZnZq6yJ8jgzu/HpW8nvzoyt07L44M4rM8mj4yKdpknkCI0P7El5uH643A8G21sb4ZsN/88gHAS6+mjXTrnSWcMBjlAiQYMcBgUc4wwRaj77CBGgIjbBnJhllGre4AI9ahuyDBkR0VP+HnO336IF9+JZqzrhKRlfS6WPV9SU5FnGcpqv+UadBb3Je66eUts5v3HrlRN1OCH6N92C+a866cVhii3tIWVPlSLSXdK6NDoVqdy/1pWjQ0VM4iPmLeNElYs5+6qptXeZbaT5S2UKKvuk5Ta4aqssiHzSaeVaf0H3OXFhzliR/GcTRcRnqmeIb0zFmeLiWGuV5tcEBJ8p8/+VfZ54ce3p8R4uLpt/czBeH4TBIHwf9IfD9kYu4Rle4jX9NjHEO+xgxAo+4jO+4Gv3u/fUe+69+EntdlrNE/y2vLUfH6+ybA==</latexit>
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<latexit sha1_base64="88pPv0bnVtHPsPg/Kpy114duvVM=">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</latexit>
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<latexit sha1_base64="yMp3lx8IF0FBYppWkNRLRVFW0LU=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="WRNZr9rPV0g0qm6eN6h9XwuDlDQ=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="loKgrZ2OKMt0If3jgj0yeJ4pMUE=">AAAE13iclVJNb9NAEB0XAyV8tIEjlxURiFOw00pwQYoEh14QRSJtURwi21knVv2l9ToQRRE3xJUDv4Yr/Aj+AfwLZibbxqXhay2vZ97OeztvvUGRxKV2nG/WxgX74qXLm1caV69dv7G13bx5UOaVCmUvzJNcHQV+KZM4kz0d60QeFUr6aZDIw+D4Ca0fTqUq4zx7qWeFHKT+OIujOPQ1QsOm1fYSGem+F8hxnM19pfzZYh4uhKcm+dB9rYXniWXSWSYc79TiXYyFJ7ORYXsqHk/0oCEei7XaOBbCFfeEc/qilPugg+FyroE7DK5mA+8ycHZe18QfzdWsrYytbK01NdxuOW2HhzgfuCZogRn7edPaAw9GkEMIFaQgIQONcQI+lPj0wQUHCsQGMEdMYRTzuoQFNJBbYZXECh/RY5zHmPUNmmFOmiWzQ9wlwVchU8Bd5ORYpzCm3QSvV6xM6O+056xJvc3wGxitFFENE0T/xjup/FceedEQwSP2EKOnghFyFxqVik+FOhc1VxoVCsQoHuG6wjhk5sk5C+aU7J3O1uf171xJKOWhqa3gh+kyQ+QNn1bK/WeoPkecKqfYEf2zASOkE/EepBsg4y3jpFhyl/L0BAifcuX/M1u446L2UJdPmZuwLwnPTO1zcyKU0U3wOItQY/lFLt5h99cbez446LRdp+2+cFrdrrnNm3Ab7sB97OUhdGEP9qEHofXJ+mx9sb7ar+x39nv7w7J0wzKcW3Bm2B9/AruAHBg=</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="rtGOX2UN5LiDehNdAgWRLR/fyj8=">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</latexit>
22
2. Inversion
<latexit sha1_base64="O54Qg/k6SQzPUzilfiaWE2a8Yog=">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</latexit>
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23
2. Inversion
24
2. Inversion
Inversion: Régularisation
Vous devez résoudre le système linéaire suivant:
m1 + 2m2 - m3 + m4 = 6
-m1 + m2 + 2m3 - m4 = 2
Plus d’inconnues que d’équations… une infinité de solutions. Mais vous devez
quand même fournir une réponse, car vous êtes ingénieur(e)s.
25
2. Inversion
Inversion: Régularisation
On doit rentrer un a priori sur le modèle:
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26
2. Inversion
Inversion: récapitulatif
27
Configurations d’acquisition
28
3. Configuration d’acquisition
Mesures de tomographie
Syscal Pro
Câble multibrins
Électrodes
29
3. Configuration d’acquisition
Dispositifs d’acquisition
Nous avons vu que les dispositifs de Wenner lors des sondages. Il existe
cependant une multitudes de configuration d’électrodes, chacune ayant des
avantages et des inconvénients. En particulier, le choix se fait selon:
• La profondeur d’investigation
• La résolution désirée
30
3. Configuration d’acquisition
Dispositifs de Wenner
Facteur géométrique:
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Dispositif de Wenner
• recommandé pour les structures horizontales,
31
3. Configuration d’acquisition
Dispositifs Wenner-Schlumberger
Facteur géométrique:
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Dispositif Wenner-Schlumberger :
32
3. Configuration d’acquisition
Dispositifs dipôle-dipôle
Facteur géométrique:
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Dispositif Dipôle-Dipôle :
33
3. Configuration d’acquisition
Sensibilité
• Les différents dispositifs ont
différentes sensibilités
• La sensibilité représente
l’influence des mesures aux
variations de résistivité de la sous
surface.
• Plus la magnitude de la sensibilité
est grande, plus les mesures sont
affectées par cet endroit du
modèle
• En bref, la sensibilité nous indique
comment le dispositif moyenne
les mesures dans le sol.
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3. Configuration d’acquisition
35
3. Configuration d’acquisition
36
3. Configuration d’acquisition
37
3. Configuration d’acquisition
38
3. Configuration d’acquisition
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3. Configuration d’acquisition
40
3. Configuration d’acquisition
41
Étude de cas
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4. Étude de cas
Propriété géophysique
Selon des essais en colonne en laboratoire, la résistivité électrique permet de bien
détecter la saturation en eau de l’ilménite et de l’arnorthosite.
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4. Étude de cas
48
4. Étude de cas
51
Mémoire de maîtrise d’Adrien Dimech
4. Étude de cas
53
4. Étude de cas
Synthèse
Modèle de l’écoulement de l’eau dans la halde à stériles.
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Tomographie électrique: résumé
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