Source Rocks and Related Petroleum System of Chelif

Basin, (Western Tellian Domain, Algeria)

Mohamed Arab, Rabah Bracène, François Roure, Réda Samy Zazoun, Yamina
Mahdjoub, Rabi Badji

To cite this version:

Mohamed Arab, Rabah Bracène, François Roure, Réda Samy Zazoun, Yamina Mahdjoub, et al..
Source Rocks and Related Petroleum System of Chelif Basin, (Western Tellian Domain, Algeria). Ma-
rine and Petroleum Geology, 2015, 64, pp.363-385. �10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.03.017�. �hal-01174862�

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1 Source Rocks and Related Petroleum System of Chelif Basin,

1
2
3 2 (Western Tellian Domain, Algeria)
4
5
6
3
7
s 4 Mohamed Arab a, b , Rabah Bracène a , François Roure c, d , Réda Samy Zazoun e, ·,
9
10
5 Yamina Mahdjoub b and Rabi Badji a
11
12
13 6
14
15 7 (
3
) Sonatrach-Division Exploration, Avenue du 1er Novembre Bat 'C' BP 68M,
16
17
18 8 Boumerdès, Algeria.
19
2o 9 E-mail adress : Mohamed.arab@ep.sonatrach.dz
21
22 10 (b) Faculté des Sciences de la Terre, de la Géographie et de l'Aménagement du
23
24
25 11 Territoire, USTHB, BP 32, Bab Ez Zouar, Algiers 16111, Algeria.
26
27 12 (c) Geosciences Department, IFPEN-Institut Français du Pétrole Energies Nouvelles,
28
29
30 13 Rueil Malmaison, France.
31
32 14 (d) Tectonic Group, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
33
34
35 15 (e *) Corresponding author: Sonatrach-Division Technologies et Développement,
36
37 16 Avenue du 1er Novembre, Boumerdès, Algeria.
38
39 17 E-mail adress: redasamy.zazoun@eo.sonatrach.dz (R. S. Zazoun)
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42 18
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44 19
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47 20
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49 21
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54 23
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59 25
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62 1
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 26 1. Introduction
1
2 27 The study area lies in the external zone of the Rif-Tell or Maghrebides fold-and-thrust
3
4
5 28 belt, the southernmost segment of the Alpine orogeny (Durand-Delga et al., 1980;
6
7 29 Bracene and Frizon de Lamotte, 2002; Roure et al., 2012), which trends roughly
8
9
10 30 east-west in northern Algeria (Fig. 1 ). The Chelif Basin is a dominantly Neogene
11
12 31 trans-tensional basin located within the Northern Algerian foothills, southwest of the
13
14
15
32 Kabylian ridge, which constitutes the surface expression of the paleo-suture between
16
17 33 (1) exotic terra nes of European affinities (Kabylides Crystalline Massifs and
18
19 34 associated Mesozoic to Eocene sedimentary caver), and (2) the Tellian allochthon,
20
21
22 35 made up of Mesozoic basinal units derived from the former passive margin of North
23
24 36 Africa (Benaouali-Mebarek et al., 2006, and references therein). The Neogene
25
26
27 37 sedimentary infill of the Chelif Basin rests on top of the allochthonous basinal
28
29 38 Mesozoic to Paleogene carbonates and sandstones units of the southern Tellian
30
31
32
39 allochthon.
33
34 40 Since the discovery of the small oil fields of Ain zeft and Tliouanet in the Chelif Basin
35
36
37
41 in 1872, followed by Oued Gueterini in 1948 in the Hodna area, Northern Algeria
38
39 42 constitutes an interesting zone for explorationists. Besides, many oil and gas shows
40
41 43 exist either in the Saharan Atlas, south of the Alpine thrust front, or within the Tellian
42
43
44 44 domain itself. The potential plays relate to Miocene compressional structures in the
45
46 45 partially inverted foreland, in subthrust units and intra-mountain basins, as weil as in
47
48
49 46 Triassic to Jurassic extensional structures still preserved in the foreland autochthon.
50
51 47 The aim of this paper is to (1) identify potential source rocks in the Neogene Chelif
52
53
54
48 Basin, in its allochthonous Tellian substratum, as weil as in the underlying
55
56 49 underthrust foreland, (2) locate the hydrocarbon kitchens and study the HC potential
57
58 50 of these formations, (3) establish oil to source rock correlations in arder to trace the
59
60
61
62 2
63
64
65
 51 origin of the ails in the fields, (4) assess the timing of HC migration and trapping, and
1
2 52 (5) define the main petroleum systems.
3
4
5 53
6
7 54 2. Geological setting
8

1~ 55 The intra-mountain Chelif Basin (Perrodon, 1957) is located in the western part of the
11
12 56 Tellian Atlas lt is elongated in the east-west direction, with steep border faults
13
~: 57 delineating individual pull-apart basins filled by Miocene to Pliocene series (Fig. 1).
16
17 58 lts structure developed following the last phases of the Alpine orogeny (Alfa et al.,
18
~~ 59 1992). For instance, during the Neogene, the plate boundary between the Western
21
22 60 Mediterranean and the Kabylides in the north and Africa in the south was a
23
24 61 dominantly transform boundary, slab detachment and strike-slip faulting accounting
25

~~ 62 for the lateral escape of the Gibraltar arc and Alboran black towards the west and
28
29 63 Tyrrhenian-Calabrian arc towards the east (Hsü, 1971; Olivier, 1984; Thomas, 1985;
30
31 64 Carminati et al., 1998; Spakman and Wortel, 2004, and references therein). Due to
32
33
34 65 strain partitioning, numerous episodes of transpression and transtension were then
35
36 66 recorded in the Chelif area, bath in the Tellian allochthon and underlying underthrust
37
38
39 67 foreland. The tectonic studies show that the present deformation is mainly
40
41 68 compressive with a NNW-SSE direction of shortening (Philip and Thomas, 1977;
42
43
44 69 Meghraoui, 1982; Philip and Meghraoui, 1983; Meghraoui, 1988; Meghraoui and
45
46 70 Doumaz, 1996; fVleghraoui et al., 1996; Boudiaf et al., 1998; Domzig et al., 2006;
47
:~ 71 Yelles-Chaouche et al., 2006; Guemache, 2010). According to Rebaï (1993), the
50
51 72 present state of regional stresses suggests that the Maghreb is subjects to a N-S
52
53
73 compression and acts as an indenter in its central Algerian part, the western and
54
55
56 74 eastern parts (Morocco and Tunisia) being allowed to experience a lateral escape
57
58 75 (Piqué et al., 1998a & b). Furthermore, based on paleomagnetic measurements, the
59
60
61
62 3
63
64
65
 76 relative convergence motion between the Africa and Eurasia plates could be
1
2 77 interpreted as a transpressional tectonic deformation model with block rotations along
3
4
5 78 the Algerian continental margin (Derder et al. , 2013).
6
7 79
8

1~ 80 2.1. Geodynamic evolution and tectonic agenda

11
12 81 After the opening of the Tethys Ocean and coeval development of the northern
13
14 82 passive margin of Africa during the Triassic and Liassic, the rotation of the African
15
16
17 83 plate as compared to Eurasia induced since the Upper Jurassic a slow convergence
18
19 84 between the two plates. This led to a progressive closure of the former ocean, and to
20
21
22 85 the formation of the circum-Mediterranean Alpine mountains (Thomas, 1985). During
23
24 86 the Late Cretaceous until the Eocene, foreland inversions developed in the former rift
25
26 87 basins of the Saharan Atlas, due to a good coupling between the plate boundary and
27
28
29 88 the African lithosphere, at a ti me wh en the oceanic domain was not yet tully
30

~~ 89 subducted (Frizon de Lamotte et al. , 2006 ; Bracène and Frizon de La motte, 2002;
33
34 90 Rou re et al. , 2012).
35
~~ 91 Surprisingly enough, the Tellian allochthon is made up of Upper Cretaceous to
38
39 92 Eocene basinal units derived from the distal portion of the former passive margin of
40
41 93 North Africa, with a basal decollement located in Triassic evaporites, with no
42
43
44 94 evidence of Lower Cretaceous nor Jurassic series in between. The best interpretation
45
46 95 he re is to assume, as wh at has already be en described for the Eastern Algerian and
47
48 96 Tunisian Tell, that salt canopies made up of Triassic series were already
49
50
51 97 interstratified within the Cretaceous series of the passive margin (Vila et al. , 1993;
52
53 98 Masrouhi and Koyi , 2012 , and references therei n), thus allowing a localisation of the
54
55
56 99 main decollement along these interfaces during the subsequent episodes of thrusting.
57
58 100 Deep water turbidites of the Oligocene Numidian series were actually deposited in
59
60
61
62 4
63
64
65
 101 the distal portion of the African margin and on top of the southward propagating
1
2 102 Tellian tectonic wedge.
3
4
5 103 The paroxysmal phase of thin-skinned deformation resulted in the overthrusting in the
6
7 104 Tellian allochthon during the Lower Miocene. As a result, Langhian series are
8

1~ 105 currently located in three distinct tectonic positions in the vicinity of the Chelif Basin
11
12 106 (Fig. 2): (1) in the autochthonous flexural basin, where the Lower Miocene deep
13
~~ 107 water turbidites rest directly on top of Upper Cretaceous blackshales in Tiaret, (2) in
16
17 108 the footwall of the Tellian allochthon, where the Lower Miocene series still constitute
18
19 109 a potential seal for the Mesozoic reservoirs of the subthrust prospects, and (3) on top
20
21
22 110 of the Tellian allochthon, in a piggyback position.
23
24 111 After the final emplacement of the Tellian allochthon on top of its foreland domain, an
25
26
27 112 episode of trans-tension occurred along the plate boundary during the Tortonian and
28
29 113 Messinian, accounting for the formation of thrust-top pull-apart basins in the Chelif
30

;~ 114 area (Ghazli, 2001; Roure, 2008; Roure et al., 2012), in a similar way as what has
33
34 115 been described for the Vienna Basin at the junction between the Alps and the
35
;~ 116 Carpathians (Sauer et al., 1992; Seifert, 1996), or in the Gulf of Paria between the
38
39 117 Serrania del lnterior in Eastern Venezuela in the west, and Trinidad in the east
40
41 118 (Lingrey, 2007).
42
43
44 119 Since the Pliocene, there is again a good coupling between the plate boundary and
45
46 120 the African foreland, accounting for the transpressional inversion of former normal
47
:~ 121 faults inherited from the Tethyan rifting in the underthrust African foreland. This new
50
51 122 compressional episode has resulted in the formation of subthrust anticlines involving
52
~~ 123 the Mesozoic parautochthonous series and in the refolding of the sole thrust of the
55
56 124 overlying Tellian allochthon beneath the Chelif Basin, in a similar way as in the
57
58 125 Tempa Rossa and Monte Alpi fields of the Southern Apennines and ether nappes
59
60
61
62 5
63
64
65
 126 anticlines described in Northern Sicily (Casera et al., 1991; Roure et al., 2012), in the
1
2 127 eastern part of the Algerian Tell near Constantine (Vila et al., 1994), as weil as in the
3
4
5 128 tectonic windows of the Bibans and Ouarsenis Mountains (Mattauer, 1958), where
6
7 129 the lower plate is currently exposed to the surface due to the large amount of tectonic
8
9
10 130 uplift and erosion.
11
12 131
13
i~ 132 2.2. Neogene sedimentary infill of the Chelif Basin
16
17 133 Due to the complex tectonic evolution of the Chelif Basin, its Neogene sedimentary
18
19 134 infill can be subdivided into 3 distinct tectonostratigraphic assemblages (Neurdin-
20
21
22 135 Trescartes, 1992 and 1995; Fig. 3):
23
24 136 At the base, the marine Lower Miocene megasequence (MSI) was still deposited
25
26
27 137 during a compressional episode, in a piggyback position on top of the still moving
28
29 138 Tellian. During the Lower Miocene, the sedimentary deposits preserved on top of the
30
31
32
139 Tellian units, and especially in the western sub-basin of the Chelif, record the
33
34 140 influence of arc-related alkaline and calc-alkaline volcanism.
35
36
37
141 The thicker Tortonian-Messinian megasequence (MSII) was deposited during the
38
39 142 formation of the trust-top pull-apart basin, during the episode of transtension. lt still
40
41 143 comprises dominantly marine siliciclastic deposits at the base, grading into mari,
42
43
44 144 continental siliciclastic deposits and intense volcanism, like cinerites, that are
45
46 145 considered as a chronologie marker at the base of Messinian (Kieken, 1974 and
47
48
49 146 1975).
50
51 147 The Plio-Quaternary sequence (MS Ill) was deposited during the reactivation and
52
53
54
148 inversion of the border faults of the Chelif Basin, coeval with the formation of
55
56 149 subthrust structural closures in the underthrust foreland. lt is made up of shallow
57
58 150 marine (Aigae limestone) and continental siliclastic deposits.
59
60
61
62 6
63
64
65
 151
1
2 152 3. Results
3
4
5 153 3.1. Source rocks characterization
6
7 154 At the scale of the Circum-Mediterranean basins and thrust-belts, numerous
8

1; 155 stratigraphie intervals have been recognized since a long time as potential source
11
12 156 rocks for hydrocarbons. This is the case for Upper Triassic bituminous limestones in
13
~: 157 Sicily and the Adriatic domain (Southern Alps, Dinarides and Albanides; Ziegler and
16
17 158 Roure, 1996, and references therein), Liassic blackshale in the Saharan Atlas in
18
~; 159 Algeria (Vi ally et al., 1994 ), in the lonian zone in the Albanides, in Epi rus in the
21
22 160 Hellenides (Karakitzios, 2013, and references therein), Cenomanian-Turonian euxinic
23
24 161 facies in the Apennines, Eocene blackshale in the Eastern Tell in Algeria, Oligocene
25
26
27 162 Numidian flysch in Tunisia and Sicily, as weil as Messinian series.
28
29 163 ln the Chelif area, only the Cretaceous and Cenozoic rocks of the Tellian allochthon
30

~~ 164 and Neogene pull-apart basin have been investigated here, due to the current lack of
33
34 165 deep weil that would be required to document potential source rocks in the lower
35
~~ 166 plate (underthrust foreland).
38
39 167
40
41 168 3.1.1. Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian to Campanian)
42
43
44 169 As is most of North Algeria, Upper Cretaceous series of the Tellian allochthon
45
46
170 cropping out in the vicinity of the Chelif Basin are locally preserved around the main
47
48
49 171 Neogene depocenters, either is the form of weil stratified Campanian outcrops, or as
50
51
172 hard blacks of Cenomanian limestones reworked in the shaley matrix of tectonic
52
53
54 173 mélanges along the sole thrust of the allochthon (Fig. 2). These Upper Cretaceous
55
56
174 series have been sam pied in outcrops of the northern and southern borders (Fig. 1).
57
58
59 175 The facies is composed of grey to black shales and maris. Their organic richness is
60
61
62 7
63
64
65
 176 mean to good. TOC varies from 1.5 to 7 % (Roure et al. , 2006) . TOC values varies
1
2 from 0.56 to 3% Relizane and Beni Chograne mountain, near Tliouant field the
3 177
4
5 178 southeast, in the Dahra Mountains it ranges from 0.9 to 8.2 %. The present day
6
7 maturity shows a frozen oil window in the basin borders (outcrops) and instead a gas
8 179
9
10 180 window in wells drilled in the central part of the Neogene basin (Fig . 3). Sorne
11
12 outcrop's samples display high residual potential with Hl varying from102 to 480 mg/g
13
181
14
15 182 TOC (Fig. 4 and Tab. 1), they are in oil window (Tmax= 438- 443 oc), the lower Hl
16
17 (5- 12 mg He/TOC) indicate a gas window, the Tmax is higher (574- 599 oc) (Tab .1).
18
183
19
20 184
21
22 185 3.1.2. Oligocene Numidian series
23
24
25 186 The Oligocene Numidian flysch crops out also in the Tellian allochthon on both sides
26
27 187 of the Neogene depocenters, but it may be entirely lacking beneath the whole basin
28
29
30
188 as due to the geometry of the Miocene normal faults. lt consists of grey to black
31
32 189 maris (Fig . 3) deposited in a deep water environment. lts thickness reaches up to 500
33
34 190 m. TOC varies from 2 to 4%, which gives an equivalent of 10 to 30 % in carbonate
35
36
37 191 composition. The Hl/01 diagram (Fig . 5) shows a type-Ill kerogen. However, the
38
39 192 optical observation reveals amorphous sapropelic organic matter. This low potential
40
41
42 193 at lower maturity indicates a poor preservation of the organic matter due to oxidation
43
44 194 (Fig. 5). Whole samples display low to fair TOC, ranging from 0.4 to 0.9 % and low
45
46
47 195 maturity. ln the central part of the basin, the organic matter reached the oil window at
48
49 196 about 2100 m and a wet gas window at about 3,500 m. The environment of
50
51
52
197 deposition, mainly controlled by the geometry of the Maghrebides-Apenninic flexural
53
54 198 basin, was probably not in direct communication with the Atlantic Ocean where up-
55
56 199 welling streams could have occurred and could have renewed the anoxie zones with
57
58
59 200 minerais that are necessary for the proliferation of the organic matter.
60
61
62 8
63
64
65
 201
1
2 202 3.1.3. Lower to Middle Miocene
3
4
5 203 Their thick series of blue maris are characterized by a weakness of organic matter;
6
7 204 the TOC is generally lower than 0.5 % (Figs. 6 and 7), this is due mainly to a dilution
8
9
10 205 which is related to a high sedimentation rates (1 000/my) . Nevertheless, they contain
11
12 206 thin (decimeter-thick) layers which are limited in space with the TOCs ranging from
13
14
15
207 0.8 to 1%, like in EI-Biod and Ain Zeft area (Fig. 6 and 7). The organic matter is from
16
17 208 type Il marine with probably inclusion of terrestrial material (Fig. 8), regarding the
18
19 209 proximity of the land to the deep basin. Although the lower potential could be the
20
21
22 210 result of the thermal maturation process (Figs. 5 and 8), the high oxygen index (10=
23
24 211 200- 400mg C02/g COT) (Figs. 5 and 7) traduces an oxidation and thus a bad
25
26
27 212 preservation of the organic matter (Fig. 8). ln terms of maturity the deepest layers are
28
29 213 in gas window (Figs. 5 and 8), in the central part of the basin (EI-Biod, Nador, Akboub
30
31
32
214 and Belkheir) and in oil window in shallower areas, such as Noisy and Fornaka.
33
34 215
35
~~ 216 3.1.4. Upper Miocene series
38
39 217 The Upper Miocene series have been sampled in the northeastern (EI-Biod and Aïn
40
41 218 Zeft) and southwestern parts (Belkhir and Fornaka) of the basin (Fig. 1) at depths
42
43
44 219 varying from 500 to 750 m. Apart of the Tripoli member of the Messinian where TOC
45
46 220 values can rea ch up to 10% or more, he average TOC values of ether Miocene
47
: ~ 221 intervals range from less th an 0.5% to 1% (Fig. 5).
50
51 222 The majority of the samples in Aïn Zeft (Fig. 7), Akboub and Hellil areas display high
52
;~ 223 oxygen and lower hydrogen proportion in the organic matter (Fig. 5). The hydrogen
55
56 224 index is around 100 mg HC/g TOC (Fig.5). ln the El Bied area, the basal part of the
57
58 225 Upper Miocene presents a fair quality of organic matter (fig. 4 and 7). There, the
59
60
61
62 9
63
64
65
 226 Hydrogen index (Hl) ranges from 100 to 150 mg HC/g TOC, the sample actually
1
2 227 recording a maturity grade at the beginning of oil window (Figs . 6 and 7). Besides,
3
4
5 228 close to the northern border of the basin near Ain Zeft and Dahra Mountain outcrop
6
7 229 samples have been analysed, they show a good organic richness, with a TOC of
8

1~ 230 1.18- 2.31% (Fig. 4 and Ta b. 1). However, even though the thermal indicators Tmax
11
12 231 (<430 oc) and TAI= 1.5) (Tab . 1) traduces an immaturity of the organic matter, only
13
Î~ 232 two samples display fair to excellent potential (Hl= 211 and 566 mg hc/g TOC).The
16
17 233 rest of the samples are characterized by low hydrogen indices, this is due probably to
18
~~ 234 a bad preservation or oxidation of the organic matter. Nevertheless, the oil shows
21
22 235 and the Ain Zeft accumulation is an ind ication that there is an efficient kitchen zone in
23
24 236 the vicinity of the area, the lack of the reliable samples does not allow establishing a
25
26
27 237 thermal maturity map.
28
29 238
30
~~ 239 3.2. Oil-source rocks correlations
33
34 240 The normalized percentage compositions of the aliphatic, aromatic and NSO
35
~~ 241 fractions of each sample of rock extracts and oils are plotted in a ternary diagram
38
39 242 (Fig. 9). According to Tissot and Welte (1984), the grey area in the figure represents
40
41 243 typical conventional petroleum composition. The samples present a lower proportion
42
43
44 244 of aromatics hydrocarbons (HCA) and polar products (NSO) and high saturated
45
46 245 hydrocarbons (HCS) (Fig. 9).
47
48
49 246 The graph PRfnC17 - PHfnC18 (Lumbach, 1975, in Ch aouche, 1992) is used for
50
~~ 247 defining the maturity and the type of organic matter of the source rock which has
53
54 248 generated oils and extracts that are analyzed by chromatography in the framework of
55
~~ 249 the present study and internai unpublished works of Sonatrach. The extract samples
58
59 250 (at 1911 and 1936 m depth) from Hellil area (weil W9) are classified in a type Il zone
60
61
62 10
63
64
65
 251 after the graph and humic type zone for the third sample from 1584 m (Fig. 9). At El-
1
2 252 Biod weil the diagram shows a type-Il kerogen and lower maturity as compared to
3
4
5 253 Akboub oils in the western area (Fig . 9).
6
7 254 An oil sample issued from Ain Zeft field (weil W3) and a hydrocarbon extract of
8
9
10 255 Messinian maris (outcrops) have been analysed with gas chromatography and the
11
12 256 chromatograms of C14+ saturates are compared for a correlation need.The
13
~: 257 Messinian extract is characterized by a predominance of even number components
16
17 258 and a low Pr/Ph fraction (0.5) (Fig. 10), this is an indication of a source rock that has
18
19
259 been deposited in a highly reduced evaporitic environment. Besides, as indicated
20
21
22 260 above, the samples are totally immature, C21-C35 being still present in high
23
24 261 proportion. The Ain Zeft oil sample displays the same distribution with also a low
25

~~ 262 Pr/Ph fraction (0.16) (Fig. 10). Moreover, the sulphur content in the present oil is
28
29 263 higher than 2%, meaning th at this oil was most probably generated from a type-liS
30

~~ 264 organic matter. The chromatogram of Messinian extract (shows a high concentration
33
34 265 of biomarkers (Fig. 11 a). Although the oil sample is slightly mature than the extract,
35
~~ 266 the two samples seems to be similar. The absence of gas spectrometry data (GCMS)
38
39 267 could not allow a complete correlation.
40
41 268 The oils from Tliouanet field are very mature because they contain a higher
42
43
44 269 proportion of C14-C21 components (Fig. 11 c), the regular decreasing of the pick
45
46 270 heights, from C19 to +C30 compone nt is an indication of a marine environ ment of
47
!~ 271 the organic matter, from which these oils have been generated (Fig. 11 c ).The Pr/Ph
50
51 272 fraction is 1.6; it is an indication of a highly reduced environment (Fig. 11 c).The
52
53 273 distribution of the extract component is the same as the one of the Tliouanet oil; the
54
55
56 274 predomainance of nC15-nC21 components traduces the relatively higher maturity of
57
58 275 the samples (Fig. 11 d). Furthermore, the stratigraphie position of the produced
59
60
61
62 11
63
64
65
 276 reservoir in Tliounat field (basal Tortonian sandstones) comparing to the Cretaceous
1
2 277 allochton source rock which belongs to the substratum of the Neogene Chelif basin,
3
4
5 278 the migration pathways of this ail came from this Cretaceous level (Fig. 2). According
6
7 279 to its geochemical signature, this ail is quite similar to the ails of the Oued Gueterini
8
9
10 280 field farther east in the Hodna Basin, with strong affinities with extracts from
11
12 281 Cretaceous source rocks. Because of the geometry of the Chelif Basin and their
13
14
15
282 close association with the main border fault of the basin, these ails were probably
16
17 283 generated from a deeper structural unit, with a dismigration from the subthrust
18
19 284 parautochthous units or underthrust foreland, in a similar way as the Jurassic-
20
21
22 285 sourced ails found in the Neogene reservoirs of the Vienna Basin in Austria, which
23
24 286 were actually generated in the lower plate, thus accounting for subsequent vertical
25
26
27 287 migration across the sole thrust of the T ellian allochthon.
28
29 288
30
31
32
289 3.3. Thermal modelling and hydrocarbon generation history
33
34 290 3.3.1. Geothermal boundary conditions
35
36
37
291 1D thermal modelling in thrust belts remains a difficult task due to the spatial and
38
39 292 temporal changes operating in the lithosphere and crustal architecture from the onset
40
41 293 of rifting and passive margin development, which are usually characterized by a
42
43
44 294 relatively high thermal regime, until the orogenie paroxysm which is instead likely to
45
46 295 account for the development of a thicker crust, but also a thick lithospheric root, most
47
48
49 296 foreland flexural basins being instead characterized by relatively cold heat flows.
50
51 297 Alternatively, post-orogenie slab detachment and rise of an asthenospheric diapir
52
53
54
298 beneath the offshore Algerian basin may have restored temporally an elevated heat
55
56 299 flow in the vicinity of the Chelif Basin at its Upper Miocene peak of subsidence.
57
58
59
60
61
62
12
63
64
65
 300 Another problem with 1D models is that they can hardly account for tectonic
1
2 301 duplication, the Tellian allochthon recording a completely different thermal evolution
3
4
5 302 as compared to the underthrust foreland until the Langhian, when the two demains
6
7 303 were ultimately superposed with only miner subsequent tectonic contraction.
8
9
10 304 ln this paper, the ai ms of the 1D petroleum modelling with the Genex software was to
11
12 305 reconstruct the thermal, source rock maturation and petroleum generation in the
13
~~ 306 Neogene depocenter, with a focus on the evolution of the Neogene source rocks
16
17 307 from the post-nappe pull-apart basin. Further coupled 20 kinematic and petroleum
18
19 308 Thrustpack modelling has also been attempted in the past in the Chelif Basin to
20
21
22 309 address the thermal evolution of the lower plate and exploration risk of subthrust
23
24 310 prospects (Sassi et al., 2006), but these results will not be detailed here, because of
25
26
27 311 strong uncertainties wh en reconstructing the pre-Miocene thermal evolution of both
28
29 312 the Tel lian allochthon and underthrust foreland.
30
~~ 313 ln any case, the North Algerian Tellian Atlas presently displays a normal crust which
33
34 314 thickness ranges from 30 to 40 km (Marillier and Mueller, 1982; Thomas, 1985).
35
36
315
37
38
39 316 3.3.2. Geothermal history
40
41 317 Acccording to Louni-Hacini et al. (1995), Neogene volcanic rocks from the
42
43
44 318 northwestern coast of Algeria include calc-alkaline to shoshonitic andesites and
45
46 319 dacites (Sahel of Oran and M'Sirda areas) and alkaline basalts (Tafna valley).
47
!~ 320 Seventeen new 4 °K-40 Ar ages indicate that these volcanics were emplaced during
50
51 321 two distinct periods, from 11.7 to 7.2 Ma and 4 Ma, respectively. Ali the andesites
52
53
322 and dacites were emplaced during the first period, and their trace element
54
55
56 323 characteristics are typical of subduction- and/or collision-related magmas. Du ring the
57
58
59
60
61
62 13
63
64
65
 324 Late Pliocene and Quaternary, the volcanic activity occurred in the Moroccan Middle
1
2 325 Atlas and in Oran area in Algeria (Fig. 1).
3
4
5 326 ln the Tellian thrust belt the heat flow increases rapidly towards the Mediterranean
6
7 327 Sea. lts overall pattern is comparable to that measured in the other Tertiary belts
8
9
10 328 (Takherist and Lesquer, 1989). According to these authors the present day heat flow
11
12 329 varies from 80 mW/m 2 to more than 100 mW/m 2 near the offshore. At the present day
13
î:
16
330 the geothermal gradient varies from 30-35°C/km (Normal Geothermie Gradient) to

17 331 more than 50°C/km (Fig. 12), two hyperthermie zones being localized in the central
18
19 332 part of the Chelif Basin, where it may be due to the local occurrence of Neogene
20
21
22 333 diapirs remobilizing the Triassic salt of the Tellian allocthon, (Fig. 2) and the coastal
23
2 4 334 zone near the Gulf of Mostaganem (i.e. in the vicinity of the neoformed Neogene
25
26
27 335 oceanic lithosphere of the offshore Algerian Basin.
28
29 336 ln the eastern part of the basin, the deduced heat flow varies from 50 mW/m 2 to 85
30
;; 337 mW/m 2 (Fig. 13a). For obvious geodynamic reasons, the heat flow model used in the
33
34 338 present study has been considered variable through the geological time. From the
35
;~ 339 Upper Cretaceous to the Lower Miocene (main episodes of tectonic contraction), the
38
39 340 mean flow value is estimated to 50-55 mW/m 2 • However, related to geodynamic and
40
41 341 volcanic activity of the basin, we assume a larger heat flow value since the onset of
42
43
44 342 slab detachment and Tortonian-Messinian episode of accelerated subsidence in the
45
46 343 basin (Fenet, 1975; Bellon and Brousse, 1977; Aït Hamou, 1987; Maury et al., 2000).
47

!~ 344 Ultimately, the present day heat flow has been deduced from the geothermal gradient
50
51 345 and thermal conductivities of the sediments. The BHT corrected temperatures
52
~~ 346 calibrated the present day heat flow at 85 mW/m 2 (Fig. 13a), as estimated by
55
56 347 Takherist and Lesquer (1989) .
57
58 348
59
60
61
62
14
63
64
65
 349 3.3.3. Reconstruction of the bu rial history
1
2
350 At eastern part of the study area, the Neogene series of the Chelif Basin were
3
4
5 351 deposited on top of the Oligocene and Cretaceous Tellian allochthon (Figs. 1 and 2).
6
7 352 The Late Oligocene and Burdigalian being still characterized by deep water turbidites
8
9
10 353 along the Tellian allochthonous units underlying the Neogene depocenters of the
11
12 354 Chelif, only miner erosion occurred in this formerly basinal domain until the onset of
13
~~ 355 uplift and tectonic accretion.
16
17 356 During the development of the Lower Miocene syn-compressional piggyback basin
18
~ ~ 357 (Langhian-Serravallian) and subsequent transtensional opening of the thrust-top pull-
21
22 358 apart basin (Tortonian-Messinian), the sedimentation rate was very high 250 m/Ma
23
24 359 (Fig. 13b ). Be cause of renewed trans pression al foreland inversion in post-Miocene
25
26
27 360 times, the sedimentation rate was lower than 100m/Ma (Fig. 13b) during both the
28
29 361 Pliocene and Quaternary in the relict depocenters, most of the basin being instead
30
;~ 362 impacted by inversion-related uplift and erosion.
33
34 363 ln the western area (W1 0 weil), the sedimentation rate recorded during the Upper
35
;~ 364 Cretaceous- Eocene period) is 30 m/Ma (Fig. 14 a). However, during Upper Miocene-
38
39 365 Pliocene period, this parameter reaches 80 m/Ma; this is related to the transtensional
40
41 366 extension of the basin (Fig. 14 a).
42
43
44 367
45
46 368 3.3.4. Hydrocarbon generation and expulsion histories
47

!~ 369 1D thermal modelling has been undertaken with the Genex software on the W5 Weil
50
51 370 in the EI-Biod area and W10 to the West (Fig. 1). The thermal calibration of the
52
53
371 thermal model is established thanks to the measured temperatures in the weil and
54
55
56 372 the maturity mesurements (Ro converted values) (Fig. 13b). ln the former area, the
57
58 373 oil generation from the Middle Miocene formations (supposed source rocks) occurred
59
60
61
62 15
63
64
65
 374 from 12 to 10 Ma and gas during 10- present day with a burial of 4000- 5200 m,
1
2 375 whereas, the Messenia is still immature (Fig. 13c). Besides, the Langhian supposed
3
4
5 376 source expelled oil between 8 and 5 Ma after that period only gas expulsion occurred
6
7 377 in this deeper part of the basin (Fig. 13 d).
8
9
10
378 ln the western area, there are two picks of oil expulsion, the first pick happens
11
12 379 between 12 and 8 Ma while the second one between happens at 4- 2 Ma (Piiocene)
13
~: 380 (Fig. 14b).
16
17 381 Besides, the formation of structural traps relate to the Pliocene and Quaternary
18
19 382 inversion, thus post-dating the Messinian episode of maximum burial. Considering
20
21
22 383 type-li kerogen in this model, the Messinian which is the source rock of the Ain Zeft
23
24 384 oil field was not buried enough there (at 1,000 m depth) to generate hydrocarbons.
25
26
27 385 Alternatively, in the case of type-liS kerogen as is shown by the n alcanes and
28
29 386 biomarkers distribution in the rock extracts, it could generate commercial amounts of
30
~~ 387 oil at lower temperatures (<50°C). A kinetic model of this organic matter would be
33
34 388 required in order to confirm such scenario.
35
~~ 389 The Upper Cretaceous series are considered as the main source rock for the Upper
38
39 390 Miocene reservoir in Tliouanet. They are probably also the source of the gas and oil
40
!~ 39 1 shows documented elsewhere in the Chelif Basin (Fig. 1). The Middle Miocene series
43
44 392 display sorne HC potential in the EI-Biod area where the Miocene reservoirs might
45
46
393 have been sourced from. The Ain Zeft he avy oil is originated from the Upper Miocene
47
48
49 394 source rock which has aIso a good generation potential in this area (Figs. 1, 3 and
50
51 395 Tab . 1). There are three types of traps, anticlines, roll-over structures and those
52
53
54 396 associated to diapirs. Their age extend from Middle Miocene to Pliocene and even to
55
56 397 present day. The early charge is most likely oil whereas the most recent traps could
57
58
59 398 accumulate mainly gas.
60
61
62 16
63
64
65
 399
1
2 400 4. Discussion
3
4
5 401 4.1. Petroleum systems analysis
6
7 402 4.1.1. Upper Cretaceous 1 basal Tortonian sandstone
8
9
10 403 ln the Tellian allochthon, the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian to Campanian) source
11
12 404 rocks extend only away from the Neogene depocenters, i.e. mainly south of the
13
~~ 405 Tliouanet- Relizane fields in the south (Fig. 1a), and north of the Ain Zeft field in the
16
17 406 north, making it difficult to contribute in any way to the petroleum potential of the
18
19
407 basin. Axtually, due to the Tortonian-Messinian extension, Neogene series rest
20
21
22 408 almost directly above the sole thrust of the Tellian allochthon in the central part of the
23
24 409 basin (Fig. 2), where coeval Upper Cretaceous source rocks are instead likely to be
25

;~ 410 found at appropriate depth for HC generation in the underthrust foreland and
28
29 411 parautochthonous subthrust prospects.
30
;~ 412 Although the presence of a thick Miocene sandstones package (200 m) in Djebel
33
34 413 Djira area, to the west, there is no petroleum perspective because of the absence of
35
;~ 414 the source rocks (Fig. 15).
38
39 415 The zone B (Fig. 15) is the most prospective thanks to the presence of reservoirs at
40
41 416 the base of the Upper Miocene and the presence of both Upper Cretaceous and
42
43
44 417 Upper Miocene source rocks. However, as far as the exploration results are
45
46 418 concerned, and with the exception of the Ain Zeft accumulation, there have been only
47
~~ 419 dry heles and hydrocarbon shows. The deficient parameter of the petroleum system
50
51 420 in the whole Neogene sedimentary infill of the Chelif Basin is the timing of the trap
52
53
421 formation as compared to hydrocarbon migration. This is the case for instance for
54
55
56 422 Pliocene and Quaternary structures. The presence of the sm ali accumulation in
57
58 423 Sadra area (Sedra weil, eastern part) resulted either from a migration during the
59
60
61
62 17
63
64
65
 424 structuration or from a remigration from a deeper accumulation. Such accumulation is
1
2 425 not commercial.
3
4
5 426 ln Ain Zeft, Akboub and Hellil areas, the presence of the light oils, more mature than
6
7 427 the rock extracts of the nearby source intervals, clearly require the occurrence of a
8
9
10
428 deeper kitchen and both long range lateral and vertical migration, either from deepest
11
12 429 parts of the pull-apart basin, or from the lower plate, using the main border faults of
13
i: 430 the basin to migrate from the underthrust units towards the Neogene pull-apart.
16
17 431 The zone C (Fig . 15) is the deepest part of the basin, it is characterized by a high
18
19 432 sedimentation rate, varying from 100 to 1000 mima (Fig. 13b) during the Miocene.
20
21
22 433 This might have caused dilution of the organic matter. Such sedimentological
23
24 434 conditions and probably the absence of upwelling streams could not favor a
25

~~ 435 development of anoxie conditions during Miocene time.

28
29 436
30

;~ 437 4.1.2. Messinian (source rock)/ Upper Miocene/Piiocene reservoirs

33
34 43 8 The Upper Miocene (Messinian) source rock extends along central part of the basin,
35
;~ 439 Dahra Mountain and Ai Zeft area (Fig. 15). To be effective, this petroleum system
38
39 440 would require the presence of Upper Miocene reservoirs, i.e. the basal Tortonian
40
41 441 sandstone and Pliocene algallimestones (Lithotamnium limestone) and relatively old
42
43
44 442 (pre-Piiocene) structures. The generation of the hydrocarbon from Messinian source
45
46 443 rock is aIso conditioned by the thickness of the Pliocene sediments (bu rial).
47

: : 444 Besides, the hydrocarbon charge of the Upper Miocene reservoirs could relate from
50
51 445 deep Neogene kitchens or again, from a vertical migration across the sole thrust of
52
~~ 446 the Tellian allochthon, from Upper Cretaceous source rocks from the lower plate.
55
56 447 Although a thick Pliocene series (500 à 1000 m) (Fig. 3) occurring at Fekrane and
57
58 448 Belkheir areas (which could host both reservoirs and seals), there is a challenge for
59
60
61
62 18
63
64
65
 449 developing any commercial hydrocarbon accumulation in relationship with this play,
1
2 450 because of the lack of source rocks therein. Elsewhere , the Pliocene series are
3
4
5 451 thinner (because mainly of Quaternary erosion), ranging from 0 to 50 m, which is
6
7 452 clearly insufficient to expect any sealed reservoir there.
8
9
10 453
11
12 454 5. Conclusions
13
14
15
45 5 The Oligocene Numidian series display locally high organic contents in Sicily and
16
17 456 Tunisia , where they are known to account for effective petroleum systems (El Heuchi
18
19 457 et al., 2004; Gran ath and Casera, 2004 ). Despite the fact that no hydrocarbon field
20
21
22 458 has yet been discovered in Ol igocene Numidian sandstones in Northern Algeria, the
23
24 459 Oligocene series of the Tellian allochthon in the vicinity of the Chelif Basin shows the
25
26
27 460 same overall characteristics, and could still constitute a target for the exploration.
28
29 461 ln the more than 4 km-thick pre-Messinian Miocene series , there are intervals with a
30
31
32
462 mean organic rich ness (TOC) comprised between 0.5 and 1%, but their generative
33
34 463 potential still remains law because of the bad preservation of the organic matter,
35
36
37
464 which is marine with slight continental contribution. The optical observation and the
38
39 465 law residual potential (Hl) show that there is an effect of oxidation. ln contrast, the
40
41 466 Tripoli member of the Messinian series displays a very high organic content, with
42
43
44 467 TOC values up to 10% or more, but law maturities (Tmax < 430°C). However, its
45
46 468 kerogene is of the type-liS , which could generate hydrocarbon even at law
47
48
49 469 temperatures (<50°C). Alternatively, the Upper Miocene is more buried in the main
50
51 470 depocenters of the Chelif Basin than in the modelled wells , implying that it could be
52
53
471 already in the ail window in the deepest, not yet inverted parts of the basin. The 1D
54
55
56 472 basin modeling shows that the timing of ail generation from the Middle Miocene
57
58 473 source rock occurred during the Upper Miocene and Pliocene period. Considering the
59
60
61
62 19
63
64
65
 474 richest levels of the Middle Miocene source rocks, the ail expulsion began at 8 Ma.
1
2 475 From 5 Ma to the Present day, mainly gas expulsion occurred. ln any case, the
3
4
5 476 GC/GCMS analysis confirms the correlation between Ain Zeft ails, which contain
6
7 477 oleanane, and Upper Miocene extracts. However, the main exploration risk for
8
9
10 478 Neogene hydrocarbon systems relates to the scarcity of clastic reservoirs in the
11
12 479 sedimentary infill of the pull-apart basin, most anticlinal structures being controlled by
13
14
480 salt dames, with dominantly fine grain growth strata. Stratigraphie traps and sandy
15
16
17 481 paleo-chanels would rather occur along the flanks of the structures or in intervening
18
19 482 lows, but they can hardly be identified here due to the lack of 3D seismic. Plia-
20
21
22 483 Quaternary anticlines related to the recent inversion of the basin are likely to post-
23
24 484 date the episodes of maximum burial in the Miocene depocenters, even if they could
25
26
27 485 host remigrated ails from aider structures, or ail escaping vertically from the
28
29 486 substhrust units along vertical conduits such as the main border fault of the basin.
30
31
32
487 Similar modes of petroleum charge is known to occur in the Vienna Basin in Austria
33
34 488 for instance, were the ail generated in Jurassic source rocks from the lower plate
35
36
37
489 have migrated upward across the Alpine nappes before to be trapped in Neogene
38
39 490 clastics of the trust-top pull-apart basin (Sauer et al. , 1992 ; Seifert, 1996).
40
41 491 The Cenomanian source rocks of the Tellian allochthon constitute frequently
42
43
44 492 discontinuous blacks reworked in tectonic melanges along the sole thrust of the
45
46 493 Tellian allochthon, or shallow erosional remnants between the main Neogene
47
48
49 494 depocenters and the frontal Tellian thrust. Due to the Tortonian-Messinian extension,
50
51 495 it is unlikely that thick Cenomanian series are still preserved in the allochthon benath
52
53
54
496 the Chelif Basin itself. Alternatively, the occurrence of ails with a geochemical inprint
55
56 497 of Upper Cretaceous source rocks in the Tliouanet field near the main border fault of
57
58 498 the Chelif Basin rather suggests a dismigration from the underthrusts foreland or
59
60
61
62 20
63
64
65
 499 parautochthonous structures which formed during the Plio-Quatenary episode of
1
2 500 transpression, making the subthrust plays a potential target. The main exploration
3
4
5 501 risk here would relate to the possible erosion of Cretaceous platform carbonate
6
7 502 reservoirs and Albian sands of subthrust prospects prier to the development of the
8
9
10
503 Neogene foreland flexure and deposition of deep water seals, due to Late
11
12 504 Cretaceous to Eocene episodes offoreland inversion (Roure et al., 2012).
13
14
15
505
16
17 506 Acknowledgements
18
19 507 This work was undertaken as part of a Master Il research work realized at USTHB
20
21
22 508 University (Aigiers). The authors wish to thank Sonatrach and Alnaft for giving us
23
24 509 access to weil data. We acknowledge M. Kaced and N. Yahi for reviewing an early
25
26
27 510 draft of the manuscript. We greatly benefited from discussions with A. Lassai and H.
28
29 511 Benali.
30
31
32
512
33
34 513 References
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39 515 paléomagnétiques récentes dans le bassin du Chélif (Algérie). Comptes Rendus de
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41 516 l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 314, Série Il, 915-922.
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46 518 Ait Hamou, F., 1987. Etude pétrographique et géochimique du volcanisme d'âge
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 598 Hsü, K. J., 1971. Origin of the Alps and Western Mediterranean. Nature, 233 , 44-48.
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~~ 604 of significant strike-slip. ln: Lacombe 0., Roure, F., Lavé, J. & Vergés, J. (Eds.),
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606 178.
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~~ 609 transition zone between two lithospheric plates. Tectonophysics 118 (1-2), 113-130.
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30

~~ 611 Masrouhi, A., Koy,i H., 2012. Submarine "salt glacier" kinematics of Northern
33
34 61 2 Tunisia, a case of Triassic salt mobility in North African Cretaceous passive margin.
35
~~ 613 ln: Alsop, G. 1, Archer, S. G, Hartley, A, Grant, N .. T, Hodgkinson, R. (Eds.), Salt
38
39 614 Tectonics, Sediments and Prospectivity. Geological Society, London, Special
40
41 615 Publications, 363, 2012, pp. 579-593.
42
43
44 616
45
46 617 Matta uer, M., 1958. Etude Géologique de l'Ouarsenis Orienta, Algérie, Publication du
47
! ~ 618 Service de la Carte Géologique de l'Algérie, Bulletin No 17, Nouvelle Série, 543pp.
50
51 619
52
53
620 Maury, R.G., Fourcade, S., Coulon, C., El Azzouzi, M., Bellon, H., Goutelle, A.,
54
55
56 621 Ouabadi, A., Semroud, B., Megartsi, M., Cotton, J., Bellanteur, 0., Lounii-Hacini, A.,
57
58
59
60
61
62 25
63
64
65
 622 Piqué, A., Capdevila, R., Hernandez, J., Rehault, J.P., 2000. Post-collisional
1
2 623 Neogene magmatism of the Mediterranean Maghreb Margin : a consequence of slab
3
4
5 624 breakoff. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 331, 159-173.
6
7 625
8
9
10 626 Meghraoui, M., 1982. Etude néotectonique de la région nord-est d'El Asnam, relation
11
12 627 avec le séisme du 10/10/1980. PhD Thesis, 3° Cycle, Université de Paris VI, France,
13
i~ 628 p.190.
16
17 629
18
19 630 Meghraoui M., Cisternas A., Philip H., 1986. Seismotectonics of the lower Chelif
20
21
22 631 Basin: structural background of the El -Asnam (Aigeria) earthquake. Tectonics 5 (6) ,
23
24 632 809-836.
25
26
27 633
28
29 634 Meghraoui, M., Doumaz, F., 1996. Earthquake-induced flooding and paleoseismicity
30
~~ 635 of the El Asnam (Aigeria) fault-related fold. Journal of Geophysical Research 101,
33
34 636 17617-17644.
35
36
637
37
38
39 638 Mekki, F., Bouslah, S., 2001. Caractérisation géochimique de l'huile d'Ain Zeft.
40
41 639 Sonatrach- CRD Internai Report, 195/01.2039, unpublished.
42
43
44 640
45
46 641 Neurdin-Trecartes, J., 1992. Le remplissage sédimentaire du bassin néogène du
47

: ~ 642 Chélif, modèle de référence de bassins intra-montagneux. PhD Thesis, Thèse d'Etat,
50
51 643 Académie de Bordeaux, France, p. 605.
52
53
644
54
55
56 645 Neurdin-Trecartes, J., 1995. Paléogéographie du bassin de Chélif (Algérie) au
57
58 646 Miocène. Causes et Conséquences. Géologie Méditerranéenne, XXII, 2, 61-71.
59
60
61
62 26
63
64
65
 647
1
2 648 Perrodon, A., 1957. Etude géologique des bassins néogènes sublittoraux de
3
4
5 649 l'Algérie occidentale. PhD Thesis, Nancy Univ., Publication du Service de la Carte
6
7 650 Géologique de l'Algérie , Bulletin No 12, 328pp.
8
9
10 651
11
12 652 Philipe H., Meghraoui, M., 1983. Structural analysis and interpretation of the surface
13
~ ~ 653 deformation of the El As nam earthquake of October 10, 1980, geodetic determination
16
17 654 of vertical and horizontal movements. Bulletin Seismological Society of America 72,
18
l9 655 2227-2224.
20
21
22 656
23
24 657 Piqué, A., Ait Brahim, L., Ait Ouali, R., Amrhar, M., Cherroud, M., Courmelen, C.,
25

~~ 658 Laville, E., Rekhiss, F., Tricart, P., 1998. Evolution structurale des domaines
28
29 659 atlasiques du Maghreb au Méso-Cénozoïque; le rôle des structures héritées dans la
30

;~ 660 déformation du domaine atlasique de l'Afrique du Nord. Bulletin de la Société

33
34 661 Géologique de France 169 (6), 797-810.
35
36
662
37
38
39 663 Re baï, S., 1993. Recent tectonics in northern Tunisia: coexistence of compressive
40
41 664 and extensional structures. Annales TectonicCE 7, 129-141.
42
43
44 665
45
46 666 Roure, F., 2008. Foreland and hinterland basins: what contrais the ir evolution ?,
47
!~ 667 Swiss Journal of Geosciences 101, 1-24.
50
51 668
52
53 669 Roure, F., Addoum, B. et al., (2006). Architecture and petroleum appraisal of
54
55
56 670 Northern Algeria. IFP-Sonatrach report, 59520, Tell-Offshore JIP, Volume 1, 188pp,
57
58 671 unpublished.
59
60
61
62 27
63
64
65
 672
1
2 673 Roure, F., Casero, P., Addoum, B., 2012. Alpine inversion of the North African
3
4
5 674 Margin, and delamination of its continental crust. Tectonics, 31, TC3006,
6
7 675 doi.1029/2011 TC002989.
8
9
10 676
11
12 677 Royden, L. H., 1985: The Vienna Basin: a thin-skinned pull-apart basin. ln: Biddle
13
~~ 678 K.T., and Christie-Biick N. (Eds.), Strike-slip deformation, basin formation and
16
17 679 sedimentation. SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology, Special Publication, 37,
18
19
680 1985, pp. 313-338.
20
21
22 681
23
24 682 Sassi, W., Mechti, M., Yessad, S., Roure, F., The Tell-Offshore Team, 2006. ln:
25

~~ 683 Roure, F., Addoum, B. et al., Architecture and petroleum appraisal of Northern
28
29 684 Algeria. IFP-Sonatrach report, 59520, Tell- Offshore JIP, Volume 1, 121-134,
30
31
32 685 unpublished.
33
34 686
35
36
687 Sauer, R., Seifert, P., Wessely, G. 1992. Guidebook to excursion in the Vienna
37
38
39 688 Basin and the adjacent Alpine-Carpathian thrust belt in Au stria . Mitteilungen der
40
41 689 Osterreichischen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 85pp.
42
43
44 690
45
46 691 Seifert, P. 1996: Sedimentary-tectonic development and Austrian hydrocarbon
47
: ~ 692 potential of the Vienna Basin. ln: Wessely, G. & Liebl, W. (Eds.), Oil and gas in
50
51 693 Alpidic thrust belts and basins of Central and Eastern Europe. European Association
52
;~ 694 of Geological Enginering Special Publication, 5, 1996, pp. 331-342 .
55
56 695
57
58
59
60
61
62 28
63
64
65
 696 Spakman, W., Wortel, R., ?004. A tomographie view on Western Mediterranean
1
2 697 geodynamics. ln: Cavazza et al., (Eds.), The TRANSMED Atlas: The Mediterranean
3
4
5 698 Region From Grust to Mantle, Springer, New-York, 2004. Pp. 31-52.
6
7 699
8
9
10 700 Takherist, D., Lesquer, A., 1989. Mise en évidence d'importantes variations
11
12 701 régionales de flux de chaleur en Algérie, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 26,
13
14
15
702 615- 626.
16
17 703
18
19
704 Thomas, G., 1985. Géodynamique d'un bassin intramontagneux, le bassin de Chélif
20
21
22 705 occidental (Algérie), durant le Mio-Plie-Quaternaire. PhD, Thèse d'Etat, Université de
23
24 706 Pau et des pays de l'Adour, France, p. 594.
25
26
27 707
28
29 708 Vially ,R., Letouzey, J., Bénard F., Haddadi, N., Desforges, G., Askri, H., Boudjema,
30

~~ 709 A., 1994. Basin inversion along the North African margin: The Saharan Atlas (Aigeria).
33
34 710 ln: Roure F.(Eds.), PeriTethyan Platforms, Editions Technip, Paris, 1994, pp. 79-117.
35
36
711
37
38
39 712 Vila, J. M., 1994. Mise au point des données nouvelles sur les terrains triasiques des
40
41 713 confins algéro-tunisiens: Trias allochtone, "glacier de sel" sous-marins et vrais diapirs.
42
43
44 714 ln : Dercourt J., Tefiani M. and Vila J.M. (Eds.), Trias 93, Mémoire du Service
45
46 715 Géologique de l'Algérie, 6, 1994, pp. 105-152.
47
48
49 716
50
51 717 Vila, J. M., Sigal, J., Lahondère, J. C., 1993. Position en fenêtre de la série néritique
52
53
718 constantinoise sous la nappe de Djemila: Observations nouvelles du Djebel Mazela
54
55
56 719 (massif du Djebel Oum Settas, Algérie du Nord-Est), Comptes Rendus de l'
57
58 720 Académie des Sciences, Série Il, 317, 395-401.
59
60
61
62 29
63
64
65
 721
1
2 722 Yelles-Chaouche, A., Boudiaf, A., Djellit, H., Bracène, R., 2006. La tectonique active
3
4
5 723 de la région nord algérienne. Comptes Rendus Géoscience 338, 126-139.
6
7 724
8
9
10 725 Ziegler, P., Roure, F., 1996. Architecture and petroleum systems of the Alpine orogen
11
12 726 and associated basins. ln: Ziegler P. and Horvath F. (Eds.), PeriTethys, Mémoire. 2,
13
~: 727 Museum de l' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 1996, pp. 15-46.
16
17 728
18
19 729
20
21
22 730
23
24 731
25
26
27 732
28
29 733
30
31
32
734
33
34 735
35
36
736
37
38
39 737
40
41 738
42
43
44 739
45
46 740
47
48
49 741
50
51 742
52
53
743
54
55
56 744
57
5 8 745
59
60
61
62
30
63
64
65
 1 Figures captions

2 Figure 1. (a) Geological setting of Chelif Basin and weil location map and petroleum

3 results (b ).

5 Figure 2. Regional structural cross-section of the Chelif Basin, outlining the Neogene

6 flexural basin, the Langhian and Mesozoic series of the underthrust foreland, the

7 Tellian allochthon, and the Tortonian-Messinian series of the thrust-top pull-apart

8 basin and the main hydrocarbon kitchens and petroleum plays.

10 Figure 3. Typical Neogene stratigraphie and lithological section of the Chelif Basin

11 and its substratum.

12

13 Figure 4. Geochemicallog (Rock-Eval data) of Miocene section (El Biod , Weil W5).

14

15 Figure 5. Geochemical log (Rock-Eval data) of Miocene section (Ain Zeft field , Weil

16 W3).

17

18 Figure 6. Maturity indication: S2/TOC diagram of different source rocks.

19

20 Figure 7. Hl Vs. 01 diagram of Miocene organic matter, Akboub, Hellil areas and

21 outcrops samples.

22

23 Figure 8. Hl Vs. Tmax diagram of Miocene organic matter (Weil W6 and outcrops

24 samples ).

25

1
26 Figure 9. Ternary diagram HCS-HCA-NSO for oils and rock extracts.

27

28 Figure 10. Pr/nC17 Vs. Ph/nC18 graph of oil indices and rock extracts of Oligocene

29 and Miocene stratigraphie levels.

30

31 Figure 11. Gas chromatogram traces of nC14+ saturates in the source rock extracts

32 and oils.

33 (a) Oil fraction from Upper Miocene reservoir (Weil W3; Ain Zeft field).

34 (b) Messinian hydrocarbon extract (Mesinian maris from outcrops of Ain Zeft area).

35 (c) Oil fraction from Upper Miocene reservoir (Tiiouanet field).

36 (d) Upper Cretaceous hydrocarbon extract (Western Tellian domain).

37

38 Figure 12. Geothermical gradient map (°C/Km) of Chelif basin.

39

40 Figure 13. (a, b, c and d) Results of 10 Genex modelling of the bu rial history and

41 hydrocarbon generation in EI-Biod area (Weil W5).

42

43 Figure 14. (a and b) Results of 10 Genex modelling of the burial history and

44 hydrocarbon generation in Akboub area (Weil W1 0).

45

46 Figure 15. Extension of upper Cretaceous source rock and zonation in terms of

47 prospectivity of Upper Cretaceous (SR)/basal Tortonian (reservoir) petroleum

48 system.

49

2
50 Table 1. Geochemical parameters based on TOC eut-off > 0.5% from Rock Eval

51 Pyrolysis and optical measurements (TOC: Total Organic Carbon; Hl: Hydrogen

52 Index; TAI: Thermal Alteration Index).

53

3
ure_1

Neogene basin_s______ _

(Post-nappe bas.ns
.
an d foreland fi
[ [ ] ] Tell (allochton)exural basins
(mainly
Tell ( Nu ml.d.lan flysch)
parautochton)
Mesozoic series

~~~~~~~ys~llin ?llochton
PK e abyhe
- :Petite Kabylie
Volcanic rocks

Oceanic Crust [~~:J Neogene ext

Neogene

Temoulga d Continental C
an Doui:epi-metam
External zones
Internai zones (ALKAPE
/
J .
orphie ma!
Alpine
CA) chain

Y/ Tellian thrust front

Y o Thrusts
e Pl and P2 : DSDP
(Deep Sea Drillin .
P3 : exploratio g ProJect) we lls
nwell

P2
0
+ A
Q(ovsse
~ostagane
/.i
/
W3

--IAinZeftl

Arzew Gvll / • \ ~ub

e Fom k . eHem/

---~:- , , - .,,..,y
""
"<; WO W6 W' ,.
0
..........._ Djebel Oï 5!- - ... • W9

~f./}_
~q.~~o !> ./_/-.
~ .... ~~~ '"/ Oil field

t>"' . (.,~0. (CfT) Cenomanian-Tu

nch strata
.
ronran organic-
"' ~q.~' ~ascara

_ _____:V'! ,L_oocation of th e outcrops sam pies

 ure_2

1
oo
Chelif
e &
•z
0-
<0 Chelif basin
(V)
Potential conduit for dismigration
and charge of the piggy back lnverted foreland structures
n o by oil generated in the lower plate ~------------------------~~
20km (Vienna basin analogue)
Residual Miocene
-20miles- Miocene mature flexure basin
Subthrust plays
NW W13 SE

) ,0000-- ~~---6~~~~~~~- ~
] -....

),000- :
8
lll!a~~~~~~ :
0 2 miles 8
),000- ~
0 10
),ooo 12L~~~~-_:::~~.:.::_:.:..::..:~.::..;_~~~~~2:.::..:..::.::.:.:.:..::..:~.::..;_~s~~.::..:..::~~::.::..:.:..::..:~~~~::.::.:d12
km Cretaceous mature km
:GEND
:::J Pliocene [=-_:_] Upper Miocene r==J Lower Miocene 8m Oligocene ~Upper Cretaceous 1:::::::::::1 Und if. Cretaceous IJID] Jurassic- Triassic ~ Base1
ure_3
CHELIF BASIN
"'Q)"' Stress directions
V>.!::.
Q) u Q) Q) Lithology Geodynamic
·c o
Q) o.
c:nc:n
~<(
..êE'
-~ ~
.r:.
+-' -5 and tectonic events
V\UJ
.r:. :::s
0 0 A B C D
f- V\ z

.,
z u c

' '
<t:
a: 0
EISTOCENE co
<t:
--'
c0 ,__
Vl
....... QJ
~ ~
<t:
u u >
--1 ~ c ·----
z cz: ,- ·-
-_l__
LU <t: z
0
z
LU

u
=-
f-
Vl
<t:
z<(
V1Z
>400 .....
VI
VI
w
a:
a.
Ill
z
<t:
l
l
,
0
~d'
<l.
a:
f-
.......
z<( c
--' 4M.a.e 0
u.J ·v:;

-
-' c(].)
u
z
;:i V1
0

LU

l
, , l
- c~.
(].).
z
~.
0.
c
~ ~--- <t: •
LU
Î •
1
•
•
1-
•
u

z
?
0 <t: >820.21ft - - - - ro
,. u
-;;;
u
.:)::: ~

•
<D
~ w
Ill
> 1soo N < <t:
Ol • :I: ..... ;
V1 "<!" ~ ~
a. c: .0
fi
2 --1 Cil
<t: E -o
z 0..;
Q ~Qi
Ill Cil ....
Ill
w
>
QI~
0
a:
a.
:E
c
...
10

..
. v
0

. Late Eocene
(late Lutetian)
"Atlassic"
Upper --~- deformation
.:1:: ==t·~
ŒTACEOUS- ~ ~ ~
Lower > 6000 ~ .2..; ~- FUst-rift
---------1~77-- ro ~ ~~1--1---+-~
Malm <D tJ;;;;;;; > -'--
JURASSIC Dogger Ol ~-Ji ::E
Liassic 'iï bd • ~ Riftinq
TRIAS ([7. ~ Pre-rift
:zJ Sa ndstones F _--=J Shales ~ Limestones ~ Evaporites/Gypsum A- Perrodon, 1957
B- Meghraoui, 1982
:-:-:-1 Sandston es & ~ M 1 F?=rl D · ~ 5 11 h d ·
~ Conglomerates ~ ars ~ o 1om1tes ~ at an y nte c- Thomas, 1985
~ Conglomerates l' 3 ~haly
1 1m esto nes ~ Flinty limestones t:.____:____:t
~ Cinerites 0- Meghraoui, 1982
:,__.:::] --- and 1986
Principal source rock rf Tliouanet (1) and Ain Zeft (2) oil fields
tf:,
Notscale
ur~t4E
<( ~
MC TOC S1 S2 Hl 01 Pl Tm a x
' -
' (])
Cl')
ro
-
..c
0..
<L>
(%) (%)
mg HC/ mg HC/ mg HC/ mg C02
êi) 0 grock g rock g TOC g TOC
LO Lf""J LO LO
L0 L() N 1'-- 0 0 0 0 N 1'--
0 0 0 0
3 6 9 0 0 0 12 3 0") N (D 0 0
L-l.....J L-l.....J L-l.....J '--'--' 1..-.l.....J L-l.....J L-l.....J
LO ('J 0")

0 l ___ _
ci 0
.:: .....·::
0

-----
..... ..... ..
.
~

200-(=----- _-___:-: ...

:
....
.•.... .
(]) ·:

....•.·
----- ~ :.
•' : :
t•
.• :·.
...
:'
!
1
.. .··..... .
~ ..•..\
:·· .$... ..··;
:·· ......
...
0..

600- -=------ _-____:

----
r·
.• ... \
.; .·.. .
....
;

..•
•;_
......•..
1---- :
1-------=-
800-~~~ i •:•
t·
.••.
;
;

:
:. . ...
;
.:
1----
_!.
.·:··:.. ..•··
':
'•
1000- =-----=---=
t----
(])

1200
>~}\f-.j~

----
1400
1
No Da ta J
1600-=---~~~

·.. ..
=--=----=-----:
- - - - it
! ...i ·.
2000- ==---- _::::-:: i
- - - - •_i.. .. (
ol
~

-==-=-=-
- - - - :. 1
----;; •.
2200--- ::=::::._-=::::._-=:::: ~
- - - - ...
=---=--=---:
. ~

~
i·.
;
..:·
=--=----=:·
2400- ---=:::=.-=:::=.....:::=: ~ •.
.-:
-==-=-=-:1----
•
2600-~~~~ ..'•~
~~~--=·i l•
=---------= •'
...
i
~
• ~
2800- ~-====--=== i
---- .:. ..
3000- =-=-==--=:::
.
:.

3200- ::-::::..---=:::=..-..:::::
1 .:..
---- .. .
3400- -=-=-~ ; ·.
==-=-=---= ·:.
..•: .
{

3600- ~=~=-=
---- ·..
- - - - .)
} •:
....
--------=- •. ..
:
----
,-- -~
3800-~~~--: :
.. . .. ... .
:· .
----.
. .. !' •
'

4000- _-_-_-____: i •i •
.. .. ·~
• i• ~-•
.
•:
~
: . .:
..
: .!!.. ..:

·:
:: .
ure_5

17500ft
Data: 72 samp/1
' • 1 ' '

..... ··. :(:{J Sand stones ~::-:_;~;_:;:==~=-d Shales ~--=_;_

-
~ 5
1.halyt
1mes ones
J, ',., L L'l Evaporites/Gypsum
·
1 w-=-
ure_6

12ir=====~========~-----:----~ 6 1
1 1

o Upper Miocene 5 - - - - - - - - 11 - - - - - - - - 1l_ - - - D -

4-
1 1
: Post oil expulsion
10 0 Lower to Middle Miocene 0-------- --y ---- ---------- - - --~- ----- ------- --- ~------ ------ -- --~ ---------; ~- ·
v Upper Cretaceous
1
4 - -------L------- ~ --------
1
: : ~ ...... ---
' .
1 1
: : -... - -... - :
8 -- - ----------- -- ~--- --- -------- --:--------- --- ---:------ ---_-; -..-.. --~= _. ._:---- -------- ~.------------
---
6
' --
;;:.
- ----- --------- t--------- ------: ---------- fj ~ ~-;~--~ ~ -------- ---- ~ ~j~ ~-~-- --------__ ;-- -~~~-~-~R~\~!~~---- --
, '
' '
: DM ' : '
'
'
'
4
' v '
--~---- - --_-.::-.::.-.::.~.:·---~----=:.:~-+~---~---------
_.;. ..... - - 1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Total Organic Carbone (TOC) (%)
ure_7

j Type 1j 0 W1
900-
1
1 e W2
1 W9
1 lit Outcrops sam pies
T (Upper Miocene)
1
800 1 1:} Outcrops sam pies
(Upper Cretaceous)
1

700- 1
1
jType ni
....
1 1 1
) 1 1
1
. 1
1 600- 1

....
1
1
1
.-
soo-
•1
1
•

1
1
. 400- 1
J 1
Î)
)

)
*,.... 1
1
" 300 1 ' 1
1 ', 1

200
• '•
'(:( ., .................
1
ft '1,
...... .........
• -------1 Type mJ
.--------.,

100- ~

0 1 1 1 1 1

100 200 300 400 500

Oxygen Index (01) (mg C02 1 g TOC)
ure_8

Oxidized organic matter

0 or sampling having high
900- mineral matrix effect or
mixture of organic matter
Lower to Middle Miocene

~--~
800- D samples (weil W6)
Outcrops samples
' ......... • (Upper Miocene- Dahra and
700
"' '
' Beni Chougrane mountains)
1
0 Upper Cretaceous outcrops
il iTypelll ~--s_a_m_p_le_s____________~
600-
il 1
:.

..
'
5oo- 1
- .........
1
1
"' '
1
.;
1
\ 1
\ 1
400- \
1 \ 1
il
) \1
1 \1
:" 1
300-
Il

~ 0: Oxydized organic matter

200-
\
,____
- ',,E!J-
DD

a-
f \
(reworked)- Eastern Ch el if basin
P: Conserved terristerial organic
matter (Light grey colour)

1 1 1 1

400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540

Tmax (°C)
1 1 1 1 1 1

752 788 824 860 OF 896 932 968 1004

rpe 1 ..- Jmmature--16 Gas

rpe Il .._ Immature+ Oil 1
Gas •
rpe 111 ..- Immature 1 Oil Gas •
1
Data: 60 sam pies 1
ure_9

Aromatic H.C.
HCA

1
1
\ 1
\1
- - - - - - - ;- -- - ----
\ 1 \
\ \
\
1
\ 1 \
\ 1 \
\ 1 \ 1

\
- - -----~ -- - - ---~ ---- - - --
1 \ 1 \
-
1 \ 1 '
\ 1 \ 1 \ 1
\ 1 \ 1 \ 1
\ 1 \ 1 ' 1
1 \ 1 \ 1
\ 1 \ 1 \ 1
\ - --- -- -,"',., -------;., -- ---- -,l.,--- -- --
\ 1 \ 1 ' 1 \ 1
\ ,, ,, 1\ /
\ 1 \ 1 ' 1 ' 1
', / \ / \ / \ 1
\ 1 \ 1 ' 1 \ 1

\
-------~
,,
-- -- ---,~-------
,
~------- ,~~-
,, ,
- - -- - 1
' ,, ,, 1\ ,, 1
\ 1\ 1\ 1\ 1' 1
\ 1 1 '1 1 1
,
,, , ,,
,, ,, 1 '1
,, ,
, , ,

\
- - -----~-
, ,
------~-------~------
1 ,'\
- ,'~------
,
~~ ----- --1
, ,

'\ ' ', 1 '

1 \ 1 \ 11 \
'1
/ '\
\ 1
,' \
\
\./ ' \1 1 ' 1 \
\_J \ 1 \1 '1 \ 1 \

\ -------~-------
,, ,
'"' \ 1
, -------~-------
,, ,,
\ 1 '
-------
1 '
,
1
--------~-------
, ,, 1
\ 1

' ,, , , /\ ,, , , ,, 1
\ 1\ J \ 1\ 1' 1 ' 1\ 1
\1 '1 ' 1 '1 \ 1 \1 \1
\1 ' , , 1 \ 1 '1 '1
,, ,, , , j' , , ,,

,, ,, ~-- - - - \ 1 \ 1 '1 \1
- - - - - - - ?..... - --- -<---- --- -(---- - -- -lt-- ----- -1,.\ --- - -- -1
,, / ....... ,, , , 1\

1 \ / ,, ~- --~ \ / ' 1 ' /

,' \ \ 1/ ~1 ~ ~ 2 \ ', \, / \, // \\ /
0 ol
1 1~ - -;v~- -----~ :- ------\-------,
\ 1 " 1 \ \ 1

\------ -~~ - -----{ 0

\
\ \
\ 1
1 \

11 \' ,1
\ 1
' \

,
'
~ 3 1
~
.. ~;(
1
1
1\
1 \
1 \

\
1\
1
1
\
1 \

\
1\
1
1
\
1 \ 1

,, ,, ' ~ \ \ 1

ICS,
,,

, ,
,,

, ,
'

, , - - - - ,.!...;.-- ~ ,J.,.<-=----i,*",------1~1(-,-----~*,------i,~,-----..:Y/
,.... , / \ \1

N5 ~

50
Jiphatic H.C. Asphaltic H.(

Rock extracts Hellil a rea (W9)

~ 1- Oligocene (W9)
Oils [Aïn Zeft (AZ-4), Akboub (W1) and El Biod (W4)]
e 1- Upper Miocene (W3)
0 2- Middle Miocene (W4)
0 3- Oligocene (W1)
ij[_
-J Terrestrial Less Mature

~ very Mature x Marine

----------- -- r---- 1

1
1
1 1

8 -- - ------ -- ------r------------- - --~---------- ----~---------

1 1
-------

HUMIC ORIGIN (TYPE Ill)

1
W4
/~ ---~,
1
OEI Biod
6 ---------- -- ---- -i- ------ -- --(~
1
1
1
1
1
Hellil SAPROPELIC ORIGIN
1
\ (MARINE) (TYPE 1& 11)
: W9J:A
1 1

w2 9 Akboub
1
!',, '--,, ~ _)
1 --- -

4 ---- - -- - --------~----------------~---- - - - ---------~----------------

1 1 1
1

-------~-- --- - ----- 1

HIGH MATURJTY _.t-",-::..---0--Î • '{\ -z_e\\.,{l

OILS : /// 0 1 1
// w3 P..' W3 _,. /-~
1
1
/// /
/r ---,---- ------- - - -
1 1
r
// //

// Akboub / /
1 / 1 1

2 . --- ---- -- 7/ w 1 /~/.::--- - - ----- ~ ----- ------ -----:_-- -------- ------

10 /
1
' ---- -- -<"

0.2 0.4 0.6

Ph/nC18
Rock extracts [Hellil area (W9)]
~ 1- Oligocene (W9)
Oils [Ain Zeft (W3), Akboub (W1 and W2) and
El Biod (W4 )]
e 1- Upper Miocene (W3)
0 2- Middle Miocene (W2, W3 and W4)
0 3- Oligocene (W1)
ure_11

-C28

C22
C24 C16
C26
C17

C30 C14 C18

Pr
C20
22

~"J
C24
p C26

__;jj
- - - - - - - Retension Ti m e - - - - - - - '....
._
DUl
..... L,..U,Il,,
,28~
1 3 C32

IAïn Zeft Arealœ t C17C18 C20

C16
C22

sc C24
1'0 Pr
"C
c
:::1 C26
~

,Al ~ ~
C14
Pr l Cl32
~..!!!

~li
C18 C30 C34
C17 C26 C28
Q)
0:::

- - - - - - Retension Time .....

1 1 LA
L-----~~~ ~etension Time - - - - - - -
..., • ' "
ure_12

20Kml

Mostaganem

Gulf ?
Arzew

0
1 Cenozoic

~1 1 1 ; ; ; 1 1 1; ; ; 1 1 1~1 1 Mesozoic
30: Geothermal gradient in oc per Km
0 e Wells
ure_13

~
Study Name ~ Cheliff Basin
Study Name: Che
BOTTOM HEAT FLOW GEOHISTORY HYDROCARBONS WINDOWS GEOHISTORY
•rn 1 uC IP 1 E 1 0 1 M IP Wei/Name: WS System Wei/Name
_,.,.,~...) 1 ' ~.' 1' ) '' 1 '.~ ' I~....JJ!il~l
es Series
lü . 11 Q00ft --JL..=n..,-,l.,-;-iTTT-r!-,.=rrTTTTTT\-r.,.,l"r':Td,J.,!,-+h-+,-,-if'h
Time (Ma)
- Time (M
Heat Flow (mW/m 2)
lü
Depth (/<.

Jd
----- / -- Bottom sediments
Ê Oil Windol
----------~ ~ - Bottom Basement ~ Oil and Ge
;o - =3 -
c. • GasWind1

1
0"
1

"' 4- 4

10 ~

Computing Parameters : 5- 5-
- Computing Para
No Calibration 14 No Calibration
, ... , .. . , ...
Va riable Heat Flow Va riable Heat FI
'0 ,, , , ' '' 1 , , '1 6 ··· r• ••
100
"'
'' "
50
0 100
r• •
50
' " '1 ' ' ' ' l''
lmposed Pressu
Open System Open System
Tlme (Ma) Ti me (Ma)

~
J
Study Na me: Cheliff Basin Study Name: Ch<
WELL STATE VITRINITE REFLECTANCE
EXPELLED HC PER TIME INTERVAL
Wei/Name: WS Weil Name:
ystem M 1 p
Series 8 Jul L 1 s Il T 1 M 1Plu 11000ft
o ~~~~~~-r~-.~-.
1 '
. .-.' .' .1-.~~~~
' 1 ' '
20 1' ' ' 1 ' 1 ' ' 1 '' '
' Time (Ma) \ Vitrinite Refle
1
1.8- Source Rock (%)
Langhian
Expel/ed Hydrocarbons Depth (/<
Middle Cell
1.6 - (mg HC/g initial dry rock)
O.M Type Il

1 4 _:
2-
Initial T.O.C
1 2 ..: 1.% Ê I,F PR e
Net Thickness ~
E ASY~
1 0- 1500.0 m ~ 3-
Exp Saturation
10.0 % C1
"
0
08 -
O c2-C5
4-
=- Lan ghlan
TYPE 11·10 .0"/.
D c6-C15
06
- 0C15+

...
-- -
04 -
Computing Parameters:
Compuling Par.
02 ..:
No Calibration

0.0
-
1 1 1 1 1' ' 1 ' 1 ' '1 '
- ·- Variable Heat Flow
lmposed Pressure 6+-,-,.,,-,1---,' -.-r.-1,.,,--,-,-,,, .,-,-,-,,-,-,- 1,--,,-,-,...,...,.1-,-,...,....,.--,-1-J.-..l
No Calibration
Va riable Heat F
20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 lmposed Press
Open System 0~ OA 08 12 1B 2~ 2A Open System
Time (Ma) Vitrlnlte Reflectance (%)
:l14 Study Name: Cheliff Basin
~ HYDROCARBONS WINDOWS HISTORY
3ms 1 uc 1P 1 P Weil Name : W10
~s cclrlsl P
0- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

lOft-
).4 -
Time (Ma)
) .8-
Depth (Km)
1.2-

Oil Window
Oil and Gas Zone
z.0- • GasWindow

z.4-

2.8 -

3.2
Computing Parameters :
3.6-
No Calibration
Variable Heat Flow
4·Ü --1-r.,....,...,
, -.,.1-,-'T""'r'T,-rr-m"T"r-m...,l.,--,"',--,,,--1;-;,'"'...,.-,.,--
1 ;-;,,--,,...,.,,--1"',-.-,,--,;--1,;-;,..,..,.,.-,;-; , M--'
1 ,--.,.,..,.-
lmposed Pressure
10 0 50 0 Open System
Tim e (Ma)

~ EXPELLED HC PER TIME INTERVAL

p
Study Name: Cheliff Basin

.tems 1 0 1 M 1 Weil Name: W10

1A 18 lsiiiLJsll p
ies
10
A
1 1
0
1 1 r 1 1 1
T
1
Ml 11°
1 L 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 • 1 1 1 1
'1'
-
Source Rock Time (Ma)
9 _:: _::Ce no man .-Turonian
~
Midd l e Cell Expelled
O.MTYPE Il
g 8 _:: - Hydrocarbons
.... - -
...
>- - (mg HC/g
"0
7 _:: - initial dry rock)
"iii Initial T.O.C
+'
'2 8%
·;, 6 _: Net Thickness
u
::c
~ 5-
-

-
-
50 m
Exp. Saturation
10% • Gas
C6+

tf1
c 4 _::

-
-
.8...
Ill
0
...
0
"0
3 -
>-
::c
"0 2 _:: J-
~
. Computing Parameters :
8.
>< 1-
- - -
-
w -- -· No Calibration
Il . Variable Heat Flow
0 1"'1"'1"'1"'1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1' 1 "l"
lmposed Pressure
40 36 32 28 24 20 16 12 8 4 0
Open System
Time (Ma)