/RVIXQGDPHQWRVILORVyILFRV

GHODpWLFDHQSVLTXLDWUtD

Tom L. BEAUCHAMP

La ética
/RVSUREOHPDVPRUDOHVDQDOL]DGRVHQHVWHYROXPHQKDQVXUJLGRGHODSUiFWLFDSURIHVLRQDO
en psiquiatría HQSVLTXLDWUtD(OREMHWLYRGHHVWHFDStWXORHVSURSRUFLRQDUXQDFRPSUHQVLyQGHODpWLFD
ILORVyILFD VXILFLHQWH WDQWR SDUD OD OHFWXUD GH RWURV FDStWXORV FRPR SDUD DSUHFLDU OD
UHOHYDQFLDGHODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVILORVyILFDVSDUDODpWLFDHQSVLTXLDWUtD

MORALIDAD

/RVWpUPLQRV©pWLFRª\©PRUDOªVHWUDWDQDTXtFRQLGpQWLFRVLJQLILFDGRSHUR©PRUDOLGDGª
\©ILORVRItDPRUDOª DOLJXDOTXH©WHRUtDpWLFDª WLHQHQVLJQLILFDGRVGLIHUHQWHV(OWpUPLQR
©PRUDOLGDGª VH UHILHUH D ODV FRQYHQFLRQHV VRFLDOHV DPSOLDPHQWH FRPSDUWLGDV VREUH OR
FRUUHFWR \ OR LQFRUUHFWR TXH FRQVWLWX\HQ XQ FRQVHQVR JHQHUDO HVWDEOH HQ WRGDV ODV
FRPXQLGDGHVPRUDOHV/DPRUDOLGDGFRPSUHQGHP~OWLSOHVSDXWDVGHFRQGXFWDDODVTXH
DOXGLPRV FRPR ©UHJODV PRUDOHVª ©GHUHFKRV KXPDQRVª \ YLUWXGHV /RV FRPSRQHQWHV
FHQWUDOHV GH OD PRUDOLGDG H[LVWHQ DQWHV GH VX DFHSWDFLyQ SRU ORV LQGLYLGXRV TXH YDQ
DSUHQGLHQGR ODV UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHV \ ORV LGHDOHV PRUDOHV D PHGLGD TXH FUHFHQ &RQ HO
WLHPSR WDPELpQ DSUHQGHQ D GLVWLQJXLU OD PRUDOLGDG JHQHUDO TXH LQFXPEH D WRGDV ODV
SHUVRQDV ²\ TXH GHQRPLQDUHPRV OD PRUDOLGDG FRP~Q² GH ODV UHJODV TXH YLQFXODQ
VRODPHQWHDORVPLHPEURVGHJUXSRVHVSHFLDOHVFRPRORVPpGLFRV

/DPRUDOLGDGFRP~Q

/D PRUDOLGDG FRPSDUWLGD SRU WRGDV ODV SHUVRQDV GH PRUDOLGDG SUREDGD HQ WRGDV ODV
VRFLHGDGHVQRHVuna moralidad', esVHQFLOODPHQWHPRUDOLGDG(VXQLYHUVDOGHELGRDTXH
FRQWLHQHSUHFHSWRVpWLFRVSUHVHQWHVHQWRGROXJDUGRQGHVHHQFXHQWUHODPRUDOLGDG(QORV
~OWLPRVDxRVODFDWHJRUtDPiVIDYRUHFLGDKDVLGRODGHORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRVSHURHQORV
SDWURQHVGHREOLJDFLyQ\YLUWXGWDPELpQDSDUHFHQDVSHFWRVXQLYHUVDOHVGHHVDPRUDOLGDG
(VWDVQRUPDVTXH FRQVWLWX\HQQXHVWUDPRUDOLGDG FRPSDUWLGDELHQSRGUtDQ GHQRPLQDUVH
©PRUDOLGDGHQVHQWLGRHVWULFWRªGHELGRDTXHODPRUDOLGDGTXHSRVHHPRVHQFRP~Q

HVVyORXQDSHTXHxDSDUWHGHWRGDODYLGDPRUDO/DPRUDOLGDGHQVHQWLGRDPSOLRLQFOX\H
QRUPDV \ SRVLFLRQHV PRUDOHV GLYHUJHQWHV TXH QDFHQ GH UDtFHV FXOWXUDOHV ILORVyILFDV \
UHOLJLRVDVFRQFUHWDV
0XFKDV SHUVRQDV PXHVWUDQ FXULRVLGDG H LQFOXVR HVFHSWLFLVPR DQWH OD LGHD GH XQD
PRUDOLGDGFRP~Q&UHHQTXHODVFXOWXUDV\ODVGLIHUHQWHVWUDGLFLRQHVPRUDOHVQRFRLQFLGHQ
SUiFWLFDPHQWHHQQDGD(VWRSURFHGHGHXQDFRQIXVLyQHQWUHORVVHQWLGRVDPSOLR\HVWULFWR
GH©PRUDOLGDGª0LHQWUDVHOVHQWLGRDPSOLRSHUPLWHXQDJUDQGLYHUVLGDG\GLVFUHSDQFLDHO
VHQWLGR HVWULFWR VLPSOHPHQWH FDSWD OR TXH \D WRGRV FRQRFHPRV \ SHUFLELPRV VREUH OD
PRUDOLGDG$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHRIUHFHQXQDVHULHGHHMHPSORVGHSUHFHSWRVXQLYHUVDOHVTXH
WRGDV ODV SHUVRQDV GH PRUDOLGDG SUREDGD SRVHHQ HQ FRP~Q GHFLU OD YHUGDG UHVSHWDU OD
LQWLPLGDGGHORVGHPiVQRGLYXOJDULQIRUPDFLyQFRQILGHQFLDOREWHQHUVXFRQVHQWLPLHQWR
DQWHVGHDFFHGHUDOFXHUSRGHRWUDSHUVRQDQRPDWDUQRFDXVDUGRORUQRUREDUQLGDxDUORV
ELHQHVDMHQRVHYLWDUTXHDORVGHPiVOHVSXHGDRFXUULUQLQJ~QGDxR
1RVXSRQHXQDREMHFLyQDHVWDVUHJODVHOVHxDODUTXH²HQFLHUWDVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV²VH
SXHGHQ GHMDU GH ODGR GH IRUPD OHJtWLPD HQ IDYRU GH RWUDV QRUPDV FRQ ODV TXH HQWUHQ HQ
FRQIOLFWR
7RGDV ODV QRUPDV SXHGHQ VHU SRVWHUJDGDV GH PRGR MXVWLILFDGR HQ GHWHUPLQDGDV
FLUFXQVWDQFLDV HQ ODV TXH HQWUDQ HQ FRQIOLFWR FRQ RWUDV H[LJHQFLDV PRUDOHV 3RU HMHPSOR
SRGUtDPRVQRGHFLUODYHUGDGSDUDHYLWDUTXHXQDSHUVRQDPDWDUDDRWUDRSRGUtDUHYHODUVH
LQIRUPDFLyQFRQILGHQFLDOVREUHRWURLQGLYLGXRSDUDSURWHJHUORVGHUHFKRVGH DOJXLHQ/RV
SULQFLSLRVGHEHUHV\GHUHFKRVQRVRQSDXWDVLQIOH[LEOHVVRQQRUPDVJHQHUDOHVTXHGHEHQ
HTXLOLEUDUVHFRQRWUDVQRUPDV\GHEHQPDWL]DUVHGHSHQGLHQGRGHODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV
-XVWLILFDFLyQPRUDO
(Q JHQHUDO QR UHVXOWD GLItFLO GHFLGLU VL DFWXDPRV PRUDOPHQWH SXHVWR TXH FRQRFHPRV D
IRQGR PXFKRV UDVJRV GH OD PRUDOLGDG FRP~Q 5HDOL]DPRV MXLFLRV PRUDOHV UHFXUULHQGR D
UHJODVFDVRVPRGHORVHWF(VWRVSDWURQHVPRUDOHVIXQFLRQDQELHQVLHPSUHTXHQRVHQRV
H[LMDMXVWLILFDUQXHVWURVMXLFLRV6LQHPEDUJRFXDQGRH[SHULPHQWDPRVSUREOHPDVPRUDOHV
FRPHQ]DPRVODGHOLEHUDFLyQPRUDO$ODOFDQ]DUXQMXLFLRPRUDOFXDOTXLHUSHUVRQDGHEHUtD
HQFRQWUDUVHSUHSDUDGDSDUDGHIHQGHUORSRUHOSURFHGLPLHQWRGHRIUHFHUUD]RQHVPRUDOHV ²
GHQRPLQDGRFRQIUHFXHQFLDMXVWLILFDFLyQPRUDO²/DVUD]RQHVTXHILQDOPHQWHDFHSWHPRV
H[SUHVDUiQ SRU WDQWR ODV FRQGLFLRQHV EDMR ODV FXDOHV FUHHPRVTXH TXHGD MXVWLILFDGR HVH
PRGRGHSURFHGHU
(O REMHWLYR GH OD MXVWLILFDFLyQ PRUDO HV IXQGDPHQWDU HO SURSLR UD]RQDPLHQWR
SUHVHQWDQGR PRWLYRV VXILFLHQWHV SDUD XQD DFFLyQ R FUHHQFLD 6H SRGUtD LQWHQWDU XQD
MXVWLILFDFLyQUHFXUULHQGRDUHJODVSUHH[LVWHQWHVWDOHVFRPRODVHQXPHUDGDVSUHYLDPHQWHR
ODV GH ORV FyGLJRV GH pWLFD 7DPELpQ VH SRGUtD DSHODU D ORV DFXHUGRV \ SUiFWLFDV
LQVWLWXFLRQDOHVUHFRQRFLGRVRDODVFRQYLFFLRQHVPRUDOHVHQODVTXHGHSRVLWHPRVODPD\RU
FRQILDQ]D GHQWUR GH OD PRUDOLGDG FRP~Q (Q FDGD FDVR VH UHFXUUH D ODV PHMRUHV UD]RQHV
PRUDOHVSDUDHOSURFHGHUSURSXHVWR/DMXVWLILFDFLyQH[LJHWDPELpQODLPSDUFLDOLGDGHQHO
SURFHVRGHGHOLEHUDFLyQPRUDO\TXHVHGLVSRQJDGHWRGDODLQIRUPDFLyQUHOHYDQWHSRVLEOH
+D\ TXH VHOHFFLRQDU \ DSOLFDU ODV SURSLDV UD]RQHV GH PDQHUD LPSDUFLDO PLHQWUDV VH
SHUPDQHFHVHQVLEOHDORVFRQIOLFWRVPRUDOHVDVtFRPRDORVFRQIOLFWRVFRQODVREOLJDFLRQHV
OHJDOHVODVWUDGLFLRQHVUHOLJLRVDVHWF
8QD UD]yQ SXHGH VHU EXHQD VLQ VHU VXILFLHQWH SDUD OD MXVWLILFDFLyQ \ XQ LQWHQWR GH
MXVWLILFDFLyQ QR VLHPSUH HV XQD MXVWLILFDFLyQ VDWLVIDFWRULD 3RU HMHPSOR XQD EXHQD UD]yQ
SDUDLQWHUQDUHQLQVWLWXFLRQHVDFLHUWRVHQIHUPRVPHQWDOHVHVHOKHFKRGHTXHSXHGDQFRQVWL
WXLUXQSHOLJURFODUR\DFWXDOSDUDRWUDVSHUVRQDV3RUHOFRQWUDULRXQDUD]yQSDUDHOLQWHU
QDPLHQWRTXH HQ RFDVLRQHVVHRIUHFHFRPREXHQDSHURTXH PXFKDVSHUVRQDVFRQVLGHUDQ
PDOD GHELGRDTXHLPSOLFDXQDSULYDFLyQGHODOLEHUWDG HVTXHDOJXQRVHQIHUPRVPHQWDOHV
SUHVHQWHQ HVH SHOLJUR FODUR \ DFWXDO SDUD Vt PLVPRV R TXH QHFHVLWHQ WUDWDPLHQWR SRU XQ
WUDVWRUQRPHQWDOLPSRUWDQWH
6LDOJXLHQVRVWLHQHTXHHOLQWHUQDPLHQWRIRU]RVRHQYLUWXGGHOULHVJRSDUDXQRPLVPR
HVXQDEXHQDUD]yQ\TXHSRUVtVRODUHVXOWDVXILFLHQWHSDUDMXVWLILFDUGLFKRLQWHUQDPLHQWR
GHEHUtD SRGHU GDU SRVWHULRUPHQWH DOJXQD MXVWLILFDFLyQ GH SRU TXp HVWD UD]yQ HV EXHQD \
VXILFLHQWH 3RGUtD DOXGLU SRU HMHPSOR D ODV WUHPHQGDV FRQVHFXHQFLDV SDUD HO HQIHUPR
PHQWDOVLQRVHDFW~D7DPELpQSRGUtDLQYRFDUFLHUWRVSULQFLSLRVUHVSHFWRDODLPSRUWDQFLD
PRUDOTXHVXSRQHHODWHQGHUDODVQHFHVLGDGHVGHOHQIHUPRPHQWDO(QUHVXPHQVHHVSHUD
TXHRIUH]FDWRGDXQDVHULHGHUD]RQHVTXHFRQIRUPHQXQDGHIHQVDUD]RQDGDGHVXSXQWRGH
YLVWD
+DVWDDTXtQRVKHPRVRFXSDGRVREUHWRGRGHODMXVWLILFDFLyQGHORVMXLFLRVPRUDOHV
SHUR ORV ILOyVRIRV DGHPiV HVWiQ WDPELpQ SUHRFXSDGRV SRU OD MXVWLILFDFLyQ GH ODV WHRUtDV
pWLFDV(VWDVWHRUtDVSXHGHQVHU~WLOHVFXDQGRVHUHIOHMDQHQODpWLFDSVLTXLiWULFD\VHLQYRFDQ
FRQIUHFXHQFLDHQODOLWHUDWXUDGHODGLVFLSOLQD
7(25Ë$6e7,&$6&/È6,&$6
(OREMHWLYRGHHVWDVHFFLyQ\GHODVLJXLHQWHQRHVGHIHQGHUODWHRUtDpWLFDQLVRVWHQHUTXH
SRVHHODFDSDFLGDGGHUHVROYHUSUREOHPDVHQSVLTXLDWUtDVLQRH[SOLFDUORVGLYHUVRVWLSRVGH
WHRUtDV1RVFRQFHQWUDUHPRVHQHOXWLOLWDULVPRODWHRUtDNDQWLDQDODpWLFDGHODYLUWXGOD
pWLFDGHOFXLGDGR\ODFDVXtVWLFD
7HRUtDVXWLOLWDULVWDV
3DUD ORV XWLOLWDULVWDV HO REMHWR GH OD PRUDOLGDG HV IDYRUHFHU HO ELHQHVWDU KXPDQR
PLQLPL]DQGR ORVSHUMXLFLRV \ PD[LPL]DQGR ORVEHQHILFLRV&RQVLGHUDQTXHXQDDFFLyQ R
~QDSUiFWLFDHVFRUUHFWDVLFRQGXFHDPD[LPL]DUODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVSRVLWLYDVRDPLQLPL]DU
ODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVQHJDWLYDV/RVXWLOLWDULVWDVGHILHQGHQel principio de utilidadTXHDILUPD
TXHVLHPSUH GHEHUtDPRVWHQGHUD PD[LPL]DUORVYDORUHVSRVLWLYRVVREUHORVQHJDWLYRV $
SDUWLUGHOUD]RQDPLHQWRGH ORVXWLOLWDULVWDVVHSXHGHQ H[WUDHUFXDWURUDVJRVHVHQFLDOHVGHO
XWLOLWDULVPR 
 El principio de utilidad.(QSULPHUOXJDUORVDJHQWHVHVWiQREOLJDGRVDPD[LPL]DU
OREXHQRVLHPSUHGHEHUtDPRVREWHQHUHOPHMRUEDODQFHSRVLEOHGHYDORUHV(OORFRQGXFHD
LQWHUURJDQWHVVREUHFyPRKD\TXHLQWHUSUHWDUOREXHQRRORYDOLRVR
El estándar de bondad./DERQGDGRQDWXUDOH]DYDOLRVDGHODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVGHEH
PHGLUVH PHGLDQWH KHFKRV TXH VXSRQJDQ FRPR ELHQHV SULPDULRV R XWLOLGDGHV EiVLFDV
0XFKRVXWLOLWDULVWDVFRLQFLGHQHQTXHGHEHUtDPRVREWHQHUYDORUHVTXHQRYDUtHQHQWUHODV
SHUVRQDV3HURRWURVLQWHUSUHWDQOREXHQRFRPRORTXHVHGHVHDRVHTXLHUHVXEMHWLYDPHQWH
\HQHVWDYDORUDFLyQODPHWDGHODVDFFLRQHVPRUDOHVHVODVDWLVIDFFLyQGHORVGHVHRVRODV
QHFHVLGDGHV
 Consecuericialismo. 7RGDV ODV WHRUtDV XWLOLWDULVWDV GHFLGHQ TXp DFFLRQHV VRQ
PHQGDEOHVHQUHODFLyQFRQODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVGHODVPLVPDVPiVTXHHQYLUWXGGHFXDO
TXLHUFDUDFWHUtVWLFDPRUDOLQWUtQVHFDTXHSXHGDQSRVHHUFRPRODYHUDFLGDGRODILGHOLGDG
  Imparcialidad (universalismo). )LQDOPHQWH HQ OD WHRUtD XWLOLWDULVWD WRGDV ODV
SDUWHVDIHFWDGDVGHEHQUHFLELUXQDFRQVLGHUDFLyQLPSDUFLDOHLJXDO
(QWUH ORV XWLOLWDULVWDV H[LVWH XQ FRQIOLFWR VLJQLILFDWLYR VREUH VL KD\ TXH DSOLFDU HO
SULQFLSLRGHXWLOLGDGDORVactos particularesHQFLUFXQVWDQFLDVSDUWLFXODUHVRDODVreglas
de conductaTXHGHWHUPLQHQORVDFWRVTXHVRQFRUUHFWRVHLQFRUUHFWRV3DUDHOXWLOLWDULVWD
GH UHJOD ODV DFFLRQHV VH MXVWLILFDQ DSHODQGR D UHJODV WDOHV FRPR ©QR HQJDxHVª \ ©QR
LQFXPSODVODVSURPHVDVª(VWDVUHJODVVHMXVWLILFDQSRUVtPLVPDVUHFXUULHQGRDOSULQFLSLR
GHXWLOLGDG8QXWLOLWDULVWDGHDFWRMXVWLILFDODVDFFLRQHVVHQFLOODPHQWHGHPDQHUDGLUHFWD
DSHODQGRDOSULQFLSLRGHXWLOLGDG
0XFKRVILOyVRIRVVHRSRQHQDOXWLOLWDULVPRGHDFWRDFXVDQGRDVXVSDUWLGDULRVGHEDVDU
ODPRUDOLGDGHQODPHUDFRQYHQLHQFLD6HJ~QODVUD]RQHVGHXQXWLOLWDULVWDGHDFWRGLFHQ
HV FRQYHQLHQWH TXH XQ SVLTXLDWUD GHVYHOH LQIRUPDFLyQ FRQILGHQFLDO D OD IDPLOLD R D OD
SROLFtDVLDVtOLEUDGHXQSHVRDGLFKDIDPLOLDRDODVRFLHGDGRFDVLRQDQGRHOPD\RUELHQ
DO PD\RU Q~PHUR GH SHUVRQDV 0XFKRV DGYHUVDULRV GHO XWLOLWDULVPR GH DFWR KDQ
DUJXPHQWDGRTXHGHEHQPDQWHQHUVHODVUHJODVHVWULFWDPHQWH²SRUHMHPSORODVUHJODVGH
FRQILGHQFLDOLGDG TXH KDQ UHVSHWDGR WUDGLFLRQDOPHQWH ORV SVLTXLDWUDV² (VWDV UHJODV
DSDUHQWHPHQWHGHVHDEOHVVHSXHGHQMXVWLILFDUSRUHOSULQFLSLRGHXWLOLGDGGHPDQHUDTXH
QRHVQHFHVDULRDEDQGRQDUHOXWLOLWDULVPRDXQTXHVHMX]JXHLQGLJQRHOXWLOLWDULVPRGHDFWR
/RV XWLOLWDULVWDV GH UHJOD VRVWLHQHQ TXH ODV UHJODV WLHQHQ XQD SRVLFLyQ FHQWUDO HQ OD
PRUDOLGDG \ TXH QR SXHGHQ TXHGDU FRPSURPHWLGDV SRU ODV H[LJHQFLDV GH VLWXDFLRQHV
SDUWLFXODUHV (O FRPSURPLVR DPHQD]DUtD D ODV UHJODV FX\D HIHFWLYLGDG VH MX]JD
GHWHUPLQDQGR VL HO FXPSOLPLHQWR GH XQD UHJOD GDGD PD[LPL]DUtD HQ WHRUtD OD XWLOLGDG
VRFLDO PHMRU TXH FXDOTXLHU RWUD VXVWLWXWRULD R TXH FDUHFH GH ODV PLVPDV  /DV UHJODV
XWLOLWDULVWDVVRQHQWHRUtDILUPHV\SURWHJHQDWRGDVODVFODVHVGHLQGLYLGXRVLJXDOTXH
ORV GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV SURWHJHQ ILUPHPHQWH D WRGRV ORV LQGLYLGXRV 3HVH D HOOR
GHEHUtDPRV SUHJXQWDU VL ODV WHRUtDV XWLOLWDULVWDV GH UHJOD GLILHUHQ VXVWDQFLDOPHQWH GHO
XWLOLWDULVPR GHDFWR&RQIUHFXHQFLDDSDUHFHQ GLOHPDVTXHVXSRQHQ FRQIOLFWRVHQWUH ODV
QRUPDV PRUDOHV SRU HMHPSOR FRQIOLFWRV HQWUH ODV UHJODV GH FRQILGHQFLDOLGDG \ ODV TXH
SURWHJHQHOELHQHVWDULQGLYLGXDORVRFLDO6LQRKD\UHJODVSDUDVROXFLRQDUHVWRVFRQIOLFWRV
TXL]iVODWHRUtDXWLOLWDULVWDGHUHJODVHLQWHJUHVHQFLOODPHQWHHQODWHRUtDXWLOLWDULVWDGHDFWR
7HRUtDVNDQWLDQDV
+D\ XQVHJXQGRWLSR GHWHRUtDTXHKDUHFLELGR HOQRPEUHGH deontológicaSHUR HQOD
DFWXDOLGDGVH ODGHQRPLQD FDGDYH] FRQ PD\RUIUHFXHQFLD kantianaSRUEDVDUVH HQ ODV
WHRUtDVGH,PPDQXHO.DQWeVWHVRVWHQtDTXHORVDFWRVVRQPRUDOPHQWHGLJQRVGHDODEDQ]D
VyORVLHOPRWLYRTXHHPSXMDDODSHUVRQDHVODUHDOL]DFLyQGHXQDXWpQWLFRGHEHU1RHV
VXILFLHQWH TXH OD DFFLyQ PRUDOPHQWH FRUUHFWD WHQJD OXJDU SRU FDVXDOLGDG SRUTXH XQR
SRGUtDUHDOL]DUODDSDUWLUGHPRWLYRVHJRtVWDVTXHQDGDWHQJDQTXHYHUFRQODPRUDOLGDG
3RU HMHPSOR VL XQ SVLTXLDWUD GHGLFD PXFKDV KRUDV D VDOYDU D XQ SDFLHQWH JUDYHPHQWH
DIHFWDGRVyORSRUTXHWHPHTXHGHRWURPRGRVXFyQ\XJHQRYD\DDDERQDUVXVKRQRUDULRV
\QRSRUODFUHHQFLDHQODLPSRUWDQFLDGHUHDOL]DUHODFWRPLVPRHQHVHFDVRHOSVLTXLDWUD
DFW~DFRUUHFWDPHQWHSHURQRPHUHFHSRUHOORXQDHVWLPDFLyQPRUDO
/D PRUDOLGDG HQHVWD FRQFHSFLyQSURSRUFLRQDXQVLVWHPDUDFLRQDO GHSULQFLSLRV \
UHJODV XQLYHUVDOHV TXH VRPHWHQ \ RULHQWDQ D WRGRV (O SULQFLSLR VXSUHPR GH .DQW
GHQRPLQDGR©OH\PRUDOªH©LPSHUDWLYRFDWHJyULFRªVHH[SUHVDGHGLYHUVDVPDQHUDVHQ
VXVHVFULWRV(QVXSULPHUDIRUPXODFLyQHOSULQFLSLRHVTXH©QXQFDGHEHUtDDFWXDUDPHQRV
GHTXHORKLFLHUDGHPRGRWDOTXHHOORPHSHUPLWLHUDGHVHDUTXHPLPi[LPDGHYLQLHUDHQ
OH\ XQLYHUVDOª(OSXQWRGHYLVWDGH .DQW HVTXHODVDFFLRQHV LQMXVWDVLQFOX\HQGROD
LQYDVLyQGHODSULYDFLGDGODVXVWUDFFLyQ\ODHOLPLQDFLyQPDQLSXODWLYDGHLQIRUPDFLyQ
VRQ ©FRQWUDGLFWRULDVª HV GHFLU QR VRQ FRQIRUPHV D DTXHOOR TXH ORV PLVPRV GHEHUHV
SUHVXSRQHQ &RQVLGHUHPRV HO FDVR GH OD PHQWLUD /D XQLYHUVDOL]DFLyQ GH UHJODV TXH
SHUPLWLHVHQ OD PHQWLUD GDUtD GHUHFKR D TXH QRV PLQWLHVHQ GHO PLVPR PRGR TXH
SRGUtDPRV PHQWLUDWRGR HO PXQGR7DOHVUHJODVVRQLQFRPSDWLEOHVFRQ ODSUiFWLFD GH
GHFLUODYHUGDGTXHSUHVXSRQHQ
.DQW H[SRQH VX LPSHUDWLYR FDWHJyULFR HQ RWUD IRUPXODFLyQ FODUDPHQWH GLIHUHQWH
3XHGHTXHHQODpWLFDFRQWHPSRUiQHDVHUHFXUUD\VHDSUXHEHPiVDPSOLDPHQWHHVWDIRUPD
TXH OD SULPHUD HQ UHDOLGDG VH OD LQYRFD FRQ PD\RU IUHFXHQFLD HQ OD pWLFD ELRPpGLFD
'LFKDIRUPXODFLyQHVWLSXODTXH©VHGHEHDFWXDUWUDWDQGRDWRGDVODVSHUVRQDVFRPRXQILQ
\QXQFDVyORFRPRXQPHGLRª$VtVHGHEHWUDWDUDODVSHUVRQDVFRPRGXHxDVGHVXVPHWDV
LQGLYLGXDOHVHVWDEOHFLGDVGHIRUPDDXWyQRPD6HKDFRPHQWDGRDPSOLDPHQWHTXH.DQW
HVWiDUJXPHQWDQGRFDWHJyULFDPHQWHTXHQXQFDSRGHPRVWUDWDUDORWURFRPRPHGLRSDUD
QXHVWURV ILQHV (VWD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ VLQ HPEDUJR GHVILJXUD VXV SXQWRV GH YLVWD VyOR
VRVWLHQHTXHQRGHEHPRVWUDWDUDORWURH[FOXVLYDPHQWHFRPRPHGLRSDUDQXHVWURVSURSLRV
ILQHV&XDQGRVHEXVFDDLQGLYLGXRVKXPDQRVDGXOWRVFRPRYROXQWDULRVSDUDVHUREMHWRGH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQSRUHMHPSORVHOHVWUDWDFRPRXQPHGLRSDUDORVILQHVGHXQLQYHVWLJDGRU
6LQHPEDUJRQRVHOHVXWLOL]DH[FOXVLYDPHQWHSDUDORVSURSyVLWRVGHRWURVSRUTXHQRVH
FRQYLHUWHQ HQ PHURVVLHUYRVX REMHWRV6X FRQVHQWLPLHQWRMXVWLILFDVXXWLOL]DFLyQ FRPR
PHGLRV SDUD HO ILQ GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ (O LPSHUDWLYR GH .DQW VyOR UHTXLHUH TXH ODV
SHUVRQDVVHDQWUDWDGDVHQWDOHVVLWXDFLRQHVFRQHOUHVSHWR\ODGLJQLGDGPRUDOiODTXHWRGR
HOPXQGRWLHQHGHUHFKRLQFOXVRHQORVPRPHQWRVHQTXHVHORVXWLOLFHFRPRPHGLRSDUD
ORVILQHVGHRWURV
$/7(51$7,9$6$/$67(25Ë$6&/È6,&$6
(OXWLOLWDULVPR \ODWHRUtDNDQWLDQDKDQVLGR PRGHORVGRPLQDQWHV HQ ODWHRUtDpWLFDDOR
ODUJR GH JUDQ SDUWH GHO VLJOR ;; 6LQ HPEDUJR ORV ~OWLPRV HVFULWRV ILORVyILFRV VH KDQ
FHQWUDGRFRQIUHFXHQFLDHQODQHFHVLGDGGHFRPSOHPHQWDURUHHPSOD]DUHVWDVWHRUtDV/DV
WHRUtDVDOWHUQDWLYDVSURSXHVWDVVRQ WHRUtDVGHODYLUWXG ODpWLFDGHOFXLGDGR\ OD
FDVXtVWLFD/DVGRVSULPHUDVVRQGHLPSRUWDQFLDVXVWDQWLYDSDUDODpWLFDGHODSVLTXLDWUtD
\ODWHUFHUDFRQWLHQHLGHDVSUiFWLFDVUHVSHFWRDOPpWRGRHQpWLFD
eWLFDGHODYLUWXG
/DpWLFDGHODYLUWXGSURFHGHGHODWUDGLFLyQFOiVLFDJULHJDGHODpWLFDUHSUHVHQWDGDSRU
3ODWyQ \ $ULVWyWHOHV TXH FRQVLGHUDURQ HOFXOWLYR GH ORV UDVJRV YLUWXRVRV GHO FDUiFWHU
FRPR OD QRWD FHQWUDOGH OD YLGD PRUDO (VWH HQIRTXH LQYHVWLJD HOSDSHO GH OD HVWUXFWXUD
PRWLYDFLRQDOWtSLFDGHXQDSHUVRQD8QDSHUVRQDFRQFLHQ]XGDSRUHMHPSORQRVyORSRVHH
OD GLVSRVLFLyQ GH DFWXDU UHIOH[LYDPHQWH VLQR XQ GHVHR PRUDOPHQWH LQFOLQDGR D OD
DFWXDFLyQ FRQFLHQ]XGD 7LHQH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDPHQWH XQD SUHRFXSDFLyQ \ XQDV UHVHUYDV
PRUDOHV UHVSHFWR D QR DFWXDU GH XQD PDQHUD PHWLFXORVD (O PRWLYR GH DFWXDU VyOR GH
DFXHUGRD XQDUHJODGH REOLJDFLyQQR HV PRUDOPHQWHVXILFLHQWHSDUDOD YLUWXGDGHPiV
WDPELpQVRQQHFHVDULDVYLUWXGHVWDOHVFRPRODHVFUXSXORVLGDG
&RQVLGHUHPRVDODVSHUVRQDVTXHVLHPSUHUHDOL]DQVXVREOLJDFLRQHVSRUVXFDUiFWHUGH
WDOSHURTXHWLHQHQXQDSURIXQGDDYHUVLyQDWHQHUHQFXHQWDORVLQWHUHVHVGHRWURV(VWRV
LQGLYLGXRV QR DSUHFLDQ QL VLHQWHQ VLPSDWtD QL SLHQVDQ HQ ORVGHPiV FRQ DIHFWR \ OHV
WUDWDQFRPRGHEHQVyORSRUTXHVXREOLJDFLyQDVtORUHTXLHUH,PDJLQHPRVXQSVLTXLDWUD
TXHVLHPSUHVDWLVIDJDVXVUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHVPRUDOHVDFWXDQGRSRUPRWLYRV\GHVHRVWDOHV
FRPRHOWHPRUDIDOWDUDODVQRUPDVSURIHVLRQDOHV(VWHSVLTXLDWUDSXHGHKDEHUOOHJDGRD
GHWHVWDUHOWUDEDMR\DSHUGHUVXWLHPSRFRQFDGDSDFLHQWHTXHHQWUHSRUODSXHUWD1RVH
SUHRFXSDGHQLQJXQDPDQHUDGHHVWDUDOVHUYLFLRGHODJHQWHVLQRTXHVyORGHVHDKDFHU
GLQHUR $XQTXH HVWH LQGLYLGXR FXPSOD FRQ VXV UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHV PRUDOHV IDOWD DOJR
PRUDOPHQWH HQ VX FRQGXFWD (VWD SHUVRQD FDUHFH GH OD DGPLUDEOH FRPSDVLyQ GHO
FRPSURPLVR \ GH OD HVFUXSXORVLGDG TXH JXtDQ ODV YLGDV GH PXFKRV SURIHVLRQDOHV
VDQLWDULRVHQWUHJDGRVDVXWUDEDMR
/DpWLFDGHODYLUWXGSXHGHSDUHFHUTXHVyORSRVHHXQLQWHUpVLQWHOHFWXDOSHURWLHQHXQ
YDORUSUiFWLFRSXHVHVPiVSUREDEOHTXHXQDSHUVRQDPRUDOPHQWHEXHQDFRQGHVHRVR
PRWLYRV UHFWRV HQWLHQGD OR TXH VH GHEHUtD KDFHU UHDOLFH ORV DFWRV H[LJLGRV \ HODERUH
LGHDOHV PRUDOHV HQ FRQWUDSRVLFLyQ FRQ OR TXH SXHGH HVSHUDUVH GH XQD SHUVRQD PRUDO
PHQWHPDODRLQGLIHUHQWH$OJXLHQGHFRQILDQ]DWLHQHXQDPRWLYDFLyQ\XQGHVHRLQQDWRV
GH KDFHU OR FRUUHFWR \ SUHRFXSDUVH SRU VX UHDOL]DFLyQ 6LHPSUH TXH ORV VHQWLPLHQWRV
SUHRFXSDFLRQHV\DFWLWXGHVGHORVRWURVVHDQORVWHPDVPRUDOPHQWHUHOHYDQWHVODVUHJODV
\ORVSULQFLSLRVQRVRQWDQIUXFWtIHURVSDUDLQGXFLUDQDGLHDORTXHGHEHKDFHUFRPRHO
FDORU\ODVHQVLELOLGDGKXPDQD'HVGHHVWDSHUVSHFWLYDODpWLFDGHODYLUWXGHVDOPHQRV
WDQIXQGDPHQWDOHQODYLGDPRUDOFRPRORVSULQFLSLRVGHREOLJDGRFXPSOLPLHQWR
eWLFDGHOFXLGDGR
/D ©iWLFD GHO FXLGDGRª DPSOtD DOJXQRV WHPDV GH OD pWLFD GH OD YLUWXG FHQWUDGRV HQ OD
SULPDFtDGHOFDUiFWHUSHURVHIRFDOL]DHQUDVJRVGHODVUHODFLRQHVSHUVRQDOHVtQWLPDVWDOHV
FRPRODVLPSDWtDODILGHOLGDGHODPRU\ODDPLVWDG(QHVWDWHRUtDHVWiQOODPDWLYDPHQWH
DXVHQWHVODVUHJODVPRUDOHVXQLYHUVDOHV\ODVYDORUDFLRQHVLPSDUFLDOHV/DSHUVSHFWLYDGHO
FXLGDGRFRQWHPSODODXQLYHUVDOLGDG\ODLPSDUFLDOLGDGGHODVWHRUtDVWUDGLFLRQDOHVFRPR
GHPDVLDGRDOHMDGDVGHODPRUDOLGDG(QODGLVWDQFLDGHODLPSDUFLDOLGDGVHSLHUGHHOFDORU
LPSOLFDGRHQHOWUDWRGHORPiVFHUFDQRDQRVRWURV\TXHVHFRQIXQGHFRQQXHVWUDVSURSLDV
YLGDVSHUVRQDOHV\SURIHVLRQDOHV$ODVSLUDUDODFHJXHUDGHODMXVWLFLDTXHHVSHUDPRVGH
ORVWULEXQDOHVSRGHPRVTXHGDUFLHJRVHLQGLIHUHQWHVPRUDOPHQWHKDFLDRWUDVQHFHVLGDGHV
HVSHFLDOHV 'H HVWD IRUPD DXQTXH OD LPSDUFLDOLGDG VHD XQD YLUWXG PRUDO HQ FLHUWRV
FRQWH[WRVSXHGHVHUXQYLFLRPRUDOHQRWURV
/RVSDUWLGDULRV GH ODpWLFD GHO FXLGDGR FRQVLGHUDQ FRQ IUHFXHQFLD ORVSULQFLSLRVGH
REOLJDFLyQ FRPR LUUHOHYDQWHV R LQHILFDFHV 8Q GHIHQVRU VX\R SRGUtD GHFLU TXH ORV
SULQFLSLRV GH FXLGDGR FRPSDVLyQ \ EHQHYROHQFLD FRQILJXUDQ QXHVWUD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GH
FXiQGRHVDGHFXDGRUHVSRQGHUGHPRGRFXLGDGRVRFRPSDVLYR\ERQGDGRVRSHURHQHVWD
SUHWHQVLyQKD\DOJRad hoc.1XHVWUDH[SHULHQFLDPRUDOSDUHFHUHIOHMDUVHPHMRUGLFLHQGR
TXHWHQHPRVHQFXHQWDQXHVWUDVHPRFLRQHVQXHVWUDFDSDFLGDGSDUDODVLPSDWtDQXHVWUR
VHQWLGRGHODDPLVWDG\QXHVWURFRQRFLPLHQWRGHFyPRDFW~DQODVSHUVRQDVVROtFLWDV
([LVWHQUD]RQHVDGLFLRQDOHVSDUDSHQVDUTXHXQD PRUDOLGDG FHQWUDGD HQ HO FXLGDGR
SXHGD WHQHU XQD SUHVHQFLD YLJRURVD HQ OD pWLFD SURIHVLRQDO LJXDO TXH HQ OD pWLFD
SVLTXLiWULFD (V GLItFLO H[SUHVDU GH PDQHUD DGHFXDGD PHGLDQWH SULQFLSLRV \ UHJODV ODV
UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHVSUHFLVDVGHXQSURIHVLRQDOGHODDWHQFLyQVDQLWDULD3RGHPRVHVWDEOHFHU
FyPR GHEHUtDQ UHVSRQGHU ORV PpGLFRV \ ODV HQIHUPHUDV HQ VXV HQFXHQWURV FRQ ORV
SDFLHQWHV SHUR GLFKDV JHQHUDOL]DFLRQHV QR WHQGUiQ OD VXILFLHQWH VXWLOH]D FRPR SDUD
RIUHFHU XQD RULHQWDFLyQ ELHQ IXQGDGD IUHQWH D RWUR SDFLHQWH /D FRQGXFWD TXH HQ XQ
GHWHUPLQDGRFRQ
WH[WRHVFXLGDGRVDHQRWURSXHGHHVWDULUUXPSLHQGRHQODLQWLPLGDGRUHVXOWDURIHQVLYD
/DpWLFDGHOFXLGDGRVHDGDSWDDHVWHFRQWH[WRGHUHODFLRQHVPLHQWUDVTXHPXFKDVRWUDV
WHRUtDV SDUHFHQ PDO SHUWUHFKDGDV SDUD HVWH ILQ /D SHUVSHFWLYD GHO FXLGDGR HV
HVSHFLDOPHQWH LPSRUWDQWH HQSDSHOHV FRPR HOGHSDGUHDPLJR PpGLFR \SHUVRQDOGH
HQIHUPHUtD HQ ORV TXH HV SUREDEOH TXH KD\D TXH FRQWDU PiV FRQ OD UHVSXHVWD GHO
FRQWH[WRFRQODDWHQFLyQDGHWDOOHVVXWLOHV\FRQODSHUVSLFDFLDTXHFRQVXDGHFXDFLyQD
FLHUWDVUHJODV
&DVXtVWLFD
8QDWHUFHUDDOWHUQDWLYDDODVWHRUtDVFOiVLFDVVHKDHWLTXHWDGRFRPR©FDVXtVWLFDª6HFHQWUD
HQODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHVXWLOL]DQGRFDVRVSDUWLFXODUHVGRQGHORVMXLFLRVDORVTXHVHOOHJD
WLHQHQHQFXHQWDORVDOFDQ]DGRVHQFDVRVSUHYLRV/RVFDVXLVWDVVRQHVFpSWLFRVUHVSHFWRD
ODFDSDFLGDGGHORVSULQFLSLRV\GHODWHRUtDSDUDUHVROYHUSUREOHPDVHQFDVRVHVSHFtILFRV
3LHQVDQ TXH PXFKDV IRUPDV GHO SHQVDPLHQWR \ GHO MXLFLR PRUDO QR LPSOLFDQ DSHODU D
QRUPDVJHQHUDOHVVLQR PiVELHQDQDUUDFLRQHV HMHPSORVSDUDGLJPiWLFRV \SUHFHGHQWHV
HVWDEOHFLGRVSRUFDVRVSUHYLRV 
&RQVLGHUHPRVODIRUPDGHUD]RQDUGHXQPpGLFRDOUHDOL]DUXQMXLFLRGLDJQyVWLFR\GDU
XQDRULHQWDFLyQDXQSDFLHQWH0XFKRVIDFWRUHVLQGLYLGXDOHVLQFOX\HQGRODKLVWRULDFOtQLFD
GHO SDFLHQWH ORV p[LWRV GHO PpGLFR DQWH RWURV SDFLHQWHV VLPLODUHV OD H[SHFWDWLYD GH
UHVXOWDGRVHVSHUDGRV\RWURVIDFWRUHVVHPHMDQWHVWHQGUiQVXLPSRUWDQFLDHQODIRUPXODFLyQ
GHXQMXLFLR\XQDUHFRPHQGDFLyQSDUDHVWHSDFLHQWHTXHSXHGHVHUPX\GLIHUHQWHGHOD
UHDOL]DGDDOSDFLHQWHVLJXLHQWHFRQODPLVPDHQIHUPHGDG(OFDVXLVWDFRQVLGHUDORVMXLFLRV
\ODVUHFRPHQGDFLRQHVPRUDOHVGHPDQHUDVHPHMDQWH\DILUPDTXHVyORVHSXHGHQUHDOL]DU
MXLFLRV PRUDOHV VDWLVIDFWRULRV VREUH DJHQWHV DFFLRQHV \ QRUPDV GH FRQGXFWD FXDQGR VH
SRVHH XQD FRPSUHQVLyQ GHWDOODGD GH ODV VLWXDFLRQHV SDUWLFXODUHV \ XQD SHUFHSFLyQ SDUD
WUDWDUORVFDVRVVHPHMDQWHVGHIRUPDVLPLODU
3DUD HQWHQGHU OD SHUVSHFWLYD GHO FDVXLVWD SXHGH UHVXOWDU ~WLO XQD DQDORJtD FRQ OD
MXULVSUXGHQFLD (Q OD MXULVSUXGHQFLD ORV MXLFLRV QRUPDWLYRV GH ORV WULEXQDOHV VH KDFHQ
YLQFXODQWHV\UHVXOWDVHQVDWRPDQWHQHUTXHHVWRVMXLFLRVVRQSULPRUGLDOHVSDUDORVMXLFLRV
SRVWHULRUHVTXH YDORUHQRWURV FDVRV ²LQFOXVRDXQTXHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSDUWLFXODUHV GH
FDGD QXHYR FDVR VHDQ GLIHUHQWHV² (O SUREOHPD HV VHPHMDQWH HQ pWLFD /RV MXLFLRV
QRUPDWLYRVVREUHFLHUWRVFDVRVVXUJHQDWUDYpVGHODVFRPSDUDFLRQHVHQWUHHOORVDOHYDOXDU
XQ FDVR VH OH VLW~D HQ HO FRQWH[WR GH XQD VHULH GH FDVRV VLPLODUHV \ VH YDORUDQ VXV
VHPHMDQ]DV \ GLIHUHQFLDV6HVXSRQHTXH HOSHVRUHODWLYR GHORVYDORUHV HQFRQIOLFWRVH
GHWHUPLQDSRU FRPSDUDFLyQ FRQ FDVRVDQiORJRV/DSDXWDPRUDOVHREWLHQH PHGLDQWHOD
DFXPXODFLyQGHXQYROXPHQGHFDVRVVLJQLILFDWLYRVTXHUHSUHVHQWDQXQFRQVHQVRHQOD
VRFLHGDG\HQODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVDOFDQ]DGRPHGLDQWHODUHIOH[LyQVREUHWDOHVFDVRV'LFKR
FRQVHQVRVHKDFHHQWRQFHVYLQFXODQWH\VHH[WLHQGHDODVQXHYDVVLWXDFLRQHV 
(MHPSORV FRPR HO caso Tarasoff KDQ UHVXOWDGR WUHPHQGDPHQWH LQIOX\HQWHV HQ
SVLTXLDWUtD/RVDXWRUHVORXWLOL]DURQSDUDORJUDUTXHODVGHFLVLRQHVUHVSHFWRDOPLVPRSXHGDQ
VHUYLU SDUD RWUDV TXH VH SURGX]FDQ HQ FDVRV QXHYRV /RV UDVJRV GH VXV DQiOLVLV VH KDQ
GLVFXWLGRDORODUJRGHODOLWHUDWXUDGHpWLFDELRPpGLFD\KDQSDVDGRDIRUPDUSDUWHGHOPRGR
FRPRSHQVDPRV\H[WUDHPRVFRQFOXVLRQHVHQHVHWHUUHQR 6LQHPEDUJRHO caso Tarasoff
HVXQD RSFLyQGLVFXWLEOHSDUDLOXVWUDUHO PpWRGR FDVXtVWLFR 3DUDTXH HO caso Tarasoff, o
FXDOTXLHURWURDFW~HDGHFXDGDPHQWHKD\TXHFUHHUTXHHQORVQXHYRVHMHPSORVVHSXHGHQ
DOFDQ]DUODVGHFLVLRQHVPHGLDQWHXQSURFHVRGHFRPSDUDFLyQFRQFDVRVVHPHMDQWHV0XFKRV
UDVJRVVLQJXODUHVGHO caso TarasoffFRPSOLFDQVX XVR VLVHLQWHQWDJHQHUDOL]DUORDRWURV
FDVRV/DFDVXtVWLFDHVXQSURFHGLPLHQWRSRWHQFLDOPHQWH~WLOSDUDODUHIOH[LyQ
pWLFD HQ SVLTXLDWUtD SHUR HV LPSRUWDQWH HVFRJHU ORV FDVRV FRQ FXLGDGR \ H[DPLQDUORV
VLVWHPiWLFDPHQWHFRPSDUDQGRFRQDWHQFLyQVXVVHPHMDQ]DV\GLIHUHQFLDV
$ SULPHUD YLVWD OD FDVXtVWLFD SDUHFH PDUFDGDPHQWH RSXHVWD D ORV VLVWHPDV GH
SULQFLSLRV \ WHRUtD GH OD FRQFHSFLyQ PRUDO WUDGLFLRQDO 6LQ HPEDUJR XQ H[DPHQ PiV
PLQXFLRVR GH OD PLVPD PXHVWUD TXH VX SULQFLSDO SUHRFXSDFLyQ VHGLULJH D OD H[FHVLYD
FRQILDQ]D GH OD ILORVRItD UHFLHQWH HQ ODV RULHQWDFLRQHV LPSDUFLDOHV \ XQLYHUVDOHV GH OD
DFFLyQ 'RV FDVXLVWDV $OEHUW -RQVHQ \ 6WHSKHQ 7RXOPLQ HVFULEHQ TXH ©OD buena
FDVXtVWLFD>@DSOLFDFRQSHUVSLFDFLDSULQFLSLRVJHQHUDOHVDFDVRVSDUWLFXODUHVª$PHGLGD
TXHDXPHQWDXQKLVWRULDOGHFDVRVVHPHMDQWHV\MXLFLRVVLPLODUHVYDPRVFRQILDQGRPiV
HQ QXHVWURV MXLFLRV JHQHUDOHV (Q ORV MXLFLRV VXUJH XQ ©SXQWR GH FHUWH]D PRUDOª \ ORV
HOHPHQWRV HVWDEOHV FULVWDOL]DQ HQ SULQFLSLRV SURYLVLRQDOHV $ PHGLGD TXH FUHFH OD
FRQILDQ]DHQHVWDVJHQHUDOL]DFLRQHVVHDFHSWDQFRQPHQRUSURYLVLRQDOLGDG\SURJUHVDHO
FRQRFLPLHQWRPRUDO
'HVGHHVWDSHUVSHFWLYDODWHRUtDpWLFDHVGHVHDEOHHOMXLFLREDVDGRHQORVFDVRVHV
FRPRGLFH%DUXFK%URG\VyORODSULPHUDHVWDFLyQHQHOFDPLQRGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRPRUDO
/DVLJXLHQWHHVODIRUPDFLyQGHODWHRUtD/DPHWDFRQVLVWHHQHQFRQWUDUXQDWHRUtDTXH
VLVWHPDWLFH FRKHUHQWHPHQWH HVWRVMXLFLRV ORV H[SOLTXH \SURSRUFLRQHD\XGDSDUDWUDWDU
RWURV  $Vt HQWHQGLGD OD FDVXtVWLFD QR HV LQFRPSDWLEOH FRQ OD WHRUtD pWLFD FOiVLFD
VHQFLOODPHQWHPDUFDHOpQIDVLVHQODGHWHUPLQDFLyQSUiFWLFDGHGHFLVLRQHVPiVTXHHQ
RIUHFHUXQDWHRUtDJHQHUDO
816,67(0$'(35,1&,3,26025$/(6
/DPRUDOLGDGFRP~QFRPRKHPRVYLVWRFRQWLHQHQXPHURVRVSUHFHSWRVPRUDOHV(VWRV
SUHFHSWRV VH DSR\DQ HQ SULQFLSLRV EiVLFRV GH OD pWLFD ELRPpGLFD (Q JHQHUDO GLFKRV
SULQFLSLRVVRQDFHSWDGRVHQODVWHRUtDVpWLFDVFOiVLFDV \SDUHFHQSUHVXSRQHUVH HQORV
FyGLJRV PpGLFRV WUDGLFLRQDOHV TXH VH KDQ EDVDGR HQ ODV LPSOLFDFLRQHV GHO SULQFLSLR
JHQHUDO ©1R KDJDV HO PDOª 3HUR H[LVWHQ RWURV SULQFLSLRV JHQHUDOHVGH LPSRUWDQFLD QR
PHQRU
'HPDQHUDLGHDOXQDVHULHGHSULQFLSLRVJHQHUDOHVVHUYLUiFRPRPDUFRDQDOtWLFRGH
ORVSULQFLSLRVEiVLFRVTXHH[SUHVHQORVYDORUHVJHQHUDOHVVXE\DFHQWHVDODVUHJODVHQOD
PRUDOLGDGFRP~Q\HQODVQRUPDVGHODpWLFDSURIHVLRQDO(QRWUROXJDU-DPHV&KLOGUHVV
\\RPLVPRKHPRVGHIHQGLGRFXDWURJUXSRVGHSULQFLSLRVPRUDOHVTXHSXHGHQFXPSOLU
HVWDIXQFLyQO
  UHVSHWRDODDXWRQRPtD UHVSHWRDODFDSDFLGDGGHXQDWRPDGHGHFLVLyQGHODV
SHUVRQDVDXWyQRPDV 
  QRPDOHILFHQFLD HYLWDUFDXVDUXQGDxR 
  EHQHILFHQFLD SURSRUFLRQDUEHQHILFLRV\TXHpVWRVFRPSHQVHQORVULHVJRV 
  MXVWLFLD LPSDUFLDOLGDGHQODGLVWULEXFLyQGHORVEHQHILFLRV\ULHVJRV 
(VWRVSULQFLSLRVQRIRUPDQXQVLVWHPDRWHRUtDPRUDOSHURSURSRUFLRQDQXQPDUFR
PHGLDQWHHOFXDOSRGHPRVLGHQWLILFDUORVSUREOHPDVPRUDOHV\UHIOH[LRQDUVREUHHOORV(O
VLVWHPD HVDEVWUDFWR\ HVTXHPiWLFR \ HOSHQVDPLHQWR \HOMXLFLR PRUDOGHEHQWHQHU HQ
FXHQWDRWUDVFRQVLGHUDFLRQHV/RVSULQFLSLRVDEVWUDFWRVSRUVtVRORVQRSRVHHQVXILFLHQWH
FRQWHQLGRSDUDVHUDSOLFDGRVDORVPDWLFHVGHODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVPRUDOHVFRPRPXHVWUDQ
FRQFODULGDGODVQRUPDVSURIHVLRQDOHVTXHULJHQODSVLTXLDWUtDO&RQIUHFXHQFLDHOPRGR
PiVSUXGHQWHGHSURFHGHUHVEXVFDUQXHYDLQIRUPDFLyQVREUHFDVRV\QRUPDVGHFRQGXFWD
HQ YH] GH WUDWDU GH GHFLGLU SUHFLSLWDGDPHQWH WRPDQGR FRPR EDVH FXDOTXLHUD GH ORV
SULQFLSLRVRXQDQiOLVLVWHyULFRJHQHUDO(QRFDVLRQHVORVSUREOHPDVVHVROXFLRQDUiQUHFR
JLHQGRPiVLQIRUPDFLyQ\HQRWURVFDVRVHOVHxDODUTXpSULQFLSLRVVRQPiVLPSRUWDQWHV
HQGLFKDVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVFRQWULEXLUiDODGHFLVLyQ0XFKDVVROXFLRQHVVHDMXVWDUiQDORV
SULQFLSLRVHQODPHGLGDGHORSRVLEOHDODYH]TXHVHUHFRQRFHTXHHQODVVLWXDFLRQHVGH
FRQIOLFWRORVFRPSURPLVRVVXHOHQHVWDUMXVWLILFDGRV
/RVSULQFLSLRVDSRUWDQXQSXQWRGHSDUWLGDSDUDHOMXLFLRPRUDO\SDUDODHYDOXDFLyQ
GH ODV QRUPDV SHUR QR WLHQHQ HQ FXHQWD ODV SDUWLFXODUHV VXWLOH]DV GH ORV SUREOHPDV
PRUDOHV0iVDGHODQWHDQDOL]DUHPRVODQHFHVLGDGGHODHVSHFLILFDFLyQGHORVSULQFLSLRV\
FyPR VH OHV SXHGH LJQRUDU D IDYRU GH RWURV SULQFLSLRV PRUDOHV 3RU HO PRPHQWR VLQ
HPEDUJRPHFHQWUDUpHQORVSURSLRVSULQFLSLRVHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQVXVLJQLILFDGR\HQVXV
LPSOLFDFLRQHVPRUDOHV
5HVSHWRDODDXWRQRPtD
(OUHVSHWRDODDXWRQRPtDHVXQRGHORVSULQFLSLRVPRUDOHVPiVPHQFLRQDGRHQODpWLFD
SVLTXLiWULFD6H HQFXHQWUDDUUDLJDGR HQ ODWUDGLFLyQ PRUDO \ HQ ODSROtWLFDOLEHUDO GH OD
LPSRUWDQFLDGHODOLEHUWDG\ODHOHFFLyQLQGLYLGXDOHV(QILORVRItDPRUDOFXDQGRKDEODPRV
GHDXWRQRPtDGHODSHUVRQDQRVUHIHULPRVDVXDXWRJRELHUQRHOGRPLQLRGHXQRPLVPRD
WUDYpV GH XQD DGHFXDGD FRPSUHQVLyQ PLHQWUDV VH PDQWHQJD OLEUH GH LQWHUIHUHQFLDV GH
FRQWUROSURFHGHQWHVGHORVGHPiV\GHOLPLWDFLRQHVSHUVRQDOHVTXHLPSLGDQODHOHFFLyQ
$Vt ©DXWRQRPtDªVLJQLILFDOLEHUWDGIUHQWHD FRDFFLRQHVH[WHUQDV \ODSUHVHQFLDGHXQD
IDFXOWDG PHQWDO FUtWLFD HMHPSOLILFDGD SRU OD FRPSUHQVLyQ OD LQWHQFLRQDOLGDG \ OD
FDSDFLGDGGHWRPDUGHFLVLRQHVYROXQWDULDV O
5HVSHWDU OD DXWRQRPtD GH XQD SHUVRQD HV UHFRQRFHU FRQ OD GHELGD DWHQFLyQ VXV
IDFXOWDGHV \ VX SHUVSHFWLYD LQFOX\HQGR VX GHUHFKR D VRVWHQHU FLHUWRV SXQWRV GH YLVWD
UHDOL]DUGHWHUPLQDGDVHOHFFLRQHV\VHJXLUFLHUWDVDFFLRQHVEDVDGDVHQORVSURSLRVYDORUHV
\ FUHHQFLDV /D H[LJHQFLD PRUDO GH UHVSHWDU OD DXWRQRPtD GH ODV SHUVRQDV VH SXHGH
H[SUHVDU FRPR XQ SULQFLSLR GH UHVSHWR D OD PLVPD OD DXWRQRPtD GH ODV DFFLRQHV QR
GHEHUtD VHU VRPHWLGD D FRQWURO SRU ORV GHPiV (VWH SULQFLSLR SURSRUFLRQD OD EDVH GHO
GHUHFKR D WRPDU GHFLVLRQHV TXH D VX YH] DGRSWD OD IRUPD GH LRV GHUHFKRV HVSHFtILFRV
UHODFLRQDGRVFRQODDXWRQRPtD
0XFKDVFXHVWLRQHVGHpWLFDGHODSVLTXLDWUtDWLHQHQTXHYHUFRQGHIHFWRVHQHOUHVSHWR
KDFLD OD DXWRQRPtD GH OD SHUVRQD H[WHQGLpQGRVH GHVGH OD UHYHODFLyQ LQVXILFLHQWH \
PDQLSXODWLYDGHODLQIRUPDFLyQSHUWLQHQWHKDVWDHOQRUHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHXQUHFKD]RDODV
LQWHUYHQFLRQHV PpGLFDV 3RU HMHPSOR HQ HO GHEDWH VREUH HO GHUHFKR GH ORV SDFLHQWHV
DXWyQRPRVHLQIRUPDGRVDUHFKD]DUODVLQWHUYHQFLRQHVPpGLFDVHOSULQFLSLRGHOUHVSHWRD
ODDXWRQRPtDVXJLHUHTXHVHGHEHDFDWDUXQDGHFLVLyQDXWyQRPDGHUHFKD]R$XQTXHKDVWD
ILQDOHVGHODGpFDGDGHORVDxRVVHWHQWDODSVLTXLDWUtD\HOGHUHFKRQRSUHVWDURQPXFKD
DWHQFLyQDOD FDSDFLGDG GHUHFKD]RSRUSDUWH GH ORVSDFLHQWHV FRPR HQ HO FDVR GH ORV
LQWHUQDPLHQWRVIRU]RVRVHOORQRGDSLHDSHQVDUTXHHOUHVSHWRDODDXWRQRPtDWDOFRPR
VHLQWHUSUHWDHQODDFWXDOLGDGVHDGHUHFLHQWHLQFRUSRUDFLyQDQXHVWUDSHUVSHFWLYDPRUDO
6HQFLOODPHQWH VXSRQH TXH ODV LPSOLFDFLRQHV GH HVWH SULQFLSLR QR IXHURQ HVWLPDGDV GH
IRUPDDPSOLDKDVWDpSRFDVUHFLHQWHV \D~QKR\SXHGHQQRVHUELHQLQWHUSUHWDGDV 
$SDUWLUGHODGpFDGDGHORVDxRVVHWHQWDODVH[LJHQFLDVGHOFRQVHQWLPLHQWRLQIRUPDGR
KDQLGRLPSRQLpQGRVHHQODPHGLFLQD\SDUHFHQTXHGDUMXVWLILFDGDVSRUODREOLJDFLyQGH
UHVSHWDUODDXWRQRPtD (VWDVH[LJHQFLDVKDQRULJLQDGRXQDVHULHGHSUREOHPDVPRUDOHV
WDPELpQHQODSVLTXLDWUtD3RUHMHPSORSRGUtDSDUHFHUTXHXQSVLTXLDWUDQRSXHGHLPSRQHU
OHJtWLPDPHQWH XQ WUDWDPLHQWR D XQD SHUVRQD FRQ DOWHUDFLRQHV PHQWDOHV TXH QR VHD
SHOLJURVDSHURWDPSRFRSXHGHDFHSWDUXQFRQVHQWLPLHQWRSDUDVXWUDWDPLHQWRFRPR
VLIXHVHDXWyQRPR6LVHUHTXLHUHODDXWRQRPtDSDUDDXWRUL]DUXQWUDWDPLHQWRHQWRQFHV
pVWHQRVHSRGUtDDXWRUL]DUDXQFXDQGRIXHVHEHQHILFLRVR¢+D\DOJRTXHSXHGDJDUDQWL]DU
HOWUDWDPLHQWR"¢+DEUtDTXHVROLFLWDUHOFRQVHQWLPLHQWRGHOWXWRU"¢/RVSURSLRVEHQHILFLRV
WHUDSpXWLFRVFRQVWLWX\HQXQDEDVHPRUDODGHFXDGDSDUDDFWXDU" 
(OSULQFLSLRGHOUHVSHWRDODDXWRQRPtDWDPELpQVHSXHGHDSOLFDUDFXHVWLRQHVEiVLFDV
GHO WUDEDMR SVLTXLiWULFR HVFXFKDU FXLGDGRVDPHQWH ODV SUHJXQWDV GH ORV SDFLHQWHV
UHVSRQGHUODV FRQ HO GHWDOOH TXH H[LJH HO UHVSHWR \ HYLWDU WUDWDUORV GH XQD IRUPD
VREUHSURWHFWRUD 5HVSHWDU OD DXWRQRPtD GH FDGD SDFLHQWH HV UHFRQRFHUOH HO GHUHFKR DO
WUDWDPLHQWRFRQHORSRUWXQRUHVSHWRKDFLDVXVSXQWRVGHYLVWD3RUVXSXHVWRORVSDFLHQWHV
SVLTXLiWULFRV VH HQFXHQWUDQ FRQ IUHFXHQFLD HQ XQD SRVLFLyQ HVSHFLDOPHQWH YXOQHUDEOH
SXHV ORV SUREOHPDV PHQWDOHV FRPR OD GHSUHVLyQ SXHGHQ GHWHULRUDU VX FRPSUHQVLyQ
MXLFLR R FDSDFLGDG SDUD SHQVDU FRQ FODULGDG ²OR TXH SODQWHD LQWHUURJDQWHV VREUH VX
FRPSHWHQFLDSDUDHOHJLU²/RVSVLTXLDWUDVTXHORVDWLHQGHQWDPELpQSXHGHQHQFRQWUDUVH
HQ OD GLItFLO VLWXDFLyQ GH QHJDU OR TXH HO SDFLHQWH GHVHD GH XQD PDQHUD WDO TXH SXHGH
FXHVWLRQDU GLUHFWDPHQWH VX GHUHFKR D HOHJLU (VWR QRV OOHYD DOVXWLO SUREOHPD GH FyPR
WUDWDUORVFRQUHVSHWRVLQKDFHUTXHVLHQWDQWHPRURVHYHDQDPHQD]DGRV
$O LJXDO TXH FRQ WRGRV ORV SULQFLSLRV PRUDOHV ORV SUREOHPDV HQ FRQIOLFWR FRQ HO
SULQFLSLR GHO UHVSHWR D OD DXWRQRPtD DSDUHFHQ FXDQGR WHQHPRV TXH LQWHUSUHWDU VX
VLJQLILFDGRHQFRQWH[WRVSDUWLFXODUHV\KHPRVGHGHWHUPLQDUORVOtPLWHVSUHFLVRVSDUDVX
DSOLFDFLyQ \ PDQHMR FXDQGR FROLVLRQDQ FRQ RWURV SULQFLSLRV PRUDOHV +D\ P~OWLSOHV
FRQWURYHUVLDVTXHFXHVWLRQDQODVFRQGLFLRQHVEDMRODVFXDOHVHOGHUHFKRGHXQDSHUVRQDD
H[SUHVDUVHGHIRUPDDXWyQRPDH[LJHDFFLRQHVGHORVGHPiV7DPELpQVXUJHQGXGDVVREUH
ODV UHVWULFFLRQHV TXH OD VRFLHGDG SXHGH LPSRQHU OHJtWLPDPHQWH D ORV SDFLHQWHV R ORV
LQGLYLGXRV FXDQGR ODV RSFLRQHV GH pVWRV HQWUDQ HQ FRQIOLFWR FRQ RWURV YDORUHV 6L OD
OLPLWDFLyQGHODDXWRQRPtDGHOSDFLHQWHHVOHJtWLPDVXMXVWLILFDFLyQVLHPSUHGHVFDQVDUi
HQ DOJ~Q SULQFLSLR PRUDO HQ FRPSHWHQFLD FRPR OD EHQHILFHQFLD R OD MXVWLFLD 0XFKRV
FDVRVLQWHUHVDQWHVHQSVLTXLDWUtDWLHQHQTXHYHUFRQSUREOHPDVGHSDWHUQDOLVPRPpGLFR
WDOFRPRVHYHUiPiVDGHODQWH
1RPDOHILFHQFLD
'HVGHODpSRFDGH+LSyFUDWHVORVPpGLFRVKDQUHFRQRFLGRTXHQRGHEHQFDXVDUGDxRD
VXV SDFLHQWHV (QWUH ORV SULQFLSLRV PiV FLWDGRV HQ OD KLVWRULD GH ORV FyGLJRV GH pWLFD
PpGLFDVHHQFXHQWUDODPi[LPD primuin non nocere:©DQWHWRGRQRKDJDVHOPDOª(O
PpGLFREULWiQLFR7KRPDV3HUFLYDOIXHHODXWRUGHOSULPHUWH[WRPRGHUQRGHpWLFDGHORV
FXLGDGRVVDQLWDULRVHQHOTXHPDQWHQtDTXHODQRPDOHILFHQFLDHVWiHQWUHODVREOLJDFLRQHV
SULPDULDVGHOPpGLFRSRUHQFLPDGHOUHVSHWRDODDXWRQRPtDGHOSDFLHQWHLQFOXVR HQHO
FDVRGHXQGDxRSRWHQFLDOSDUDpO
$QWH XQ SDFLHQWH >@ TXH UHDOL]D SUHJXQWDV TXH VL VH FRQWHVWDVHQ SXQWXDOPHQWH
SRGUtDQ UHVXOWDUOH IDWDOHV VHUtD LQMXVWR UHYHODUOH FUXGD \ IUtDPHQWH OD YHUGDG 6X
GHUHFKR D OD PLVPD TXHGD VXVSHQGLGR H LQFOXVR DQXODGR GDGR TXH >@ VHUtD
JUDYHPHQWHSHUMXGLFLDOSDUDpO\VXIDPLOLD\SDUDODSREODFLyQ(OSDFLHQWHWLHQHHO
PiVDOWRGHUHFKRGHVGHOD FRQILDQ]DGHSRVLWDGD HQVX PpGLFRDVtFRPRGHVGHORV
SULQFLSLRV FRPXQHV GH KXPDQLGDGD VHU SURWHJLGR FRQWUD ORGR OR TXH OH VHD
SHUMXGLFLDO
(QORVHVFULWRV\FyGLJRVPpGLFRVFOiVLFRVVHKDQUHSHWLGRLGHDVVHPHMDQWHVHQPXFKDV
RFDVLRQHV\KD\SRFDVGXGDVDFHUFDGHTXHPXFKDVQRUPDVEiVLFDVGHODPRUDOL
GDGFRP~QVRQH[LJHQFLDVSDUDHYLWDUFDXVDUHOPDO,QFOX\HQUHJODVFRPR©1RPDWHVª©1R
FDXVHVGRORUª©1RPXWLOHVª©1RSULYHVGHOSODFHUª©1RGHIUDXGHVª\©1RLQFXPSODVODV
SURPHVDVª3URKLELFLRQHVVHPHMDQWHVSHURPiVHVSHFtILFDVDSDUHFHQDORODUJRGHWRGDOD
OLWHUDWXUD GH pWLFD ELRPpGLFD EDViQGRVH HQ HO SULQFLSLR GH TXH HO GDxR FDXVDGR
LQWHQFLRQDGDPHQWHRSRUQHJOLJHQFLDHVXQPDOPRUDOIXQGDPHQWDO 
(Q UHODFLyQ FRQ OD QR PDOHILFHQFLD HQ SVLTXLDWUtD H[LVWHQ P~OWLSOHV SUREOHPDV
DOJXQRVLPSOLFDQDEXVRVSDWHQWHVGHODVSHUVRQDV\RWURVVXSRQHQVXWLOHVFXHVWLRQHVQR
UHVXHOWDV 6H HQFXHQWUDQ HMHPSORV GHVFDUDGRV GH RPLVLyQ HQ FXDQWR D OD DFWXDFLyQ QR
GDxLQD HQ OD SUiFWLFD GH OD SVLTXLDWUtD SDUD FODVLILFDU D ORV GLVLGHQWHV SROtWLFRV FRPR
HQIHUPRV PHQWDOHVWUDWiQGROHVDSDUWLUGHDKt FRQIiUPDFRV QRFLYRV \ HQFDUFHOiQGRORV
MXQWRDGHPHQWHV\SHUVRQDVYLROHQWDV(MHPSORVPiVVXWLOHVDSDUHFHQHQHOHPSOHRGH
PHGLFDFLRQHV SVLFRWUySLFDV HQ HO WUDWDPLHQWR GH ORV SDFLHQWHV DJUHVLYRV \ SHOLJURVRV
(VWRVPRGRVGHWUDWDPLHQWRVRQ~WLOHVHQPXFKRVSDFLHQWHVSHURSXHGHQVHUSHUMXGLFLDOHV
SDUDRWURV/RVSVLTXLDWUDVSRFRFXLGDGRVRVWDPELpQSXHGHQFDXVDUXQSHUMXLFLRFXDQGR
QR UHDOL]DQ DGHFXDGDPHQWH XQD KLVWRULD FOtQLFD SUHVFULEHQ GRVLV LQFRUUHFWDV GH
PHGLFDFLyQIUDFDVDQHQODYLJLODQFLD\WUDWDPLHQWRGHORVHIHFWRVVHFXQGDULRVHWF 
5HVSHFWRDODQRPDOHILFHQFLD HQSVLTXLDWUtD3DXO6$SSHOEDXPKDSODQWHDGR XQD
LPSRUWDQWH\GHOLFDGDFXHVWLyQHQVXLQYHVWLJDFLyQVREUH©HOSUREOHPDGHSHUMXGLFDUªFRQ
HO WHVWLPRQLR SVLTXLiWULFR HQ FRQWH[WRV SHQDOHV \ GH OLWLJLRV FLYLOHV ²SRU HMHPSOR DO
RPLWLULQIRUPDFLyQHQHOFRQWH[WRGHXQSURFHVRWUDVHOFXDOVHSURQXQFLDXQDSHQDPiV
JUDYHGHODTXHSUREDEOHPHQWHVHKDEUtDLPSXHVWR²$SSHOEDXPSUHVHQWDHOSUREOHPD
JHQpULFRSDUDODpWLFDGHODSVLTXLDWUtDFRPRXQDVHQFLOODFXHVWLyQGHQRPDOHILFHQFLD
6LORVSVLTXLDWUDVHVWiQREOLJDGRVDKDFHUHOELHQ\HYLWDUHOPDO¢FyPRSXHGHQSDUWLFLSDUHQ
SURFHGLPLHQWRVOHJDOHVGHORVTXHVHSXHGHGHULYDUXQPDO"6LSRURWUDSDUWHHQORVWULEXQDOHV
DEDQGRQDQORVSULQFLSLRVpWLFRVWUDGLFLRQDOHVGHODPHGLFLQD¢FyPRMXVWLILFDQHVDGHVYLDFLyQ"
<VLODVREOLJDFLRQHVGHKDFHUHOELHQ\HYLWDUHOPDOGHMDQGHUHJLUVREUHORVSVLTXLDWUDVHQHO
PDUFROHJDO¢TXpSULQFLSLRVDOWHUQDWLYRVHQWUDQHQMXHJR">@¢(VWiQORVSVLTXLDWUDVVRPHWLGRV
HQJHQHUDODSULQFLSLRVGHEHQHILFHQFLD\GHQRPDOHILFHQFLD"
(VWHSUREOHPDJHQHUDOVHH[WLHQGHPiVDOOiGHODpWLFDIRUHQVHKDVWDDVSHFWRVGHOD
pWLFDWHUDSpXWLFDSRUHMHPSORFXDQGRVHYDORUDODFRPSHWHQFLD\VHSURPXHYHXQLQWHU
QDPLHQWRIRU]RVR(QFDGDFDVRORVGDxRVVHFRPSHQVDQIUHQWHDORVEHQHILFLRVORTXH
QRVOOHYDDOWHPDGHODEHQHILFHQFLD\VXDSODVWDQWHSDSHOHQSVLTXLDWUtD
%HQHILFHQFLD
(QPHGLFLQDXQYDORUIXQGDPHQWDOHVHOORJURGHOELHQHVWDUGHORVSDFLHQWHVFRPRPHWD
GHORVFXLGDGRVVDQLWDULRV(OFRQWH[WR\ODMXVWLILFDFLyQGHODPHGLFLQDDSDUHFHQHQORV
GLDJQyVWLFRV\WUDWDPLHQWRVFOtQLFRVTXHDVSLUHQDSURPRYHUODVDOXGPHGLDQWHODFXUDFLyQ
RSUHYHQFLyQGHODHQIHUPHGDG/DVREOLJDFLRQHVJHQHUDOHVGHODYLGDPRUDODVtFRPRORV
GHEHUHVHVSHFtILFRVGHODpWLFDSURIHVLRQDOTXHUHTXLHUHQXQDDWHQFLyQSRVLWLYDSXHGHQ
DJUXSDUVHEDMRHOHQFDEH]DPLHQWR~QLFRGH©%HQHILFHQFLDª(OSULQFLSLRGHEHQHILFHQFLD
QRVH[LJHD\XGDUDORVGHPiVPiVDOOiGHVXVOHJtWLPRVLQWHUHVHVHYLWDQGRRHOLPLQDQGR
KDELWXDOPHQWHORVSRVLEOHVGDxRV³
/RVFRQFHSWRVEiVLFRVTXHRWRUJDQVXHVHQFLDDOSULQFLSLRGHEHQHILFHQFLDHQPHGLFLQD
VRQORVVLJXLHQWHVWRGRVORVEHQHILFLRVSRVLWLYRVTXHHOPpGLFRHVWiREOLJDGRDEXVFDU
VXSRQHQHODOLYLRGHODHQIHUPHGDG\ODOHVLyQORVGDxRVTXHKD\TXHSUHYHQLUHOLPLQDU
RPLQLPL]DUVRQHOGRORUHOVXIULPLHQWR\ODGLVFDSDFLGDGGHODOHVLyQ\ODHQIHUPHGDG
ORVEHQHILFLRVTXHXQSVLTXLDWUDSXHGHFRQWULEXLUDSURSRUFLRQDULQFOX\HQODFRODERUDFLyQ
FRQ ORV SDFLHQWHV SDUD HQFRQWUDU IRUPDV DGHFXDGDV GH DSR\R HFRQyPLFR \ D\XGDUOHV D
REWHQHU HO DFFHVR D ORV FXLGDGRV VDQLWDULRV R D ORV SURWRFRORV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ (Q
RFDVLRQHVHOEHQHILFLRHVSDUDHOSDFLHQWHHQRWURVFDVRVSDUDODVRFLHGDG6HVXSRQHTXH
VH H[LJHQWDOHVDFWRVFXDQGR ORVEHQHILFLRVVHDQVXVWDQFLDOHV \VHSXHGDQSURSRUFLRQDU
FRQ XQ ULHVJR PtQLPR SDUD HO SVLTXLDWUD XQR QR WLHQH HO GHEHU GH OD EHQHILFHQFLD HQ
FXDOTXLHUFLUFXQVWDQFLDGHULHVJR
8QDQiOLVLVGHODEHQHILFHQFLDHQWHQGLGDHQVHQWLGRDPSOLRSRGUtDOOHYDUDH[LJHQFLDV
XWLOLWDULVWDVGHVDFULILFLR\JHQHURVLGDGH[WUHPDHQODYLGDPRUDOSRUHMHPSORGDQGRXQ
ULxyQSDUDVXWUDVSODQWHRGRQDQGRPpGXODyVHD3RUWDQWRKD\TXHOLPLWDUHODOFDQFHROD
H[WHQVLyQ H[DFWD GH ORV DFWRV UHTXHULGRV SRU OD REOLJDFLyQ GH OD EHQHILFHQFLD SHUR HV
GLItFLOWUD]DUXQD OtQHDSUHFLVD3RUVXHUWH QR QHFHVLWDPRVXQDVROXFLyQ HQ HO FRQWH[WR
DFWXDO1RKD\QLQJXQDGXGDUHVSHFWRDQXHVWUDREOLJDFLyQPRUDOGHKDFHUHOELHQDORV
GHPiV HQ DOJXQDV RFDVLRQHV ²DO PHQRV FXDQGR VH GHVHPSHxDQ SURIHVLRQHV FRPR OD
PHGLFLQD\ODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
/DV LQWXLFLRQHV PRUDOHV FRUULHQWHV LJXDO TXH ODV GH ORV PpGLFRV QRV GLFHQ TXH HO
GHEHUGHQRFDXVDUGDxRDORVGHPiVVHLPSRQHDOGHEHUGHKDFHUOHVHOELHQ6LQHPEDUJR
HVWDUHJODGHRUGHQDFLyQMHUiUTXLFDQRYLHQHVDQFLRQDGDSRUQLQJXQDWHRUtDPRUDORpWLFD
8QGDxRFDXVDGRSXHGHVHULQVLJQLILFDQWHRWULYLDOPLHQWUDVTXHHOTXHWUDWDGHHYLWDUVH
SXHGHVHUFRQVLGHUDEOHVDOYDUODYLGDGHXQDSHUVRQDHQXQDLQWHUYHQFLyQWHUDSpXWLFDFRQ
IUHFXHQFLDYDOHPiVTXHORVGDxRV DVtFRPRODYLRODFLyQGHODDXWRQRPtD SURGXFLGRVSRU
XQDLQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DFLyQIRU]RVD8QDGHODVPRWLYDFLRQHVSDUDVHSDUDUODQRPDOHILFHQFLD
GHODEHQHILFHQFLDHVTXHpVWDVHQWUDQHQFRQIOLFWRFXDQGRXQRGHEHSURGXFLUXQEHQHILFLR
R HYLWDU XQ PDO \ QR SXHGH ORJUDU DPERV 6L HV SRVLEOH PRGLILFDU HO SHVR GH ORV GRV
SULQFLSLRV FRPR HV HO FDVR SXHGH QR KDEHU UHJODV PHFiQLFDV TXH DILUPHQ TXH XQD
REOLJDFLyQGHEHYDOHUVLHPSUHPiVTXHODRWUD
4XLHQHVVHGHGLFDQWDQWRDODSUiFWLFDFRPRDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQPpGLFDVDEHQTXHHQ
ODV LQWHUYHQFLRQHV ORV ULHVJRV GH OHVLyQ GHEHQ VHU VRSHVDGRV IUHQWH D ORV SRVLEOHV
EHQHILFLRVSDUDORVSDFLHQWHVORVLQGLYLGXRV\ODSREODFLyQ(OPpGLFRTXHGHFODUD©QR
GDxDUªQRHVWiSURPHWLHQGRQRFDXVDUMDPiVGDxRVVLQRPiVELHQHVIRU]DUVHHQFUHDUXQ
EDODQFHSRVLWLYRGHEXHQRVUHVXOWDGRVVREUHORVGDxRVRULJLQDGRV(OORTXHGDUHFRQRFLGR
HQHO&yGLJRGH1XUHPEHUJTXHRUGHQD©(OJUDGRGHULHVJRTXHVHDVXPDQXQFDGHEHUtD
H[FHGHU HO GHWHUPLQDGR SRU OD LPSRUWDQFLD KXPDQLWDULD GHO SUREOHPD TXH VH UHVXHOYD
PHGLDQWHHOH[SHULPHQWRª
-XVWLFLD
7RGD VRFLHGDG FLYLOL]DGD HV XQD HPSUHVD GH FRODERUDFLyQ HVWUXFWXUDGD SRU SULQFLSLRV
PRUDOHVOHJDOHV\FXOWXUDOHVGHILQLGRVSRUORVWpUPLQRVGHFRRSHUDFLyQVRFLDO/DMXVWLFLD
KDVLGRHODVXQWRPiVDPSOLDPHQWHGLVFXWLGR8QDSHUVRQDHVWUDWDGDMXVWDPHQWHVLORHV
FRQ DUUHJOR D OR HTXLWDWLYR OR FRQYHQLHQWH R OR GHELGR 3RU HMHPSOR VL D WRGRV ORV
FLXGDGDQRVOHVFRUUHVSRQGHQORVPLVPRVGHUHFKRVSROtWLFRVXQWUDWRMXVWRDODSHUVRQD
LPSOLFD FRQFHGHUOH HVRV GHUHFKRV (O WpUPLQR justicia distributiva VH UHILHUH D OD
GLVWULEXFLyQ LPSDUFLDO HTXLWDWLYD \ DSURSLDGD HQ OD VRFLHGDGGHWHUPLQDGD SRU QRUPDV
MXVWDVGHUHSDUWRTXH FRQILJXUDQSDUWH GHODV FRQGLFLRQHV GH OD FRRSHUDFLyQVRFLDO (Q
JHQHUDO HVWH WpUPLQR DOXGH D OD GLVWULEXFLyQ GH ELHQHV VRFLDOHV SULPDULRV FRPR ORV
HFRQyPLFRV
\ORVGHUHFKRVSROtWLFRVIXQGDPHQWDOHV3HURWDPELpQLQFOX\HHQVXSHUVSHFWLYDODVFDUJDV
(OSDJRDWUDYpVGHGLYHUVRVWLSRVGHVHJXURVVDQLWDULRVQDFLRQDOHVHVXQDFDUJDGLVWULEXLGD
ORVWDORQHVGH0HGLFDUH \ODVD\XGDVSDUDLQYHVWLJDFLyQVRQEHQHILFLRVGLVWULEXLGRV´
1R H[LVWH XQ ~QLFR SULQFLSLR GH MXVWLFLD 'H PRGR VHPHMDQWH D ORV LQFOXLGRV EDMR HO
HQFDEH]DPLHQWRGHEHQHILFHQFLDH[LVWHQGLYHUVRVSULQFLSLRVFDGDXQRGHORVFXDOHVUHTXLHUH
VX HVSHFLILFDFLyQ HQ ORV FRQWH[WRV SDUWLFXODUHV /RV ILOyVRIRV WDPELpQ KDQ GHVDUUROODGR
GLYHUVDV WHRUtDV GH OD MXVWLFLD TXH SURSRUFLRQDQ SULQFLSLRV PDWHULDOHV \ TXH GHILHQGHQ OD
HOHFFLyQGHORVPLVPRV(VWDVWHRUtDVSUHWHQGHQVHUPiVHVSHFtILFDVTXHHOSULQFLSLRIRUPDO
PHGLDQWHODHODERUDFLyQGHFULWHULRVGHFRPSDUDFLyQGHODVSHUVRQDV\GHORTXHVXSRQHGDU
DFDGDFXDOORTXHOHHVGHELGR/DVWHRUtDVLJXDOLWDULDVGHODMXVWLFLDDFHQW~DQXQDFFHVR
HTXLWDWLYRDORVELHQHVSULPDULRVODVWHRUtDVOLEHUDOHVKDFHQKLQFDSLpHQORVGHUHFKRVDOD
OLEHUWDG VRFLDO \ HFRQyPLFD \ ODV WHRUtDV XWLOLWDULVWDV GHVWDFDQ XQ HPSOHR PL[WR GH WDOHV
FULWHULRVSDUDORJUDUODPi[LPDXWLOLGDGS~EOLFD\SULYDGD(VWDVWUHVWHRUtDVGHODMXVWLFLD
UHFRJHQDOJXQDVGHQXHVWUDVFRQYLFFLRQHVLQWXLWLYDVVREUHODPLVPDFDGDXQDFRQXQXVR
GLIHUHQWHGHORVSULQFLSLRV
(OSDSHOGHODJHVWLyQGHODDVLVWHQFLDSVLTXLiWULFDKDSODQWHDGRP~OWLSOHVFXHVWLRQHVGH
MXVWLFLDGLVWULEXWLYDHQORV~OWLPRVDxRV YpDVHHOFDStWXOR 3RUHMHPSOR¢TXpIRUPDVGH
SDGHFLPLHQWRPHQWDOGHEHQFXEULUORVVHJXURVVDQLWDULRV\FXiOHVHOSDSHOGHOFRQFHSWRGH
©QHFHVLGDGPpGLFDªHQHOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHWDOHVGHWHUPLQDFLRQHV"´)XQGDPHQWDOPHQWH
pVWRVVRQSUREOHPDVGHLPSDUFLDOLGDG\ODVREOLJDFLRQHVGHMXVWLFLDFUHDGDVSRUQXHVWUDV
UHVSXHVWDVDORVPLVPRVVHHQWUHFUX]DQFRQIUHFXHQFLDFRQORVSULQFLSLRVPRUDOHV
8QHMHPSORVXUJHHQODSUHJXQWD©¢&XiQGRHVOHJtWLPREXUODUODVUHVWULFFLRQHVGHXQ
VLVWHPDGHVHJXURTXHXQSVLTXLDWUDFRQVLGHUHLQMXVWDV"ª8QHVWXGLRGH'HQQLV+1RYDFN
\VXHTXLSRLQGLFDTXHHOGHORVPpGLFRVHQFXHVWDGRVTXHSHUFLEtDQTXHXQSODQGH
VHJXURV HUD LQMXVWR HVWDEDQ GLVSXHVWRV D UHDOL]DU DILUPDFLRQHV IDOVDV D ORV WHUFHURV SDUD
REWHQHUORVSDJRVSDUDVXVSDFLHQWHV6LQHPEDUJRGHQWURGHHVWHGHPpGLFRVHO
LQVLVWLyHQTXHVXDFFLyQQRVXSRQGUtDXQ©IUDXGHª´(OHVWXGLRVXJLHUHTXHORVPpGLFRVVH
VLHQWHQORVXILFLHQWHPHQWHIXHUWHVIUHQWHDODVLQMXVWLFLDVGHORVDFWXDOHVVLVWHPDVGHSDJR
FRPR SDUD UHDOL]DU DILUPDFLRQHV IDOVDV SDUD FRPSHQVDU XQ GHVHTXLOLEULR \ GHVSXpV QR
FRQWHPSODUiQORTXHKDQKHFKRFRPRXQDVXQWRGHIUDXGHRPHQWLUDSRUTXHODDFFLyQVH
HQFXHQWUD MXVWLILFDGD PRUDOPHQWH(O FRQWH[WRUHJLGRSRU OD HFRQRPtDTXH FRQGLFLRQDOD
SUiFWLFDSVLTXLiWULFDDFWXDOSODQWHDP~OWLSOHVFXHVWLRQHVVLPLODUHVGHMXVWLFLD´
(Q SVLTXLDWUtD QR VRQ LQIUHFXHQWHV ORV SUREOHPDV GH MXVWLFLD HQ FRQIOLFWR FRQ RWUDV
REOLJDFLRQHV \ OHDOWDGHV $Vt SRU HMHPSOR VH FRQRFH XQ FDVR HQ HO TXH XQ SVLTXLDWUD
FRQVXOWRUHVSHFLDOL]DGRHQDGROHVFHQWHVGHVFXEULyXQJUDYHIDOORTXLU~UJLFRTXHFDXVyOD
PXHUWH GH XQ MRYHQ GH  DxRV (O SVLTXLDWUD WHQtD DFFHVR D XQD LQIRUPDFLyQ GH OD TXH
FDUHFtDODIDPLOLD\TXHWDPSRFRLEDDUHFLELUDXQTXHGLFKDLQIRUPDFLyQVHHQFRQWUDVHHQ
OD ILFKD PpGLFD (Q HVWH FDVR OD QHJDFLyQ GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ SDUHFtD DOJR PiV TXH XQD
RPLVLyQGHOUHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOGHUHFKRGHORVSDGUHVDODPLVPDSDUHFtDXQDLQMXVWLFLD
SXHVVHQHJDEDODRSRUWXQLGDGGHVROLFLWDUXQDLQGHPQL]DFLyQ3RUWDQWRHOSVLTXLDWUDUHYHOy
ODFRPSOLFDFLyQTXLU~UJLFDDODPDGUHGHOMRYHQ
NATURALEZA Y FUNCIÓN DE LOS PRINCIPIOS MORALES
(OFDUiFWHUprima facieGHORVSULQFLSLRVUHJODV\GHUHFKRV
:'5RVVGHVDUUROOyXQDWHRUtDGHVWLQDGDDD\XGDUHQODUHVROXFLyQGHORVSUREOHPDVGH
FRQIOLFWRVHQWUHSULQFLSLRV6XVSXQWRVGHYLVWDVHEDVDQHQXQDHVWLPDFLyQGHORTXHpO
OODPDGHEHUHVprima facie,TXHFRQWUDSRQHDORVGHEHUHVUHDOHV8QGHEHUprima facieHV
XQGHEHUSULRULWDULRD QRVHUTXH HQDOJXQDRFDVLyQ FRQFUHWD HQWUH HQ FRQIOLFWR FRQXQ
GHEHU LJXDOR PiVXUJHQWH8Q GHEHU prima facieVLHPSUH HV FRUUHFWR \ REOLJDVLHQGR
LQGLIHUHQWHVORVGHPiVDVSHFWRV\QRVHYHVXSHUDGRQLFRQGLFLRQDGRSRURWUDVH[LJHQFLDV
PRUDOHVTXHHQWUHQHQFRPSHWHQFLD8QGHEHU real,SRUHOFRQWUDULRTXHGDGHWHUPLQDGR
HQODVVLWXDFLRQHVSDUWLFXODUHVSRU HO H[DPHQ GHOSHVRUHVSHFWLYR GHORVGHEHUHV prima
facieHQFRPSHWHQFLD
6XSRQJDPRVTXHXQSVLTXLDWUDSRVHHLQIRUPDFLyQFRQILGHQFLDOVREUHXQSDFLHQWHTXH
WUDEDMDHQHOPLVPRKRVSLWDOTXHpO(OSDFLHQWHHVWiEXVFDQGRXQDVFHQVRHQXQDVLWXDFLyQ
PX\HVWUHVDQWHSHURHOSVLTXLDWUDWLHQHEXHQDVUD]RQHVSDUDSHQVDUTXHVXDVFHQVRVHUtD
GHYDVWDGRU WDQWR SDUD HO SDFLHQWH FRPR SDUD HO KRVSLWDO (Q HVWDV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV HO
SVLTXLDWUD WLHQH GHEHUHV GH FRQILGHQFLDOLGDG GH QRPDOHILFHQFLD \ GH EHQHILFHQFLD
¢'HEHUtDWUDQVJUHGLUODFRQILGHQFLDOLGDG"¢SRGUtDJHVWLRQDUVHHODVXQWRFRPXQLFDQGRHVWD
LQIRUPDFLyQVyORDODGPLQLVWUDGRUGHOKRVSLWDO\QRDODVHFFLyQGHSHUVRQDO"¢VHSXHGH
FRQVHJXLU TXH WDOHV UHYHODFLRQHV VHDQ FRKHUHQWHV FRQ VXV REOLJDFLRQHV JHQHUDOHV GH
FRQILGHQFLDOLGDG" 3DUD HQIUHQWDUVH D HVWDV SUHJXQWDV HV SUHFLVR KDFHUOR D WUDYpV GH XQ
SURFHVRGHMXVWLILFDFLyQPRUDOTXHHVWDEOH]FDHOYHUGDGHURGHEHUGHXQRPLVPRDQWHHVWRV
FRQIOLFWRVGHGHEHUHVprima facie.
+RZDUG'.LEVLSURIHVRUGHSVLTXLDWUtDKDDILUPDGRTXHVyORH[LVWHXQDH[FHSFLyQ
DO GHEHU GH FRQILGHQFLDOLGDG ©FXDQGRXQ WULEXQDO GH MXVWLFLD RUGHQD DO PpGLFR UHYHODU
LQIRUPDFLyQª´'DGRTXHODFRQILGHQFLDOLGDGHVXQGHEHU prima facie,HVWDWHVLVHVDOD
SDUGHPDVLDGRDPSOLD\GHPDVLDGRHVWULFWD´(VGHPDVLDGRDPSOLDSRUTXHODRUGHQGHXQ
WULEXQDO GH MXVWLFLD SXHGH QR VHU XQD MXVWLILFDFLyQ SDUD TXH ORV SVLTXLDWUDV UHYHOHQ
LQIRUPDFLyQ FRQILGHQFLDO GHO PLVPR PRGR TXH QR OR HV SDUD ORV SHULRGLVWDV R ORV
PLHPEURVGHOFOHUR/DWHVLVHVGHPDVLDGRHVWULFWDSRUTXHH[LVWHQP~OWLSOHVVLWXDFLRQHV
EDMRODV FXDOHVVHSXHGHGHMDUGHODGR HO GHEHUGH FRQILGHQFLDOLGDGDQWH FLUFXQVWDQFLDV
JUDYHVWDOHVFRPRODFRDFFLyQGHOSDFLHQWHDOSVLTXLDWUDRODSRVLELOLGDGGHULHVJRS~EOLFR
PDVLYRRFDVLRQDGRSRUHOSDFLHQWH/DLGHDGHTXHSRGDPRVHQXPHUDUODVH[FHSFLRQHVD
ODV UHJODV PRUDOHV ²XQD R PiV JHQHUDOHV R SURIHVLRQDOHV² FDVL VLHPSUH HV XQD
H[SHFWDWLYDSRFRUHDOLVWD
(OKHFKRGHTXHQLQJ~QFyGLJRILORVyILFRRSURIHVLRQDO KD\DRIUHFLGRGHIRUPDVDWLV
IDFWRUtD XQ VLVWHPD GH UHJODV PRUDOHV GHVSURYLVWR GH FRQIOLFWRV \ H[FHSFLRQHV QR KD GH
FRQVWLWXLU XQ PRWLYR QL SDUD HO HVFHSWLFLVPR QL SDUD OD DODUPD /RV GHEHUHV prima facie
UHIOHMDQODFRPSOHMLGDGGHODYLGDPRUDOHQODTXHUHVXOWDLPSRVLEOHXQDMHUDUTXtDGHUHJODV
\SULQFLSLRV(OSUREOHPDGH&yPRYDORUDUORVGLYHUVRVSULQFLSLRVPRUDOHVVLJXHVLQVROXFLyQ
ORPLVPRTXHDYHULJXDUODPHMRUVHULHGHSULQFLSLRVPRUDOHVSDUDFRQVWLWXLUHODUPD]yQGHOD
pWLFD ELRPpGLFD 6LQ HPEDUJR ODV FXDWUR FDWHJRUtDV JHQHUDOHV GH SULQFLSLRV prima facie
DQDOL]DGDVHQODVHFFLyQDQWHULRUKDQUHVXOWDGR~WLOHVFRPRSXQWREiVLFRGHSDUWLGD\IXHQWH
SDUDODUHIOH[LyQVREUHORVFDVRV \SUREOHPDV&RPRD FRQWLQXDFLyQ YHUHPRV ODSULQFLSDO
GLILFXOWDGGHHVWRVSULQFLSLRV\GHORVGHEHUHV prima facieHVTXHKD\TXHHVSHFLILFDUORVHQ
P~OWLSOHVFRQWH[WRV
(VSHFLILFDFLyQ\UHIRUPDPRUDO
7DOFRPRVHxDOiEDPRVDQWHULRUPHQWHFRQIUHFXHQFLDORVSUREOHPDVPRUDOHVSUiFWLFRVQR
SXHGHQ VROXFLRQDUVH PHGLDQWH HO UHFXUVR D ORV SULQFLSLRV JHQHUDOHV (VWRV SUREOHPDV
SUiFWLFRVUHTXLHUHQXQDFODULILFDFLyQDGHFXDGDGHQXHVWUDVQRUPDVJHQHUDOHV3DUDTXHVHDQ
SUiFWLFRVORVSULQFLSLRVPRUDOHVGHEHQVHUHVSHFLILFDGRVSDUDFDGDFRQWH[WR\GDUFDELGDD
FRQVLGHUDFLRQHV GH IDFWLELOLGDG \ GH SROtWLFD LQVWLWXFLRQDO ,QFOXVR ODV QRUPDV FRQFUHWDV
PXFKDVYHFHVVRQGHPDVLDGRLQGHWHUPLQDGDV\QHFHVLWDQXQDSUHFLVLyQXOWHULRU´8QVLPSOH
HMHPSORGHHVSHFLILFDFLyQGHODVREOLJDFLRQHVSDUDREWHQHUHOFRQVHQWLPLHQWRDSDUHFHHQOD
VLJXLHQWHGLVSRVLFLyQGHODVEthical guidelines for the practice of forensic psychiatryGH
OD $PHULFDQ $FDGHP\ RI 3V\FKLDWU\ DQG WKH /DZ ©&XDQGR VHD SRVLEOH VH REWHQGUi
FRQVHQWLPLHQWRLQIRUPDGRGHOVXMHWRGHXQDHYDOXDFLyQIRUHQVH&XDQGRQRVHUHTXLHUDHO
FRQVHQWLPLHQWRVHDYLVDUiDOHYDOXDGRGHODQDWXUDOH]DGHODHYDOXDFLyQ6LHOHYDOXDGRQR
HVFRPSHWHQWHSDUDGDUHOFRQVHQWLPLHQWRVHREWHQGUiSRUVXVWLWXFLyQVHJ~QODVOH\HVGHOD
MXULVGLFFLyQª
(QpWLFDELRPpGLFDVHKDSODQWHDGRRWURSUREOHPDSRU XQD FRQFUHFLyQTXHDSDUHFH
FRQ IUHFXHQFLD HQ OD OLWHUDWXUD GH pWLFD PpGLFD ©/RV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV GHEHQ DQWHSRQHU HO
ELHQHVWDUGHORVVXMHWRVDOFRQRFLPLHQWRFLHQWtILFRREWHQLGRDSDUWLUGHORVHVWXGLRVª(VWD
SDUHFHXQDEXHQDHVSHFLILFDFLyQ GHORVFRPSURPLVRVFRQHOELHQHVWDUGHOVXMHWR\FRQOD
REOLJDFLyQ GH UHDOL]DU XQD EXHQD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ  \ WDPELpQ SDUHFH VHU XQD EXHQD UHJOD
MHUiUTXLFD 6LQ HPEDUJR GHEHUtDPRV VDEHU TXH FLHUWDV IRUPDV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ ²SRU
HMHPSOR DOJXQDV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV QR WHUDSpXWLFDV FRQ YROXQWDULRV² QR DQWHSRQHQ HO
ELHQHVWDUGHORVVXMHWRVDOREMHWLYRGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRFLHQWtILFRQLSXHGHQKDFHUORSXHVKD\
XQULHVJRVLJQLILFDWLYRLPSOtFLWR\QRKD\XQDH[SHFWDWLYDLQPHGLDWDGHEHQHILFLRSDUDORV
VXMHWRV (Q HVRVFDVRVDGHPiVVHGHEH HVSHFLILFDUTXH ODREWHQFLyQGHORVUHVXOWDGRVGH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GH XQ EXHQ HVWXGLR SXHGH TXHGDU MXVWLILFDGD ²SDUD YROXQWDULRV
FRPSHWHQWHV² PHGLDQWH XQ FRQVHQWLPLHQWR LQIRUPDGR DGHFXDGR LQFOXVR DXQTXH H[LVWD
ULHVJR\QRKD\DXQDH[SHFWDWLYDLQPHGLDWDGHEHQHILFLR´
7DO HVSHFLILFDFLyQ SURJUHVLYD HV IXQGDPHQWDO HQ pWLFD ELRPpGLFD VREUH WRGR HQ OD
IRUPXODFLyQGHXQSURJUDPDS~EOLFRHLQVWLWXFLRQDO8QHMHPSORWtSLFRGHXQSUREOHPDTXH
WLHQpQ R TXH DIURQWDUiQ OD PD\RU SDUWH GH ORV SVLTXLDWUDV SURFHGH GH QXHVWUR DQWHULRU
FRPHQWDULR VREUH OD DXWRQRPtD (Q HO FDVR GH PXFKRV SDFLHQWHV SVLTXLiWULFRV VHUtD
PRUDOPHQWH LQFRUUHFWR QR WHQHU HQ FRQVLGHUDFLyQ HO UHFKD]R DO WUDWDPLHQWR SHUR SDUHFH
OHJtWLPR KDFHUOR FXDQGR HVWi HQ MXHJR XQ VLJQLILFDWLYR EHQHILFLR GH VDOXG HQ DTXHOORV
SDFLHQWHVTXHWHQJDQXQWUDVWRUQRWUDQVLWRULRRXQQLYHOGHFRPSHWHQFLDGLVPLQXLGR\HQ
FDVRV VLPLODUHV 6HUtD GHPDVLDGR UtJLGD XQD GRFWULQD TXH DILUPDUD TXH VLHPSUH KD\ TXH
DFHSWDUXQUHFKD]RSHURUHVXOWDUtDDUELWUDULRKDFHUORHQDOJXQRVFDVRV\QRHQRWURVVLQXQRV
FULWHULRV UD]RQDEOHV TXH QRV SHUPLWDQ GLVWLQJXLU ODV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV HQ ODV TXH VH SXHGH
SUHVFLQGLUGHGLFKRUHFKD]R8QPRGRGHRFXSDUVHGHODHVSHFLILFDFLyQHVGHWHUPLQDUODV
FRQGLFLRQHVEDMRODVFXDOHVODDXWRQRPtDGHXQSDFLHQWHSXHGH\GHEHUHDO]DUVHRIUHFLHQGR
XQD PD\RU LQIRUPDFLyQ \ DTXHOODV FRQGLFLRQHV EDMR ODV TXH VH GHEHUtD QHJDU HVWD
LQIRUPDFLyQDRWURVSDFLHQWHVGH HVWHPRGRVH FODULILFDQPiVORVOtPLWHV \OD QDWXUDOH]D
SUHFLVDGHOFRPSURPLVRFRQORVSULQFLSLRVGHUHVSHWRDODDXWRQRPtD\GHEHQHILFHQFLD3RU
VXSXHVWR ODV HVSHFLILFDFLRQHV SURSXHVWDV SXHGHQ H[DPLQDUVH HQ OD SUiFWLFD \ SXHGHQ \
GHEHQ FRPHQWDUVH FRQ RWURV SURIHVLRQDOHV TXH WUDEDMHQ FRQ XQ WLSR GH SDFLHQWHV \ GH
FLUFXQVWDQFLDVVHPHMDQWHV
1RVHSXHGHHVSHUDUUD]RQDEOHPHQWHTXHODVHVWUDWHJLDVGHHVSHFLILFDFLyQIXQFLRQHQ
FRPR XQD SDQDFHD SDUD QXHVWURV SUREOHPDV PiV SURIXQGRV GH FRQIOLFWRV PRUDOHV /D
HVSHFLILFDFLyQQRVLHPSUHHOLPLQDUiODVSURSXHVWDVHQFRPSHWHQFLDSDUDODVROXFLyQGH
HYHQWXDOHV FRQIOLFWRV (Q ORV FDVRV GXGRVRV VXUJLUiQ GLYHUVDV HVSHFLILFDFLRQHV SDUD VX
UHVROXFLyQ WRGDV HOODV GHIHQGLEOHV 6LQ HPEDUJR OD HVSHFLILFDFLyQ MXQWR FRQ XQD
MXVWLILFDFLyQPRUDOTXHGHILHQGDODVHOHFFLRQDGDHVHVHQFLDOSDUDODpWLFDSURIHVLRQDO\
FXDQGRVHGHVDUUROODDSDUWLUGHXQDEDVHVyOLGDGHLQIRUPDFLyQ\GHH[SHULHQFLDFOtQLFD
WLHQH PXFKDV SRVLELOLGDGHV GH IDFLOLWDU HO PDQHMR GH XQD DPSOLD JDPD GH FDVRV GH XQ
PRGRMXVWLILFDEOH
025$/,'$'352)(6,21$/
3DWHUQDOLVPRPpGLFR
/RVSULQFLSLRVGHUHVSHWRDODDXWRQRPtD\EHQHILFHQFLDHQRFDVLRQHVHQWUDQHQFRQIOLFWR
GDQGR RULJHQ DO SUREOHPD GHO SDWHUQDOLVPR /D SDODEUD ©SDWHUQDOLVPRª DOXGH DO
WUDWDPLHQWR GH ORV LQGLYLGXRV FRPR XQ SDGUH WUDWD D VX KLMR (Q pWLFD ELRPpGLFD HVWH
WpUPLQR VH XWLOL]D GH PRGR PiV HVWULFWR SDUD DSOLFDUOR DO WUDWDPLHQWR TXH UHVWULQJH OD
DXWRQRPtDLQGLYLGXDOHOSDWHUQDOLVPRHVODOLPLWDFLyQLQWHQFLRQDGDGHODDXWRQRPtDGH
XQDSHUVRQDSRURWUDFXDQGRTXLHQODOLPLWDDSHODH[FOXVLYDPHQWHDOEHQHILFLRKDFLDOD
SHUVRQD FX\D DXWRQRPtD UHVXOWD OLPLWDGD /D HVHQFLD GHO SDWHUQDOLVPR HV VRVOD\DU OD
DXWRQRPtDGHXQDSHUVRQDFRQODLQWHQFLyQGHSURSRUFLRQDUOHXQEHQHILFLR²HQPHGLFLQD
XQEHQHILFLRPpGLFR²(QSVLTXLDWUtDODVREOLJDFLRQHVGHEHQHILFHQFLDTXHMXVWLILFDUtDQ
HOSDWHUQDOLVPRVRQREOLJDFLRQHVGHDWHQFLyQSURSLDPHQWHSURIHVLRQDOHV
$OJXQRV HMHPSORV GH SDWHPDOLVPR PpGLFR VRQ HO LQWHPDPLHQWR IRU]RVR HQ
LQVWLWXFLRQHV SDUD UHFLELU XQ WUDWDPLHQWR ODV LQWHUYHQFLRQHV SDUD GHWHQHU ORV VXLFLGLRV
©UDFLRQDOHVª OD UHDQLPDFLyQ GH SDFLHQWHV TXH KD\DQ SHGLGR TXH QR VH OHV UHDQLPH OD
RFXOWDFLyQGHLQIRUPDFLyQPpGLFDVROLFLWDGDSRUORVSDFLHQWHVORVFXLGDGRVSVLTXLiWULFRV
IRU]RVRV\ODGHQHJDFLyQGHXQWUDWDPLHQWRLQQRYDGRUDORVSDFLHQWHVTXHGHVHHQSUREDUOR
7DOSDWHPDOLVPRKDVLGRDWDFDGRGXUDQWHORV~OWLPRVDxRVVREUHWRGRSRUORVSDUWLGDULRV
GH ORV GHUHFKRV GH OD DXWRQRPtD GH ORV SDFLHQWHV eVWRV VRVWLHQHQ TXH ORV PpGLFRV
LQWHUYLHQHQFRQGHPDVLDGDIUHFXHQFLD\DVXPHQXQFRQWUROGHPDVLDGRSDWHUQDOLVWDVREUH
ODVHOHFFLRQHVGHORVSDFLHQWHV
/RV ILOyVRIRV \ DERJDGRV KDQ DSR\DGR HQ JHQHUDO HO SXQWR GH YLVWD GH TXH OD
DXWRQRPtDGHORVSDFLHQWHVHVHOIDFWRUGHFLVLYRHQODUHODFLyQPpGLFRHQIHUPR\TXHODV
LQWHUYHQFLRQHV VyOR SXHGHQ VHU YiOLGDV FXDQGR ORV SDFLHQWHV VHDQ GH DOJXQD PDQHUD
LQFDSDFHVGHHOHJLUYROXQWDULDPHQWHRGHUHDOL]DUDFFLRQHVDXWyQRPDV(ODVXQWRHVTXH
ORVSDFLHQWHVSXHGHQHVWDUWDQHQIHUPRVTXHVXVMXLFLRVRVXVFDSDFLGDGHVYROXQWDULDVVH
HQFXHQWUHQ VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH DIHFWDGDV R TXH VHDQ LQFDSDFHV GH FRPSUHQGHU XQD
LQIRUPDFLyQ LPSRUWDQWH VREUH VX FDVR QR HVWDQGR HQ SRVLFLyQ GH WRPDU GHFLVLRQHV
FXLGDGRVDPHQWHUD]RQDGDVUHVSHFWRDVXWUDWDPLHQWRPpGLFRRIDUPDFROyJLFR0iVDOOi
GH HVWD IRUPD GH LQWHUYHQFLyQ PXFKRV KDQ DUJXPHQWDGR TXH QR HVWi MXVWLILFDGR HO
SDWHPDOLVPR
6LQ HPEDUJR HO SDWHPDOLVPR WDPELpQ WLHQH VXV SDUWLGDULRV LQFOXVR EDMR FLHUWDV
VLWXDFLRQHV HQ ODV TXH VH REYLH OD FDSDFLGDG GH DXWRQRPtD GHO SDFLHQWH &XDOTXLHU
GHIHQVRUFXLGDGRVRGHOSDWHPDOLVPRHVSHFLILFDUiFRQSUHFLVLyQORVELHQHV\QHFHVLGDGHV
TXHPHUHFHQXQDSURWHFFLyQGHHVWHWLSR\ODVFRQGLFLRQHVEDMRODVTXHTXHGDMXVWLILFDGD
ODLQWHUYHQFLyQ$OJXQRVKDQVRVWHQLGRTXHHVWiMXVWLILFDGRLQWHUIHULUHQODDXWRQRPtDGH
XQDSHUVRQDVyORVLODLQWHUIHUHQFLDSURWHJHDODSHUVRQDGHVXVSURSLDVDFFLRQHVFXDQGR
pVWDV VHDQ H[WUHPDGD H LUUD]RQDEOHPHQWH DUULHVJDGDV SRU HMHPSOR HO UHFKD]R GH XQ
WUDWDPLHQWR FDSD] GH VDOYDU OD YLGD HQ VLWXDFLRQHV QR WHUPLQDOHV  R UHVXOWHQ
SRWHQFLDOPHQWH SHOLJURVDV \ GH HIHFWRV LUUHYHUVLEOHV FRPR OR HV HO XVR GH FLHUWRV
IiUPDFRV 6HJ~QHVWDRSL
QLyQHOSDWHPDOLVPRHVWiMXVWLILFDGRVL\VyORVLORVGDxRVTXHVHHYLWHQDODSHUVRQD
VHDQPD\RUHVTXHORVGDxRVRDIUHQWDV VLODVKXER FDXVDGDVSRUODLQWHUIHUHQFLDHQVX
OLEHUWDG \ VLHPSUH TXH HVH WUDWR VH SXHGD MXVWLILFDU GH PRGR XQLYHUVDO EDMR
FLUFXQVWDQFLDVFODUDPHQWHVLPLODUHV
/RV SVLTXLDWUDV SODQWHDQ FRQ IUHFXHQFLD FUHHQFLDV SDWHUQDOLVWDV R SUHVXSXHVWRV TXH
SDUHFHQ DFHSWDU OD SHUWLQHQFLD GH GLYHUVDV IRUPDV GH SDWHPDOLVPR 8Q HMHPSOR HV VX
GLIXQGLGDWHQGHQFLDDLQWHUQDUD ODVSHUVRQDVSHOLJURVDVSDUDVtPLVPDVLQFOXVRDQWHOD
DXVHQFLDWRWDOGHVtQWRPDVSVLFyWLFRV2WURHMHPSORVHHQFXHQWUDHQHOFRQIOLFWRHQWUp
ORVDFWLYLVWDVVRFLDOHVTXHGHILHQGHQORVGHUHFKRVDODOLEHUWDGGHODVSHUVRQDVVLQKRJDU
\ORVSVLTXLDWUDVTXHSLHQVDQTXHPXFKDVGHHVWDVSHUVRQDVGHEHUtDQVHUSURWHJLGDVGH
ORVGDxRVTXHSXHGHQFDXVDUVHDVtPLVPDVRTXHKDEUtDTXHSURSRUFLRQDUOHVEHQHILFLRV
TXH HOODV QR WUDWDUtDQ GH REWHQHU SDUD Vt LQFOXVR DXQTXH VH UHTXLHUD HO LQWHPDPLHQWR
IRU]RVR
/DIXHQWHIXQGDPHQWDOGHGLIHUHQFLDVHQWUHORVSDUWLGDULRV\ORVGHWUDFWRUHVGHOSDWHU
QDOLVPR GHVFDQVD HQ HO pQIDVLV TXH FDGD XQR FRQFHGH D OD FDSDFLGDG SDUD OD DFFLyQ
DXWyQRPDGHORVSDFLHQWHVTXHUHDOL]DQ©XQDHOHFFLyQª/RVGHIHQVRUHVGHOSDWHPDOLVPR
WLHQGHQDFLWDUHMHPSORVGHSHUVRQDVFX\DFDSDFLGDGHVWiGLVPLQXLGDRFRPSURPHWLGDSRU
HMHPSOR DOFRKyOLFRV FUyQLFRV \ SDFLHQWHV FRQ GHSUHVLyQ FOtQLFD R VXLFLGDV /RV
DGYHUVDULRV GHO SDWHPDOLVPR VH FHQWUDQ HQ ODV SHUVRQDV TXH VRQ FDSDFHV GH HOHFFLRQHV
DXWyQRPDVSHUR KDQTXHGDGROLPLWDGDVVRFLDOPHQWH HQ HO HMHUFLFLRGHVXV FDSDFLGDGHV
(MHPSOR GH HOOR VHUtDQ DTXHOORV HQIHUPRV LQJUHVDGRV HQ LQVWLWXFLRQHV GH PRGR
LQYROXQWDULR IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH SRU VX FRQGXFWD H[FpQWULFD \ ORV TXH SXGLHUDQ HOHJLU
UDFLRQDOPHQWH HOUHFKD]DU XQWUDWDPLHQWR HQ FLUFXQVWDQFLDVDPHQD]DGRUDVSDUDVXYLGD
8Q HOHPHQWR FUtWLFR HQ HVWD FRQWURYHUVLD HV OD FDOLGDG GH OD FRPSUHQVLyQ GH OD
YROXQWDULHGDG \WDPELpQGHO FRQVHQWLPLHQWRRUHFKD]R GH ODVSHUVRQDV FX\DDXWRQRPtD
SXGLHVHTXHGDUOLPLWDGDSRUWDOHVSURFHGHUHV
,QGXGDEOHPHQWHFLHUWDVSRFDVIRUPDVGHSDWHPDOLVPRVRQLQMXVWLILFDEOHVSHURKD\
XQGHEDWHDELHUWRUHVSHFWRDVLFLHUWDVIRUPDVPHQRUHVGHPDQLSXODFLyQ\RFXOWDPLHQWR
GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ UHVSHFWR DO WUDWDPLHQWR HVWDUtDQ MXVWLILFDGDV DQWH REMHWLYRV WDQ
LPSRUWDQWHVFRPRORVWUDWDPLHQWRVFDSDFHVGHVDOYDUODYLGDRSUHYHQLUHOVXLFLGLR/RV
PDWLFHVGHFDGDFDVRLPSOLFDUiQXQHTXLOLEULRGHGLYHUVRVIDFWRUHV\ODUHIOH[LyQPRUDO
VHUYLUiSDUDQRDVXPLUGHHQWUDGDVLHOSDWHPDOLVPRHQJHQHUDOHVWiMXVWLILFDGRRQR'LFKR
SHQVDPLHQWR H[WUHPR SXHGH VHU PiV GDxLQR SDUD ORV SDFLHQWHV \ ORV SURIHVLRQDOHV TXH
HQIRTXHVPiVGHOLEHUDWLYRVHQORVTXHUD]RQHPRVVREUHFDGDFDVR
eWLFDHQODYLGDSURIHVLRQDO
,JXDO TXH H[LVWH XQD PRUDOLGDG FRP~Q JHQHUDO DFHSWDGD SRU WRGDV ODV SHUVRQDV
PRUDOPHQWH FRPSHWHQWHV OD PD\RUtD GH ODV SURIHVLRQHV VXSRQHQ DO PHQRV
LPSOtFLWDPHQWH XQD PRUDOLGDG SURIHVLRQDO FRQ SDXWDV GH FRQGXFWD DFHSWDGDV
DPSOLDPHQWH SRU ORV PLHPEURV GH OD PLVPD (O UHFLHQWH LQWHUpV SRU HO WHPD GH ODV
UHODFLRQHVVH[XDOHVHQWUHSVLFRWHUDSHXWDV\SDFLHQWHVSRUHMHPSORVXUJLyHQXQFRQWH[WR
HQHOTXHORVSXQWRVGHYLVWDPRUDOHV\DVHHQFRQWUDEDQPX\SUHVHQWHVHQODSURIHVLyQ(Q
ORViPELWRVSURIHVLRQDOHVPXFKDVSDXWDVPRUDOHVVHWUDQVPLWHQGHPRGRLQIRUPDOSHUR
HQORV~OWLPRVDxRVKDDXPHQWDGRODHGXFDFLyQIRUPDO\ORVLQWHQWRVGHFRGLILFDFLyQGH
OD PRUDOLGDG SURIHVLRQDO (Q OD DFWXDOLGDG SRU HMHPSOR ORV SVLTXLDWUDV UHFRQRFHQ GH
IRUPDJHQHUDOODQHFHVLGDGGHDMXVWDUVHDORVPrincipios de ética médicaGHOD$PHULFDQ
3V\FKLDWULF $VVRFLDWLRQ DVt FRPRDRULHQWDFLRQHV PiVHVSHFLDOL]DGDVWDOHV FRPR ODV
Ethical guidelinesGHOD$PHULFDQ$FDGHP\RI3V\FKLDWU\DQGWKH/DZ 
 $YHFHVGLFKDV FyGLJRVVRQGHIHQGLGRVSRUDSHODUDSULQFLSLRVJHQHUDOHVRD RWUDV
QRUPDVGHPRUDOLGDGFRP~Q6LQHPEDUJR\HQJHQHUDOORVFyGLJRVSURIHVLRQDOHVVRQ
LQWHQWRV GH HVSHFLILFDU XQD LQFLSLHQWH PRUDOLGDG \D PX\ DFHSWDGD HQ OD SURIHVLyQ
0RUDOLGDG TXH LQFOX\H ODV UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHV KDFLD ORV SDFLHQWHV \ ORV VXMHWRV GH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ WDOHVFRPRHOFRQVHQWLPLHQWRLQIRUPDGRODFRQILGHQFLDOLGDG\HOUHVSHWRD
OD LQWLPLGDG  \ ODV UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHV KDFLD OD VRFLHGDG FRPR HYLWDU ORV FRQIOLFWRV GH
LQWHUHVHV \ VDWLVIDFHU ODV REOLJDFLRQHV OHJDOHV  DVt FRPR DTXHOODV RWUDV KDFLD ORV
FRPSDxHURV ORV SDWURQRV \ ODV IXHQWHV GH ILQDQFLDFLyQ WDOHV FRPR GHQXQFLDU ORV
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV\VLWXDFLRQHVLQDFHSWDEOHVHQODSURIHVLyQ 
/DPRUDOLGDGLQWHUQDDFHSWDGDSRUORVSVLTXLDWUDV\ORVGLYHUVRVLQWHQWRVGHPHMRUDUOD
VHDQDOL]DUiQHQHVWHOLEURPiVDGHODQWH$TXtVyORKDEUtDTXHGHVWDFDUXQDSUHFDXFLyQ
ODV REOLJDFLRQHV OHJDOHV \ ODV SDXWDV GH ODV DVRFLDFLRQHV SURIHVLRQDOHV VH DFHSWDQ FRQ
IUHFXHQFLDFRPRODVDXWRULGDGHVPRUDOHVSULQFLSDOHV\PXFKRVPLHPEURVGHODSURIHVLyQ
FUHHQTXHHVWDVOH\HV\QRUPDVHVWDEOHFHQORpWLFDPHQWHFRUUHFWR8QRGHORVSUREOHPDV
GHHVWHPRGRGHIRUPXODUORVPRGHORVGHFRQGXFWDSURIHVLRQDODSDUHFHHQVXSDUWHILQDO
VHFRQVLGHUDDFHSWDEOHHQJHQHUDOODFRQGXFWDTXHHVDFHSWDEOHDODOX]GHOH\HV\FyGLJRV
ROYLGiQGRVHGHTXHODFRQGXFWDSXHGHVHULQDGHFXDGDSDUDORVHVWiQGDUHVGHPRUDOLGDG
TXHVRQ LQGHSHQGLHQWHVGHOD OH\WDOHV FRPRODWHRUtDpWLFD \ODVQRUPDVGH PRUDOLGDG
FRP~QTXHVHKDQDQDOL]DGRDORODUJRGHHVWHFDStWXOR
$XQTXH OD MXULVSUXGHQFLD OD OHJLVODFLyQ \ ODV DVRFLDFLRQHV SURIHVLRQDOHV KD\DQ
HVWDEOHFLGRSDXWDVLQIOX\HQWHVSDUDODUHIOH[LyQVREUHODVREOLJDFLRQHVOHJDOHV\PRUDOHV
ORVSDWURQHVPRUDOHVGHEHQVHUGLVWLQJXLGRVGHORVSDWURQHVOHJDOHVGHFRQGXFWD\GHORV
SDWURQHV KDELWXDOPHQWH DGPLWLGRV /D OH\ \ FRQ IUHFXHQFLD ODV DVRFLDFLRQHV
SURIHVLRQDOHV HVSHFLILFDQ SULPDULDPHQWH OD FRQGXFWD SHUPLVLEOH OR TXH XQR WLHQH
GHUHFKRDKDFHU PLHQWUDVTXHODPRUDOLGDGHVSHFLILFDODFRQGXFWDREOLJDWRULDHLGHDO OR
TXHHVFRUUHFWR\ORTXHHVPHMRUKDFHU 3RURWUDSDUWHORVSUREOHPDVGHUHVSRQVDELOLGDG
OHJDO\GHFDUiFWHUSUiFWLFRGHQWURGHXQSURFHVRGHSOHLWRUHTXLHUHQTXHORVUHTXLVLWRV
OHJDOHV\SURIHVLRQDOHVVHDQPX\GLIHUHQWHVGHORVUHTXLVLWRVPRUDOHV\FRQIUHFXHQFLD
PHQRVULJXURVDVHQVXVH[LJHQFLDVPRUDOHV
3HVHDODLPSRUWDQWHLQWHUDFFLyQHQWUHODPRUDO\ODOH\pVWDQRHVODGHSRVLWDUtDGH
QXHVWURVSDWURQHV\YDORUHVPRUDOHVQLDXQFXDQGRVHSUHRFXSDGHiUHDVGHODFRQGXFWD
PRUDOWDOHVFRPRODpWLFDPpGLFD7DPSRFRHVIUHFXHQWHTXHHVSHFLILTXHODVIRUPDVGH
FRQGXFWDGLUHFWDPHQWHDSOLFDEOHVDODVSURIHVLRQHVFRPRODSVLTXLDWUtD/DOH\UHWURFHGH
DQWHVGHOHJLVODUVREUHWRGRORPRUDOPHQWHLQMXVWR\UDUDYH]VHGLULJHDFXHVWLRQHVWDOHV
FRPRODVFHQVXUDVKDELWXDOPHQWHDGPLWLGDVSRUORVRWURVSURIHVLRQDOHV
/DPHGLFLQD\ODOH\WDPELpQWLHQHQRULHQWDFLRQHVFRPSOHWDPHQWHGLIHUHQWHV/DOH\
VHSUHRFXSDGHODH[LVWHQFLDGHGDxR\QHJOLJHQFLDGHODSULYDFLyQGHODOLEHUWDGGHODV
REOLJDFLRQHV \ LRV LPSHGLPHQWRV HWF /D PHGLFLQD HQ FDPELR VH RFXSD GH HYLWDU ORV
GDxRV \ GH SURSRUFLRQDU EHQHILFLRV D ORV LQGLYLGXRV \ OD VRFLHGDG (VWDV GLIHUHQWHV
RULHQWDFLRQHVFUHDQVLWXDFLRQHVGHODVTXHHPHUJHQP~OWLSOHVFRQIOLFWRVHQWUHODOH\\OD
SUiFWLFDPpGLFD(OVXLFLGLRDVLVWLGRSRUHOPpGLFRHVXQHMHPSORDFWXDO\FRQWURYHUWLGR
(VWHWLSR GHDVLVWHQFLD HVWiSURKLELGD HQJHQHUDOSRUODOH\ \SRUORVFyGLJRV PpGLFRV
3HURLQFOXVRVLGLFKDIRUPDGHD\XGDHVWiSURKLELGDSRUHVWDVQRUPDVQRVHGHULYDGHVGH
XQ SXQWR GH YLVWD PRUDO TXH QHFHVDULDPHQWH VH GHED REHGHFHU OD OH\ R D ORV SURSLRV
FRPSDxHURVGHSURIHVLyQ6LKD\XQDMXVWLILFDFLyQPRUDOSDUDD\XGDUDDOJXQRVSDFLHQWHV
ORVPpGLFRVQRKDFHQQDGDPRUDOPHQWHLQFRUUHFWRDODFWXDUHQVXIDYRU
(VWDSHUVSHFWLYDGDSLHDODGLVFRQIRUPLGDGPRUDOPHQWHMXVWLILFDGDFRQODVOH\HVHQ
YLJRU \ D OD LQVXPLVLyQ HYDVLYD IUHQWH D ODV SURKLELFLRQHV UHFRPHQGDGDV SRU ODV
DVRFLDFLRQHV SURIHVLRQDOHV¶ &XLGDGRVDPHQWH FRQVLGHUDGRV ORV DFWRV GH
GLVFRQIRUPLGDGPRUDO
\GHLQVXPLVLyQHQD\XGDGHORVSDFLHQWHVSXHGHQVHUGHIHQGLEOHVPRUDOPHQWHSHVHDODREOLJDFLyQ
prima facie GH VRPHWHUVH D OD OH\ \ D ORV FyGLJRV SURIHVLRQDOHV /RV PpGLFRV VH VLHQWHQ FRQ
IUHFXHQFLDOLJDGRVSRUODOH\\SRUHOFyGLJRpWLFRGHVXSURIHVLyQ(QUHDOLGDGHVWiQOLJDGRVSHUR
VyOR SRU GHEHUHV prima facie". $FHSWDU HVWD SRVLFLyQ HV QR DFHSWDU OD LPSRUWDQFLD UDGLFDO GH OD
REOLJDFLyQPRUDOHVVLPSOHPHQWHUHFRQRFHUTXHODPRUDOLGDGWLHQHVXVSURSLRVSDWURQHV\TXHHQ
XQ FRQIOLFWR FRQ OD OH\ R FRQ ODV QRUPDV SURIHVLRQDOHV SXHGH VHU FRUUHFWR TXH VH LPSRQJD OD
PRUDOLGDG
%,%/,2*5$)Ë$<127$6
 9pDVHSRUHMHPSOR'ZRUNLQ5Taking rights seriously.&DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\
3UHVV>WUDGHVSLos derechos en serio,´UHLPS%DUFHORQD$ULHO@7KRPVRQ-
- The realm of rights. &DPEULGJH 0$ +DUYDUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV  0DFNQ 5
Universality of the Nuremberg Code,HQThe Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code,HG*-
$QQDV\0*URGLQ1XHYD<RUN2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVSS
5HVSHFWRDODWHRUtDFHQWUDGDHQODXWLOLGDGYpDVH6WXDUW0LOO-Utilitarianism,HQCollected works
of John Stuart Mill,YROHG-05REVRQ7RURQWR8QLYHUVLW\RI7RURQWR3UHVV
>WUDGHVSEl utilitarismo.0DGULG$OLDQ]D@6LQJHU3 Practical ethics.HG
&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV>WUDGHVSÉtica práctica.%DUFHORQD$ULHO@%UDQGL
5%Morality, utilitarianism, and rights.&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV.DJDQ6The
limits of morality. 2[IRUG &ODUHQGRQ 3UHVV  )UH\ 5 * HG  Utility and rights.
0LQQHDSROLV 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 0LQQHVRWD 3UHVV  *ULIILQ - Well-being: its meaning,
measurement, and Importance. 2[IRUG &ODUHQGRQ 3UHVV  6FKHIIOHU 6 HG 
Consequentialism and its critics.2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
 .DQW,Foundations of the metaphysics of morals.,QGLDQDSROLV,1%REEV0HUULOOSS
 >7UDG HVS Fundamentación de la metafísica de las costunibres. %DUFHORQD $ULHO

 IbidS
 9pDVHHVSHFLDOPHQWH$ULVWyWHOHVNicomachean ethics.,QGLDQDSROLV+DFNHWW>7UDGHVS
Ética a Nicómaca.0DGULG*UHGRV@
 -RQVHQ$5&DVXLVWU\DVPHWKRGRORJ\LQFOLQLFDOHWKLFVTheoretical Medicine 12,GLFLHPEUH
GH-RQVHQ$5\7RXOPLQ6Abuse of casuistry.%HUNHOH\8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD
3UHVV
 $UUDV-'3ULQFLSOHVDQGSDUWLFXODULW\WKHUROHRIFDVHVLQELRHWKLFV Indiana Law Journal
69:  RWRxR GH  FRQ GRV UHVSXHVWDV  \ *HWWLQJ GRZQ WR FDVHV WKH UHYLYDO RI
FDVXLVWU\LQELRHWKLFVJournal of Medicine and Philosophy 16:
 9pDVHSRUHMHPSOR%HFN-& HG Confidentiality versus the duty to protect: foreseeable
harm in the practice of psychiatry. :DVKLQJWRQ $PHULFDQ 3V\FKLDWULF 3UHVV 
HVSHFLDOPHQWH FDStWXORV  \  6WRQH $ $ 7KH Tarasoff GHFLVLRQ VXLQJ SV\FKLDWULVWV WR
VDIHJXDUG VRFLHW\ Harvard Law Review 90: 5RWK / + \ 0HLVHO $
'DQJHURXVQHVV FRQILGHQWLDOLW\ DQG WKH GXW\ WR ZDUQ American Journal of Psychiatry 134:
 3DUHGHV -Ä %H\HUVWHLQ ' /HGZLGJH % \ .RJDQ & 3V\FKLDWULF HWKLFV DQG
HWKLFDOSV\FKLDWU\Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 35:.RSHOPDQ/0RUDOSUREOHPV
LQSV\FKLDWU\HQMedical Ethics, 2.‘HGHG509HDWFK%RVWRQ-RQHVDQG%DUWOHWW
SS6PLWK0/\0DUWLQ.5&RQILGHQWLDOLW\LQWKHDJHRI$,'6DFDVHVWXG\LQ
FOLQLFDOHWKLFVJournal of Clinical Ethics 4: HVSHFLDOPHQWHQ%HFN-&
9LROHQWSDWLHQWVDQGWKHTarasoffGXW\LQSULYDWHSV\FKLDWULFSUDFWLFHJournal of Psychiatry and
Law 13:*ROGPDQ'/\-DFRE7$QDWRP\RIDVHFRQGJHQHUDWLRQ7DUDVRII
FDVHCanadian Journal of Psychiatry 36:
 9pDQVHORVDUJXPHQWRVDHVWHHIHFWRHQ%HOGHFRV$\$UQROG50*DWKHULQJ,QIRUPDWLRQ
DQGFDVXLVWLFDQDO\VLVJournal of Clinical Ethics 4:3HWWLV5:\*XWKHLO7*
0LVDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKH7DUDVRIIGXW\WRGULYLQJFDVHVDFDOOIRUDUHIUDPLQJRIWKHRU\Bulletin
f th A i A d f P hi ti d th L 21