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Ibrahim ALAME
ESTP
11/1/2021
D’où
n
X
cm = fm + λ amk ck ∀m ∈ {1, 2, ..., n}
k=1
C = F + λAC
(I − λA)C = F
Ibrahim ALAME (ESTP) TD6 Mathématiques 11/1/2021 3 / 22
TD6
Équation de Fredholm non-homogène
Résoudre l’équation intégrale
Z 1
u(x) = 1 + (x + t)u(t)dt
0
Z 1 Z 1
u(x) = 1 + x u(t)dt + t u(t)dt
0 0
Z 1 Z 1
u(x) = 1 + x u(t)dt + t u(t)dt
|0 {z } | 0 {z }
c1 c2
u(x) = 1 + c1 x + c2
Intégrons entre 0 et 1 :
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
u(x)dx = dx + c1 xdx + c2 dx
0 0 0 0
Ibrahim ALAME (ESTP) TD6 Mathématiques 11/1/2021 4 / 22
TD6
Intégrons entre 0 et 1 :
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
u(x)dx = dx + c1 xdx + c2 dx
0 0 0 0
1
c1 = 1 + c1 + c2
2
c1 − 2c2 = 2
Multiplions par bm (x) et intégrons de 0 à 1 :
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
x u(x)dx = x dx + c1 x 2 dx + c2 x dx
0 0 0 0
1 1 1
c2 = + c1 + c2
2 3 2
2c1 − 3c2 = −3
2 −2 1 2
∆c1 =
= −6 − 6 = −12 ∆ c 2 = = −3 − 4 = −7
−3 −3 2 −3
∆c1 ∆c2
c1 = = −12 c2 = = −7
∆ ∆
u(x) = 1 − 12x − 7
u(x) = −12x − 6
Z π
u(x) = sin x − cos x + λ (sin x cos t + cos x sin t)u(t)dt
0
Z π Z π
u(x) = sin x − cos x + λ
sin x · cos t u(t)dt + cos x · sin t u(t)dt
|0 {z } |0 {z }
c1 c2
Z π Z π
cos x u(x) dx = cos x (sin x − cos x) dx +
0 0Z
π Z π
2
λ cos x sin x dx · c1 + cos x dx · c2
0 0
Rπ 1 π
R
0 cos x (sin x − cos x)dx = 2 0 sin 2x − (1 + cos 2x) dx =
1 cos 2x π
2 − 2 − x − sin22x 0 = − π2
Rπ Rπ h 2 iπ
sin x
0 cos x sin x dx = 0 sin x d(sin x) = 2 =0
0
sin 2x π
Rπ 1 π 1
2 = π2
R
0 cos x dx = 2 0 (1 + cos 2x) dx = 2 x + 2 0
D’où
π π
c1 = − + λ c2
2 2
Z π Z π
sin x u(x) dx = sin x (sin x − cos x) dx +
0 0Z
π Z π
2
λ sin x dx · c1 + sin x cos x dx · c2
0 0
Rπ Rπ
0 sin x (sin x − cos x) dx = 12 0 (1 − cos 2x) − sin 2x dx =
1 sin 2x cos 2x π
= π2
2 x − 2 + 2 0
sin 2x π
Rπ 2 1 π 1
= π2
R
0 sin x dx = 2 0 (1 − cos 2x) dx = 2 x − 2 0
Rπ Rπ h 2 iπ
sin x
0 cos x sin x dx = 0 sin x d(sin x) = 2 =0
0
D’où
π π
c2 = + λ c1
2 2
c1 − λπ π
2 c2 = − 2
λπ π
2 c1 − c2 = − 2
1 − λπ 2 2
∆ = λπ
2 = −1 + λ π
2 −1 4
π λπ 2 1 −π 2
π
− λπ
= − π + λπ
−
∆c1 = π2 2 = − ∆ = 2
c
λπ π
2
−2 −1 2 4
2 − 2
2 4
Si ∆ 6= 0
π 2 2
∆c1 − λπ4 2π − λπ 2 ∆c2 − π + λπ λπ 2 − 2π
c1 = = 2 2 2 = c2 = = 2 λ24π2 = 2 2
∆ −1 + λ 4π λ2 π 2 − 4 ∆ −1 + 4 λ π −4
λ(λπ 2 − 2π)
u(x) = sin x − cos x + [cos x − sin x]
λ2 π 2 − 4
λ(λπ 2 − 2π)
u(x) = (sin x − cos x)(1 − 2 2
)
Ibrahim ALAME (ESTP) TD6 Mathématiques λ π − 4 11/1/2021 10 / 22
TD6
λ(λπ 2 − 2π)
u(x) = (sin x − cos x)(1 − )
λ2 π 2 − 4
2λπ − 4
u(x) = (sin x − cos x)
λ2 π 2 − 4
2
u(x) = (sin x − cos x)
λπ + 2
si g est causale :
Z ∞
(f ∗ g )(x) = f (x − t)g (t)dt
0
u(x) = x + (u ∗ cos)(x)
L(u)(z) = L(x)(z) + L(u ∗ cos)(z)
L(u)(z) = L(x)(z) + L(u)(z) · L(cos)(z)
1 z
U(z) = 2 + 2 U(z)
z z +1
z 1
(1 − 2 )U(z) = 2
z +1 z
z2 − z + 1 1
U(z) = 2
z2 + 1 z
Ibrahim ALAME (ESTP) TD6 Mathématiques 11/1/2021 13 / 22
TD8
z2 + 1
U(z) =
z 2 (z 2 − z + 1)
A B Cz + D
U(z) = + 2 + 2
z z z −z +1
B=1
−A = C
0 = −iA − B + i(Ci + D)
A = B = D = −C = 1
1 1 −z + 1
U(z) = + 2 + 2
z z z −z +1
1 1 −z + 1
U(z) = + 2 +
z z (z − 12 )2 + 43
1 1 −(z − 12 ) + 12
U(z) = + 2+
z z (z − 12 )2 + 43
Ibrahim ALAME (ESTP) TD6 Mathématiques 11/1/2021 14 / 22
TD8
1 1 −(z − 12 ) 1
2
U(z) = + 2+ +
z z (z − 12 )2 + 34 (z − 12 )2 + 3
4
√
3
1 1 −(z − 21 ) 1 2
U(z) = + 2 + + √
z z (z − 12 )2 + 43 3 (z − 12 )2 + 3
4
Pour t > 0 :
√ √
t 3 1 t 3
u(t) = 1 + t − e cos(
2 t) + √ e 2 sin( t)
2 3 2
et u(t) = 0 si t < 0.
1
L(1) =
z
1
L(t) = 2
z
L(e −αt f )(z) = L(f )(z + α)
z
L(cos ωt) = 2
z + ω2
ω
L(sin ωt) = 2
z + ω2
z +α
L(e −αt cos ωt) =
(z + α)2 + ω 2
Z 1
u(x) − 2x e t u(t)dt = e −x
0
u(x) − 2xc = e −x
u(x) = e −x + 2cx
où Z 1
c= e t u(t)dt
0
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
x
e u(x)dx = dx + 2c xe x dx
0 0 0
Ibrahim ALAME (ESTP) c = 1TD6
+ 2c =⇒ c = −1
Mathématiques 11/1/2021 17 / 22
TD6
c = 1 + 2c =⇒ c = −1
D’où
u(x) = e −x − 2x
On cherche une solution de la forme :
n
X
u(x) = ci Bi,n (x)
i=0
en général
(x − a)i (b − x)n−i
Bi,n (x) = Cni
(b − a)n
Ibrahim ALAME (ESTP) TD6 Mathématiques 11/1/2021 18 / 22
TD6
2
X
u(x) = ci Bi,n (x)
i=0
ou bien
c0 = 1
1
c0 + 2c1 − c2 = 4 e − 2 − 2e −1
c2 − 2((2e − 5)c0 + (6 − 2e)c1 + (e − 2) c2 ) = e −1
On a donc c0 = 1 et
1
2c1 − c2 = 4 e − 2 − 2e −1 − 1