Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 10



/D P~VLFD VLHPSUH KD DFRPSDxDGR DO


FLQH GHVGH VX FUHDFLyQ HQ  (Q OD pSRFD
GHOFLQHPXGRWRGDVODVVDODVGLVSRQtDQGHXQD
DJUXSDFLyQ LQVWUXPHQWDO SDUD DFRPSDxDU
PXVLFDOPHQWH ODV SHOtFXODV (VWDV IRUPDFLRQHV
SRGtDQ DEDUFDU  GHVGH XQ ~QLFR LQVWUXPHQWR
FRPR SLDQR yUJDQR R YLROtQ  KDVWD XQD
RUTXHVWD FRPSOHWD (O Q~PHUR GH
LQVWUXPHQWLVWDV \ VX FDOLGDG GHSHQGtDQ GH OD
LPSRUWDQFLDGHODVDOD
/D P~VLFD VHUYtD SDUD URPSHU HO KLHOR
SDUD GDU YLGD D ODV LPiJHQHV \ SDUD WDSDU HO
UXLGR GH ORV SUR\HFWRUHV TXH QR HVWDEDQ 
8QGHUZROG
VHSDUDGRVWRGDYtDGHOS~EOLFR
/DV PHORGtDV TXH VH LQWHUSUHWDEDQ GH
RULJHQFXOWRRSRSXODUVROtDQUHVXOWDUFRQRFLGDVSDUDHOS~EOLFR\VHHOHJtDQHQWUHDTXHOODV
TXH PiV VH DGHFXDVHQ DO FDUiFWHU GH OD SHOtFXOD 6H XWLOL]DEDQ PXFKDV P~VLFDV GHO
UHSHUWRULR FOiVLFR TXH UHSUHVHQWDQ GHWHUPLQDGRV FOLFKpV \ TXH D~Q VH HPSOHDQ HQ ORV
GLEXMRVDQLPDGRVOD1DQDGH%UDKPVSDUDHOVXHxROD2EHUWXUDGH*XLOOHUPR7HOOGH5RVVLQL
SDUD XQD SHUVHFXFLyQ OD 0DUFKD I~QHEUH GH &KRSLQ SDUD OD PXHUWH ORV DUSHJLRV SDUD HO
DJXD«
)UHFXHQWHPHQWH HO SLDQLVWD LPSURYLVDED XQD P~VLFD TXH VH DGHFXDUD D ODV
LPiJHQHVTXHVHLEDQVXFHGLHQGRHQSDQWDOOD
7DPELpQVHFRPSXVLHURQSDUWLWXUDVRULJLQDOHVSDUDDOJXQDVJUDQGHVSURGXFFLRQHV
8QRV HIHFWRV GH VRQLGR SURGXFLGRV SRU PHGLR GH PiTXLQDV HVSHFLDOHV SRQtDQ HO
WRTXHILQDODHVWDVSULPLWLYDV´EDQGDVVRQRUDVµ

¢6DEtDVTXH
(QXQSULQFLSLRODP~VLFDTXHDFRPSDxDEDHQGLUHFWRODSUR\HFFLyQGHODVSHOtFXODVHUD
XQUHFXUVRSDUDDKRJDUHOVRQLGRGHOSUR\HFWRU"

&RQODLUUXSFLyQGHOFLQHVRQRURHQFRPLHQ]D
D XWLOL]DUVH P~VLFD FUHDGD HVSHFLDOPHQWH SDUD ODV
SHOtFXODV'HVDSDUHFHHODFRPSDxDPLHQWRHQYLYR\HQVX
OXJDU VH UHSURGXFH MXQWR FRQ HO ILOPH OD P~VLFD \D
JUDEDGD SULPHUR HQ XQ GLVFR DSDUWH \ GHVSXpV HQ OD
SURSLDFLQWDGHODSHOtFXODMXQWRFRQODLPDJHQ
$SDUHFH HO FRQFHSWR GH %DQGD 6RQRUD 2ULJLQDO
%62 TXHLQFOX\HODP~VLFDORVGLiORJRV\ORVHIHFWRVGH
VRQLGR

(Q OD GpFDGD GH ORV  VH PDQWXYLHURQ ORV WySLFRV
GHO FLQH PXGR D OD SDU TXH VH FUHDURQ SDUWLWXUDV
FLQHPDWRJUiILFDV HQ HO HVWLOR GH JUDQGHV FRPSRVLWRUHV
URPiQWLFRV GH ILQDOHV GH VLJOR ;,; FRPR :DJQHU \
7FKDLNRYVNL
Cartel de la primera película sonora,
El cantante de jazz, 1927
1

6HHPSH]yDXWLOL]DUHOOHLPRWLY PRWLYRFRQGXFWRU SDUD
FDUDFWHUL]DU D ORV SHUVRQDMHV \ VLWXDFLRQHV SULQFLSDOHV 7DPELpQ
VH GHVDUUROOy OD SRVLELOLGDG GH VLQFURQL]DU SHUIHFWDPHQWH OD
P~VLFDFRQODDFFLyQ
6XUJH OD ILJXUD GHO FRPSRVLWRU HVSHFLDOLVWD HQ EDQGDV
VRQRUDV 0D[ 6WHLQHU .LQJ .RQJ /R TXH HO YLHQWR VH OOHYy
&DVDEODQFD  GHPRVWUy TXH VH SRGtD OOHJDU D KDFHU XQD
SDUWLWXUD RULJLQDO WRWDOPHQWH VLQFURQL]DGD FRQ HO ILOPH $ SDUWLU
GH HVWD pSRFD ODV JUDQGHV SURGXFWRUDV FLQHPDWRJUiILFDV
HPSH]DURQ D FRQWUDWDU D FRPSRVLWRUHV TXH FUHDUiQ EDQGDV
PXVLFDOHVHVSHFtILFDVSDUDVXVSHOtFXODV Lo que el viento se llevó,
 1936

(Q ORV DxRV  OD P~VLFD GH OD PD\RUtD GH ORV ILOPHV VLJXLy PX\ HQUDL]DGD HQ HO
PXQGRGHORVJUDQGHVFRPSRVLWRUHVURPiQWLFRVGHILQDOHVGHOVLJOR;,;/DV%DQGDV6RQRUDV
PXVLFDOHV GH FRPSRVLWRUHV FRPR 0LNORV 5R]VD %HQ+XU  \ %HUQDUG +HUUPDQQ 3VLFRVLV 
UHTXHUtDQGHJUDQGHVRUTXHVWDVSDUDVXLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ(VODpSRFDGHO&LQHPDVFRSH\ODV
VXSHUSURGXFFLRQHVpSLFDVGHJUDQSUHVXSXHVWR
$ORODUJRGHODGpFDGDVHYDQLQWURGXFLHQGRQXHYRVHVWLORVSDUDHPXODUFRQFLHUWD
IDQWDVtDYHURVtPLOORVDPELHQWHVGHODVSHOtFXODV
7DPELpQVHJHQHUDOL]DHOOHLWPRWLY





(Q ORV DxRV  $ OD P~VLFD GH FLQH VH GLVWDQFLy GH ODV
SDUWLWXUDV VLQIyQLFDV GDQGR SDVR D QXHYRV FRPSRVLWRUHV
SURFHGHQWHV GH OD OODPDGD P~VLFD OLJHUD \ GHO MD]]
3DUDOHODPHQWH ODV SHOtFXODV WLHQGHQ D DPELHQWDUVH HQ HQWRUQRV
PiV XUEDQRV &DEH GHVWDFDU D 0DXULFH -DUUH /DZUHQFH GH
$UDELD 'RFWRU =KLYDJR  +HQU\ 0DQFLQL 'HVD\XQR FRQ
GLDPDQWHV/DSDQWHUDURVD \-RKQ%DUU\ -DPHV%RQG 

(V HQ HVWH PRPHQWR FXDQGR HO JUDQ S~EOLFR FRPLHQ]D D
WHQHU PiV HQ FXHQWD OD P~VLFD GH ODV SHOtFXODV FDPELR GH
DFWLWXG TXH ORV HVWXGLRV DSURYHFKDURQ DQLPDQGR D VXV
FRPSRVLWRUHV D HVFULELU WHPDV YHQGLEOHV PHORGtDV \ FDQFLRQHV
TXH SXGLHUDQ HGLWDUVH HQ GLVFR 6REUH WRGR HQ ORV DxRV  VH
LPSXVRODFDQFLyQSHJDGL]DTXHDVRFLDGDDXQDSHOtFXODVHUYtD
GH SURPRFLyQ LQGLUHFWD \ GH D\XGD HFRQyPLFD 3RU HMHPSOR OD
FDQFLyQ 0RRQ 5LYHU GH +HQU\ 0DQFLQL SDUD 'HVD\XQR FRQ GLDPDQWHV YHQGLy PiV GH XQ
PLOOyQ GH FRSLDV 2WURV FRPSRVLWRUHV GHVWDFDGRV VRQ 1LQR 5RWD 5RFFR \ VXV KHUPDQRV (O
*DWRSDUGR$PDUFRUG(O3DGULQR \(QQLR0RUULFRQH /DPXHUWHWHQtDXQSUHFLR/D0LVLyQ 

/DV GpFDGDV GH  \  HVWXYLHURQ GRPLQDGDV SRU ODV SHOtFXODV IDQWiVWLFDV GH
6WHYHQ 6SLHOEHUJ \ *HRUJH /XFDV (O p[LWR DUUROODGRU TXH WXYLHURQ VXV SUR\HFFLRQHV GLR D
FRQRFHUHQWRGRHOPXQGRDOFUHDGRUGHVXV%DQGDV6RQRUDVPXVLFDOHV-RKQ:LOOLDPV (7

2
/D OLVWD GH 6FKLQGOHU 6XSHUPDQ /D JXHUUD GH ODV JDOD[LDV
+DUU\ 3RWWHU  (VWH FRPSRVLWRU YROYLy D SRQHU HQSULPHUD OtQHD
HO HVWLOR VLQIyQLFR DKRUD PRGHUQL]DGR (VWH HVWLOR WDPELpQ HV
GHVDUUROODGR FRQ JUDQ PDHVWUtD SRU -RKQ %DUU\ HQ SHOtFXODV
FRPR0HPRULDVGHÉIULFD
(Q HVWH SHUtRGR WDPELpQ DSDUHFLy HO VLQWHWL]DGRU \
PXFKRVFRPSRVLWRUHVFRPR9DQJHOLV &DUURVGHIXHJR%ODGH
5XQQHU  OD FRQTXLVWD GHO SDUDtVR  VH LQFOLQDURQ SRU ODV
SDUWLWXUDV HOHFWUyQLFDV R SRU OD FRPELQDFLyQ GH OD P~VLFD
HOHFWUyQLFDFRQODLQVWUXPHQWDO
(PSLH]D D XWLOL]DUVH OD FDQFLyQ SRS VH LQFOX\HQ
FDQFLRQHVIDPRVDVFRPR´UHFODPRµSXEOLFLWDULRSHURTXHQR
VXHOHQ WHQHU UHODFLyQ H[SUHVLYD FRQ OD DFFLyQ SRU OR TXH OD
P~VLFDSLHUGHSDUWHGHVXIXQFLyQH[SUHVLYD

(Q ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV OD P~VLFD FLQHPDWRJUiILFD KD
RSWDGRSRUGRVYHUWLHQWHVGLVWLQWDVSRUXQDSDUWHFRPSRVLWRUHVFRPR9DQJHOLVFUHDQXQDV
EDQGDV PXVLFDOHV TXH KDFHQ XVR GH OD HOHFWUyQLFD \ ORV VLQWHWL]DGRUHV SRU RWUD FRQWLQ~D
XWLOL]iQGRVH HO HVWLOR VLQIyQLFR OODPDGR DKRUD 1XHYR VLQIRQLVPR  GHVWDFDQGR HQ pO
FRPSRVLWRUHV FRPR -DPHV +RUQHU %UDYHKHDUW 7LWDQLF  R +RZDUG 6KRUH (O VHxRU GH ORV
DQLOORV 
/D P~VLFD HV RPQLSUHVHQWH IXQFLRQDQGR FRPR VXVWUDWR DPELHQWDO GH OD LPDJHQ \
VXSHUDQGRHQRFDVLRQHVHQFDOLGDGDODSURSLDSHOtFXOD6HUHFXSHUDHOHVWLORpSLFR
(VIUHFXHQWHTXHGLUHFWRUHVGHFLQH\FRPSRVLWRUHVIRUPHQWiQGHPVHVWDEOHVVLHQGR
XQR GH ORV PiV H[LWRVRV HO IRUPDGR SRU 7LP %XUWRQ \ 'DQQ\ (OIPDQ 3HVDGLOOD DQWHV GH
1DYLGDG 
/D P~VLFD FLQHPDWRJUiILFD VH KD FRQYHUWLGR DGHPiV HQ XQ JpQHUR GLVFRJUiILFR
FRPHUFLDOL]DGRLQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH

¢&yPRVHH[KLEtDQODVSULPHUDVSHOtFXODV"¢(UDQUHDOPHQWH´FLQHPXGRµ"



¢&XiOIXHODSULPHUDSHOtFXODVRQRUD"¢(QTXpDxRVHHVWUHQy"



¢&yPRVHVLQFURQL]DEDDOSULQFLSLRODP~VLFDFRQODLPDJHQ"




¢&UHHVTXHODLUUXSFLyQGHOFLQHVRQRURSXGRGHVHQFDGHQDUXQDFULVLVGHWUDEDMRSDUDORV
LQVWUXPHQWLVWDV"¢3RUTXp"




¢&XiQGRVHFRPHQ]yDFRQWUDWDUDFRPSRVLWRUHVSDUDFUHDUEDQGDVVRQRUDV
HVSHFtILFDV"




3
8QHFDGDFRPSRVLWRUFRQVXEDQGDVRQRUD

 0D[6WHLQHU (O3DGULQR
 0LNORV5R]VD &DUURVGHIXHJR
 %HUQDUG+HUUPDQQ &DVDEODQFD
 0DXULFH-DUUH 'RFWRU=KLYDJR
 +HQU\0DQFLQL (OVHxRUGHORVDQLOORV
 -RKQ%DUU\ /DSDQWHUDURVD
 1LQR5RWD 3VLFRVLV
 (QQLR0RUULFRQH /DJXHUUDGHODVJDOD[LDV
 -RKQ:LOOLDPV /DPXHUWHWHQtDXQSUHFLR
 9DQJHOLV -DPHV%RQG
 -DPHV+RUQHU %HQ+XU
 +RZDUG6KRUH %UDYHKHDUW


&RPSOHWDODWDEDUHODFLRQDQGRODVpSRFDVGHODKLVWRULDGHOFLQHFRQORVHVWLORVPXVLFDOHV
GHODVEDQGDVVRQRUDV\ORVFRPSRVLWRUHVPiVUHOHYDQWHV

 (VWLORPXVLFDO &RPSRVLWRUHV
  0D[6WHLQHU
 
 
 
 

  
 
 
 
 

  
 
 
 
 

KR\ (VWLORVLQIyQLFRFRQLQQRYDFLRQHV 
 0~VLFDHOHFWUyQLFD
 
 
 
 



4


%DQGDVRQRUD/DP~VLFDQRHVHO~QLFRFRPSRQHQWHGHXQDEDQGDVRQRUD(O
WpUPLQREDQGDVRQRUDSURFHGHGHODIUDQMDGHOFHOXORLGHTXHFRQWLHQHWRGRVORVVRQLGRVGH
ODSHOtFXODGLiORJRV\VRQLGRVJUDEDGRVHQGLUHFWRHIHFWRVGHVDOD\P~VLFD
&XDQGRVHLQYHQWyHOFLQHVRQRURHQXQDSDUWHGHODFLQWDVHJUDEDEDQODV
LPiJHQHV\HQRWUDORVVRQLGRV$XQTXHHQODDFWXDOLGDGODILOPDFLyQGLJLWDOHVWi
VXVWLWX\HQGRDODFLQWDGHFHOXORLGHDOFRQMXQWRGHVRQLGRVVHOHVLJXHOODPDQGR´EDQGD
VRQRUDµ
/DEDQGDGHVRQLGRHVWiIRUPDGDSRUWUHVHOHPHQWRV
/RVGLiORJRVVHSXHGHQJUDEDUHQGLUHFWRDOPLVPRWLHPSRTXHOD
WRPDGHLPDJHQ&XDQGRVHUXHGDHQH[WHULRUHVUHVXOWDPX\GLItFLO
HOLPLQDUORVUXLGRVGHIRQGR WUiILFRYLHQWRHWF GHPRGRTXHHV
PX\IUHFXHQWHTXHORVGLiORJRVVHGREOHQGHVSXpVHQXQHVWXGLR
/RVHIHFWRVGHVDODVRQORVVRQLGRVTXHDFRPSDxDQDODDFFLyQ
FRPRORVSDVRVODOOXYLDRXQDSXHUWDTXHVHDEUH1RUPDOPHQWHVH
DSURYHFKDQPX\SRFRVUXLGRVGHOURGDMH/DFDXVDHVTXHGXUDQWH
XQDJUDEDFLyQHQGLUHFWRORVVRQLGRVVXHOHQHVWDU´VXFLRVµ\PH]FODGRVFRQRWURVDVtTXHORV
VRQLGRVDPELHQWDOHVVHLQFRUSRUDQHQXQHVWXGLR$QWLJXDPHQWHVHLPLWDEDQFRQPpWRGRV
PX\LQJHQLRVRVFRPRJROSHDUGRVPLWDGHVGHXQFRFRSDUDSURGXFLUHOUXLGRGHFDVFRVGH
FDEDOOR
+R\HQGtDH[LVWHQELEOLRWHFDVGHVRQLGRTXHFRQWLHQHQWRGRVORVHIHFWRVTXH
SRGDPRVLPDJLQDUDOJXQRVJUDEDGRVGHODUHDOLGDG\RWURVJHQHUDGRVGHIRUPD
HOHFWUyQLFD
/DP~VLFDHVOR~OWLPRTXHVHLQFRUSRUDDODLPDJHQXQD
YH]LQVHUWDGRVORVGLiORJRV\ORVHIHFWRVGHVDOD
6HSXHGHXWLOL]DUP~VLFDSUHH[LVWHQWHGHFXDOTXLHUHVWLOROD
~QLFDFRQGLFLyQHVTXHVHDGDSWHDORTXHHOGLUHFWRUGHODSHOtFXOD
TXLHUDH[SUHVDUHQXQDGHWHUPLQDGDHVFHQD/DVHOHFFLyQGHOD
P~VLFDODUHDOL]DHODVHVRUPXVLFDORHOSURSLRGLUHFWRUVLHVHQWHQGLGR
HQP~VLFDFRPRHUDHOFDVRGH6WDQOH\.XEULFN
7DPELpQVHHPSOHDP~VLFDRULJLQDOHVFULWDH[SUHVDPHQWH
SDUDODSHOtFXOD(OGLUHFWRUHQFDUJDDXQFRPSRVLWRURFRPSRVLWRUD
ODFUHDFLyQGHODP~VLFDJHQHUDOPHQWHXQDYH]WHUPLQDGRHO
URGDMHSDUDTXHSXHGDWUDEDMDUVREUH
IUDJPHQWRVGHLPiJHQHV
(QXQPLVPRILOPHVHSXHGHXWLOL]DU
WDQWRP~VLFDRULJLQDOFRPRP~VLFD
SUHH[LVWHQWH
(QFXDOTXLHUDGHORVFDVRVKD\TXH
HODERUDUXQJXLyQFURQRPHWUDGRHQHOTXHVH
GHWDOOHQORVPRPHQWRVSUHFLVRVHQTXHGHEH
FRPHQ]DU\WHUPLQDUFDGDEORTXHPXVLFDO
(VWHJXLyQHVLPSUHVFLQGLEOHSDUDSRGHU
VLQFURQL]DUODP~VLFDFRQODLPDJHQ *UDEDFLyQPXVLFDOGHXQDEDQGDVRQRUD


5

¢6DEtDVTXH
+D\PX\SRFRVGLUHFWRUHVTXHQRXWLOLFHQP~VLFDHQVXVSHOtFXODVDXQTXHH[LVWHQH[FHSFLRQHV3RUHMHPSORHQODV
SHOtFXODVGHORVGLUHFWRUHVGHOJUXSR´'RJPDµVyORVHSXHGHXWLOL]DUP~VLFDVLKDVLGRJUDEDGDHQGLUHFWR\
IRUPDSDUWHGHODDFFLyQ/RVGLUHFWRUHVDGVFULWRVDHVWHJUXSRSUHWHQGHQKDFHUXQFLQHFRPSOHWDPHQWHUHDOLVWD\
RSXHVWRDOFLQHFRPHUFLDOHVSHFLDOPHQWHDOQRUWHDPHULFDQR

$ODKRUDGHDQDOL]DUXQDEDQGDVRQRUDQRSRGHPRVGHMDUDXQODGRFLHUWD
WHUPLQRORJtDTXHVXUJHGHOYtQFXOR
HQWUHVRQLGRHLPDJHQ
0~VLFDGLHJpWLFD(VDTXHOODTXH
SHUWHQHFHDXQDIXHQWHGHVRQLGR
RUTXHVWDFDQWDQWHUDGLR« TXH
DSDUHFHHQODLPDJHQ\SRUOR
WDQWRVXSUHVHQFLDHVWiMXVWLILFDGDSRUpVWD   /RVFKLFRVGHOFRUR

0~VLFDQRGLHJpWLFDRLQFLGHQWDO(VODP~VLFDFX\DSURFHGHQFLDQRVHUHIOHMDHQOD
LPDJHQDVtTXHVXDSDULFLyQHQODSHOtFXODQRVHMXVWLILFDFRPRHQHOFDVRDQWHULRU6H
GHQRPLQDLQFLGHQWDOSRUTXH´LQFLGHµHQODILFFLyQFRPRXQUHFXUVRQDUUDWLYR\HPRFLRQDO
6HDSOLFDHQHOFLQHSRULPLWDFLyQGHODySHUD\HOWHDWURPXVLFDOGHOVLJOR;,;
(QDOJXQDVRFDVLRQHVSDUDHQIDWL]DUORTXHWUDQVPLWHQODVLPiJHQHVVXHQDPXFKDPiV
P~VLFD \PiVLQWHQVD TXHODTXHREMHWLYDPHQWHGHEHUtDHVFXFKDUVHGHORVSRFRV
LQVWUXPHQWRVTXHKD\HQSDQWDOOD(VWHUHFXUVRVHOODPDIDOVDGLpJHVLV\SHUPLWHHPSOHDUOD
P~VLFDGLHJpWLFDSDUDGDUOHXQFDUL]FHUFDQRDODLQFLGHQWDO
 
([LVWHQWUHVWLSRVGHVRQLGRGHSHQGLHQGRGHORULJHQGHODIXHQWH
9R]RVRQLGRHQLQ(VWiUHODFLRQDGRFRQORVSHUVRQDMHVXREMHWRVTXHDSDUHFHQHQOD
LPDJHQFRPRSRUHMHPSORODYR]GHDOJXLHQDTXLHQHVWDPRVYLHQGR
9R]RVRQLGRHQRII1RSHUWHQHFHDORVSHUVRQDMHVXREMHWRVTXHYHPRVHQODLPDJHQ8Q
HMHPSORGHHVWHWLSRHVODYR]GHXQQDUUDGRUDOTXHQRYHPRV
9R]RVRQLGRIXHUDGHFDPSR6XSURFHGHQFLDQRHVYLVLEOHSHURSRGHPRVGHGXFLUOD\
PXFKDVYHFHVDSDUHFHHQLPDJHQSRFRGHVSXpVTXHHOVRQLGR
&RPRSXHGHVREVHUYDUORVSHUVRQDMHVGHXQDSHOtFXOD´SHUFLEHQµODP~VLFDTXH
GHQRPLQDPRVGLHJpWLFDDVtFRPRORVVRQLGRVHQLQ\IXHUDGHFDPSR FXDQGRHO
DUJXPHQWRVHORSHUPLWHFODURHVWi 6LQHPEDUJRQXQFDSRGUtDQHVFXFKDUODP~VLFD
LQFLGHQWDOQLORVVRQLGRVRYRFHVHQRII

$OHVWUXFWXUDUHOGLVFXUVRYLVXDOGHEHVWHQHUHQFXHQWDORVVLJXLHQWHVFRQFHSWRV
7RPD(VODLPDJHQUHVXOWDQWHGHILOPDUGHVGHXQDSRVLFLyQFRQFUHWD
(VFHQD(VXQFRQMXQWRGHWRPDVTXHFRQVWLWX\HQXQDXQLGDG6HFDUDFWHUL]DSRUOD
SUHVHQFLDGHORVPLVPRVSHUVRQDMHV\SRUTXHHOWLHPSRGHOGLVFXUVR\HOGHODKLVWRULD
FRLQFLGHQ(QODHVFHQDHOKHFKRVHUHJLVWUDVLQPDQLSXODFLyQWHPSRUDO
6HFXHQFLD6HWUDWDGHXQDVHULHGHHVFHQDVTXHVHUHILHUHQDXQDPLVPDSDUWHGHO
DUJXPHQWR6HUtDHOHTXLYDOHQWHDXQDFWRHQXQDREUDGHWHDWUR

Primer plano Plano americano Plano conjunto Plano general

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi