§ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

/HVPXWDWLRQVVRFLDOHVODSpQXULHG¶HDXHWOHVFKDQJHPHQWV
FOLPDWLTXHVGDQVOHVRDVLVPDURFDLQHV±/HFDVGHOD
SURYLQFHGH=DJRUD
$EGHODD]L](/$5$%< $OL)$/(+
Laboratoire des Etudes Géographiques, Aménagement et Cartographie
Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines Saïs-Fès



,QWURGXFWLRQ
/¶HDX HVW XQ IDFWHXU GpWHUPLQDQW GDQV OH GpYHORSSHPHQW GHV
WHUULWRLUHV HQ IRQFWLRQ GH VRQ DERQGDQFH RX GH VD UDUHWp (OOH HVW WUqV
VHQVLEOHHWFRQQDLWGHVpYROXWLRQVUDSLGHVHWSHXWDYRLUXQLPSDFWQpJDWLI
VXU OH UHVWH GHV pOpPHQWV GH O HQYLURQQHPHQW QDWXUHO (Q HIIHW V¶DJLVVDQW
GHV SD\V TXL GLVSRVHQW GH UHVVRXUFHV VXIILVDQWHV HQ HDX RX GHV SD\V
GpILFLWDLUHV O¶DPpQDJHPHQW K\GUDXOLTXH HVW FRQVLGpUp DXMRXUG KXL
FRPPH XQH FRQGLWLRQ GX GpYHORSSHPHQW pFRQRPLTXH HW XQ PR\HQ
HIILFDFH SRXU OD OXWWH FRQWUH OHV LQpJDOLWpV VRFLDOHV HW OHV GpVpTXLOLEUHV
VSDWLDX[ 3DU FRQVpTXHQW O¶DPpQDJHPHQW K\GUDXOLTXH FRQVWLWXH XQ RXWLO
SRXU SDUYHQLU j XQ GpYHORSSHPHQW JOREDO HW LQWpJUp VL GHV V\VWqPHV GH
JHVWLRQUDWLRQDOLVpVELHQGpWHUPLQpVVRQWDGRSWpV
/DJHVWLRQVRFLDOHWUDGLWLRQQHOOHGHVUHVVRXUFHVHQHDXDIDoRQQpOHV
RDVLVPDURFDLQHVHQJpQpUDOHWOHVRDVLVGX'UDDPR\HQVSpFLILTXHPHQW
HW GX 0DDLGHU HQ FRQVWLWXDQW XQ  KpULWDJH LPSRUWDQW ,O V¶DJLW G¶XQ
HQVHPEOH GH FRXWXPHV HW GH WUDGLWLRQV TXL UpJLVVHQW OHV FLUFXLWV GH
PRELOLVDWLRQHWGHGLVWULEXWLRQG HDXHQWUHOHVPHPEUHVGHODWULEX&¶HVWj
WUDYHUVFHODTX¶XQHQVHPEOHGHPpWKRGHVXQLTXHVG LQWHUGpSHQGDQFHHWGH
WUDYDLOG pTXLSHV¶pWDEOLWGDQVFHVRDVLVGXVXGHVWPDURFDLQ

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

3DU DLOOHXUV O eWDW D FLEOp FHV ]RQHV GHSXLV OH GpEXW GHV DQQpHV
VRL[DQWHGL[ GDQV OH FDGUH GH OD SROLWLTXH GHV EDUUDJHV HW GH
O¶DPpQDJHPHQW K\GUDXOLTXH 'DQV FH FDGUH OH EDUUDJH G¶(OPDQVRXU
(GGDKEL j pWp FRQVWUXLW HQ  HW FHUWDLQV DPpQDJHPHQWV GpGLpV DX[
SpULPqWUHVLUULJXpVRQWHXOLHX
(QIDLWHQUDLVRQGHODGHQVLWpLPSRUWDQWHGHODSRSXODWLRQGDQVFHV
RDVLV OHV UHVVRXUFHV HQ HDX VRXWHUUDLQH VRQW O¶REMHW G¶H[SORLWDWLRQ
LQWHQVLILpHVXLWHjODGHPDQGHFURLVVDQWHGHO DJULFXOWXUHOHWRXULVPHHWOH
VHFWHXU GRPHVWLTXH (Q SOXV OD ]RQH HVW WRXFKpH SDU OHV FKDQJHPHQWV
FOLPDWLTXHVTXLVHPDQLIHVWHQWSDUO LUUpJXODULWpGHVSUpFLSLWDWLRQVGDQVOH
WHPSV HW SDU OHXU YLROHQFH /HV LQRQGDWLRQV GX PRLV GH QRYHPEUH 
TXLRQWFDXVpGHVSHUWHVKXPDLQHV HW PDWpULHOOHVGDQVOHVXGHVWVRQWOH
PHLOOHXU H[HPSOH GH FHWWH UpSDUWLWLRQ LUUpJXOLqUH GHV SUpFLSLWDWLRQV GDQV
O¶HVSDFHHWGDQVOHWHPSV
(Q HIIHW FHWWH SpULRGH SOXYLHXVH VLJQDOpH FLGHVVXV D WLUp OD
VRQQHWWHG¶DODUPHHQLQFLWDQWOHVDFWHXUVpWDWLTXHVHWORFDX[jSHQVHUDX[
DOWHUQDWLYHV (Q IDLW OH ODQFHPHQW GH OD FRQVWUXFWLRQ GH FHUWDLQV EDUUDJHV
FROOLQDLUHV HW GH GpULYDWLRQ HVW O¶DVSHFW SULQFLSDO GH OD UpDFWLRQ GH O¶(WDW
TXDQWjFHWWHVLWXDWLRQ&HSHQGDQWODVRFLpWpFLYLOHGHVDSDUWUHYHQGLTXH
O¶LQVXIILVDQFH GH FHV HIIRUWV HW VXUWRXW O¶DEVHQFH GH OD GpPDUFKH
SDUWLFLSDWLYHGDQVODFRQFHSWLRQGHVVWUDWpJLHVHWGDQVOHXUPLVHHQSODFH
3DUDLOOHXUVHOOHUHJUHWWHGHQ¶DYRLUSDVpWpFRQFHUWpHHQFHTXLFRQFHUQHOH
FKRL[GHVOLHX[GHFRQVWUXFWLRQGHVEDUUDJHVHQTXHVWLRQ'HSOXVODWULEX
MPDDWDTELOWH  D VXEL GHV PXWDWLRQV HQJHQGUpHV SDU SOXVLHXUV IDFWHXUV
D\DQWFRPPHUpVXOWDWODGpWpULRUDWLRQJUDGXHOOHGXU{OHGHFHWWHLQVWLWXWLRQ
WUDGLWLRQQHOOH

 

VXUWRXWDYHFO¶DSSDULWLRQGHFHUWDLQHVFXOWXUHVFRPPHUFLDOHVFRPPHOHVSDVWqTXHV
TXLVHEDVHVXUOHSRPSDJHGHO¶HDXVRXWHUUDLQH

WDTELOWHSRXUOHVDPD]LJKVHWMPDDSRXUOHVDUDEHV

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

6XUFHFHWWHFRQWULEXWLRQVFLHQWLILTXH DSRXUREMHFWLIGH GLVFXWHU HW

DQDO\VHUODSUREOpPDWLTXHFLGHVVXV,OVµDJLWG¶XQDUWLFOHTXLSRUWHVXUGHV
pOpPHQWVGHUpSRQVHVDX[TXHVWLRQVVXLYDQWHV(QTXRLFRQVLVWHODSpQXULH
G¶HDX GDQV OHV RDVLV GX 'UDD PR\HQ" 4XHOOHV VRQW OHV LPSDFWV
VRFLRpFRQRPLTXHV GHV PXWDWLRQV VRFLDOHV VXU OD ]RQH" 4XHOOH pYDOXDWLRQ
SUpVHQWHQWODSRSXODWLRQHWOHVPHPEUHVGHODVRFLpWpFLYLOHjODSROLWLTXH
GH O¶(WDW GDQV FH GRPDLQH GH OD JHVWLRQ GH O¶HDX" 4XHOOHV VRQW OHV
VWUDWpJLHVSRVVLEOHVG¶DGDSWDWLRQHWSDUTXHOOHVSULRULWpV"
3RXU FHOD QRWUH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ V¶DUWLFXOH DXWRXU GH WURLV D[HV
SULQFLSDX[
,± /¶HDX GDQV OD SURYLQFH GH =DJRUD UDUHWp HW PXWDWLRQV VRFLDOHV
,,/DJHVWLRQVRFLDOHGHO HDXG LUULJDWLRQXQKpULWDJHVRFLDOjYDORULVHU
,,,$FWLRQVGHO¶(WDWDWWHQWHVGHVSRSXODWLRQVHWVWUDWpJLHVG¶DGDSWDWLRQ


,±/¶HDXGDQVODSURYLQFHGH=DJRUDUDUHWpHWPXWDWLRQVVRFLDOHV
6LWXpHGDQVODSDUWLHRULHQWDOHGHO¶$QWLDWODV VXGHVWPDURFDLQ OD
SURYLQFH GH =DJRUD DSSDUWLHQW DX 0DURF SUpVDKDULHQ (OOH HVW OLPLWpH DX
QRUG SDU OHV PRQWDJQHV GH MEHO 6DJKUR HOOH WUDYHUVH GX QRUGHVW DX VXG
RXHVWOHVFKDLQHVGX MEHO EDQLTXLVpSDUHQW7D]DULQH7DJKHEDOWH GX 'UDD
PR\HQ
(Q HIIHWFHWWHSURYLQFHDSSDUWLHQWK\GURJUDSKLTXHPHQWDXEDVVLQ
GH 'UDD HW DX EDVVLQ GH 0DDLGHU $X VHLQ GH FH WHUULWRLUH XQ pFRV\VWqPH
IDYRUDEOH j OD VpGHQWDULVDWLRQ GH O¶rWUH KXPDLQ HVW GpYHORSSp GDQV GHV
FXYHWWHVGHVRXHGVGHVIHLMDVHWGHVSODLQHVTXLOHIRUPHQW
$GPLQLVWUDWLYHPHQW OD 3URYLQFH GH =DJRUD FUppH SDU OH GpFUHW Qƒ
GX'LOKLMDFRUUHVSRQGDQWDX$YULOGDQVOH
FDGUH  GH  OD  SROLWLTXH  GH UDSSURFKHPHQW  GH  O¶DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ  GX
FLWR\HQHVWVLWXpHDX6XGHVWGX5R\DXPHHWIDLWSDUWLHGHODUpJLRQ
 

)HLMDSODLQHpWURLWHRXFRXORLUVLWXpHQWUHGHX[FKDLQHVPRQWDJQHXVHV

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

GH'UDD7DILODOHW(OOHHVWOLPLWpHDX1RUGHWjO¶2XHVWSDUOD3URYLQFH
GH2XDU]D]DWHjO¶2XHVWSDUOD3URYLQFHGH7DWDjO¶(VWSDUOD3URYLQFH
G¶(UUDFKLGLD HW DX 6XG SDU OHV IURQWLqUHV 0DURFR$OJpULHQQHV VXU  XQH
ORQJXHXUGH.P YRLUFDUWHQƒ (OOHHVWFRPSRVpHGHGHX[&HUFOHV
GHX[3DFKDOLNVVHSW&DwGDWVHW&RPPXQHVGRQWGHX[FRPPXQHV
XUEDLQHV(OOHV¶pWHQGVXUXQHVXSHUILFLHGHNPðHWFRPSWH
G¶DSUqVOHUHFHQVHPHQWGHXQHSRSXODWLRQGHKDELWDQWV
GRQWSHUVRQQHVHQPLOLHXUXUDO


Carte n° 1 : situation de la zone d’étude

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦


6RXUFH DYDQWPRGLILFDWLRQV $EGHONDELU%$+$1,HWDO0LJUDWLRQVLQWHUQDWLRQDOHVHW
GpYHORSSHPHQWFDVGHODSURYLQFHGH=DJRUD0DURFNDZWDUSULQWUDEDW3

'DQV O¶REMHFWLI GH PHWWUH HQ pYLGHQFHO¶LPSDFW GH OD VpFKHUHVVH
FOLPDWLTXH GDQV OD ]RQH VXU OD SpQXULH G¶HDX HW OH GpYHORSSHPHQW GHV
WHUULWRLUHV RDVLHQV DLQVL TXH OD QDWXUH GHV PXWDWLRQV VRFLDOHV OLpHV j OD
JHVWLRQGHO¶HDXOHSUpVHQWD[HHVWUpSDUWLHQGHX[SDUDJUDSKHV

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

/HSUHPLHUWUDLWHGHODUDUHWpGHO¶HDXGDQVOD]RQHG¶pWXGHWRXWHHQ
PHWWDQWHQpYLGHQFHVDUHODWLRQDYHFODVpFKHUHVVHODSUHVVLRQKXPDLQHHW
OHVFKDQJHPHQWVFOLPDWLTXHV
/H GHX[LqPH VHUD FRQVDFUp j OD WULEX HQ WDQW TX¶LQVWLWXWLRQ
WUDGLWLRQQHOOHTXLMRXHXQU{OHSULPRUGLDOGDQVODJHVWLRQGHO¶HDXHWTX¶D
VXELWGHVPXWDWLRQVPHQDoDQWVRQH[LVWHQFH

8QHSpQXULHG¶HDXDFFHQWXpHSDUODVpFKHUHVVHFOLPDWLTXH
/HFOLPDWGHOD]RQHV¶LQVFULWGDQVO¶pWDJHELRFOLPDWLTXHVDKDULHQ,O
VH FDUDFWpULVH SDU GHV WHPSpUDWXUHV HQUHJLVWUDQW GHV DPSOLWXGHV
LPSRUWDQWHVWRXWDXORQJGHO¶DQQpHSDUXQYHQWGHVVpFKDQWYHQDQWGHO¶HVW
FKHUJXL  VRXIIOHU IUpTXHPPHQW GDQV OD UpJLRQ HW XQ DXWUH IURLG
UHODWLYHPHQW KXPLGH VDKHOL  VRXIIOH GH O¶RXHVW HW XQH pYDSRUDWLRQ
LPSRUWDQWH HW GHV SUpFLSLWDWLRQV IDLEOHV HQ PR\HQQH HQ GHVVRXV GH
PPDQ PDUTXpHVSDUGHVIOXFWXDWLRQVGDQVOHWHPSVHWGDQVO¶HVSDFH
$EGHONDELU%$+$1,HWDOS 
/HV GHX[ SpULRGHV GH  HW GH  HW  HQUHJLVWUDLHQW
GHV PR\HQV GH SUpFLSLWDWLRQV HVWLPpV UHVSHFWLYHPHQW j PPDQ HW
PPDQVRLWXQUHFXOGHPP
&RQFHUQDQW OHV RULJLQHV GHV UHVVRXUFHV K\GULTXHV OH 'UDD VH EDVH
SULQFLSDOHPHQWVXUOHVDSSRUWVVXSHUILFLHOVGHO¶RXHG'UDDGXVjODIRQWH
GHVQHLJHVGHVVRPPHWVGXKDXWDWODVFHQWUDOHWGHVDSSRUWVGHVHDX[GHV
DIIOXHQWV TXL OH UHMRLJQHQW WRXW DX ORQJ GH VRQ WUDMHW DORUV TXH OH VRXV
EDVVLQ GH WD]DULQHWDJKHEDOWH FRPSWH HVVHQWLHOOHPHQW VXU OHV HDX[
VRXWHUUDLQHVHWSDUWLHOOHPHQWVXUOHVHDX[VXSHUILFLHOOHV
/H ORQJ GH VRQ SDUFRXUV TXL V¶pWHQG VXU XQH ORQJXHXU GH NP
O¶RXHG 'UDD PR\HQ WUDYHUVH OD FKDLQH GH O¶DQWLDWODV HQ FUHXVHQW GHV
FXYHWWHVRLOGpSRVHGHVVpGLPHQWV(QHIIHWVL[QDSSHVSKUpDWLTXHVVRQW
IRUPpHV GDQV FHV FXYHWWHV HQ FRQVWLWXDQW GHV ©SODWHVIRUPHVª  VXU
OHVTXHOOHV UHSRVHQW  OHV VL[ RDVLVSDOPHUDLHV IRUPDQW OD YDOOpH GX 'UDD

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

PR\HQ &HV QDSSHV VH FDUDFWpULVHQW SDU GHV UpVHUYHV DYHF XQ UpJLPH
LUUpJXOLHU HW GpSHQGDQW GH FHOXL GH O¶RXHG SULQFLSDO VRXUFH GH OHXU
DOLPHQWDWLRQ
/HV DSSRUWV GH O¶RXHG 'UDD HQUHJLVWUHQW XQH YDULDWLRQ HQWUH OHV
YDOHXUVH[WUrPHVGHj0PSHQGDQWOHqPHVLqFOHPRQWUHQWGHV
SpULRGHV PDUTXpHV SDU GHV GpILFLWV K\GULTXHV WUqV LPSRUWDQWHV $LQVL OD
IUpTXHQWDWLRQ GHV SpULRGHV GH JUDQGHV VpFKHUHVVHV GHYLHQW XQH VLWXDWLRQ
UpFXUUHQWH     
 $EGHONDELU%$+$1,HWDOS 

Photos n° 1 : oasis de Tinzouline en deux périodes bioclimatiques différentes : 1995

et 2007
   

 

 6RXUFH2509$2

&RQFHUQDQW OH VRXVEDVVLQ GH 7D]DULQH7DJKHEDOWH SOXVLHXUV DVVLIV
DIIOXHQWV  YHQDQW GX YHUVDQW VXGHVW GH MEDO HW GHV PRQWDJQHV GH O¶DQWL
DWODVRULHQWDOIRUPHQWOHUpVHDXK\GURJUDSKLTXHGHFHWWHSDUWLHGXEDVVLQGH
0DDLGHU,OV¶DJLWSULQFLSDOHPHQWGHVRXHGVGH1¶NREGH7D]DULQHG¶DLW
RXDD]LTHWGH7DJKHEDOWH&HVGHUQLHUVV¶HQFKDLQHQWSRXUVHMHWHUGDQVXQ
ODF GD\D DSSHOp0DLGHU

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

(Q IDLW OHV HDX[ VXSHUILFLHOOHV QH VXIILVHQW SDV DX[ EHVRLQV GHV
FXOWXUHV VXUWRXW SHQGDQW OHV VDLVRQV GH IDLEOHV SUpFLSLWDWLRQV HW GHV
SpULRGHV GH VpFKHUHVVH 3DU FRQVpTXHQW OHV KDELWDQWV UHFRXUHQW j
O¶H[SORLWDWLRQ GHV HDX[ VRXWHUUDLQHV /¶H[SORLWDWLRQ LQWHQVLILpH GHV HDX[
VRXWHUUDLQHV V¶REVHUYH SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW GDQV OH EDVVLQ GH WD]DULQH
WDJKHEDOWH DLQVL TXH GHO¶DPRQW YHUV O¶DYDO GX'UDD (Q SOXV GX UHFXOGX
QLYHDXSLp]RPpWULTXHO¶H[SORLWDWLRQLQWHQVLILpHGHVHDX[VRXWHUUDLQHVDYHF
GHVPRWRSRPSHVHQJHQGUHODFRQFHQWUDWLRQGHVHOVVXUOHVVROVjFDXVHGH
ODTXDQWLWpGXVRGLXPGDQVFHVHDX[HQSURYRTXDQWODGpJUDGDWLRQGHFHV
VROV TXL V¶DJJUDYH HQ UDLVRQ GH O¶DFFHQWXDWLRQ GHV SKpQRPqQHV
G¶pYDSRUDWLRQHWG¶pYDSRWUDQVSLUDWLRQ

/DWULEXXQRUJDQHGHJHVWLRQVRFLDOHHQYRLHGHGLVSDULWLRQ
/DWULEX WDTELOWHMPDD DFRQVWLWXpMXVTX DXGpEXWGXqPHVLqFOH
O¶XQLTXH LQVWLWXWLRQ FKDUJpH GH OD JHVWLRQ GHV DIIDLUHV TXRWLGLHQQHV GHV
SRSXODWLRQVORFDOHV/DMPDDHVWXQHDVVHPEOpHGHVQRWDEOHVGHODWULEX,OV
VRQWFKRLVLVSDUFHTX¶LOVVRQWLQIOXHQWVIRUWXQpV«HWF/HVPHPEUHVGHOD
MPDDVRQWLVVXVGHV LJKVVDQ OLJQDJHV  GH ODWULEX GH WHOOH IDoRQ jFHTXH
FKDTXH LJKHV OLJQDJH  HVW UHSUpVHQWp SDU XQ KRPPH GH FRQILDQFH $LW
+DP]D0RKDPHGUpVXPHODIRQFWLRQGHODMPDDHQFHVWHUPHV©/DMPDD
GRLW YHLOOHU VXU OD ERQQH JHVWLRQ OD GpIHQVH HW OH GpYHORSSHPHQW GH VRQ
HVSDFH VRFLRpFRQRPLTXH /D MPDD Q¶D SDV XQ SURJUDPPH
G¶DYDQFH« « «FHWWHIOXLGLWpGDQVO¶DFWLRQTXLIDLWVDIRUFHFRQWUDLUHPHQW
DX[LQVWLWXWLRQVPRGHUQHVUDWLRQQHOOHVPDLVULJLGHVª $LW+DP]D 
&HSHQGDQW FHWWH LQVWLWXWLRQ j VXELW GHV FKDQJHPHQWV TXL FRQGXLVHQW j OD
UpGXFWLRQGHVHVDWWULEXWLRQV

 /HV VWUXFWXUHV WUDGLWLRQQHOOHV HW OHV LPSDFWV GH OD PLJUDWLRQ
LQWHUQDWLRQDOH
/HV RDVLV GH 'UDD PR\HQ HW GX 0DDLGHU VRQW FRQQXHV SDU OH
SKpQRPqQH GH O¶pPLJUDWLRQ LQWHUQDWLRQDOH GH WUDYDLO /D SUHPLqUH

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

GHVWLQDWLRQ DX GpEXW pWDLW O¶$OJpULH $SUqV O¶LQGpSHQGDQFH GH O¶$OJpULH

OHVpPLJUDQWVRQWFKDQJpGHGHVWLQDWLRQYHUVOD)UDQFH/¶pPLJUDWLRQYHUV
OD)UDQFHHVWFDUDFWpULVpHSDUODSUpVHQFHGDQVODPpPRLUHGHVJHQVG¶DORUV
G¶XQH SHUVRQQH TXL V¶DSSHOOH )pOL[ 0RUD &H GHUQLHU UHSUpVHQWH OHV
VRFLpWpVFKDUERQQLqUHVGXQRUGGHOD)UDQFH,OYHQDLWDX0DURFSHQGDQW
SOXVG¶XQHYLQJWDLQHG¶DQQpHV  SRXUOHUHFUXWHPHQWGHODPDLQ
G¶°XYUHVXUSODFH 1DLP 
'DQVXQHVLWXDWLRQG¶LPSHUIHFWLRQGHVPDUFKpVODIDPLOOHDYDQFHGH
O¶DUJHQWDX[FRXUWLHUVSRXUTXHO¶XQGHVHVPHPEUHVTXLWWHOHEOHG&HWWH
GpFLVLRQpWDLWXQHRFFDVLRQGHGLYHUVLILHUOHVUHVVRXUFHVGHODIDPLOOHHWXQH
DVVXUDQFH FRQWUH OD FULVH FDU O¶DJULFXOWXUH HVW ULVTXpH GH IDLW TX¶HOOH HVW
OLpH DX[ DOpDV FOLPDWLTXHV /D GLYHUVLILFDWLRQ GHV UHYHQXV HQWUDvQpH SDU
O¶pPLJUDWLRQpWDLWXQHDVVXUDQFHFRQWUHO¶LQFHUWLWXGHjWUDYHUVOHVWUDQVIHUWV
GHV pPLJUpV HQ IDYHXU GH OHXUV IDPLOOHV +DGGDFKH   $SUqV V¶rWUH
LQVWDOOpOHQRXYHOpPLJUpGRLWHQYR\HUXQHSDUWGHVRQVDODLUHjVDIDPLOOH
&HV WUDQVIHUWV RQW GHV UHWRPEpHV VXU OHV IDPLOOHV TXL OHV UHoRLYHQW
/HV UHWRPEpHV OHV SOXV LQIOXHQWHV VRQW OH FKDQJHPHQW GH PRGH GH
FRQVRPPDWLRQ GH O¶KDELWDW WUDGLWLRQQHO HW O¶LQYHVWLVVHPHQW GXUDQW OHV
DQQpHVHWGDQVOHGRPDLQHGHO¶DJULFXOWXUH
$SUqV OHXU UHWRXU OHV pPLJUpV RQW PDVVLYHPHQW LQYHVWL GDQV
O¶DJULFXOWXUH HQ DFKHWDQW GHV PRWRSRPSHV HW GHV ORSLQV GH WHUUH 2Q
WURXYHPrPHGHVSD\VDQVTXLRQWYHQGXOHXUVSDUFHOOHVLUULJXpHVSDUOHV
HDX[ GH OD NKHWWDUD SRXU VH FRQFHQWUHU VXU OHV H[SORLWDWLRQV LUULJXpHV j
O¶DLGHGHODPRWRSRPSH +DGGDFKH /¶LQYHVWLVVHPHQWGDQVODWHUUH
DJULFROHFRQVLGpUpjO¶pSRTXHFRPPHXQLQGLFDWHXUG¶DVFHQVLRQVRFLDOH
DSRXVVpOHVJHQVjpTXLSHUOHXUVSXLWVSDUGHVPRWRSRPSHV/DUpJLRQTXL
DEULWH OD PDMRULWp GHV SXLWV pTXLSpV SDU GHV PRWRSRPSHV HVW ODUpJLRQ GH
'UDD PR\HQ (Q JpQpUDO O¶DYDO GH O¶RDVLV GH 'UDD PR\HQ HW GH 0DDLGHU
HQJOREHGHVVXSHUILFLHVLUULJXpHVSDUSRPSDJH&HOXLFLHVWFRQVLGpUp
FRPPHODPHLOOHXUHIDoRQGHPDvWULVHUO¶LUULJDWLRQHWSUDWLTXHUGHVFXOWXUHV

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

VRXKDLWpHV DEVWUDFWLRQ IDLWH GH OHXU DYLGLWp SRXU O¶HDX RX QRQ &HW
LQGLYLGXDOLVPH SRXUUDLW VRQQHU OH JODV GHV NKHWWDUDV TXL VH EDVDLHQW VXU
O¶HQWUDLGH FRPPXQDXWDLUH &HOD HVW j FUDLQGUH IRUWHPHQW FDU  OHV SD\VDQV
FUHXVHQWEHDXFRXSGHSXLWVSRXULUULJXHUXQHVHXOHH[SORLWDWLRQ

3OXULDFWLYLWpHWFKDQJHPHQWGHVDSWLWXGHVGHVIDPLOOHVRDVLHQQHV
/H V\VWqPH GH NKHPDVVD D VXEL XQH UpJUHVVLRQ DFFUXH GXUDQW OHV
TXDUDQWH GHUQLqUHV DQQpHV /D UpJUHVVLRQ GH FH PRGH GH IDLUH YDORLU Q¶D
ODLVVpDX[SD\VDQVTXHGHUHFRXULUDXVDODULDW
¬ FHWWH pSRTXHOj OHV SD\VDQV FKHUFKDLHQW XQ NKHPDV RX
V¶HQWUDLGHQW VROLGDULWp REOLJHU GDQV OHV WUDYDX[ DJULFROHV /H WUDYDLO
FROOHFWLIUpJQDLWFDUWRXWHVOHVIDPLOOHVpWDLHQWGpSHQGDQWHVGHOHXUVWHUUHV
0DLV YX OD FRQVWDQFH GHV UHVVRXUFHV K\GURDJULFROHV O¶DFFURLVVHPHQW
GpPRJUDSKLTXH HW O¶pPDQFLSDWLRQ GHV JURXSHV WUDGLWLRQQHOOHPHQW FRQQXV
SDU OH WUDYDLO GH OD WHUUH OHV SD\VDQV Q¶DYDLHQW TX¶j FKHUFKHU GHV
WUDYDLOOHXUVVDODULpV
/HV RSSRUWXQLWpV RIIHUWHV SDU O¶pPLJUDWLRQ LQWHUQDWLRQDOH GH WUDYDLO
RQW FRQWULEXp j OD PRQWpH GH FH JHQUH GH WUDYDLO (WDQW GRQQp TXH OHV
SDUFHOOHVUHSUpVHQWHQWXQHYDOHXUVRFLDOHLQWULQVqTXHjO¶LPDJHGHFHOXLTXL
OHVSRVVqGHQWOHVpPLJUpVFKHUFKDLHQWGHVWUDYDLOOHXUVTXLV¶HQRFFXSHUHW
HQFRQWUHSDUWLHG¶XQHVRPPHG¶DUJHQW&HVDUUDQJHPHQWVRQWVRQQpOHJODV
GHODNKHPDVVDTXLUpJQDLWDXSDUDYDQW
,OHVWjVLJQDOHUTXHOHV\VWqPHGHVDODULDWTXLVHGpYHORSSHGDQVOHV
RDVLVGH'UDDPR\HQHWGH0DDLGHUSUHQGSOXVLHXUVIRUPHV'¶XQHSDUWLO
FRPSOqWHO¶LQVXIILVDQFHGHVSURGXLWVUpFROWpVVXUOHVSDUFHOOHVOHVSD\VDQV
VRQWGpSHQGDQWVGXPDUFKp$LQVLOHWUDYDLOVDODULDOOHVDLGHjDFKHWHUGHV
SURGXLWVTXLQHVHSURGXLVHQWSDVGDQVOHXUV SDUFHOOHV'¶DXWUH SDUW LO\D
GHV JHQV TXL YHQDLHQW G¶DXWUHV UpJLRQV HW TXL WUDYDLOOHQW FRPPH VDODULpV
DXSUqV GHV PR\HQV HW JUDQGV SURSULpWDLUHV &H GHUQLHU FDV GH ILJXUH SHXW
rWUHWURXYpGDQVOHVRDVLVGH'UDDPR\HQROHVDJULFXOWHXUVIRQWDSSHOjOD

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

PRWRSRPSHHWTXLVRQWJpQpUDOHPHQWGHVpPLJUpVTXLQ¶RQWSDVGHWHPSV
SRXUV¶DGRQQHUjO¶DJULFXOWXUH/HGpYHORSSHPHQWGXWUDYDLOVDODULDOHVWOH
UpVXOWDW GH O¶pFODWHPHQW GH O¶HVSULW GH VROLGDULWp TXL OLDLW OHV SD\VDQV
'HYDQW OHV FKDUJHV ILQDQFLqUHV TXRWLGLHQQHV OHV SD\VDQV GRLYHQW
UpPXQpUHUXQHPDLQG¶°XYUHSRXUWUDYDLOOHUjOHXUSODFH
/DFURLVVDQFHGHVUHYHQXVQRQDJULFROHVpYRTXpHGDQVWRXVOHVSD\V
GXJOREHHVWXQLQGLFDWHXUJpQpUDOGHODSOXULDFWLYLWp
/¶pWXGH GH FH SKpQRPqQH GH SOXULDFWLYLWp HVW GpOLFDWH YX
O¶LQVXIILVDQFH HW OD VLQJXODULWp GHV pWXGHV TXL RQW pWp IDLWHV VXU O¶HPSORL
UXUDOHWODSOXULDFWLYLWpGHVIDPLOOHVUXUDOHV6HORQOHVHQTXrWHVHIIHFWXpHVj
WUDYHUV OHV UpJLRQV GX 0DURF OD SOXULDFWLYLWp V¶H[HUFH GDQV  GHV
H[SORLWDWLRQVGHVDFWLIVUXUDX[VRQWSOXULDFWLIVHWGHVFKHIVGHV
PpQDJHVRQWXQHDFWLYLWpSULQFLSDOHQRQDJULFROH -HQQDQ 
&HUWHV O¶LQVXIILVDQFH GHV UHYHQXV DJULFROHV IDFH DX[ EHVRLQV
FURLVVDQWV GHV IDPLOOHV HIIHW GH FLVHDX[ HQ pFRQRPLH  LQFLWH j XQH
GLYHUVLILFDWLRQGHVDFWLYLWpVHW GHV UHYHQXV DX VHLQ GHV PpQDJHV 0DLVFH
SKpQRPqQH V¶HVW GpYHORSSp j FDXVH G¶XQH PXOWLWXGH GH UDLVRQV 7RXW
G¶DERUGODSDXYUHWpGHODPDMRULWpGHVSD\VDQVOLpHDXPDQTXHG¶DFFqVjOD
WHUUHFDXVpSDUODFRQFHQWUDWLRQGHODSURSULpWp3RXUOHFDVGH'UDDPR\HQ
HWGH0DDLGHUSOXVGHVRQWGHVH[SORLWDWLRQVGHPRLQVGHKD&HWWH
VXSHUILFLHHVWODPrPHGHSXLVEHOOHOXUHWWHHWVLRQSUHQGHQFRQVLGpUDWLRQ
O¶DXJPHQWDWLRQGHODSRSXODWLRQHWO¶KpULWDJHFHVWHUUHVQHVXIILVDLHQWjOD
QRXUULWXUH GHV SRSXODWLRQV HW SDU FRQVpTXHQW OHV SRSXODWLRQV IDLW DSSHO j
G¶DXWUHVDFWLYLWpV(QVXLWHO¶pPLJUDWLRQLQWHUQHHWH[WHUQHHWO¶RXYHUWXUHGH
OD UpJLRQ VXU OH PRQGH H[WpULHXU GH O¶RDVLV (QILQ OHV IDFWHXUV QDWXUHOV
SRXVVHQW OHV JHQV j GLYHUVLILHU HW SDUIRLV j DEDQGRQQHU OHXUV WHUUHV /D
VpFKHUHVVH TX¶D FRQQXH OH 'UDD PR\HQ HW 0DDLGHU HQWUH  HW  D
REOLJp OHV JHQV j TXLWWHU OD UpJLRQ SRXU G¶DXWUHV HQGURLWV R LOV SHXYHQW
WUDYDLOOHU 'XUDQW FHWWH SpULRGH OHV DXWRULWpV ORFDOHV GLVWULEXHQW  OLWUHV
G¶HDX SDU IDPLOOH 'DQV FHWWH VLWXDWLRQ GH VWUHVV K\GULTXH H[WUrPH OD

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

PDMRULWpGHVJHQVHQkJHGHWUDYDLOOHURQWTXLWWpODUpJLRQYHUVOHVYLOOHV
PDURFDLQHV 0XVWDSKD+$''$&+( 
,OHQGpFRXOHTXHFHWWHSOXULDFWLYLWpIRUFpHGDQVODPDMRULWpGHVFDV
DXUDLW XQ LPSDFW VXU OD JHVWLRQ VRFLDOH GH O¶HDX FH TXL YD LQIOXHQFHU OH
PDLQWLHQ HW OD GXUDELOLWp GHV V\VWqPHV K\GURDJULFROHV /H QRPEUH GHV
NKHWWDUDV TXL FRQWLQXHQW GH IRQFWLRQQHU HQ FRPSDUDLVRQ DYHF OH QRPEUH
G¶DQWDQHVWXQH[HPSOHLOOXVWUDWLI 0XVWDSKD+$''$&+( 

,,  /D JHVWLRQ VRFLDOH GH O HDX G LUULJDWLRQ XQ KpULWDJH VRFLDO j
YDORULVHU
'HSXLVXQHORQJXHKLVWRLUHHWMXVTX¶jQRVMRXUVODUpJLRQHVWFRQQXH
SDU VHV UqJOHV GH JHVWLRQ GH O¶HDX HQ IRQFWLRQ GHV FRXWXPHV HW GHV
WUDGLWLRQV KpULWpHV GH JpQpUDWLRQ HQ JpQpUDWLRQ 'X IDLW TXH OHV RDVLV GX
'UDDPR\HQDSSDUWLHQQHQWDXGRPDLQHGpVHUWLTXHFDUDFWpULVpSDUODUDUHWp
HWO¶LUUpJXODULWpGHVSUpFLSLWDWLRQVG¶XQHDQQpHjO¶DXWUHDYHFXQHLQWHQVLWp
GHO¶DULGLWpYHUVOHVXGODSRSXODWLRQDpWpREOLJpHGHSUDWLTXHUDXGpSDUW
XQH DJULFXOWXUH LUULJXpH EDVpH VXU OHV HDX[ VXSHUILFLHOOHV GH O¶RXHG 'UDD
&HWXVDJHGHO¶HDXDH[LJpODFRQVWUXFWLRQG¶XQUpVHDXGHVpJXLDV(QVH
UpIpUDQW DX[ WHFKQLTXHV GH WUDQVIHUW HW GH GLVWULEXWLRQ GH O¶HDX SUDWLTXpHV
GDQV OD UpJLRQ RQ FRPSUHQG TXH OHV WHFKQLTXHV DQFLHQQHV GH
O¶DPpQDJHPHQW K\GURDJULFROH GDQV OHV RDVLV GH 'UDD FHQWUDO VH VRQW
DGDSWpHV DX[ FRQGLWLRQV ORFDOHV GX PLOLHX QDWXUHO HW GH OD QDWXUH GHV
UHVVRXUFHV HQ HDX &HV WHFKQLTXHV VRQW OHV PrPHV GDQV OHV UpJLRQV
YRLVLQHVjVDYRLUSODLQH GH 6RXVVH HW 7DILODOHWRODVpJXLD FRQVWLWXH OH
SLYRWGHVRSpUDWLRQVGHO¶DPpQDJHPHQWK\GURDJULFROHGDQVOHVRDVLVGRQW
XQH SHUVRQQH DSSHOpH $LPDO  HVW FKDUJpH GH VD JHVWLRQ /D VpJXLD HVW
DLQVL FRQVLGpUpH FRPPH XQH LQVWLWXWLRQ VRFLDOH j SDUW VRQ HQWUHWLHQ HVW
UpDOLVpH j O¶DLGH GH SOXVLHXUV .VRXUV TXL PHWWHQW j OHXU WrWH XQH RX GHX[
SHUVRQQHV TXL YHLOOHQW DX VXLYL HW j OD GLVWULEXWLRQ GH O¶HDX GHSXLV OD
VRXUFH/H©$LPDOªTXLVHFKDUJHGHODJHVWLRQGHODVpJXLDHVWQRPPp

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

SDU OHV QRWDEOHV GH OD WULEX HW LO GRLW UHPSOLU SOXVLHXUV FRQGLWLRQV TXH
YRLFL

x (WUH SURSULpWDLUH G¶XQH LPSRUWDQWH SDUW GH O¶HDX DILQ G¶rWUH

VRXFLHX[TXDQWjO¶pFRQRPLHGHO¶HDX
x (WUHSURSULpWDLUHG¶XQHLPSRUWDQWHVXSHUILFLHDJULFROH
x (WUHXQHERQQHSHUVRQQHGHFRQILDQFHFKH]WRXWHODWULEX
x $YRLUGHODULJXHXUFRQWUHFHX[TXLQHUHVSHFWHQWSDVOHVFRXWXPHV
GHODJHVWLRQGHO¶HDXHWDXVVLDYRLUODFRQQDLVVDQFHVXIILVDQWHGHV
GURLWV GH O¶HDX HW GHV SDUWV GHV EpQpILFLDLUHV DYHF GHV FULWqUHV GX
VpULHX[HWGHODGLVSRQLELOLWpjFHWWHWkFKH
/H ©$LPDOªUHoRLWXQHFRQWUHSDUWLHILQDQFLqUH HWSDUIRLVHQQDWXUH
VHORQ O¶DFFRUG FRQFOX DYHF OHV QRWDEOHV GH OD WULEX (Q FDV GH FRQIOLW
SHQGDQWODUpSDUWLWLRQOHVEpQpILFLDLUHVIRQWODJHVWLRQGHOHXUVFRQIOLWVSDU
OHELDLVG¶XQHUpXQLRQHWSDUODVXLWHUHWLHQQHQWODJHVWLRQHQYXHG¶pYLWHU
WRXWGpWRXUQHPHQWGHO¶HDX 0RKDPHG%21$%$73 
2Q SHXW GLUH TXH FHV SRSXODWLRQV RQW pWp LQJpQLHXVHV GDQV
O¶H[SORLWDWLRQ HW OD GLVWULEXWLRQ GH O¶HDX HW DXVVL GH VD FDQDOLVDWLRQ YHUV
OHXUV FKDPSV HQ XWLOLVDQW GLIIpUHQWV WHFKQLTXHV HQWUH DXWUHV OD
FRQVWUXFWLRQ GH EDUUDJHV WUDGLWLRQQHOV DYHF GHV SLHUUHV HW GHV EUDQFKHV
GDQV OHV OLWV GHV RXHGV XQH WHFKQLTXH FRQQXH VRXV OH QRP DPD]LJK
©RXJKRXJXHªTXLFRQVWLWXHXQHWrWHGHSULVHGHVVpJXLDV
3DUDLOOHXUVODGLVWULEXWLRQGHO¶HDXGDQVODUpJLRQHVWFRQVLGpUpHWUqV
FRPSOLTXpH HW GLIILFLOH j FRPSUHQGUH VXUWRXW TXH OHV RXWLOV GH PHVXUH
GLIIpUHQWG¶XQ.VDUjO¶DXWUH/¶HQTXrWHGHWHUUDLQHIIHFWXpHVXUSOXVLHXUV
VpJXLDV D GpPRQWUp OD SOXUDOLWp GHV IRUPHV GH SURSULpWp GH O¶HDX VXU OD
EDVH GHV GRQQpHV FROOHFWpHV RQ D SX GpWHUPLQHU FHV GLIIpUHQWHV IRUPHV
FRPPHVXLW

 ,QDGpTXDWLRQHQWUHODSURSULpWpGHO¶HDXHWFHOOHGHODWHUUH

3RXUYpULILHUFHFRQVWDWQRXVQRXVVRPPHVDSSX\pVVXUOHVUpVXOWDWV
G¶XQH HQTXrWH UpDOLVpH GDQV OH FDGUH G¶XQ PpPRLUH GH PDVWHU HQ 

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

6DLG 0$=28=  QRQ SXEOLp  6XU OD EDVH GH FHWWH HQTXrWH
O¶K\SRWKqVHGHO¶LQDGpTXDWLRQHQWUHODSURSULpWpGHODWHUUHHWFHOOHGHO¶HDX
HVWFRQILUPpH &IOHJUDSKLTXHQƒ 



6RXUFH6DLG0$=28=LQpGLWS

'HO¶DQDO\VHGXJUDSKLTXHFLGHVVXVRQUHWLHQWTXHODSURSULpWpGHOD
WHUUH GDQV O¶RDVLV GH 7LQ]RXOLQH QH SHUPHW SDV j VRQ SURSULpWDLUH GH
EpQpILFLHU GH O¶HDXG¶LUULJDWLRQ 3DU GpILQLWLRQ FHFL HVW FRQILUPpSDUSOXV
GH  GHV LQWHUYLHZpV /D SURSULpWp GH O¶HDX HVW pTXLYDOHQWH j XQH
ULFKHVVH SOXV TXH FHOD F¶HVW XQ SRXYRLU FH TXLIDLW GH FHWWHSURSULpWp XQ
JUDQGHQMHX$LQVLO¶HDXHVWXQHVRXUFHGHSOXVLHXUVFRQIOLWV'HFHIDLWOD
SURSULpWp GH O¶HDX HVW EDVpH VXU OD &KDULDD HW OHV FRXWXPHV TXL VRQW
UHFRQQXHVSDUODORL/DSURSULpWpGHO¶HDXHVWODSURSULpWpG¶XQHSDUW
GH O¶HDX G¶XQH VpJXLD VD TXDQWLWp GpSHQG GX GpELW GH O¶RXHG RX GH OD
VpJXLD(QFDVG¶XQHVpJXLDFROOHFWLYHH[SORLWpHSDUSOXVLHXUV.VRXUVHOOH
GpSHQGGXVLWHJpRJUDSKLTXHGXEDUUDJHWUDGLWLRQQHOGHODWrWHGHSULVHGH
ODVpJXLDHQDPRQWRXHQDYDOGHO¶RXHGHWDXVVLHQIRQFWLRQGHO¶H[LVWHQFH

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

RX QRQ G¶XQH VRXUFH HQ DPRQW GX EDUUDJH RXJJRXJXH  VDQV RXEOLHU OHV
FRQGLWLRQVVRFLDOHVGHVSRSXODWLRQVH[SORLWDQWODVpJXLD ODPDLQG¶°XYUH
O¶HQWUHWLHQGXUpVHDX« 

Photo n°2 : barrage de dérivation traditionnel «ouggougue» à foum azlag- Draa moyen


6RXUFH2509$2

 /DSURSULpWpFROOHFWLYHGHO¶HDX
'DQV FH FDV WRXWHV OHV XQLWpV GH PHVXUH VRQW j RXEOLHU HW OD
GLVWULEXWLRQGHO¶HDXVHIDLWGHPDQLqUHVLPSOHOHGURLWGHO¶HDXHVWGRQQpj
WRXWHSHUVRQQHSURSULpWDLUHGHODWHUUHFHODHVWFRQQXSDU©OHWRXUG¶HDXª
LOHVWDSSHOpDXVVL©5DEWDE5DEWDªHWDXVVL©$PRXOLRX :DODPª&HFL
VLJQLILH TXH O¶LUULJDWLRQ GHV FKDPSV FRPPHQFH SDU O¶DPRQW GH OD VpJXLD
YHUVVRQDYDORXSDUODILQGXGHUQLHUWRXUG¶LUULJDWLRQ

 /¶HDXGX0DNK]DQ
&HWWH HDX HVW UpVHUYpH j O¶LUULJDWLRQ GH FHUWDLQHV WHUUHV
0DNK]DQLHQQHVGDQVOHVGLIIpUHQWVRDVLVGX'UDDPR\HQOH0DNK]HQDYDLW
DFTXLVODSURSULpWpG¶XQHSDUWGHO¶HDXSDUODIRUFHjSDUWLUGHVVpJXLDVGH
FHUWDLQHVWULEXVLOOHFDQDOLVHSDUGHJUDQG0DVUDIFRQQXVRXVOHQRPGH
0DVUDI  /PDNK]HQ (QSULQFLSH FHWWH HDX HVW XQH SURSULpWpGX 0DNK]HQ

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

HOOHVHWURXYHVRXVOHFKDUJpGHVDIIDLUHVGX0DNK]HQGDQVODUpJLRQ&HWWH
HDXQ¶H[LJHDXFXQWUDYDLOHQUHODWLRQDYHFODVpJXLDOHVWULEXVD\DQWJDUGp
OHVWHUUHVPDNK]DQLHQQHVjXQHpSRTXHUpFHQWHO¶RQWGLVWULEXpHSDUODVXLWH
HOOH HVW SDVVpH j XQH SURSULpWp SULYpH DX FHQWUH GH O¶RDVLV 7HUQDWD
&HSHQGDQW O¶HDX PDNK]DQLHQQH GH OD VpJXLD ,IOL HW 7LQ]RXOLQH Q¶D SDV
FKDQJpGHVLWXDWLRQHOOHHVWJpUpHSDUO¶(WDWjWUDYHUVOHVHUYLFHGHODPLVH
HQYDOHXUDJULFROH

 /¶HDXGHODSURSULpWpSULYpH
&H W\SH GH SURSULpWp GH O¶HDX HVW OH SOXV UpSDQGX GDQV OHV RDVLV GH
'UDD PR\HQ (Q HIIHW OD SURSULpWp GH O¶HDX Q¶D SDV GH OLHQ DYHF OD
SURSULpWp GH OD WHUUH /D SURSULpWp GH O¶HDX HVW DLQVL VRXPLVH j WRXWHV OHV
RSpUDWLRQV MXULGLTXHV HW OD UpJOHPHQWDWLRQ LVODPLTXH &KDULDD  j O¶LQVWDU
GHVDXWUHVELHQVHQPDWLqUHGHO¶KpULWDJHODYHQWH O¶DFKDWHW ODORFDWLRQ
'HFHIDLWOHSURSULpWDLUH GHO¶HDX D OH FKRL[ GH IDLUH FH TX¶LO YHXW GH VD
SDUW G¶HDX VDQV REMHFWLRQ GHV DXWUHV HQ PrPH WHPSV RQ WURXYH GHV
DJULFXOWHXUV TXL GLVSRVHQW GH ODUJHV WHUUHV PDLV VDQV DYRLU XQH JRXWWH
G¶HDXFHTXLOHVREOLJHjO¶DFKHWHURXODORXHUGHVDXWUHVSURSULpWDLUHV

 0pWKRGHVGHODJHVWLRQGHO¶HDXGHSURSULpWpSULYpH

'DQV OH FDV GH OD SURSULpWp SULYpH GH O¶HDX OD GLVWULEXWLRQ GH FHWWH
GHUQLqUH HVW VRXPLVH j GHV PHVXUHV GLYHUVLILpHV HQ IRQFWLRQ GH OD
GLIIpUHQFH GHV .VRXUV HW GHV VpJXLDV /¶HDX HVW DLQVL VRXV OD SURSULpWp
SULYpHHWPRUDOHHWODSDUWDSSURSULpHHVWDSSHOpH1RXEDRXOHWRXUG¶HDX
G¶XQH VpJXLD $ VLJQDOHU TX¶LO \D XQH GLIIpUHQFH HQWUH OH WRXUG¶HDX G¶XQ
SURSULpWDLUHG¶HDXOHWRXUG¶HDXG¶XQHQXLWRXG¶XQMRXUTXLFRPPHQFHHW
SUHQG ILQ SDU OH OHYp RX OH FRXFKp GX VROHLO 1RXED RX OH WRXU G¶HDX HVW
VXEGLYLVp HQ PRLWLpV HQ TXDUWV HQ WLHUV HW HQ KXLWLqPH GH WRXU OD WRXWH
SHWLWH XQLWp GH PHVXUH JpQpUDOLVpH HQWUH OD PDMRULWp GHV VpJXLDV HVW OD
©.KDURXEDªTXLPHVXUHPLQXWHV $EGHODD]L](/$5$%< 2Q

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

SHXW GpILQLU OHV ORLV HW OHV FRXWXPHV DSSOLTXpHV j OD GLVWULEXWLRQ GH O¶HDX
GHVVpJXLDVFRPPHVXLW
9 1RXEDTXL HVW XQWRXUG¶HDXTXLFRPPHQFHSDUOHOHYpGXVROHLO
MXVTX¶j VRQ FRXFKp HW YLV YHUVD $ FKDTXH 1RXED VD SURSUH
GpQRPLQDWLRQ TXL IDLW UpIpUHQFH j XQH KLVWRLUH DQFLHQQH RX ELHQ
SUHQGOHQRPGHODSHUVRQQHTXLGpWLHQWODPDMRULWpG¶HDXFRPPH
1RXEDGH+DG<LFKHj2XOHG$\RXE
6HORQOHVVXEGLYLVRQVGHFHWRXUG¶HDX©1RXEDªOHFRPSUHQG
KHXUHVG¶HDXG¶LUULJDWLRQDORUVTXHODSHWLWHXQLWpGHPHVXUHHWOD
©.KDURXEDª VRLW  YDULH HQWUH  HW  PLQXWHV GH WHPSV
G¶LUULJDWLRQ SDU OD VpJXLD HQ IRQFWLRQ GH OD TXDQWLWp G¶HDX
GLVSRQLEOH 3RXU SOXV G¶H[SOLFDWLRQ VXSSRVDQW TX¶XQ DJULFXOWHXU
GLVSRVH G¶XQH SDUW G¶HDX VRLW .KDURXED HW OD VpJXLD TXL OXL
WUDQVSRUWH O¶HDX OH GHVVHUYH VHXO SHQGDQW VRQ LUULJDWLRQ 'DQV FH
FDVOD.KDURXEDYDULHHQWUHHWPLQXWHVDORUVTXHGDQVOHFDV
GH GHX[ DJULFXOWHXUV TXL H[SORLWHQW OD VpJXLD HQ PrPH WHPSV
GLYLVLRQGHODVpJXLDHQGHX[0DVUDI OD.KDURXEDYDULHHQWUH
HWPLQXWHV&HWWHUqJOHV¶DSSOLTXHVXUWRXWHVOHVVXEGLYLVLRQVGH
OD 1RXED    HW   ,O HQ UpVXOWH GRQF TXH OD GXUpH
G¶H[SORLWDWLRQ GH O¶HDX DXJPHQWH TXDQW OD VpJXLD HOOH HVW UpSDUWLH
VXU XQ UpVHDX VHFRQGDLUH GH GLVWULEXWLRQ PDVUHI  HW GLPLQXH GDQV
OH FDV G¶XQH VpJXLD DYHF XQ VHXO FDQDO G¶pYDFXDWLRQ GH O¶HDX HW
DYHFXQGpELWLPSRUWDQW

/¶KRPPHGDQVODUpJLRQGH'UDDDXWLOLVpSOXVLHXUVXQLWpVGHPHVXUH
GXWHPSVGHFKDTXH1RXEDHQXWLOLVDQWGHVRXWLOVFRPPH

9 7DVVD F¶HVW XQ PRW G¶RULJLQH DPD]LJK FHW RXWLO GH PHVXUH HVW
FRPSRVpGHGHX[UpFLSLHQWVGHWDLOOHGLIIpUHQWHOHSHWLWUpFLSLHQWHVW
IDLW VRXYHQW GH FXLYUH HW FRQWLHQW XQ SHWLW WURX DX GHVVRXV FH
UpFLSLHQW HVW PLV GDQV XQ DXWUH UpFLSLHQW SOXV JUDQG HW UHPSOL GH
O¶HDX OH WHPSV TX¶LO OXL IDXGUD SRXU GHVFHQGUH DX EDV GX JUDQG

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

UpFLSLHQWUHSUpVHQWHXQHXQLWpGHPHVXUHJpQpUDOLVpHGHPLQXWHV
DSUqV FKDTXH UHPSOLVVDJH GX SHWLW UpFLSLHQW XQ Q°XG IDLW VXU XQH
FRUGHGHVIHXLOOHVGHSDOPLHUVRXXQSHWLWFDLOORXHVWPLjF{WpSRXU
IDLUH OH GpFRPSWH  Q°XGV RX SHWLWV FDLOORX[ pJDOHQW j XQH
.KDURXEDHW.KDURXEDJDOHVj1RXED &HODVHIDLWHQSUpVHQFH
GX SURSULpWDLUH GH OD SDUW G¶HDX HW GX FKDUJp GH JHVWLRQ GH OD
GLVWULEXWLRQOH©$LPDOª
9 /HVSLHGVHWOHVpWRLOHVGXUDQWOHMRXUO¶RPEUHHVWPHVXUpSDUOHV
SLHGVHWFKDTXHSLHGHVWXQHXQLWpGHPHVXUHDORUVTXHSHQGDQWOD
QXLW FHWWH WkFKH HVW FRQILpH j GHV VSpFLDOLVWHV GDQV OHV QRPV GHV
pWRLOHVFRPPH ΔϜϳΪϟ΍ΡΎϴλϭήΠϔϟ΍ΔϤΠϧϭϥΎΒΘϟ΍ϖϳήρ 

 ,QGHPQLVH OH SDVVDJH GHV VpJXLDV GDQV OHV WHUULWRLUHV G¶DXWUHV
WULEXV FHOD HVW WUqV UpSDQGX GDQV O¶RDVLV GH WLQ]ROLQH F¶HVW XQH
UHQWHSRXULQGHPQLVHUOHSDVVDJHGHVVpJXLDVGDQVOHWHUULWRLUHGHV
DXWUHVWULEXV,OIDLWO¶REMHWG¶XQDFFRUGHQWUHODWULEXSURSULpWDLUHGH
ODVpJXLDHWODWULEXTXLODLVVHSDVVHUVXUVRQWHUULWRLUHO¶HDXFRQWUH
XQH SDUWLH GH O¶HDX XQ MRXU RX GHX[ FKDTXH VHPDLQH RX VHORQ
O¶DFFRUGFRQFOX

2QFHTXLFRQFHUQHOHVW\SHVGHVVpJXLDVGDQVODUpJLRQGH'UDDHW
G¶DSUqV QRV HQTXrWHV GH WHUUDLQ O¶HDX GH O¶RXHG 'UDD HVW WUDQVSRUWpH DX[
FKDPSV SDU GHX[ W\SHV GH VpJXLDV OHV VpJXLDV WUDGLWLRQQHOOHV HQ WHUUH
UHSRVpH VXU OHV ©RXJJRXJXHª VRQ QRPEUH DWWHLQW  GDQV O¶RDVLV GH
7LQ]RXOLQHVRLWGHVVpJXLDVHWSHUPHWWHODFDQDOLVDWLRQGHOLWUHVV
/HNELU28+$-28  HVSDFHK\GUDXOLTXHHWVRFLpWpGX0DURF©FDV
GHV V\VWqPHV '¶LUULJDWLRQ GDQV OD YDOOpH GX 'UDDª 3   /H GHX[LqPH
W\SHGHVVpJXLDVVHFRQVWUXLWSDUO¶(WDWHQ GDQVOHFDGUHGHODYLVLRQ
G¶XQPLOOLRQGHKDLUULJXp &HVVpJXLDVRQWYXOHMRXUDSUqVODFRQVWUXFWLRQ
GXEDUUDJH(OPDQVRXU(GGDKEL/DVpJXLDHVWDSSHOpH6pJXLDGX0DNK]HQ
RX %DUUDQLD SDU FH TX¶HOOH VH WURXYH KRUV GHV H[SORLWDWLRQV GH OD SDUWLH
RXHVWHWWUDQVSRUWHXQHSDUWLPSRUWDQWHGHO¶HDXDYHFXQGpELWGHPV
/HNELU28+$-283 (OOHV¶pWHQGVXUNP 2IILFH5pJLRQDO

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

GHODPLVHHQYDOHXUGH2XDU]D]DWH 2509$2%UDQFKH7LQ]ROLQH 
GHSXLV OH EDUUDJH GH GpYLDWLRQ 7DQVLNKW MXVTX¶j )RXP $]ODJ HW GHVVHUW
SOXV GH  WULEXV GH O¶HDX G¶LUULJDWLRQ VRLW  KD 2509$2%UDQFKH
7LQ]ROLQH 

 2UJDQLVDWLRQ GH O¶LUULJDWLRQ HW GLVWULEXWLRQ GH O¶HDX SDU OHV

VpJXLDVGHO¶RDVLVGH7LQ]RXOLQH

(Q UpDOLWp OHV WHFKQLTXHV G¶LUULJDWLRQ GDQV O¶RDVLV 7LQ]RXOLQH

VHPEOHQWDXVVLFRPSOH[HVTXHODSURSULpWpGHO¶HDXFHVWHFKQLTXHVVRQWOHV
UpVXOWDWVGHORQJXHVH[SpULHQFHVGHVJURXSHVGHSRSXODWLRQTXLVRQWSDVVp
SDU OD UpJLRQ GH 'UDD &H TXL SHXW FRQIRUWHU QRWUH FRQVWDW HVW OD JUDQGH
GLIIpUHQFHGDQVOHVWHFKQLTXHVGHGLVWULEXWLRQGHO¶HDXG¶XQHRDVLVjO¶DXWUH
YRLUH G¶XQH VpJXLD j VD YRLVLQH &HFL HQ SOXV GH OD GLYHUVLWp HW GH OD
GLIIpUHQFH GDQV OD WHUPLQRORJLH HW GHV QRUPHV DGRSWpHV SDU FKDFXQH GHV
VpJXLDVRXRDVLVFRPPHOD.KDURXED7DVVD/NKDFKED/NGDK«HWF
1RXVDOORQVSUHQGUHXQH[HPSOHGHGLVWULEXWLRQGHO¶HDXGDQVO¶RDVLV
GH 7LQ]RXOLQH j VDYRLU  OD VpJXLD .DkED FHWWH GHUQLqUH HVW VFLQGpH HQ
GHX[ VHJPHQWV OH SUHPLHU IDLW EpQpILFLHU OH .VDU $IUD HW .VDU 2XOHG
$KPHG%HQ$OLDORUVTXHOHGHX[LqPHGHVVHUW.VDU2XOHG$\RXE
9 /H SUHPLHU VHJPHQW LO HVW H[SORLWp HQ  1RXED  SRXU .VDU
$IUDHWSRXU.VDU2XOHG$KPHG%HQ$OLFKDTXH1RXEDHVWGH
O¶RUGUH GH  KHXUHV /H WRXU G¶HDX HVW GH  MRXUV SRXU FKDTXH
.VDUFKDTXH1RXEDSRUWHXQQRPVSpFLILTXHFRPPHOHPRQWUHOH
WDEOHDXFLGHVVRXV

&HUWHVODGLVWULEXWLRQGHO¶HDXVHIDLWG¶XQHPDQLqUHpJDOLWDLUH0DLV
HQ UpDOLWp OD WULEX 2XOHG $KPHG %HQ $OL GLVSRVH G¶XQH LPSRUWDQWH SDUW
G¶HDX UpVHUYpH j OD WULEX $IUD (Q RXWUH OHV pOpPHQWV QRQ DUDEHV GDQVOD
WULEX VRQW PDUJLQDOLVpV HQ O¶RFFXUUHQFH OHV +DUDWLQHV (Q HIIHW DX .VDU
2XOHG $KPHG %HQ $OL OHV IDPLOOHV GHV +DUDWLQHV QH GpWLHQQHQW OD
SURSULpWp TXH G¶XQH VHXOH 1RXED PDOJUp O¶LPSRUWDQFH GH OHXU QRPEUH

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

&HODVLJQLILHO¶H[FOXVLRQHWODIDLEOHDFFHVVLELOLWpGHVIDPLOOHVSDXYUHVjOD
SURSULpWpGHO¶HDX
9 /H GHX[LqPH VHJPHQW FHOXLOj HVW UpSDUWL VHORQ  1RXED HW 
KXLWLqPHV GH 1RXED OH WRXU G¶HDX HVW GH  MRXUV LO HVW HQ
PR\HQQH GH  1RXED SDU MRXU /D GXUpH GH OD 1RXED GDQV FH
VHJPHQWHVWVHXOHPHQWGHKHXUHVHWFHOOHGHOD.KDURXEDHVWGH
PLQXWHV

$X WHUPH GH FHW D[H RQ FRQVWDW OD ULFKHVVH GHV FRXWXPHV HW
PpWKRGHV GH OD JHVWLRQ HW GH OD GLVWULEXWLRQ GH O¶HDX GDQV OHV RDVLV GH
=DJRUD &HSHQGDQW FHW KpULWDJH VRFLDO D VXELW GHV PXWDWLRQV j GRXEOH
LPSDFW (Q FH TXL FRQFHUQH OHV WHFKQLTXHV GH GLVWULEXWLRQ GH O¶HDX OH
FKDQJHPHQW HVW GDQV OH VHQV SRVLWLI HW pYROXWLI GX IDLW TXH OHV QRXYHOOHV
WHFKQLTXHV FRPPH OD PRQWUH RQW UHPSODFpV WRXWHV OHV DQFLHQQHV
WHFKQLTXHV GH PHVXUH GHV WRXUV G¶HDX 6XU OH SODQ GH OD JHVWLRQ HW OD
SUpVHUYDWLRQ GH O¶HDX HW GHV FRQVWUXFWLRQV K\GUDXOLTXHV RQ QRWH TXH OHV
PXWDWLRQV VRFLDOHV WRXFKHQW OH IRQG GX WUDYDLO FROOHFWLI HW VROLGDLUH (Q
HIIHW OD GpWpULRUDWLRQ GH U{OHV GHV VWUXFWXUHV WUDGLWLRQQHOOHV WHOOHV TXH OD
WULEX YRLU OH SUHPLHU D[H GH FHW DUWLFOH  GRQQH OLHX D OD GRPLQDQFH GH
O¶LQGLYLGXDOLVPH HW GH O¶HVSULW FDSLWDOLVWH 3DU FRQVpTXHQW O¶HQWUHWLHQ GHV
FDQDX[ G¶LUULJDWLRQ SRVH SOXV GH SUREOqPHV VXUWRXW TXH FHWWH WkFKH HVW
DEDQGRQQpH SDU OHV SRSXODWLRQV HQ FRQVLGpUDQW TX¶HOOH UHOqYH GH O¶(WDW
YRLU OD SKRWR Qƒ  'HYDQW FHWWH VLWXDWLRQ O¶(WDW UHSUpVHQWp SDU
O¶2509$2 HVW REOLJp GH UpVHUYHU DQQXHOOHPHQW XQH HQYHORSSH
EXGJpWDLUHGpGLpHjODFXUDWLRQHWOHUpDPpQDJHPHQWGHVFDQDX[EpWRQQpV

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

Photos n°3 : problème de négligence des canaux aménagés par l’Etat (oasis de
Tinzouline)

6RXUFH6DLG0$=28=

'H SOXV OHV DSWLWXGHV GHV RDVLHQV RQW FRQQX GHV FKDQJHPHQWV
FRQFUpWLVpVSDUO¶H[WHQVLRQGHVVXUIDFHVUpVHUYpHVDX[FXOWXUHVjFDUDFWqUH
FRPPHUFLDOPDLVTXLFRQVRPPHQWEHDXFRXSG¶HDXFRPPHOHVSDVWqTXHV
HW SDU FRQVpTXHQW OH SRPSDJH GHV HDX[ VRXWHUUDLQHV VH SUROLIqUH G¶XQH
PDQLqUH DODUPDQWH %UHI OHV PXWDWLRQV VRFLDOHV YRQW GDQV OH PrPH VHQV
TXHODVpFKHUHVVHHWOHVFKDQJHPHQWVFOLPDWLTXHVSRXUIDLUHGHFHVRDVLV
GX VXGHVW PDURFDLQ XQ PLOLHX WUqV IUDJLOH HQ PDWLqUH GHV UHVVRXUFHV HQ
HDX2QTXRLFRQVLVWHO¶DFWLRQGHO¶(WDWGDQVOHGRPDLQHGHODPRELOLVDWLRQ
HW GH OD JHVWLRQ GH O¶HDX GDQV OD SURYLQFH GH =DJRUD" 4XHOOHV VRQW OHV
SULRULWpV GHV SRSXODWLRQV GDQV FH GRPDLQH" (W TXHOOHV VWUDWpJLHV
G¶DGDSWDWLRQSHXWRQDGRSWHUIDFHjFHWWHVLWXDWLRQFULWLTXH"

,,, $FWLRQV GH O¶(WDW DWWHQWHV GHV SRSXODWLRQV HW VWUDWpJLHV

G¶DGDSWDWLRQ
'DQVO¶REMHFWLIGHGRQQHUVXLWHDX[TXHVWLRQVIRUPXOpHVFLGHVVXV
FHW D[H HVW GLYLVp HQ GHX[ SDUDJUDSKHV /H SUHPLHU SUpVHQWH OHV DFWLRQV
PHQpHVSDUO¶(WDWGDQVQRWUH]RQHG¶pWXGHGHSXLVOHVDQQpHVVRL[DQWHGL[
4XDQW DX VHFRQG LO VH IRFDOLVH VXU OHV SULRULWpV H[SULPpHV SDU OHV

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

SRSXODWLRQVGHFHVRDVLVFRQFHUQDQWODSUREOpPDWLTXHGHODUDUHWpGHO¶HDX
HWGHVSURSRVLWLRQVGHVWUDWpJLHVG¶DGDSWDWLRQYLVjYLVGHFHWWHVLWXDWLRQ

/¶DPpQDJHPHQWK\GURDJULFROHGHVHIIRUWVLQVXIILVDQWV
(Q SOXV GHV QRPEUHX[ EDUUDJHV GH GpULYDWLRQ OH 'UDD PR\HQ
GLVSRVH GX EDUUDJH (OPDQVRXU (GGDKEL TXL HVW XQ JUDQG EDUUDJH &H
GHUQLHU HVW FRQVWUXLW HQ  VXU OµRXHG 'UDD DX VXGHVW GH OD YLOOH GH
2XDU]D]DWH,OV¶DJLWG¶XQSURMHWG¶HQYHUJXUHTXLDFRQWULEXpjODFUpDWLRQ
G¶DXWUHV EDUUDJHV GH GpULYDWLRQV HW G¶XQ UpVHDX GH FDQDX[ TXL SHUPHWWHQW
O¶DFFqVjO¶HDXDX[SRSXODWLRQVGHVRDVLV YRLUODFDUWHQƒ /DWRWDOLWpGHV
DPpQDJHPHQWVK\GURDJULFROHVUpDOLVpVGDQVFHWWHUpJLRQVRQW

Photos n° 4 : quelques exemples des aménagements hydrauliques réalisées dans les
oasis de Draa moyen


6RXUFH2509$2

™ EDUUDJHV GH GpULYDWLRQ ORFDOLVpV DX ORQJ GH O¶RXHG GX 'UDD
PR\HQHQO¶RFFXUUHQFHEDUUDJHG¶$JG]TXLSHUPHWO¶LUULJDWLRQGH
O¶RDVLV GH 0H]HTXLWD EDUUDJH  GH 7DQVVLNKW SRXU O¶LUULJDWLRQ GH

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

O¶RDVLVGH7LQ]ROLQHEDUUDJHGH,IOLTXLDOLPHQWHO¶RDVLVGH7HUQDWD
EDUUDJH $]DJKDU SRXU O¶LUULJDWLRQ GH O¶RDVLV .HWDRXD HW EDUUDJH
%RQRSRXUO¶LUULJDWLRQGHO¶RDVLVGH0KDPLG(OJKL]ODQH
™NPGHFDQDX[SULQFLSDX[
™NPGHFDQDX[VHFRQGDLUHV

™/H EDUUDJH (OPDQVRXU (GGDKEL HVW G¶XQH FDSDFLWp GH UHPSOLVVDJH
GHPLOOLRQVPLOSHUPHWGHUpJXODULVHUXQHTXDQWLWpG¶HDXGH
 PLOOLRQV P PDLV GHUQLqUHPHQW FHWWH TXDQWLWp HVW GLPLQXpH j
FDXVH GX SUREOqPH G¶HQYDVHPHQW DLQVL OD UHWHQXH GX EDUUDJH Q¶D
SDVGpSDVVpOHVPLOOLRQVP  *pQpUDOHPHQWODFRQVWUXFWLRQGH
FH EDUUDJH D SHUPHW OD PRELOLVDWLRQ GHV HDX[ GXUDQW OHV SpULRGHV
SOXYLHXVHV HW OD UpGXFWLRQ GH OD UpFXUUHQFH GHV LQRQGDWLRQV &H
EDUUDJH FRQVWLWXH XQH VRXUFH G¶DSSURYLVLRQQHPHQW HQ HDX VXUWRXW
HQpWpFHFLELHQVXUGDQVOHVVDLVRQVQRUPDOHV&HSHQGDQWGXUDQW
OHV SpULRGHV GH VpFKHUHVVH LO HQUHJLVWUH XQ JUDQG GpILFLW HW SDU OD
VXLWHQHVDWLVIDLWSDVOHVEHVRLQV YRLUWDEOHDXQƒ 

Tableau n°1 : Les moyennes mensuelles des importations en eau du barrage
Elmansour Eddahbi durant la période 1978-2005

0RLV -DQ )pY 0DUV $YULO PDL MXLQ -XLO DRXW VHSW 2FW 1RY GpF

0R\HQQH            
G¶LPSRUWDWLRQ
HQ0P
3RXUFHQWDJH            

6RXUFH2509$2


 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

Carte n° 2 : situation des oasis de la province de Zagora


6RXUFH $KPHG 7RXILN =$,1$%, &RQWULEXWLRQ GHV DVVRFLDWLRQV GH SUR[LPLWp
DXGpYHORSSHPHQWORFDOGHODSURYLQFHGH=DJRUD 'UDD0R\HQ 3


 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

6HORQ OHV GRQQpHV GH O¶2509$2 WDEOHDX Qƒ   OHV SUHPLHUV WURLV

PRLV GH O¶DQQpH MDQYLHU IpYULHU HW PDUV  FRQQDLVVHQW XQH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ
GHVHDX[DYRLVLQDQWFRQWUDLUHPHQWDX[PRLVGHODSpULRGHVqFKHTXL
QH UHSUpVHQWHQW TXH  ¬ SDUWLU GH FHWWH UpDOLWp OH EDUUDJH (OPDQVRXU
(GGDKELMRXHXQU{OHSHUWLQHQWWRXWHO¶DQQpHjWUDYHUVOHVWRFNDJHGHVHDX[
TXL VHURQW XWLOLVpHV GDQV OHV SpULRGHV G¶pWLDJH HQ SOXV GH OD UpGXFWLRQ GX
ULVTXH G¶LQRQGDWLRQ GDQV OD SpULRGH SOXYLHXVH &HSHQGDQW O¶DQDO\VH GX
ELODQ GH  DQV GHSXLV OD FRQVWUXFWLRQ GH FH EDUUDJH D IDLW SUHXYH GH OD
IDLEOHVVH GDQV VD IRQFWLRQ GH VWRFNDJH GH O¶HDX '¶XQ FXPXO WRWDO GH VD
UHWHQXH GHSXLV VD FRQVWUXFWLRQ GH  PLOOLRQV P VHXOHPHQW 
PLOOLRQVPG¶HDXRQWpWpUpJXODULVpHVVRLWXQHPR\HQQHDQQXHOOHGH
PLOOLRQVP/DTXDQWLWpG¶HDXTXLUHVWHHVWGHO¶RUGUHGHPLOOLRQVP
VRLWGHVLPSRUWDWLRQV
/DFRQVWUXFWLRQGXEDUUDJH(OPDQVRXU(GGDKELDpWpG¶DERUGGLFWpH
SDUGHVFRQVLGpUDWLRQVSROLWLTXHVHWVRFLDOHV(QRXWUHFHWWHLQIUDVWUXFWXUH
V¶LQVFULWGDQVODSROLWLTXHGHVEDUUDJHVTXLDPDUTXpODSROLWLTXHDJULFROH
GX 0DURF WRXW HQ FUpDQW OHV IDFWHXUV LQFLWDQW j O¶LQVWDOODWLRQ KXPDLQH HW
OXWWDQWFRQWUHO¶H[RGHUXUDO&HFLDpWpFRQoXjWUDYHUVODUpRUJDQLVDWLRQGH
O¶HVSDFH OD SURPRWLRQ  GHV DFWLYLWpV pFRQRPLTXHV O¶DPpOLRUDWLRQ GHV
FRQGLWLRQV GH YLH GH OD SRSXODWLRQ SDU OH ELDLV GH O¶H[WHQVLRQ GHV OD
VXSHUILFLH DJULFROH O¶LQWURGXFWLRQ GH QRXYHOOHV FXOWXUHV HW OD
PRGHUQLVDWLRQGXVHFWHXUDJULFROHHQJpQpUDO&HUWHVFHWWHSROLWLTXHDpWp
RULHQWpH SOXV YHUV OH VHFWHXU DJULFROH LUULJDWLRQ G¶XQ PLOOLRQ G¶KD  HW D
RXEOLpOHVDXWUHVHVSDFHVGHGpYHORSSHPHQWGDQVOHPLOLHXUXUDOFHTXLYD
HQJHQGUHUXQJUDQGUHWDUGVRFLDOHWpFRQRPLTXHGHODUpJLRQG¶XQHSDUWHW
SURYRTXHGHVGpVpTXLOLEUHVGDQVOHV\VWqPHELRORJLTXHRDVLHQG¶DXWUHSDUW
/¶pYDOXDWLRQ GH Q¶LPSRUWH TXHO SURMHW GHYUD VH IDLUH VXU OD EDVH GH
VHV UpVXOWDWV VRFLDX[ pFRQRPLTXHV HW HQYLURQQHPHQWDX[ ¬ SDUWLU GH FHV
GLPHQVLRQV OHV DPpQDJHPHQWV K\GURDJULFROHV FRQVWUXLWV GDQV OD UpJLRQ
GHSXLVQ¶RQWSDVHXGHVLPSDFWVUpHOVVXUVRQGpYHORSSHPHQWVRFLDO

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

HW pFRQRPLTXH  (Q UpDOLWp FHV DPpQDJHPHQWV  VXUWRXW DX QLYHDX GHV
]RQHVHQUHJLVWUDQWXQJUDQGGpILFLWG¶HDX±Q¶RQWTX¶DOOpJpOHVSUREOqPHV
UpFXUUHQWV j WUDYHUV XQH JHVWLRQ WHFKQLTXH GH O¶HDX /HNLE\ 28+$-28
RSFLWpS &HWWHJHVWLRQHVWFRQQXHSDUODFRH[LVWHQFHGHGHX[V\VWqPHV
GLIIpUHQWVXQHJHVWLRQWUDGLWLRQQHOOHFDUDFWpULVpHSDUOHGURLWFRXWXPLHUHW
XQH DXWUH PRGHUQH GDQV OH FDGUH GHV QRXYHDX[ DPpQDJHPHQWV K\GUR
DJULFROHV3DUDLOOHXUVO¶LQWpJUDWLRQGXUpVHDXG¶LUULJDWLRQWUDGLWLRQQHOGDQV
OH UpVHDX PRGHUQH D SURYRTXp GHV FRQIOLWV LPSDFWDQW QpJDWLYHPHQW OD
UpJLRQHWDQFUDQWOHFDUDFWqUHWUDGLWLRQQHOGHVRQV\VWqPHG¶LUULJDWLRQ
(QFHTXLFRQFHUQHOHVRDVLV1¶NRE7D]DULQHHW7DJKEDOWHHWHQYXH
GH SHUPHWWUH j OHXUV DX[ DJULFXOWHXUV XQH TXDQWLWp G¶HDX VXIILVDQWH XQ
EDUUDJH GH GpULYDWLRQ D pWp FRQVWUXLW DX[ DQQpHV TXDWUHYLQJW GL[ GX
GHUQLHU VLqFOH GDQV OD ]RQH GH 7DJKLD j 7D]DULQH 3XLV XQ GHX[LqPH
EDUUDJHGHGpULYDWLRQHVWFRQVWUXLWj7DJKEDOWHHQFHUWHVTXLQ¶DSDV
SX UpVLVWHU DX[ IRUWHV LQRQGDWLRQV GH QRYHPEUH  HW V¶HVW pFURXOp
WRWDOHPHQW &HFL LQWHUSHOOH XQH DXWUH SUREOpPDWLTXH FHOOH OLpH j OD
UpFHSWLRQ GHV PDUFKpV SXEOLFV FRPPH O¶LQGLTXH XQH SHUVRQQH GH OD
SRSXODWLRQ GH 7DJKEDOWH (/$5$%< $EGHODD]L]   /D FRPPXQH
G¶$LW 2XOODO j SUR[LPLWp GH O¶RDVLV 1¶.RE  FRQQX DFWXHOOHPHQW MDQYLHU
  OHV WUDYDX[ GH FRQVWUXFWLRQ G¶XQ EDUUDJH FROOLQDLUH ILQDQFp SDU
O¶2509$2/DSRSXODWLRQHVSqUHXQHERQQHSHUVSHFWLYHGHFHSURMHWTXL
YD SHUPHWWUH O¶DOLPHQWDWLRQ GH OD .KWDUD G¶$LW 2X]LQH HW SDU OD VXLWH OH
VWRFNDJHGHO¶HDXSRXUOHVSpULRGHVOHVSOXVVqFKHV(QJpQpUDOOHVHIIRUWV
SXEOLFV UHVWHQW LQVXIILVDQWV GDQV FHV RDVLV SDU UDSSRUW DX[ DWWHQWHV GH OD
SRSXODWLRQORFDOH

,9$WWHQWHVGHODSRSXODWLRQHWDOWHUQDWLYHVSRVVLEOHV

(QIRQFWLRQGHOHXUVSRLQWVGHYXHODSRSXODWLRQGXEDVVLQ0DLGHUD
GRQQp VD SULRULVDWLRQ FRQFHUQDQW OD FRQVWUXFWLRQ GHV EDUUDJHV ,O D pWp
GHPDQGp DX[ LQWHUYLHZpV GH FODVVHU  SURSRVLWLRQV G¶pTXLSHPHQWV HW

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

LQIUDVWUXFWXUHVVHORQXQFODVVHPHQWDVFHQGDQWGXSOXVDXPRLQVSULRULWDLUH
/HV SURSRVLWLRQV VRQW FLWpHV FRPPH VXLW  (QWUHWLHQ HW FRQVWUXFWLRQ GHV
URXWHV j O¶LQWpULHXU GH OD FRPPXQH   &RQVWUXFWLRQ GHV pFROHV  
&RQVWUXFWLRQ GHV FHQWUHV GH VDQWp   (ODUJLVVHPHQW GX UpVHDX GH
EUDQFKHPHQWGHO¶HDXSRWDEOH (ODUJLVVHPHQWGXUpVHDXG¶pOHFWULFLWp 
$PpQDJHPHQW HW FRQVWUXFWLRQ GHV URXWHV UpJLRQDOHV   &RQVWUXFWLRQ GHV
EDUUDJHV


6RXUFHHQTXrWHWHUUDLQ$EGHODD]L](/$5$%< DYULO 

,OVHPEOHG¶DSUqVOHJUDSKLTXHFLGHVVXVTXHODSRSXODWLRQGXEDVVLQ
0DLGHUHVWFRQVFLHQWHGHO¶LPSRUWDQWHGHODPRELOLVDWLRQGHVUHVVRXUFHVHQ
HDX SDU OH ELDLV GH OD FRQVWUXFWLRQ GHV EDUUDJHV (Q HIIHW  GHV
LQWHUYLHZpV FRQVLGqUHQW OD FRQVWUXFWLRQ GHV EDUUDJHV OD SULRULWp GHV
SULRULWpV HQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH &HWWH SULRULVDWLRQ HVW WRXW j IDLW FRQIRUPH DX[
EHVRLQV pOpPHQWDLUHV GX PLOLHX GH YLH GH FHWWH SRSXODWLRQ $LQVL OD
YHQWLODWLRQ GHV DWWHQWHV GDQV FH GRPDLQH G¶LQIUDVWUXFWXUH SDU WHUULWRLUH

 

O¶HQTXrWHDFLEOpHWURLVFHQWUHVXQFHQWUHGDQVOHVRXVEDVVLQGH7D]DULQH7DJKHEDOWH
1¶.RE   HW GHX[ FHQWUHV GDQV OHV RDVLV GX 'UDD PR\HQ FHQWUH $IOD 1'UD HW
7DPJURXWH /¶REMHFWLIHVWGHWLUHUXQLTXHPHQWOHVOHoRQVVDFKDQWTXHOHFRQWH[WHGHFHWWH

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

PRQWUHTXHOHFODVVHPHQWGHVSULRULWpVGLIIqUHSDUORFDOLWpHQIRQFWLRQGHV
EHVRLQVGHVFRQGLWLRQVFOLPDWLTXHVHWGHODGLVSRQLELOLWpGHVVLWHVSURSLFHV
SRXUODFRQVWUXFWLRQGHVEDUUDJHV'HFHIDLWLOHVWLQGLVSHQVDEOHGHIDLUH
SDUWLFLSHU OD SRSXODWLRQ GDQV OD SUpSDUDWLRQ HW OD PLVH HQ SODFH GHV
VWUDWpJLHVHQODPDWLqUH
/DSUpSDUDWLRQHWODPLVHHQ°XYUHGHVVWUDWpJLHVG¶DGDSWDWLRQDYHF
OHV FKDQJHPHQWV FOLPDWLTXHV QH SRXUURQW VH IDLUH TX¶j WUDYHUV OD
PXWXDOLVDWLRQGHVHIIRUWVGHVGLIIpUHQWVDFWHXUVHQDGRSWDQWXQHDSSURFKH
SDUWLFLSDWLYH DYHF OD SRSXODWLRQ DLQVL TX¶XQH V\QHUJLH GH OHXUV
LQWHUYHQWLRQV $XWUHPHQW GLW LO IDXW SHQVHU j GHV DOWHUQDWLYHV GH
O¶DGDSWDWLRQ DYHF OD UDUHWp GH O¶HDX HW O¶LQWHQVLWp GHV FKDQJHPHQWV
FOLPDWLTXHV GDQV OHV RDVLV GH =DJRUD UpXVVLU FH SDUL Q¶HVW SRVVLEOH TX¶j
WUDYHUV O¶DGRSWLRQ G¶XQH DSSURFKH WHUULWRULDOH GDQV OD SODQLILFDWLRQ HW OD
PLVHHQ°XYUHGHVSURMHWVGHGpYHORSSHPHQW
$LQVLFHUWDLQHVVWUDWpJLHVG¶DGDSWDWLRQSHXYHQWrWUHSURSRVpHV
9 5HYDORULVHUOHVWUDGLWLRQV ORFDOHV HWOHV FRXWXPHV OLpHVj OD
JHVWLRQ VRFLDOH GH O¶HDX DILQ GH OHV LQWpJUHU GDQV OH SURFHVVXV GHV
DPpQDJHPHQWV K\GURDJULFROHV (Q HIIHW WHO TXH QRXV O¶DYRQV pWD\p
GDQV OH GHX[LqPH D[H GH FHW DUWLFOH OHV SRSXODWLRQV GHV RDVLV GH
=DJRUD GLVSRVHQW G¶XQ KpULWDJH VRFLDO HQ PDWLqUH GH OD JHVWLRQ GHV
DIIDLUHV ORFDOHV JpQpUDOHPHQW HW HQ PDWLqUH GH OD PRELOLVDWLRQ OD
SUpVHUYDWLRQHWODGLVWULEXWLRQGHO¶HDXVSpFLILTXHPHQW1RXVWHQRQVj
SUpFLVHU GDQV FH VHQV TXH OH UHVSHFW GHV FRXWXPHV HW WUDGLWLRQV
ORFDOHV HQ PDWLqUH GH OD JHVWLRQ GH O¶HDX DXUD GHV UpSHUFXWLRQV
SRVLWLYHV G¶DERUG VXU OHV UHVVRXUFHV HQ HDX GH IDLW TX¶HOOHV VHURQW
SUpVHUYpHV HQ WDQW TXH SURSULpWp SURSUH GH OD WULEX 3XLV OHV
 
FRQWULEXWLRQVFLHQWLILTXHQHSHUPHWSDVG¶H[SRVpOHVGpWDLOVFRQFHUQDQWODYHQWLODWLRQGHV
DWWHQWHVSDUFHQWUH

 SHUVRQQH Q¶DXUD OD SRVVLELOLWp G¶LQWHUYHQLU  HQ FH TXL FRQFHUQH OHV FKRVHV RX OH
SDWULPRLQHTXLDSSDUWLHQWj7DTELOWH ODWULEX &¶HVWFHWWHGHUQLqUHTX¶DODUHVSRQVDELOLWp
GHJpUHUFHVSURSULpWpVHWF¶HVWjHOOHG¶HQWLUHUSURILWVXUODEDVHGHVUqJOHVELHQGpILQLHVHW
UHFRQQXHVSDUWRXVFHVPHPEUHV

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

FRQVWUXFWLRQVK\GUDXOLTXHVFRQVWUXLWHVSRXUSUpVHUYHUHWPRELOLVHUOHV
UHVVRXUFHV HQ HDX SDU O¶(WDW DSUqV FRQVHQWHPHQW HW DGKpVLRQ GHV
SRSXODWLRQV FRQFHUQpHV VHURQW SURWpJpHV HW HQWUHWHQXHV (Q ILQ OHV
DFWLRQVGpGLpHVjFHVHFWHXUGHO¶HDXVHURQWSOXVHIILFDFHVHWFUpHQWGHV
V\QHUJLHVHQIDYHXUGXGpYHORSSHPHQWWHUULWRULDOGHFHVRDVLVIUDJLOHV
9 /D VHQVLELOLVDWLRQ HW OD PRELOLVDWLRQ GHV SRSXODWLRQV GX
'UDD PR\HQ HW GX 7D]DULQH7DJKHEDOWH HVW LQGLVSHQVDEOH GHSXLV OD
FRQFHSWLRQGHVSURMHWV&HODHVWGDQVO¶REMHFWLIGHUHQGUHOHVDFWLRQV
UpDOLVpHV SDU O¶(WDW RX ©0DNKH]DQª VHORQ OHV WHUPHV GHV
DXWRFKWRQHV SRUWHXVHV HQ IDYHXU GH O¶DSSURSULDWLRQ GHV SURMHWV GH
PRELOLVDWLRQHWGHODJHVWLRQGHVUHVVRXUFHVHQHDX
9 /H UHERLVHPHQW GH O¶DPRQW GH O¶RXHG 'UDD HW GHV YHUVDQWV
GH VHV DIIOXHQWV $LQVL O¶DPRQW GH O¶RXHG 7D]DULQH7DJKHEDOWH GRLW
rWUH FLEOp SDU XQ SURJUDPPH LQWpJUp GH UHERLVHPHQW &HOD DSUqV
FRQFHUWDWLRQGHVSRSXODWLRQVFRQFHUQpHVHWDSUqVODPLVHHQSODFHGHV
DOWHUQDWLYHVSRXUODVDWLVIDFWLRQGHOHXUVEHVRLQVHQSDUFRXUVHQERLV
GHFKDXIIDJHHWGHFXLVVRQ
9 &RQFHSWLRQ HW PLVH HQ SODFH G¶XQ SURJUDPPH GH
UpKDELOLWDWLRQ GH UHG\QDPLVDWLRQ HW GH SUpVHUYDWLRQ GX V\VWqPH GHV
©.KHWDUDWVª VXUWRXW DX QLYHDX GX VRXVEDVVLQ GH 7D]DULQH
7DJKHEDOWHFRQQXSDUFHSDWULPRLQHK\GUDXOLTXH
9 FRQVWUXFWLRQGHQRXYHDX[EDUUDJHVFROOLQDLUHVVRXVUpVHUYH
GH FRQFHUWHU OHV SRSXODWLRQV FRQFHUQpHV GDQV OH FKRL[ GHV OLHX[
FRQYHQDEOHV HW VXUWRXW LQVLVWHU VXU OD FRQVLVWDQFH HW OD TXDOLWp GHV
WUDYDX[G¶DUWSRXUpYLWHUO¶H[HPSOHGHD7DJKHEDOWH
9 (FRQRPLVHU OD FRQVRPPDWLRQ G¶HDX G¶LUULJDWLRQ SDU
O¶HQFRXUDJHPHQW GH O¶LUULJDWLRQ GpORFDOLVpH HW GH JRXWWH j JRXWWH
DXJPHQWHUOHSRXUFHQWDJHGHVXEYHQWLRQVSRXUDWWHLQGUH 
9 (QFRXUDJHU OD UHFKHUFKH VFLHQWLILTXH GDQV OH GRPDLQH
DJUDLUH DILQ GH WURXYHU GHV FXOWXUHV DOWHUQDQWHV HW FRQYHQDEOHV DX
FOLPDW HW j OD IUDJLOLWp GH OD UpJLRQ HQ PDWLqUH GH OD SpQXULH G¶HDX
&HUWHVFHWWHDFWLRQSHUPHWWUDG¶pFRQRPLVHUODFRQVRPPDWLRQGHO¶HDX

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

SDU O¶pOLPLQDWLRQ GH FHUWDLQHV FXOWXUHV SDVWqTXH %Op GXU«  PDLV

HOOH FRQVWLWXHUD XQH VRXUFH GH UHYHQXV SULPRUGLDOH HQ IDYHXU GH OD
SRSXODWLRQGHFHVRDVLV
9 LQFLWHUHWDSSX\HUOHVFROOHFWLYLWpVWHUULWRULDOHVSRXUWURXYHU
GHVVROXWLRQVDGpTXDWHVjODSUREOpPDWLTXHGHVHDX[XVpHV&HODGDQV
O¶REMHFWLIG¶pYLWHUGHOHVMHWpHVGDQVODQDWXUH jFLHORXYHUW HWVXUWRXW
GDQV GHV RXHGV HW SUqV GHV ]RQHV G¶DTXLIqUHV SRXU pYLWHU GHV
pYHQWXHOOHVFRQWDPLQDWLRQV GH O¶HDX HW SDU FRQVpTXHQW GH OD VDQWp GH
O¶KRPPHHWGHFHVEpWDLOV'DQVFHFDGUHHWYXOHFR€WWUqVpOHYpGHOD
FRQVWUXFWLRQGHVVWDWLRQVG¶pSXUDWLRQLOV¶DYqUHRSSRUWXQGHFKHUFKHU
G¶DXWUHV DOWHUQDWLYHV WHOOH TXH O¶XWLOLVDWLRQ G¶XQW\SH GH SODQWHV TXL D
XQH FDSDFLWp pOHYpHG¶DEVRUSWLRQGHV HDX[XVpHV$WLWUHLQGLFDWLIOHV
SD\VEDVRQWXQHH[SpULHQFHH[HPSODLUHHQPDWLqUHG¶XWLOLVDWLRQG¶XQ
W\SH GHV URVHDX[ TXLV¶DSSHOOHHQDQJODLV ©:HHGEHGVª YRLUSKRWR
QƒFLGHVVRXV 

Photos N° 5 : des roseaux utilisés pour le traitement des eaux usées dans les pays bas

 
6RXUFH KWWSVZZZQLZDFRQ]SXEOLFDWLRQVZDYROQRGHFHPEHUKRZ
LQYDVLYHZHHGVDIIHFWODNHVHGLPHQWVDQGQDWLYHSODQWJURZWK

 
VHORQOHVVHUYLFHVGHO¶21((XQHVWDWLRQG pSXUDWLRQSRXUXQHSRSXODWLRQGH
KDELWDQWVHWMXVWHSRXUXQWUDLWHPHQW3ULPDLUHGHVHDX[XVpHVFR€WHDXPRLQVWURLV
 0LOOLRQVGH'LUKDPV PLOOLRQVFHQWLPHV 

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

9 )DFLOLWHU OD UpDOLPHQWDWLRQ GHV QDSSHV SKUpDWLTXHV SDU

FUHXVDJH GHV SXLWV GDQV OHV RXHGV HW VXUWRXW GDQV OHV ]RQHV
FDUDFWpULVpHVSDUXQHIDLEOHSHUPpDELOLWpGHVURFKHV YRLUSKRWRQƒ 

Photo n° 6 : creusage des puits sur l’oued Draa moyen



9 5pDPpQDJHPHQW HW EpWRQQDJH GHV FDQDX[ G¶LUULJDWLRQ HQ pWURLWH
FRQFHUWDWLRQHWFROODERUDWLRQDYHFOHVSRSXODWLRQVFRQFHUQpHV
9 5DWLRQDOLVHU HW OLPLWHU OH SRPSDJH GHV HDX[ GDQV OHV ]RQHV D\DQW
O¶DFFqVDO¶HDXVXSHUILFLHOOH

&RQFOXVLRQ
(QJXLVHGHFRQFOXVLRQODSURYLQFHGH=DJRUDVRXIIUHEHDXFRXSGH
OD UDUHWp GH O¶HDX  &HUWHV FHWWH VLWXDWLRQ WURXYH VHV H[SOLFDWLRQV GDQV OD
UXGHVVHGXFOLPDWGHOD]RQHTXLVHUpSHUFXWHQpJDWLYHPHQWVXUOHEXOODQW
GH O¶HDX HW GRQQH j OD VpFKHUHVVH XQH GLPHQVLRQ VWUXFWXUHOOH GHSXLV OH
GpEXWGHVDQQpHVVRL[DQWHGL[0DLVOHVFKDQJHPHQWVFOLPDWLTXHVHQWDQW
TXH GRQQpHV SODQpWDLUHV RQW XQ U{OH G¶DFFpOpUDWHXU HQ WHUPHV GH
UpFXUUHQFH GHV SKpQRPqQHV FOLPDWLTXHV H[WUrPHV ORQJXHV SpULRGHV GH
VpFKHUHVVHGpVHUWLILFDWLRQLQRQGDWLRQV« 

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

3DU DLOOHXUV OD ]RQH REMHW GH FHWWH FRQWULEXWLRQ VFLHQWLILTXH VH
FDUDFWpULVHSDUODORXUGHXUGHVDGLPHQVLRQKLVWRULTXHHWSDUXQHDQFLHQQH
VpGHQWDULVDWLRQ GHV SRSXODWLRQV /D ULFKHVVH GHV WUDGLWLRQV HW FRXWXPHV
OLpHV j OD JHVWLRQ HW j OD GLVWULEXWLRQ GH O¶HDX UHIOqWH EHDXFRXS FHWWH
RULJLQDOLWp&HSHQGDQWFHWHUULWRLUHDO¶LQVWDUG¶DXWUHVDVXELGHVPXWDWLRQV
D\DQWWRXFKpHVDXIRQGO¶LQVWLWXWLRQWUDGLWLRQQHOOHHWGpWpULRUHQWOHVYDOHXUV
VRFLDOHV WUDYDLO GH JURXSH VROLGDULWp SDUWDJH UDWLRQQHO HW pTXLWDEOH GHV
UHVVRXUFHVQDWXUHOOHV« (QFRQVpTXHQFHODORJLTXHGHO¶LQGLYLGXDOLVPH
HW GX FDSLWDOLVPH GRPLQHQW OHV DSWLWXGHV GHV SRSXODWLRQV GH FHV RDVLV HW
GRQQHQWOLHXjGHVFRPSRUWHPHQWVQRFLIVGDQVXQPLOLHXGpMjIUDJLOLVpSDU
VRQFDGUHSK\VLTXHHWELRFOLPDWLTXH
(QHIIHWO¶HQVHPEOHGHVVWUDWpJLHVG¶DGDSWDWLRQVSURSRVpHVGDQVOH
WURLVLqPHD[HGHFHWDUWLFOHVRQWORLQG¶rWUHVH[KDXVWLYHVPDLVQRXVQRXV
DSHUFHYRQVTX¶HOOHVVRQWVXVFHSWLEOHVG¶DGUHVVHUFHWWHVLWXDWLRQjFRQGLWLRQ
TXHO¶(WDWYHLOOHjFHTXHO¶HQVHPEOHGHVDFWHXUVFRUGRQQHQWHWPHWWHQWHQ
FRQYHUJHQFHV OHXUV DFWLRQV (Q HIIHW O¶pWXGH HW OD SULVH HQ FRQVLGpUDWLRQ
GHVDWWHQWHVGHVSRSXODWLRQVSDURUGUHSULRULWDLUHFRQVWLWXHQWXQLQVWUXPHQW
SULPRUGLDOSRXUOHGLDJQRVWLFHWODSODQLILFDWLRQGHVDFWLRQVjGLPHQVLRQV
WHUULWRULDOHV

%LEOLRJUDSKLH
$EGHODD]L](/$5$%<HQTXrWHGXWHUUDLQGDQVOHFDGUHGHO
$EGHONDELU%$+$1,HWDOO0LJUDWLRQVLQWHUQDWLRQDOHVHWGpYHORSSHPHQW
FDVGHODSURYLQFHGH=DJRUD0DURFNDZWDUSULQWUDEDW
$EGHUUDKPDQH 0$+%28% &RQWULEXWLRQ D O¶pWXGH K\GURORJLTXH
K\GURJpRORJLTXHHWGHJHVWLRQGHVUHVVRXUFHVHQHDXGHVEDVVLQVVXG
$WODVLTXHV&DVVX%DVVLQGX0DLGHU VXGHVWGX0DURF WKqVHSRXU
O¶REWHQWLRQ GH JUDGH GRFWHXU HQ JpRORJLH VSpFLDOLWp K\GURORJLH
K\GURJpRORJLHXQLYHUVLWp PRXOD\ LVPDLO )DFXOWp GHV VFLHQFHV
0HNQqVVRXWHQXHOHGpFHPEUH
$KPHG 7RXILN =$,1$%,   &RQWULEXWLRQ GHV DVVRFLDWLRQV GH
SUR[LPLWp DX GpYHORSSHPHQW ORFDO GH OD SURYLQFH GH =DJRUD 'UDD

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

0R\HQ 7KqVHGHGRFWRUDWG¶(WDW)/6+8QLYHUVLWp0RKDPPHG9
±$JGDO5DEDW
$OL)$/(+HWDOO  ©O¶HDXGDQVOHSD\VGH=,= 6XGHVWPDURFDLQ 
,QWHUDFWLRQ HQWUH 1DWXUH HW +RPPHª 3URJUDPPH GH &RRUGLQDWLRQ
,QWHUXQLYHUVLWDLUH HW G¶,QYHVWLJDWLRQ 6FLHQWLILTXH HW OH 6HFUpWDULDW
G¶(WDWGH&RRSpUDWLRQ,QWHUQDWLRQDOH
/HNELU 28+$-28 HVSDFH K\GUDXOLTXH HW VRFLpWp DX 0DURF  FDV GHV
V\VWqPHVG¶LUULJDWLRQGDQVODYDOOHGX'UDDSXEOLFDWLRQGHODIDFXOWp
GHV OHWWUHV HW GHV VFLHQFHV KXPDLQHV ± $JDGLU VpULH WKqVHV HW
PpPRLUHVQƒ
0RKDPHG$Í7+$0=$  0RELOLWpVRFLRVSDWLDOHHWGpYHORSSHPHQW
ORFDO DX 6XG GH O $WODV PDURFDLQ 'DGqV7RXGJKD  7KqVH GH
GRFWRUDWG¶(WDW)/6+8QLYHUVLWp0RKDPPHG9±$JGDO5DEDW
0XVWDSKD +$''$&+(   *HVWLRQ VRFLDOH GH O HDX HW PXWDWLRQV
VRFLRpFRQRPLTXHV GDQV O RDVLV GH 7RXGJKD 0pPRLUH GX 'LSO{PH
GHV (WXGHV 6XSpULHXUHV $SSURIRQGLHV8QLYHUVLWp FDGL $\\DG
)DFXOWpGHV6FLHQFHV-XULGLTXHVpFRQRPLTXHVHW6RFLDOHV
5R\DXPHGH0DURF0LQLVWqUHGHO¶DJULFXOWXUHGX'pYHORSSHPHQW5XUDO
HW OHV 3rFKHV 0DULWLPHV 2IILFH  5pJLRQDO GH OD 0LVH HQ 9DOHXU
$JULFROH GH 2XDU]D]DWH pWXGH GX VFKpPD GLUHFWHXU GHV
DPpQDJHPHQWV GH 30+ GDQV OHV VRXV  EDVVLQV GX KDXWVRXVV
SURYLQFHGH7DURXGDQWEDV'UDDSURYLQFHGH=DJRUD±pWXGHGHOD
VLWXDWLRQDFWXHOOHHWVFKpPDGLUHFWHXUGHVDPpQDJHPHQWVGH30+±
&6RXVEDVVLQGX0DLGHU  
<DVVLQH $LW %UDKLP 'pQR\DJHV PLQLHUV HW K\GURFKLPLHV pOpPHQWDLUH HW
LVRWRSLTXH GHV HDX[ VRXWHUUDLQHV %DVVLQ GX 0DLGHU DQWLDWODV
RULHQWDOGX0DURF PpPRLUHGX0DVWHUMXLQ

֗21 ɰȳɜɦȄ ȓʆȄȯȉ ɝɗǷ ʏࢭ Ȉȳɔɮɨɦ ʎǿȄȯɔɦȄ ɵɭֿȄɼ ȓʊǾȆ‫ם‬Ȅ ȓȷȆʊȸɦȄ ֗ȓʊȋȳɔ‫ם‬Ȅ ȓɡɨɮ‫ם‬Ȅ ȓʊɮʆȮȆɠǷ
.2000 ȓɳȸɦ ȓʊɘʈȳ‫ݍݵ‬Ȅ ȒȲɼȯɦȄ ֗ɆȆȋȳɦȄ-"ȔȄȲɼȯɦȄ" ȓɨȸɨȷ
ȓȧȄɼ ȓɦȆȧ-ʃɈȷɽɦȄ ȓɏȲȮ ȔȆȧȄɼ ȠȰɽɮɱ-ȓɗȆ‫ݍݨ‬Ȅ ɆȆȷɼֿȄ ʏࢭ ȓʊǾȆ‫ם‬Ȅ ȮȲȄɽ‫ם‬Ȅ ‫ف‬؈ȉȯȕ ֗ȴɼȵɭ ȯʊɐȷ
-ȽɟȄȳɭ ȓʊɱȆȸɲׁȄ ɬɽɨɐɦȄɼ ȈȄȮֽȄ ȓʊɨɠ – ȆʊɗȄȳɔ‫ݍݨ‬Ȅ ʏࢭ ‫ف‬؅ȷȆ‫ם‬Ȅ ȒȮȆɺȻ ɪʊɳɦ ȟȨȉ-ɰ؈ɦɼ‫ق‬؇ȕ
(Ȳɽȼɴɭ ‫ف‬؈ɓ) 2009

 
 §ǂǤŭʪ ƨȈƥ¦ŗdz¦ ƨȈǸǼƬdz¦Â ƨȈƻƢǼŭ¦ ©¦ŚǤƬdz¦

37 ȯɨ‫ݝݨ‬Ȅ 2 ȮȯɐɦȄ ֗ȈȄȮֿȄɼ ɰɽɳɘɦȄɼ ȓɗȆɜȝɨɦ ‫ۚܣ‬ɇɽɦȄ ȹɨ‫ݝݨ‬Ȅ ֗‫׿ܣ‬ɦȆɐɦȄ ȲȄ‫ف‬؅ȧׁȄ ֗ȳɡɘɦȄ ɯɦȆɏ
.2008 ‫ف‬؄ɳȡȮ-ȳȋɽȗɟǷ
ɰ؈ʊɨ‫ݝݰ‬Ȅ ɰ؈ɨɏȆɘɦȄ ȒȯǾȆɘɦ ȓʊɴʈɽɢȕ ȒȲɼȮ ȲȆɇǻ ʏࢭ ɬȯɜɭ ɂȳɏ –(2016 ɪʈȳȉǷ) ʅɽʊȨʆ ȵʈȵɐɦȄ ȯȍɏ
ɰ؈ʊɨ‫ݝݰ‬Ȅ ɰ؈ɨɏȆɘɦȄ ȔȄȲȯɛ ȓʈɽɜȗɦ ȥɭȆɱȳȉ ȲȆɇǻ ʏࢭ ȓʊɴʈɽɢȗɦȄ ȒȲɼȯɦȄ ȠȲȯɳȕ .Ȳȯʊɐ‫ם‬Ȅ ɂɽȨȉ
.ȓʊȫȆɳ‫ם‬Ȅ ȔȄ‫ف‬؈ɔȗɦȆȉ ȓɜɨɐȗ‫ם‬Ȅ ȔַȆ‫ݝݨ‬Ȅ ʏࢭ

¾ ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ŝƉĐĐ͘ĐŚ
¾ ǁǁǁ͘ǁĂƚĞƌ͘ŐŽǀ͘ŵĂ