1 CTE Grammar

NOTIONS GRAMMATICALES A CONNAITRE ET FAISANT L’OBJET D’UNE EXPLOITATION
ORALE ET/OU ECRITE:
Semaine Théorie Exercices (pages)

1 ➢ Conjugaison des verbes réguliers;
➢ Remarques générales concernant la formation du
prétérit des verbes réguliers;
➢ Conjugaison des verbes irréguliers; liste; exploitation
de quelques verbes (verbes les plus courants à
étudier au fur et à mesure de leur rencontre + étude
personnelle);
➢ Remarques sur la formation du participe présent;
➢ La forme progressive;
2 ➢ La forme interrogative;
➢ Les pronoms interrogatifs;
➢ La forme négative;
3 ➢ Les pronoms personnels, réfléchis, réciproques; p 18, 19, 20, 21, 22
➢ Les adjectifs et pronoms possessifs et démonstratifs;
4 ➢ Les articles définis et indéfinis; p 24, 25, 26, 27, 30
➢ Le pluriel;
5 ➢ L’adjectif qualificatif; p 32, 33
➢ La traduction de ‘il y a’;
➢ ‘Since’ ‘for’ et ‘ago’;
6&7 ➢ Les temps : formation et emplois; p 36, 37, 38, 40, 41
p 44, 45, 46, 47, 48
8 ➢ La voix passive; p 57, 58
9 ➢ Les degrés de comparaison; p 62, 63, 64, 65, 66
➢ Exprimer une quantité (much, many, lots of, little, few,
none, no, any …);
➢ Exprimer des comparaisons, des différences;
10 ➢ Les pronoms relatifs; p 68, 69, (72)
➢ ‘Some’ et ‘any’;
11 ➢ Les adjectifs numéraux cardinaux; p 75, 78, 79
➢ Les adjectifs numéraux ordinaux.
➢ Les décimales, fractions et pourcentages; les
dimensions
12 ➢ L’heure; p 81, 83, 84
➢ ‘Faire faire’
13 ➢ Révisions p, 85, 86, 87, 88
14 ➢ Choix multiples p 89, 90, 91, 92, 93
15 ➢ Questions – réponses
M. De Meu Grammar Page 2

Remarques
Les étudiants reçoivent des feuilles de théorie et d’exercices reprenant la plupart des
points étudiés mentionnés ci-dessus. Certains points n’apparaissent cependant pas
dans les notes de cours données de manière à permettre aux étudiants, après une
recherche et diverses pistes de réflexion, de découvrir eux-mêmes les règles régissant
certains cas grammaticaux.
D’autres problèmes peuvent être étudiés au cours en fonction des souhaits des
étudiants, de leurs besoins ou des questions qu’ils soulèvent.
Ce cours n’est pas rigide et fait l’objet d’une adaptation continue en fonction du degré de
connaissance des étudiants auxquels il est destiné.
Des informations sont parfois communiquées de manière trop détaillée pour des
étudiants de première année (emploi des temps …) mais ceci est uniquement fait dans
un souci de précision et de manière à ne pas formuler des règles trop générales qui
devraient être continuellement remises en question et modifiées par des exceptions en
fonction de cas particuliers rencontrés plus tard. Il est évident que l’attention sera attirée
sur les règles qui régissent les cas les plus fréquemment rencontrés ou exploitables.
A la fin du cours, des exercices de révision (traductions, choix multiples, exercices

grammaticaux permettant d’exploiter les cas les plus difficiles) seront réalisés afin de
permettre une bonne assimilation de la matière.

CONJUGAISON DES VERBES REGULIERS
To work (travailler)
PRESENT I work
you work
he, she, it works
we work
you work
they work
PASSE SIMPLE I
IMPARFAIT you
he, she, it worked
we
you
they
FUTUR SIMPLE I will
shall
you will
he, she, it will work
we will
shall
you will
they will
PASSE COMPOSE I have
you have
he, she, it has worked
we have
you have
they have
PLUS-QUE-PARFAIT I
you
he, she, it had worked
we
you
they
FUTUR ANTERIEUR I will
shall
you will
he, she, it will have worked
we will
shall
you will
they will
CONDITIONNEL PRESENT I would
should
you would
he, she, it would
work
we would
should
you would
they would
CONDITIONNEL PASSE I would
should
you would
he, she, it would have worked
we would
should
you would
they would
CONCLUSIONS
PRESENT : radical à toutes les personnes sauf à la 3ème pers. sg. : radical + s.
PASSE SIMPLE : toujours radical + ed.
IMPARFAIT
FUTUR SIMPLE : 1ères pers. sg. et pl. : shall/will + radical.
Autres pers. : will + radical.
PASSE COMPOSE : toujours : aux. "avoir" conjugué au présent en fonction du sujet +
participe passé (= radical + ed).
PLUS-QUE-PARFAIT : toujours : "had"(= aux. "avoir" conjugué au prétérit) + participe passé.
FUTUR ANTERIEUR : 1ères pers. sg. et pl. : shall/will + have + participe passé.
Autres. pers. : will + have + participe passé.
CONDITIONNEL PRESENT : 1ères pers. sg. et pl. : should/would + radical.
Autres pers. : would + radical.
CONDITIONNEL PASSE : 1ères pers. sg. et pl. : should/would + have + part. passé
TERMINOLOGIE :
présent present
passé simple/imparfait preterit
futur simple future imperfect
passe composé present perfect
plus-que-parfait past perfect
futur antérieur future perfect
conditionnel présent conditional imperfect
conditionnel passé conditional perfect
CONJUGAlSON DES VERBES IRREGULIERS
Mêmes procédés de formation mais différence au niveau du prétérit et du participe passé

dans la formation des temps où ces formes verbales interviennent.
(FORMES A ETUDIER PAR COEUR)
Exemples : I have written

she had eaten
they came
you will have seen
we should have known

REMARQUES GENERALES CONCERNANT LA FORMATION
DU PRETERIT DES VERBES REGULIERS
1. Le "e" de la désinence se prononce lorsqu'il est précédé d'un "t" ou d'un "d".
[id] [id] [id] [id] [id] [id] [id]
Exemples : visited; wanted, waited, rested, started, attended, needed
2. Si un verbe d'une syllabe se termine par une consonne simple précédée d'une voyelle
brève, cette consonne est doublée au prétérit.
Exemples : stopped, planned, fitted, shopped ...
N.B. : Pour les verbes de plusieurs syllabes, cf. théorie ultérieure.
3. Si Ie verbe se termine par un y non précédé d’une voyelle, ce "y" devient i au prétérit.
Exemples : hurried, tried, ...
4. Si Ie verbe se termine par un e au présent, il suffit, pour former Ie prétérit, d'ajouter d.

Exemples : telephoned, liked, used, moved, ...

L'lMPERATIF (THE IMPERATIVE MOOD)
Exemples
- Come in. (entrez, entre)
- Take your coat off. (enlève ton manteau)
- Sit down.
- Bring a whisky and soda. (apportez ...)
- Come and stay with me. (restez avec moi)
2ème pers. sg. & 2ème pers. pl. : radical du verbe.
1ère pers. pl. ???
Exemples
- Let's have a drink. (prenons un verre)
- Let's go. (allons-y)
- Let's her talk. (laissons-la parler)
On forme l'impératif au moyen de l'auxiliaire "to let". (= let us go, let us have
a drink ...)
N. B. : L'impératif négatif se conjugue au moyen de l'auxiliaire "do".
Exemples
- Do not speak. (ne parle(z) pas)
- Don't be afraid. (n'ayez (n'aie) pas peur)
Remarque
L'impératif peut prendre la forme d'insistance. C'est alors plutôt une prière instante qu'un
ordre.
Exemples
- Do help us. (aidez-nous donc; je vous en prie, aidez-nous)
- Do be quiet. (restez donc tranquille)

LISTE DES VERBES IRREGULIERS (list of irregular verbs)
Infinitive Preterit Past participle Infinitive Preterit Past participle
be was/were been feel felt felt
beat beat beaten fight fought fought
become became become find found found
begin began begun flee fled fled
bend bent bent fly flew flown
bet bet bet forbid forbade forbidden
bite bit bitten forget forgot forgotten
blow blew blown forgive forgave forgiven
break broke broken freeze froze frozen
bring brought brought get got got
broadcast broadcast broadcast give gave given
build built built go went gone
burst burst burst grow grew grown
buy bought bought hang hung hung
catch caught caught have had had
choose chose chosen hear heard heard
come came come hide hid hidden
cost cost cost hit hit hit
creep crept crept hold held held
cut cut cut hurt hurt hurt
deal dealt dealt keep kept kept
dig dug dug kneel knelt knelt
do did done know knew known
draw drew drawn lay laid laid
drink drank drunk lead led led
drive drove driven leave left left
eat ate eaten lend lent lent
fall fell fallen let let let
feed fed fed lie lay Iain

Infinitive Preterit Past participle Infinitive Preterit Past participle
light lit lit slide slid slid
lose lost lost speak spoke spoken
make made made spend spent spent
mean meant meant spit spat spat
meet met met split split split
pay paid paid spread spread spread
put put put spring sprang sprung
read read [red]* read [red]* stand stood stood
ride rode ridden steal stole stolen
ring rang rung stick stuck stuck
rise rose risen sting stung stung
run ran run stink stank stunk
say said said strike struck struck
see saw seen swear swore sworn
seek sought sought sweep swept swept
sell sold sold swim swam swum
send sent sent swing swung swung
set set set take took taken
sew sewed sewn/sewed teach taught taught
shake shook shaken tear tore tom
shine shone shone tell told told
shoot shot shot think thought thought
show showed shown/showed throw threw thrown
shrink shrank shrunk understand understood understood
shut shut shut wake woke woken
sing sang sung wear wore worn
sink sank sunk weep wept wept
sit sat sat win won won
sleep slept slept write wrote written

FORME INTERROGATIVE (interrogative form)
1. Exemples
FORME AFFIRMATIVE FORME INTERROGATIVE

1) The dog has played in the garden. Has the dog played in the garden?
2) The pupils are in the classroom. Are the pupils in the classroom?
3) They will come tomorrow. Will they come tomorrow?
4) You would like to go. Would you like to go?
5) Her father drinks wine. Does her father drink wine?
6) He played football yesterday. Did he play football yesterday?
7) You like my new car. Do you like my new car?
8) Who played on Sunday?
9) Who says that?
10) Which boy plays football?
11) Which man tells the story?
12) Who did you see?
13) Who did she pay?
14) Which university did he go to?
15) Which man do you talk to?
16) He has a book. Does he have a book? [= Has he (got) a book?]
17) You did your work. Did you do your work?
2. Théorie.
Quand il y a un auxiliaire dans la phrase, on emploie l'ordre:
auxiliaire + sujet + verbe principal (cf. ex. n°1, 2, 3, 4)
Quand il n'y a pas d'auxiliaire dans la phrase, on emploie l'auxiliaire do conjugué en fonction du
temps et du sujet de la phrase affirmative. (cf. ex. n° 5,6,7)
Remarques
1) "Do" n'est pas employé dans une question directe dont le sujet est un pronom interrogatif ou
un substantif précédé d'un adjectif interrogatif. (cf. ex. n°8, 9, 10, 11)
(≠ ex. n° 12, 13, 14, 15 : pronom interrogatif = objet ≠ sujet)
adjectif interrogatif
2) Lorsque le verbe to have n'est pas employé comme auxiliaire, il se conjugue généralement
avec "to do" à la forme interrogative. (cf. ex. n°16)
3) On emploie l'auxiliaire "to do" avec le verbe actif to do (= faire) (cf. ex. n°17)

PRONOMS INTERROGATIFS (interrogative pronouns)
Les pronoms interrogatifs sont who, whom, whose, what et which.
WHO? (qui est-ce qui? qui?)

Ce pronom s'emploie pour des personnes uniquement, sans aucune distinction de genre ou de
nombre. Selon la conception de la personne qui parle, le verbe peut être au singulier ou au
pluriel.
Exemples
- Who is that man? - Who are those men?
- Who were the people there? - Who told you that?
WHOM?
Ce pronom interrogatif est la forme complément de "who". Cette forme est toujours prononcée
[hu:] et non [hu:m]; la seconde prononciation étant considérée comme pédante et ne s'entendant
plus que dans un débit guindé et cérémonieux.
N.B. : La forme complément s'écrit même souvent "who", surtout dans les tournures où le
pronom interrogatif dépend d'une préposition rejetée à la fin de la proposition.
Exemples
- Who / Whom did you see? - Who should l tell it to?
- Who / Whom did she pay? - Who did you go with? …
Remarque
Dans le cas des phrases où le pronom interrogatif dépend d'une préposition, on peut utiliser la
forme : "préposition + whom" mais cette tournure n'est utilisée qu'en "formaI English".
Exemples
- With whom did you go? - To whom were you speaking? …
WHOSE? (de qui? à qui?)

Ce pronom interrogatif est le génitif de "who". Le nom déterminé par "whose" se place
immédiatement après "whose" et ne peut être précédé d'aucun article ou déterminatif.
Exemples
- Whose house is this? - Whose wife did you see? …
WHAT? (qu'est-ce qui? qu'est-ce que? que? quoi?)

Exemples
- What did they eat? - What made you believe it?
- What was the subject of this lecture? - What is she? (genre de personne,
caractère, profession, rang dans la
société … ≠ "Who is she?" : identité) .
WHICH? (lequel? laquelle? lesquel(le)s?)

Tout comme "what", ce pronom peut être employé pour les personnes et pour les choses. Il
diffère cependant de "what" et de "who" car il a un sens plus défini : il indique un choix entre un
nombre limité de personnes ou de choses.
Exemples
- Which do you prefer, the red one or the blue one?
- Which of these machines is the most powerful?

FORME NEGATIVE (negative form)
Exemples : (1) I am ready. I am not ready.
(2) I shall come. I shall not come. (= l shan't come)
(3) I may go out. I may not go out.
(4) I think it is true. l do not think it is true.
(5) I took the glass. l did not take the glass.
(6) He goes out tomorrow. He does not go out tomorrow.
REGLES DE FORMATION
1) Quand il y a un verbe auxiliaire (to be, to have, can, could, must, may, might, ought, shall,
will, should, would, need, dare) dans la phrase :
auxiliaire conjugué en fonction de la personne et du temps voulu + "NOT".
2) Dans tous les autres cas :
auxiliaire "do" conjugué en fonction du sujet et au temps voulu + "NOT" + infinitif sans
"to".
(forme interrogative : inversion sujet / verbe)

Remarques
1) Ces règles ne sont pas applicables dans une phrase contenant un adverbe ayant un sens
négatif.
Exemples
l never work on Sundays. = Je ne travaille jamais le dimanche
l very seldom see him. = Je le vois très rarement.
2) Lorsque le verbe "to have" n'est pas employé comme auxiliaire, il se conjugue généralement
avec "to do" à la forme négative.
Exemple
l do not have my watch on me. = Je n'ai pas ma montre sur moi.
( = l have not (got) my watch on me)
3) La forme négative de l'impératif est formée avec :

a) "don't" (2èmes pers. sg.& pl.)
Exemples
Don't be quiet!
Don't go there!
b) "not" (1ère pers. pl.)
Exemples
Let's not go!
Let's not speak!

FORME PROGRESSIVE (continuous form)
Exemples : (1) What are you doing?
(2) l am reading.
(3) What's happening?
(4) They are having dinner with us this evening.
(5) The Benedicts are coming.
(6) Tomorrow they are leaving.
coming here.
(7) l am brushing my hair.
(8) The car is coming along.
FORMATION
Auxiliaire "être" conjugué en fonction du sujet et au temps désiré + infinitif sans "to" auquel on
ajoute "ing".
!!! Formation du participe présent: cf. théorie relative à ce sujet !!!
La forme progressive est employée pour décrire une action qui a lieu au moment où l'on parle.
Exemple
- l am reading = Je lis. (= Je suis en train de lire)
Remarques
1) La forme progressive peut être utilisée avec le sens d'un futur. (cf. ex. n°4 & n°6). Elle
implique alors que la situation future envisagée résulte d'un arrangement pris ou conclu
antérieurement.
2) La conjugaison progressive n'est normalement pas employée :

a) Avec des verbes qui expriment un sentiment, une perception involontaire de l’esprit, des
réactions incontrôlables (goûts, préférences …), la possession ou l’apparence, tels que :
to like, to hate, to respect, to know, to have, to want, to need, to prefer, to realize, to
suppose, to mean, to understand, to believe, to remember, to belong, to contain, to
consist, to depend, to seem, to see, to hear, to smell, to taste, to notice, to appear, to look
like …
Exemples
- I like this picture.
- He hates his enemy.
- He knows English.
b) Pour une action régulièrement répétée.
Exemple
- l take the bus at seven o'clock every morning.
c) Avec l'adverbe always lorsqu'il exprime une habitude (routine; répond à un horaire
particulier.)
Exemple
- He always gets up at six.
N.B. Si "always" exprime une répétition, le verbe peut être employé à la conjugaison
progressive. Il exprime alors une nuance d’énervement ou d’irritation.

Exemple
- He is always talking! I’m fed up with it!
d) Lorsque l'action exprimée par le verbe n'a aucune durée.
Exemple
- He reached the town at 5 o'clock.
3) On peut utiliser la forme en "ing" avec see quand "see" a le sens de "avoir un rendez-vous
avec qn.", particulièrement dans le futur.
Exemple
- I'm seeing the manager tomorrow morning.
4) La forme en "ing" de "be" peut être utilisée pour décrire comment quelqu'un est
exceptionnellement en train de se comporter.
Comparez :
- I can't understand why he's being so selfish. He isn't usually like that.
(being selfish = behaving selfishy at the moment)
- He never thinks about other people. He is very selfish.
(= he is generally selfish, not only at the moment)
5) Avec les verbes feel et look, pour décrire comment quelqu'un se sent ou a l'air au moment
même, on peut utiliser ou non la forme en "ing".
Exemples
- You look / 're looking well today.
- How do you feel / are you feeling now?
Mais :
- I usually feel tired in the morning.
6) Le verbe think est utilisé à la forme simple quand il sert à exprimer une opinion mais à la
forme progressive pour parler d’actions.
Exemples
- I think she’s interesting.
- I am thinking about my work.
EXERCICES : cf. Présent/Présent progressif

REMARQUES SUR LA FORMATION DU PARTICIPE PRESENT
REGLE GENERALE
Radical + "ing"
Exemples
to work working
to eat eating
to sleep sleeping
CAS PARTICULIERS
1) Quand un verbe se termine par un "e" unique, pour former le participe présent, on supprime
le "e" avant d'ajouter "ing".
Exemples
to love loving
to hate hating
2) Quand un verbe d'une syllabe se termine par une voyelle et une consonne simple, cette
consonne est doublée avant d'ajouter "ing".
Exemples
to hit hitting
to run running
to stop stopping
3) Les verbes de 2 ou de plusieurs syllabes dont la dernière syllabe
a) se termine par une consonne simple
b) est précédée d'une voyelle unique
doublent cette consonne si l'accent tonique tombe sur la dernière syllabe.
Exemples
to prefer preferring
to begin beginning
to admit admitting
Mais :
to enter entering
to offer offering
EXCEPTION
Un "l" final après une voyelle simple est toujours doublé.
Exemples
to travel travelling
to signal signalling

4) "ing" peut être ajouté à un verbe se terminant par "y" sans affecter l'orthographe du verbe.
Exemples
to enjoy enjoying
to hurry hurrying
to carry carrying
UTILITE DE L'ETUDE DE CETTE FORME

Forme utilisée afin de former la forme progressive, indiquant qu'une action est en train / était en
train / sera en train de se dérouler au moment où l'on parle / parlait / parlera.
Exemples
- He is writing. Auxiliaire "être" conjugué au

- We were studying. temps voulu + "ing"

PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVES (pronoms et possessifs)
I, ME, MY, MINE
Presentation
1) Subject and object pronouns
We use subject pronouns to talk about the subject of a sentence and object pronouns to talk
about the object:
Subject pronouns I you he she it we they

Object pronouns me you him her it us them
In statements, subject pronouns come before the verb:

l work in Venezuela for Mr Garcia. He owns the company.
In statements, object pronouns come after verbs or prepositions:
After verbs: Peter phoned me and he wants you to call him.
After prepositions: l spoke to her briefly about it and she'll either send it to you or to me.
2) Possessives: my, your, his, etc.

We use these words to talk about things that belong to us:
my your his her its our their
This is my Porsche. Are these your keys? Peter is the Sales Sara is the secretary. Her
Manager. His desk is in desk is by the window.
the corner.
This is a great product. Let Vera and I work in Bob and Dan work in
me tell you about its production. This is our R&D. Their office is on the
features. office. fourth floor.
!!! Be careful with spelling.
it's = it is This is my new computer. It's great.

its = belonging to it I really like its design.
they're = they are Bob and Dan are away. They're in Australia.
their = belonging to them Their office is free.

3) Possessives: mine, yours, his, etc.
When we do not want to repeat a noun, we can use the following words to show possession:
mine yours his hers ours theirs
A: Whose pen is this? Is it yours? (yours = your pen)

B: No, mine is blue. Ask Jane. Maybe it's hers. (mine = my pen, hers = her pen)
Practice
1) Subject and object pronouns
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
I you you he him her it it we us they
1. A: I saw the new catalogue this morning.

B: Really? Do you think it looks nice?
2. A: Did the technician come to fix Ms Lawson's air conditioning?

B: Yes, ............... came to fix ............... for ............... yesterday.
3. A: Did the sales reps tell Mr Law about you and me?
B: Yes, ............... told ............... about ............... last week.
4. A: I really need a lift to the station. Can you help?

B: No problem. ............... can take ............... there. ............... can leave at 5.00.
2) Possessives: my, your, his, etc.

Complete the dialogues with one word from each box.
my their his your her name hotel colleague mobile address
A: I need to talk to John and Sally. Are they back from Germany yet?
B: No, they're still there.
A: Do you know the name of 1 their hotel?
B: No, I don't know where they're staying, but you can send John an email. I've got
2
.............................. .............................. .
A: I really want to talk to Sally. Has she got 3 .............................. .............................. with
her?
B: Yes, I think so. l'll get the number and you can phone her.
Alex: Pierre, I'd like you to meet 4 .............................. .............................., Nora Watson.
Pierre: Hello, Nora. Nice to meet you.
Nora: l'm sorry, I didn't catch 5 .............................. .............................. .
Pierre: I'm Pierre Leblanc.
Nora: Nice to meet you, Pierre.

3) Possessives: mine, yours, his, etc.
Read the sentences and correct the mistakes.
(1) Janet says this isn't her file. Is it your? Is it yours?

(2) No, that's not my jacket. The mine is on the chair. ..............................
(3) It's OK - we've got our tickets and they've got they're. ..............................
(4) The problem is that their products are cheaper than the ours. ..............................
(5) Are these yours keys or Mr Henderson's? ..............................
(6) Maria knows my husband, but I don't know his. ..............................
OVER TO YOU
Complete the sentences with your own ideas. Each sentence must finish with an
object pronoun (me, you, him, her, etc.)
1. Mrs Gunnarson probably knows the answer. Why don't you ............................................. ?
2. I like our new assistant. What do you think ........................................................................ ?
3. He told me his name, but I .................................................................................................. .
4. Some of the questions were hard and I couldn't ................................................................. .
5. My boss is friendly and open, and you can always ............................................................. .
Now complete the sentences in a way that is true for you.
6. Janet's boss is very demanding, but my boss isn't.
but mine is very relaxed.
7. Our competitors' products are very ....................................., but ........................................ .
8. Our offices are very .............................., but ....................................................................... .
9. My journey to work is .............................., but .................................................................... .

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS (pronoms réfléchis)
MYSELF, YOURSELF
PRESENTATION
1) Form
I pay for myself. It pays for itself.

You pay for yourself. We pay for ourselves.
He pays for himself. You pay for yourselves.
She pays for herself. They pay for themselves.
2) Use
We use these reflexive pronouns when the person doing an action is also the object:
Jake is the owner of a large private company.

Zara is his secretary. He pays her $200 a month.
He pays himself $15,000 a month.
Don is studying on the computer. He is teaching
himself English.
Carla received her first pay rise. She bought herself a new car.
3) by myself, etc.
by myself, by himself, etc. means alone:
Franz has no family. He lives by himself.
myself can also mean with no help from other people:

Nobody helps me with the exhibitions. I do all the work myself.
You don't need a builder to paint the door. You can do it yourself.
4) each other
If I do something to you, and you do the same thing to me, we can use each other:
I am writing to Catherine. I saw Zoltan at the conference.

Catherine is writing to me. Zoltan saw me at the conference.
We are writing to each other. We saw each other at the conference.
PRACTICE
1) Form
Complete the sentences with myself, yourself, himself, etc.
1. Joanna is in hospital. She hurt herself at work yesterday.
2. Don't worry about me. I can look after ............................ .
3. Henri and Paul are self-employed. They work for ............................ .
4. The system overheated and shut .............................. down.
5. Peter, we want you to tell us a little about .............................. .
6. He came to the factory to see for .............................. how bad the damage was.
7. SaI and I have a family business. We pay .............................. $2,000 a month each.

8. We would like you and Mr Stone to make .............................. available for interview on the
23rd.
2) Use
Choose the correct option from the words in italics.
1. My boss doesn't like travelling. He sends me / myself to meet important clients.
2. I don't like being late. I give me / myself lots of time for journeys.
3. This invoice is for Mr Turing. Please fax it to him / himself.
4. Hello, I'd like to introduce me / myself. My name is Enrico Real.
5. We never had any IT training. We taught us / ourselves to program.
6. Paul and Saffron need this information. Could you give it to them / themselves?
3) by myself, etc.
Rewrite the words in italics with the words in the box.
himself by himself herself ourselves

by ourselves by herself/your self by yourself by herself
1. He doesn't use an accountant. He does all his tax without any help. himself
2. Ali and I work alone. by ourselves
3. Did you write this report without any help? ..............................
4. She is divorced now, and she lives alone. ..............................
5. We don't have any secretaries here. We type our letters without any help. .........................
6. He spends lots of time thinking and planning and likes to be alone. ..............................
7. She's the kind of manager who likes to do everything without any help. ..............................
8. David is busy, so you will have to go to the meeting alone. ..............................

4) each other
Look at the pictures. Complete the sentences with each other or themselves.
1. 2.
1. They are giving
............... a present.
2. They are enjoying

............... .
3. 4. 3. They work for

............... .
4. They are thanking

................ .
OVER TO YOU
Answer these questions about you and your colleagues. Use ourselves or each other.
1. When you have a meal with colleagues, who pays? We ................................................. .
2. When you are at a meeting, who do you talk to? We ................................................. .
3. When people at work need help, what do you do? We ................................................. .
Say what you do yourself and what you don't do.

4. send my car to the garage/fix it I don't send my car to the garage. I fix it myself.
5. have an accountant/do my tax ......................................................................................... .
6. have a cleaner/do the cleaning .......................................................................................... .
7. have a secretary/type letters .......................................................................................... .
8. have a chauffeur/drive. .......................................................................................... .

ARTICLES
A, AN, THE
PRESENTATION
1) "a" or "an"?
We use “a” with singular nouns that begin with a consonant sound:
a business a director a gate a company a fax a house
We use “an” with singular nouns that begin with a vowel sound:
an assistant an executive an idea an office an overdraft an upgrade
We also use “an” with adjectives that begin with a vowel sound:
an interesting suggestion, an honest answer
!!! It is the first sound of the word, not the letter, that is important.
We use "an" with these words:
an hour an MP an MBA an MEP an NGO
We use "a" with these words:

a USP a university a UN resolution a Euro
2) "a" and "the"

We use "a" or "an" with singular nouns. We use "a" or "an" when we talk about an
unspecified noun for the first time:
I have bought a modem and an antivirus program.
We only know that she has bought one modem, not two or three. It is one of many in the
shop. We know she bought only one antivirus program, not two or three.
The next time we talk about the same noun, we often use "the":
The modem cost $30 and the antivirus program cost $45.
We also use "the" when the speaker and listener both know what the speaker is talking
about:
I'm going to the canteen - I'Il be back in twenty minutes.
3) No article
We usually use no article when we are talking about:
uncountable nouns in general Money is important.
abstract nouns in general Happiness is important.
plural countable nouns in general Computers are cheap these days.
But when we talk about particular nouns we use “the”:
Can you pay back the money I gave you last week?

PRACTICE
1) "a" or "an"?
Complete the dialogue with "a" or "an".
Lars: Is Daniel going away next year?
Inga: Yes he's planning to do 1 an MBA.
Lars: You know that if he goes, l'Il need 2 ............... new assistant.
Inga: That won't be 3 ............... problem. I know you can't run 4 ............... office like this with
no help. But I don't know who.
Lars: l've got 5 ............... idea. Do you remember Karin?
Inga: Yes, she went to work in 6 ............... hospital in Africa.
Lars: That's right. She's working for 7 ............... NGO in Ghana, but I know she only had
8
............... one-year contract. l'Il send her 9 ............... email – she can come for
10
............... interview.
2) "a" and "the"
Complete the dialogues with "a" or "the".
Guest: Hello. I've got 1 a room on the fourth
floor and I'd like to change rooms,
please.
2
Clerk: Is there a problem with ...............
room, sir?
3
Guest: Yes, the problem is that ...............
room is very noisy
Clerk: I'm very sorry. Let me look ... I can give
you 4 ............... suite on the sixth floor.
Guest: Will it be quiet?
Clerk: Yes, sir. 5 ............... suite is very quiet
and it also has 6 ............... nice view of 7
............... sea.
Lars: I want to order 8 ............... projector and

9
.............. digital camera - is that OK?
Hans: What are they for?
Lars: I'm giving 10 ............... presentation and
I need 11 ............... projector for my talk.
12
Hans: When are you giving ...............
presentation?
Lars: Next week.
Hans: How much are they?
13
Lars: ............... projector is $1,680 and
14
.............. digital camera is $590.
Hans: That sounds OK, but make sure you
keep 15 ............... receipt.

3) No article (Ø)
Choose the correct option from the words in italics.
1. Digital cameras/The digital cameras are getting cheaper these days.
2. Can you use mobile phones/the mobile phones on planes?
3. Did you look at tools/the tools in the catalogue?
4. The price of oil/the oil changes from week to week.
5. Success/The success usually comes after a lot of hard work.
6. Freedom/The freedom is important to everybody.
OVER TO YOU
Write sentences about some of your possessions and give details about them.
1. two new things you have at home I've got a TV and an MP3 player.
say where you bought them I got the TV from a department store and I got
the MP3 player from the Internet
2. two things you use at work .................................................................................

say what you use them for .................................................................................
.................................................................................
3. two things you had ten years ago .................................................................................

say what happened to them .................................................................................
.................................................................................
4. two qualifications you have .................................................................................

say where you studied for them .................................................................................
.................................................................................
PRESENTATION
1) "a", "an" or Ø (no article)
We use "a" or "an" with jobs and professions:
A: What do you do? B: l'm an architect.
A: What does your father do? B: He's a lawyer.
When we talk about business sectors, we do not use an article:

A: What do you do? B: I'm in computers.
2) Places
We use “the” when a place name has a noun like republic, union, kingdom, state, coast, etc.:
the United Kingdom the former Soviet Union the Dominican Republic
the United States the west coast the east coast the south coast
We use “the” for rivers, canals, seas, oceans, groups of islands, and mountains:
the Seine the Suez Canal the Mediterranean the Atlantic
the Alps the Seychelles
We use “the” for hotels and restaurants:

the Oriental the Ritz the Fat Duck the Intercontinental

Most cities, countries, and continents do not have an article:
London Berlin France Germany Africa Europe
Streets and roads do not have an article:

Oxford Street Madison Avenue
We use “the” for roads with letters and numbers:

the M25 the N17 the A4 the B4134
Airports, stations, and harbours do not have an article:

Charles de Gaulle Airport Paddington Station Sydney Harbour
3) No article
We do not use an article for breakfast, lunch, or dinner:
Let's have dinner at the Fat Duck.
We do not use an article in these expressions:

go to work / be at work / be away from work
go to hospital / be in hospital
go to university / go to school
go by bus / by car / by taxi / by plane
go home / stay at home / be at home
We do not use an article with names of people or companies:

Bill Gates is the Chairman of Microsoft.
PRACTICE
1) "a", "an" or Ø (no article)
Complete the text with "a", "an", or Ø (no article).
THE CLIPPER YACHT RACE

The Clipper Round-The-World Yacht Race is an international sporting
event that gives amateurs the chance to sail round the world. ln the
next race, which starts in September, ten identical boats will compete
in a 30,000-mile race around the world.
FAQs What about emergencies?

7
Can anyone join? Most crews will have ...............
8
Yes, anyone can join. ln the past we doctor or .............. nurse, or
1
have had .............. traffic warden, someone with medical experience.
2 3 9
............... engineer, ............... Each boat will also have ...............
4
artist, and ............... mechanic. full-time professional captain.
Other crew members have been in How much will it cost?
5 6
............... sales and ............... The total cost for the whole race is
farming, so your background is not £28,000. Shorter sections start at
important. £6,000.

2) Places
Complete the text with "the" or Ø (no article).
8
THE JOURNEY They will then race north via ............... Singapore and
1 9 10
The race will start in ............... UK, and the boats will on past ............... Philippines towards ...............
2 3 11
sail across ............... Atlantic Ocean to ............... China. After crossing ............... North Pacific they will
12 13
Brazil. After a change of crew, they will sail round go down ............... west coast of ............... USA to
4 5 14
............... Cape of Good Hope to ............... South ............... Panama Canal. They will race across
6 15
Africa. The yachts will then sail to ............... west ............... Caribbean, and in the final part they will
7 16
coast of Australia, staying in ............... Freemantle cross ............... Atlantic Ocean again and finish the
17
Harbour from 17 December to 1 January. race in ............... England.
3) No article
Complete the text with "a" or Ø (no article).
FAQs Are the boats comfortable?

Not very. But you will have 4 ............... bed and storage
Can I just do a part of the race?
space. There are toilets and there is 5 ............... small
Yes, if you can't be away from 1 ............... work for eight
kitchen where you can cook 6 .............. lunch or
months, you can do one or more parts of the race. For
7 ............... dinner.
example, you can sail from Australia to China and then
Who runs the race?
go 2 ............... home by 3 ............... plane from Beijing.
The race is organized by 8 ............... Robin Knox-
Johnson, the head of 9 ............... Clipper Ventures plc.
OVER TO YOU
Answer the questions with information about you.
1. What towns or cities (in your own country) have you lived in?
I have lived in Munich, Freiburg, and Stuttgart.
2. What countries have you visited?
I have visited ....................................................................................................................... .
3. What big hotels have you stayed in?
I have stayed in ................................................................................................................... .
4. Where do people from your country go for skiing holidays?
They go ............................................................................................................................... .
5. Where do people go for beach holidays?
They go ............................................................................................................................... .

FORMATION DU PLURIEL DES NOMS
REGLE GENERALE
Le pluriel d'un substantif est généralement formé en ajoutant "s" à la terminaison du mot écrit au
singulier.
Exemples :
- the dogs
- the days
- the works
- the windows
Exceptions
1. Les mots se terminant- par "o", "s", "ss", "sh" ou "x" ainsi que ceux terminés par "ch" non
prononcé [K] forment leur pluriel en ajoutant "es".
Exemples :
- the tomato the tomatoes
- the watch the watches
- the kiss the kisses
- the box the boxes
- the brush the brushes
- the bus the buses
Mais :
- the monarch [K] the monarchs
N.B. Les mots d'origine étrangère et les mots abrégés se terminant par "o" prennent
seulement "s".
Exemples :
pianos, kimonos, dynamos, photos, radios, dominos, archipelagos …
2. A. Les mots se terminant par une consonne suivie d'un "y" forment leur pluriel en perdant le
"y" et en ajoutant "ies".
Exemples :
- baby babies
- lady ladies
- country countries
- fly flies
B. Les mots se terminant par une voyelle suivie d'un "y" forment leur pluriel en ajoutant "s"
(aucune autre modification).
Exemples :
- boy boys
- day days
- donkey donkeys

3. 13 mots se terminant par "f" ou "fe" perdent le "f" ou le "fe" et prennent "ves" :
wife (femme, épouse), life (vie), knife (couteau), wolf (loup), self (moi),
calf (veau), shelf (étagère), leaf (feuille), loaf (petit pain), thief (voleur),
sheaf (gerbe, liasse), half (moitié, demi), elf (lutin)
N.B. Les autres mots se terminant par "f" ou "fe" forment leur pluriel selon la règle
générale, en prenant "s".
Exemples :
roofs, chiefs, safes
4. Quelques mots forment leur pluriel avec un changement de voyelle.

Exemples :
- man men
- woman women
- louse lice (pou)
- goose geese (oie)
- foot feet (pied)
- tooth teeth (dent)
- mouse mice (souris)
- ox oxen (boeuf)
N.B.
- child children
Remarques
1. Certains mots ne peuvent être utilisés qu'au pluriel et sont donc toujours considérés comme
pluriels !!!
Exemples :
- police, government, clothes …
- les vêtements composés de deux parties (pyjamas, trousers …)
- les noms de choses composées de deux parties (glasses (lunettes),
spectacles (lunettes), scissors (ciseaux), …)
2. Certains noms ne prennent pas de "s" au pluriel (fish, sheep, data …) tandis que d'autres
prennent toujours "s" au singulier (series, means, species …).
3. certains noms en anglais sont, contrairement à la langue française, considérés comme

"indénombrables" (= que l'on ne peut pas compter). Ils correspondent à un pluriel en français
mais à un singulier en anglais.
Exemples :
accommodation, advice, baggage, bread, damage, furniture, information,
luggage, news, progress
- Here is the news

- The information was very bad
- Do you need more information?
- She has received a new piece of furniture
4. The hair = les cheveux Your hair is nice (= tes cheveux sont beaux)
A hair = un poil (pl. hairs = les poils)

EXERCICES
1. Donnez le pluriel des mots suivants et justifiez.

roof strategy breach
church phonograph gateway
town jury goose
race bravo alto
2. Complétez les phrases suivantes en utilisant les mots proposés. Utilisez le pluriel (-s) si
nécessaire.
advice chair experience experience furniture hair
information job luggage permission progress work
1. I didn't have much luggage just two small bags.
2. They'll tell you all you want to know. They'll give you plenty of .......................................... .
3. There is room for everybody to sit down. There are plenty of .......................................... .
4. We have no ............................................., not even a bed or a table.
5. ‘What does Alan look like?' 'He's got a long beard and very short ...................................... .
6. Carla's English is better than it was. She's made .......................................... .
7. Mike is unemployed. He can't get a .......................................... .
8. Mike is unemployed. He can't get .......................................... .
9. If you want to leave early, you have to ask for .......................................... .
10. I didn't know what to do. So I asked Chris for .......................................... .
11. I don't think Dan will get the job. He doesn't have enough ............................................. .
12. Paul has done many interesting things. He could write a book about his ........................... .
3. Que dites-vous en ces circonstances? Complétez chaque phrase.

1. Your friends have just arrived at the station. You can't see any cases or bags. You ask
them:
Have you got any luggage?
2. You go into the tourist office. You want to know about places to see in the town. You say:
I'd like .................................................................................................................................. .
3. You are a student. You want your teacher to advise you about which courses to do. You
say:
Can you give me ................................................................................................................ ?
4. You want to watch the news on TV, but you don't know when it is on. You ask your friend:
What time ........................................................................................................................... ?
5. You are at the top of a mountain. You can see a very long way. It's beautiful. You say:
It ..............................................................................................................................., isn't it?
6. You look out of the window. The weather is horrible: cold, wet and windy. You say:
What..................................................................................................................................... !

FOR, SINCE, AGO
FOR AND SINCE
We use "for" and "since" to say "how long":

for three days.
Jane is in Ireland. She has been there
since Monday.
We use for + a period of time We use since + the start of the period
(three days / two years etc.): (Monday / 9 o'clock etc.):
start of
the period
for three days

Monday since Monday
Monday Tuesday Wednesday
past now past now
for since
three days ten minutes Monday Wednesday
an hour two hours 9 o'clock 12.30
a week four weeks 24 July Christmas
a month six months January I was ten years old
five years a long time 1985 we arrived
 Richard has been in Canada for six  Richard has been in Canada since
months. (not since six months) January. (= from January to now)
 We've been waiting for two hours.  We've been waiting since 9 o'clock.
(not since two hours) (= from 9 o'clock to now)
 I've lived in London for a long time.  I've lived in London since I was ten years
old.
AGO
AGO = BEFORE NOW:

 Susan started her new job three weeks ago. (= three weeks before now)
 'When did Tom go out?' 'Ten minutes ago.' (= ten minutes before now)
 I had dinner an hour ago.
 Life was very different a hundred years ago.
We use “ago” with the past (started/did/had/was etc.).
Compare ago and for:

 When did Jane arrive in Ireland?
She arrived in lreland three days ago.
 How long has she been in Ireland?
She has been in Ireland for three days.

EXERCISES
1. Write "for" or "since".

1. Jane has been in Ireland since Monday.
2. Jane has been in Ireland for three days.
3. My aunt has lived in Australia .............................. 5 years.
4. Jennifer is in her office. She has been there .............................. 7 o'clock.
5. India has been an independent country .............................. 1947.
6. The bus is late. We've been waiting .............................. 20 minutes.
7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty .............................. many years.
8. Michael has been ill .............................. a long time. He has been in hospital .....................
October.
2. Answer these questions. Use "ago".
1. When was your last meal? Three hours ago.
2. When was the last time you were ill? ...............................................................
3. When did you last go to the cinema? ...............................................................
4. When was the last time you were in a car? ...............................................................
5. When was the last time you went on holiday? ...............................................................
3. Complete the sentences. Use "for" or "ago" with these words.
1. Jane arrived in lreland three days ago. (three days)
2. Jane has been in Ireland for three days. (three days)
3. Lynn and Mark have been married ................................................................ (20 years)
4. Lynn and Mark got married ............................................................................ (20 years)
5. Dan arrived .................................................................................................... (an hour)
6. I bought these shoes ..................................................................................... (a few days)
7. Silvia has been learning English .................................................................... (six months)
8. Have you known Lisa .................................................................................. ? (a long time)
4. Complete the sentences with "for" or "since".

1. (Jane is in Ireland - she arrived there three days ago)
Jane has been in Ireland for three days.
2. (Jack is here - he arrived on Tuesday)

Jack has .............................................................................................................................. .

3. (It's raining - it started an hour ago)
It's been ............................................................................................................................... .
4. (I know Sue - I first met her in 2002)

l've ....................................................................................................................................... .
5. (Claire and Matthew are married - they got married six months ago)
Claire and Matthew have .................................................................................................... .
6. (Liz is studying medicine at university - she started three years ago)

Liz has ................................................................................................................................. .
7. (David plays the piano - he started when he was seven years old)
David has ............................................................................................................................ .
5. Write sentences about yourself. Begin your sentences with:
I've lived … I've been ... I've been learning ... I've known ... l've had ...
1. I've lived in this town for three years.
2. ............................................................................................................................................. .
3. ............................................................................................................................................. .
4. ............................................................................................................................................. .
5. ............................................................................................................................................. .

LES TEMPS : FORMATION ET EMPLOIS (GENERALITES)
I. LES TEMPS DU PRESENT
1. LE PRESENT SIMPLE (simple present)
FORMATION
 sujet + infinitif sans "to" (+"s" à la 3ème personne du singulier),
 "do" ou "does" + sujet + verbe à la forme interrogative,
 sujet + "do" ou "does" + "not" + verbe à la forme négative.
EMPLOI
Le présent simple s'emploie:

1. pour des actions habituelles le verbe peut être accompagné d'adverbes ou de
compléments adverbiaux tels que: often, usually, generally, from time to time, now and
then, every month, every week …
Exemples
- I often go to the British Museum.
- He comes here every day.
- I usually have breakfast very early.
2. pour des vérités générales, des constatations fondées sur l'expérience, des qualités
permanentes, qu'on énonce sans penser à un moment particulier.
Exemples
- The earth turns round the sun.
- Fortune favours the brave.
- He lives in a small town in the west of England.
3. pour des indications scéniques, des commentaires sportifs, dans des titres de journaux.
Exemples
- Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, meets the ghost of his father, who reveals to him ...
- Now he kicks the ball ... he scores!
- Air liner crashes.
- British plane turns back.
4. pour exprimer une action future si celle-ci est le résultat d'une décision bien arrêtée ou
d'une certitude. Dans ce cas, le moment futur est généralement mentionné.
Exemples
- He leaves next week.
- The holidays begin next week.
5. dans les subordonnées après les conjonctions de temps when, until, till, whenever, as, as
soon as, after, before, while, as long as, directly, immediately ... (!!! ≠ français !!!)
Exemples
- I don't know when I come back.
- When you see him tell him …

- Stay as long as you like.
2. LE PRESENT PROGRESSIF (present continuous)
FORMATION
 sujet + verbe "être" conjugué au présent en fonction du sujet + gérondif,
 verbe "être" conjugué au présent + sujet + gérondif à la forme interrogative,
 sujet + verbe "être" conjugué au présent + "not" + gérondif à la forme négative.
EMPLOI
Le présent progressif s'emploie:

1. pour exprimer qu'une action se déroule au moment où on la mentionne.
Exemples
- Why don't you come and sit in the garden? --- I'm working.
- He is wearing a blue sweater.
2. pour présenter une action future comme certaine, convenue ou pour exprimer l'intention,
surtout si le moment est exprimé.
Exemples
- Mary is coming to stay with us during the holidays.
- What are you doing next Sunday?
- We are going to London next week.
3. pour exprimer une habitude, avec une nuance d'énervement ou d'irritation.
Exemples
- They are always chattering!
- She can't be working again!
N.B. Certains verbes ne peuvent pas se conjuguer à la forme progressive (cf. théorie sur la
forme progressive)
Exemples
- I prefer English to Dutch.
- We like pop music.
- She hears the news.
- You want me to help you.

EXERCISES
1. Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct them where necessary.
1. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. OK
2. The water boils. Can you turn it off? is boiling
3. Look! That man tries to open the door of your car. ...........................................
4. Can you hear those people? What do they talk about? ...........................................
5. The moon goes round the earth in about 27 days. ...........................................
6. I must go now. It gets late. ...........................................
7. I usually go to work by car. ...........................................
8. Hurry up! It's time to leave.' 'OK, I come.' ...........................................
9. I hear you've got a new job. How do you get on? ...........................................
10. Paul is never late. He's always getting to work on time. ...........................................
11. They don't get on well, They're always arguing. ...........................................
2. Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple.
1. Let's go out. It isn't raining (not / rain) now.
2. Julia is very good at languages. She speaks (speak) four languages very well.
3. Hurry up! Everybody ............................................. (wait) for you.
4. ' ............................................. (you / listen) to the radio?' 'No, you can turn it off.'
5. ' ............................................. (you / listen) to the radio every day?' 'No, just
occasionally.'
6. The River Nile ............................................. (flow) into the Mediterranean.
7. The river ............................................. (flow) very fast today - much faster than usual.
8. We usually ............................................. (grow) vegetables in our garden, but this year
we ............................................. (not / grow) any.
9. A: How's your English?
B: Not bad. I think it ............................................. (improve) slowly.
10. Rachel is in London at the moment. She ............................................. (stay) at the
Park Hotel. She always ............................................. (stay) there when she's in
London.
11. Can we stop walking soon? I............................................. (start) to feel tired.
12. A: Can you drive?
B: I ............................................. (learn). My father .............................................
(teach) me.
13. Normally I ............................................. (finish) work at five, but this week I
............................................. (work) until six to earn a little more money.

14. My parents ............................................. (live) in Manchester. They were born there
and have never lived anywhere else. Where ............................................. (your
parents / live)?
15. Sonia ............................................. (look) for a place to live. She
........................................................... (stay) with her sister until she finds somewhere.
16. A: What ............................................. (your brother / do)?
B: He's an architect, but he .............................................. (not / work) at the moment.
17. (at a party) I usually ............................................. (enjoy) parties, but I
........................................................ (not / enjoy) this one very much.
3. Finish B's sentences. Use always "-ing".

1. A: l've lost my pen again.
B: Not again! You're always losing your pen.
2. A: The car has broken down again.
B: That car is useless. It ................................................................................................ .
3. A: Look! You've made the same mistake again.
B: Oh no, not again! I .................................................................................................... .
4. A: Oh, l've forgotten my glasses again.
B: Typical! .................................................................................................................... .
4. Use the words in brackets to make sentences.

5. Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple.
1. Are you hungry? Do you want (you / want) something to eat?
2. Don't put the dictionary away. I .............................................. (use) it.
3. Don't put the dictionary away. I .............................................. (need) it.
4. Who is that man? What .............................................. (he / want)?
5. Who is that man? Why .............................................. (he / look) at us?
6. Alan says he's 80 years old, but nobody.............................................. (believe) him.
7. She told me her name, but I .............................................. (not / remember) it now.
8. I .............................................. (think) of selling my car. Would you be interested in
buying it?
9. I .............................................. (think) you should sell your car. You
............................................................ (not / use) it very often.
10. Air .............................................. (consist) mainly of nitrogen and oxygen.
6. Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct them where necessary.
1 Nicky is thinking of giving up her job. ................................................................
2 Are you believing in God? ................................................................
3 l'm feeling hungry. Is there anything to eat? ................................................................
4 This sauce is great. It’s tasting really good. ................................................................
5 l'm thinking this is your key. Am I right? ................................................................
7. Complete the sentences using the most suitable form of “be”. Sometimes you must
use the simple (am/is/are) and sometimes the continuous is more suitable
(am/is/are being).
1. I can't understand why he's being so selfish. He isn't usually like that.
2. Sarah .............................................. very nice to me at the moment. I wonder why.
3. You'll like Debbie when you meet her. She .............................................. very nice.
4. You're usually very patient, so why .............................................. so unreasonable
about waiting ten more minutes?
5. Why isn't Steve at work today? .............................................. ill?

II. LES TEMPS DU PASSE
1. LE PRETERIT SIMPLE (simple past)
FORMATION
 sujet + radical verbal +"ed" (!!! Verbes irréguliers: cf. liste !!!),
 "did" + sujet + radical verbal, à la forme interrogative,
 - sujet + "did" + "not" + radical verbal, à la forme négative.
EMPLOI
Le prétérit s'emploie :
1. pour présenter une action ayant eu lieu à un moment du passé ou au cours d'une période
de temps entièrement écoulée.
Exemples
- l wrote to him yesterday.
- We had a pleasant trip last Monday.
- When I lived in Kent l went to a school in Folkestone.
2. pour présenter une habitude passée sans rapport aucun avec le présent.
Exemples
- She came every day, and never forgot to bring me the newspaper.
- He played the piano twice a week when he was young.
N.B. Pour exprimer l'habitude dans le passé, il est possible d'employer "used to" et
"would"
Exemple
- She used to come/would come every day ...
3. pour exprimer non pas un fait passé et réalisé, mais bien un fait que vous aimeriez voir se
concrétiser. Il est utilisé derrière if, if only, as if, l'd rather, l wish, it is high time …
(= Prétérit Modal). Il peut aussi être utilisé pour exprimer une supposition ou une condition
dont la réalisation est considérée comme peu probable ou impossible.
Exemples
- l wish l had a car of my own.
- It's high time he learnt some manners.
- l'd rather he came some other time.
- Suppose your father saw you now, what would he say?

2. LE PRETERIT PROGRESSIF (past continuous)
FORMATION
 sujet + verbe "être" au prétérit en fonction du sujet + gérondif,
 verbe "être" au prétérit en fonction du sujet + sujet + gérondif, à la forme interrogative,
 verbe "être" au prétérit en fonction du sujet + sujet + "not" + gérondif, à la forme négative.
EMPLOI
Le prétérit progressif s'emploie:

1. pour indiquer que l'action était en progrès, en train de s'accomplir à un moment du passé.
Exemples
- What were you doing yesterday when l rang up?
- Yesterday l was playing the piano while you were reading.
- They were working while we were having fun.
N.B. L'emploi du prétérit progressif dans la principale et dans la subordonnée indique la

simultanéité des actions.
2. pour exprimer une description dans le passé.

Exemple
- They were kneeling beside the corpse; that was unbearable!
EXERCISES
1. Write the preterit and past participle of these verbs. (The preterit and past participle
are the same for all the verbs in this exercise)
1. make made 6. enjoy ......................... 11. hear .........................
2. cut cut 7. buy ......................... 12. put .........................
3. get ......................... 8. sit ......................... 13. catch .........................
4. bring ......................... 9. leave ......................... 14. watch .........................
5. pay ......................... 10. happen ......................... 15. understand .........................
2. Write the preterit and past participle of these verbs.
1. break broke broken 8. come ......................... .........................
2. begin ......................... ......................... 9. know ......................... .........................
3. eat ......................... ......................... 10. take ......................... .........................
4. drink ......................... ......................... 11. go ......................... .........................
5. drive ......................... ......................... 12. give ......................... .........................
6. speak ......................... ......................... 13. throw ......................... .........................
7. write ......................... ......................... 14. forget ......................... .........................

3. Put the verb in the right form.
1. I washed my hands because they were dirty. (wash)
2. Somebody has broken this window. (break)
3. I feel good. I .............................. very well last night. (sleep)
4. We .............................. a really good film yesterday. (see)
5. It .............................. a lot while we were on holiday. (rain)
6. l've .............................. my bag. (lose). Have you .............................. it? (see)
7. Rosa's bicycle was .............................. last week. (steal)
8. I .............................. to bed early because I was tired. (go)
9. Have you .............................. your work yet? (finish)
10. The shopping centre was .............................. about 20 years ago. (build)
11. Anna .............................. to drive when she was 18. (learn)
12. I've never .............................. a horse. (ride)
13. Julia is a good friend of mine. l've .............................. her for a long time. (know)
14. Yesterday l .............................. and .............................. my leg. (fall / hurt)
15. My brother .............................. in the London Marathon last year. Have you ever
.............................. in a marathon? (run / run)
4. Complete these sentences. Choose from the box and put the verb into the correct
form.
cost drive fly make meet sell

speak swim tell think wake up win
1. I have made some coffee. Would you like some?

2. Have you.............................. John about your new job?
3. We played basketball on Sunday. We didn't play very well, but we ..............................
the game.
4. I know Gary, but l've never .............................. his wife.
5. We were .............................. by loud music in the middle of the night.
6. Stephanie jumped into the river and .............................. to the other side.
7. 'Did you like the film?' 'Yes, I .............................. it was very good.'
8. Many different languages are .............................. in the Philippines.
9. Our holiday .............................. a lot of money because we stayed in an expensive
hotel.
10. Have you ever .............................. a very fast car?
11. All the tickets for the concert were .............................. very quickly.
12. A bird .............................. in through the open window while we were having our
dinner.

3. LE PASSE COMPOSE (present perfect)
FORMATION
 sujet + verbe "avoir" conjugué au présent en fonction du sujet + participe passé,
 verbe "avoir" conjugué au présent en fonction du sujet + sujet + participe passé, à la forme
interrogative.
 sujet + verbe "avoir" conjugué au présent en fonction du sujet + "not" + participe passé, à
la forme négative.
EMPLOI
Le present perfect s'emploie:

1. pour indiquer une action passée sans mentionner le moment où l'action a eu lieu et
indiquer le résultat d'une action terminée, ses conséquences dans le présent.
Exemples
- l have visited that country, l know what the people are like there.
- He has read that book, he can tell you the story.
2. pour donner des informations récentes (avec just, recently, lately)
Exemples
- l've just had lunch.
- Have you seen Jean recently?
3. Avec already, (not) yet
Exemples
- I have already read this book.
- I have not read that book yet
- Has it stopped raining yet?
4. Pour des états ou des actions qui se prolongent dans le présent !
(! on sous-entend toujours ''jusqu'à présent" !)
 avec ever / never, always, so far, in the last few (days, weeks ... ), how long / for / since,
today / this moming / this week ... (quand on y est toujours !), before.
Exemples
- l've never been to ltaly (so far).
- He's drunk 4 cups of coffee today.
- How long have you known this?
5. ! Avec it's the first (second, third …) time ... !
Exemples
- It's the first time l've driven a car!
- It's the second time she's lost her car!
6. She has been to Spain (elle en est revenue)
She has gone to Spain (elle y est toujours)
N.B.
On ne peut jamais employer le present perfect avec des adverbes de temps passé tels
que yesterday, then, some time ago, last year, last week ....

4. LE PASSE COMPOSE PROGRESSIF (present perfect continuous)
FORMATION
 sujet + verbe "avoir" conjugué au présent en fonction du sujet + "been" + gérondif,
 verbe "avoir" conjugué au présent en fonction du sujet + sujet + "been" + gérondif, à la
forme interrogative.
EMPLOI
Le present perfect continuous s'emploie:

1. pour exprimer une action commencée dans le passé, non terminée au moment où on la
mentionne.
Exemples
- She has been typing her papers for hours! (and she is still typing them).
- They have been writing letters since 9 this morning.
2. pour exprimer une action aux résultats bien visibles dans le présent.
Exemples
- I can see you have been crying!
- Be careful! I have been painting the door; it is not dry yet.
Remarques
1. Traduction de "depuis" :
SINCE (indique le moment où une action a commencé)
FOR (indique la durée de l'action)
2. Avec "since" et "for" dans le sens de "depuis", on emploie souvent la forme

progressive ainsi qu'avec "how long".
3. Certains grammairiens prétendent qu'il n'y a pas de différence grammaticale entre le

present perfect et le present perfect continuous. Il faut cependant remarquer que :
- la forme progressive est plus fréquente avec des verbes indiquant une action
statique (lie, learn, live, rest, sit, stand, stay, study, watch ...) et avec "how long",
"since" et "for" quand la situation ou l'action a commencé dans le passé et s'est
prolongée jusqu'à présent (avec continuité ou régularité  action ou situation
permanente ou de longue durée).
Exemples
- It's been raining for two days.
- How long have you been learning English?
- She's been playing tennis since she was eight.
- la forme progressive n'est pour ainsi dire pas employée dans des phrases
négatives.
- on n'emploie pas la forme progressive avec la forme "to be" et les autres verbes
ne se conjuguant normalement pas à la forme progressive.
!!! ≠ français !!!

Après une conjonction de temps, si le verbe de la proposition principale est au futur ou à
l'impératif, c'est le present perfect qu'on emploie en anglais (≠ futur antérieur en français!).
Exemples
- As soon as we have seen the rooms, we will tell you.
- I'll let you go when you have finished your exercise.
EXERCISES
1. Use the Past Participles of these verbs to complete the sentences:
use study meet see go finish work be
1. Have you .............................. Mr Aziz? He's our Head of Sales.

2. How long have you .............................. for Truman Industrial?
3. So, you've .............................. to Milan before, Toyo?
4. I can't find my diary. Has anyone .............................. it?
5. Have you .............................. this program before, Julia?
6. Elena, have you .............................. the sales report yet?
7. I think Henri's just .............................. out for a few minutes.
8. Have you ever .............................. Japanese?
Now match up these responses:
A. Yes, I was here last year for the Electronics Fair.
B. No, I haven't. I hope it's not too difficult to learn.
C. I think Kristina borrowed it a couple of hours ago.
D. Well, I started to study it but I found it very difficult.
E. No, I don't think we've been introduced.
F. That's OK. I don't mind waiting for him.
G. Yes, I have. Just let me print out a copy for you.
H. Just over ten years. Since I left school.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2. Use these phrases to complete the conversation:
have you heard from Tom l've been so busy today

I haven't finished it yet have you had a chance to read it yet
he's left RTX Services you've received the Mexico file
Rashid: Can I speak to Martina, please?
Martina: Speaking.
Rashid: Morning, Martina. This is Rashid from Sales. l'm phoning to check if .................
................................................ .
Martina: Yes, it's here on my desk. It arrived this morning.
Rashid: Good. .................................................................................................................?
Martina: l'm afraid not. ..................................................................................................... .

Rashid: Of course. You're still working on the market survey, aren't you?
Martina: That's right, but ........................................... . It's taking much longer than
expected.
Rashid: Talking about marketing, ................................................ recently?
Martina: Yes. He phoned me last week. ................................................ you know. He's
working for Collinson lnvestment now.
Rashid: Really? Why did he change jobs?
Martina: I think he just wanted a change.
3. The following adverbs of time are common with the Present Perfect. Use them in
these conversations:
since for yet still still ever never just already
1. Is Mahmoud here?
> You've .............................. missed him. He went out a few minutes ago.
2. Tom borrowed my laptop last week and he .............................. hasn't returned it.
> l'm not surprised. He's had my calculator for a month!
3. Have you got those market projections, Daniela?
>I haven't finished them .............................. . They'll be ready tomorrow.
4. Here's a copy of the agenda for the meeting.
> Thanks, but l've .............................. got one. Julia faxed me a copy this morning.
5. So you've been working here .............................. six months, Yvette?
> That's right. I joined the company in March.
6. Have you .............................. eaten haggis?
> No, I don't think so. What is it?
7. We've been talking .............................. ten o'clock this morning and we
.............................. haven't decided.
> You're right. It's time we had a break.
8. So you've .............................. been to Canada?
> No, but l've been to the States a couple of times.
4. Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct them where
necessary.
1. l've lost my key. l can't find it anywhere. OK

2. Have you eaten a lot of sweets when you Did you eat
were a child?
3. l've bought a new car. You must come and ..................................................................
see it.
4. l've bought a new car last week. ..................................................................
5. Where have you been yesterday evening? ..................................................................
6. Lucy has left school in 2006. ..................................................................
7. l'm looking for Mike. Have you seen him? ..................................................................
8. 'Have you been to Paris?' 'Yes, many ..................................................................
times.'

9. l'm very hungry. I haven't eaten much ..................................................................
today.
10. When has this book been published? ..................................................................
5. Make sentences from the words in brackets. Use the present perfect or past simple.
1. (it / not / rain / this week) - It hasn't rained this week.
2. (the weather / be / cold / recently) - The weather ............................................................
3. (it / cold / last week) - It ....................................................................................................
4. (I / not / read / a newspaper yesterday) – I ......................................................................
5. (I / not / read / a newspaper today) ..................................................................................
6. (Emily / earn / a lot of money / this year) .........................................................................
7. (she / not / earn / so much / last year) .............................................................................
8. (you / have / a holiday recently?) .....................................................................................
6. Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple.
1. I don't know where Lisa is. Have you seen (you / see) her?
2. When I ............................................. (get) home last night, I ............................................
(be) very tired and I ............................................. (go) straight to bed.
3. A: ............................................. (you / finish) painting the bedroom?
B: Not yet. I'll finish it tomorrow.
4. George ............................................. (not / be) very well last week.
5. Mr Clark ............................................. (work) in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up.
6. Molly lives in Dublin. She ............................................. (live) there aIl her life.
7. A: ............................................. (you / go) to the cinema last night?
B: Yes, but it ............................................. (be) a mistake. The film .................................
............ (be) awful.
8. My grandfather ............................................. (die) before I was born. I ............................
................. (never / meet) him.
9. I don't know Carol's husband. I ............................................. (never / meet) him.
10. A: ls Martin here? B: No, he ............................................. (go) out.
A: When exactly ............................................. (he / go) out? B: About ten minutes ago.
11. A: Where do you live? B: ln Boston.
A: How long ............................................. (you / live) there? B: Five years.
A: Where ............................................. (you / live) before that? B: ln Chicago.
A: And how long ............................................. (you / live) in Chicago? B: Two years.
7. Present perfect or past simple? Complete the sentences (positive or negative).
1. A: Do you like London?
B: I don't know. I haven't been there.
2. A: Have you seen Kate?
B: Yes, I saw her five minutes ago.
3. A: That's a nice sweater. Is it new?
B: Yes, l ............................................. it last week.

4. A: Are you tired this morning?
B: Yes, l ............................................. to bed late last night.
5. A: Do you want this newspaper, or can I have it?
B: You can have it. I ............................................. it.
6. A: Are you enjoying your new job?
B: I ............................................. yet. My first day is next Monday.
7. A: The weather isn't very nice today, is it?
B: No, but it ............................................. nice yesterday.
8. A: Was Helen at the party on Saturday?
B: I don't think so. I ............................................. her there.
9. A: Is your son still at school?
B: No, he ............................................. school two years ago.
10. A: Is Silvia married?
B: Yes, she ............................................. married for five years.
11. A: Have you heard of George Washington?
B: Of course. He ............................................. the first President of the United States.
12. A: How long does it take to make a pizza?
B: I don't know. I ............................................. a pizza.
8. Write sentences with the present perfect or past simple.
1. A: Have you been to Thailand?
B: Yes, I went there last year. (I / go / there / last year)
2. A: Do you like London?
B: I don't know. I've never been there. (I / never / there)
3. A: What time is Paul going out?
B: ......................................................................................................... (he / already / go)
4. A: Has Catherine gone home?
B: Yes, .................................................................................... (she / leave / at 4 o'clock)
5. A: New York is my favourite city.
B: Is it? ........................................................................? (how many times / you / there?)
6. A: What are you doing this weekend?
B: I don't know. ............................................................................... (I / not / decide / yet)
7. A: I can't find my address book. Have you seen it?
B: .......................................................................................... (it / on the table / last night)
8. A: Do you know the Japanese restaurant in Leeson Street?
B: Yes, ................................................................................... (I / eat / there a few times)
9. A: Paula and Sue are here.
B: Are they? .........................................................................? (what time / they / arrive?)
9. Which is right?
1. 'Is Sue working? (C)' No, she's on holiday.'
A. Does Sue work? B. Is working Sue? C. Is Sue working? D. Does work Sue?

2. 'Where .............................................?' 'ln a village near London.'
A. lives your uncle B. does your uncle C. your uncle lives D. does live your
live uncle
3. I speak Italian, but ............................................. French.
A. I speak not B. I'm not speaking C. I doesn't speak D. I don't speak
4. 'Where's Tom?' '............................................. a shower at the moment.'
A. He's having B. He have C. He has D. He has had
5. Why ............................................. angry with me yesterday?
A. were you B. was you C. you were D. have you been
6. My favourite film is Cleo's Dream. ............................................. it four times.
A. I'm seeing B. I see C. I was seeing D. I've seen
7. I ............................................. out last night. I was too tired.
A. don't go B. didn't went C. didn't go D. haven't gone
8. Liz is from Chicago. She ............................................. there all her life.
A. is living B. has lived C. lives D. lived
9. My friend ............................................. for me when I arrived.
A. waited B. has waited C. was waiting D. has been waiting
10. 'How long ............................................. English?' 'Six months.'
A. do you learn B. are you learning C. you are learning D. have you been
learning
11. Paul is Canadian, but he lives in France. He has been there ......................................... .
A. for three years B. since three years C. three years ago D. during three years
12. 'What time .............................................?' 'About an hour ago.'
A. has Lisa phoned. B. Lisa has phoned C. did Lisa phone D. is Lisa phoning
13. What ............................................. when you saw her?
A. did Sue wear B. was Sue wearing C. has Sue worn D. was wearing Sue
14. 'Can you drive?' 'No, ............................................. a car, but I want to learn.'
A. I never drive B. I'm never driving C. l've never driven D. I was never
driving
15. I saw Helen at the station when I was going to work this morning, but she ............... me.
A. didn't see B. don't see C. hasn't seen D. didn't saw

5. LE PLUS-QUE-PARFAIT (past perfect)
FORMATION
 sujet + "had" + participe passé,
 "had" + sujet + participe passé, à la forme interrogative,
 sujet + "had" + "not", à la forme négative.
EMPLOI
Le past perfect s'emploie pour exprimer un certain rapport avec un moment passé (et
s'accompagne généralement d'adverbes de temps passé: then, up to then ...).
Il a deux emplois principaux :
1. Il indique qu'une action avait eu lieu avant un moment donné du passé ou avant quelque
autre action passée.
Exemples
- I had read this book before l was 16.
- When we came in he had fallen asleep.
- When we opened the box we found he had eaten all the sweets.
2. Il indique qu'une action avait commencé avant un moment du passé ou avant quelque
autre action passée et continuait encore à ce moment.
N.B.
- Dans ce second cas, l'emploi du plus-que-parfait est toujours combiné avec une
expression de temps indiquant le moment où l'action a commencé (généralement "since")
ou la durée de l'action (notamment "for").
- La forme progressive se rencontre dans les deux emplois mais elle est plus fréquente
dans le second cas.
Exemples
- How long had you been in the hospital when you met him?
- l had been there for two days when it happened.
- When l came to England l had been learning English for several years.
- We had been waiting for about three hours when he arrived.
Le plus-que-parfait peut s'employer dans un SENS MODAL,

1. dans des subordonnées pour exprimer un souhait concernant le passé (I wish,
I’d prefer ...)
Exemples
- I wish you hadn't said so.
- I'd rather you had taken another one.

2. dans des conditionnelles (if, as if, as though) pour exprimer une condition passée (qui ne
s'est pas réalisée).
Exemples
- If only l had known.
- If you had only said so.
- If you had worked harder you would have made it.
6. LE PLUS-QUE-PARFAIT PROGRESSIF (past perfect continuous)
FORMATION
 sujet + "had" + "been" + participe présent,
 "had" + sujet + "been" + participe présent, à la forme interrogative.
EMPLOI
cf. remarque faite ci-dessus (N.B. 2ème point) et lors de l'emploi du passé composé progressif.

III. LES TEMPS DU FUTUR
1. LE FUTUR SIMPLE
FORMATION
 Lorsqu'on désire exprimer uniquement une idée de futur, on emploie "shall" + infinitif sans
"to" aux premières personnes et "will" + infinitif sans "to" aux autres personnes.
N.B. Il existe maintenant une tendance de plus en plus marquée à employer la forme "will"
+ infinitif sans "to" à toutes les personnes.
"will" et "shall" peuvent être contractés sous la forme " 'll ".
 A la forme interrogative: "shall / will" + sujet + infinitif sans "to",
 A la forme négative : sujet + "shall / will" + "not" + infinitif sans "to".
Abréviations
shall not shan't
will not won't
Exemples
- I'll call back to book the tickets.
- I'll take the cheaper one.
- I'll get a porter to take your luggage up.
- You'll find that room on the first floor.
- We'll give you a new one.
- When will they stop chatting?
- Will you do your shopping now?
- They won't go there.
!!! SHALL et WILL sont des auxiliaires de modes; ils portent en eux diverses nuances et
ajoutent donc différentes connotations à la simple nuance de futur!!!
"SHALL" s'emploie notamment :

1. dans les formes interrogatives aux premières personnes afin de demander un conseil
ou de proposer une aide.
Exemples
- Shall l do it for you?
- Shall we give the answer now?
2. aux autres formes et personnes pour exprimer une menace, une promesse, un ordre,
une prophétie, un événement inévitable.
Exemples
- You shall give it back to her as soon as you can.
- He shall not go on answering me like that!
- l shall be thirty next month.

"WILL" s'emploie pour exprimer :
1. une idée de volonté.
Exemples
- He will wait for her after the lessons!
- If you find it too difficult l will help you.
2. une idée de répétition d'action, d'obstination de la part du sujet.

Exemples
- She will have three lumps of sugar in her tea!
- He will be late again!
3. une forte probabilité.

Exemples
- The phone is ringing, that will be Mr Chase.
- I heard a noise. That will be the milkman.
4. une demande, une invitation, une offre ou un ordre, aux 2ème et 3ème personnes de la
forme interrogative.
Exemples
- Will you say that again?
- Won't you come in?
- Will you have some more tea?
- Come in, will you?
- Will you (please) be quiet!
Il existe d'autres façons d'exprimer un futur.

1. Le présent simple (cf. notes)
2. Le présent progressif : indique qu'une chose est projetée, convenue ou décidée.

Exemples
- We are leaving next month.
- l'm not coming to town tomorrow.
3. "TO BE GOING TO" + radical verbal : marque la détermination, une intention bien
arrêtée déjà décidée au moment où elle est mentionnée (mais n’impliquant pas
forcément que des dispositions aient déjà été prises (≠ présent progressif)). Cette
forme peut également indiquer une certitude ou une forte probabilité dans l'esprit du
locuteur.
Exemples
- l'm going to spend my holiday abroad.
- Look at the clouds. It's going to rain.
- She's going to have a baby.
4. "TO BE TO" + radical verbal : exprime un arrangement, une convention ou un ordre, un

commandement.

Exemples
- l'm to see him tomorrow.
- You are to be back by 10 o'clock.
N.B. La forme "TO BE TO" + radical à la forme interrogative peut s'informer du désir de
quelqu'un.
Exemple
- Am l to do it or not?
5. "TO BE ABOUT TO" + radical : exprime un futur immédiat

Exemple
- The performance is about to begin.
6. "TO BE ON THE POINT OF" + gérondif : exprime également un futur immédiat mais le
sujet de cette expression ne peut être qu'un être vivant.
Exemple
- He is on the point of leaving for London.
2. LE FUTUR ANTERIEUR (future perfect)
FORMATION
 futur de l'auxiliaire "have" + participe passé.
EMPLOI
Le future perfect s'emploie pour indiquer:
1. qu'une action aura lieu avant un moment donné du futur, en retenant le rapport éventuel
de l'action avec la situation future.
Exemples
- We shall have left by the time he gets there.
- At the end of this year they will have bought a new car.
2. qu'une action aura commencé avant un moment du futur et continuera encore à ce

moment.
Exemples
- At the end of this year he will have been in prison for nearly eight months.
- By the time of your visit we'll be staying there for about ten days.
3. une présomption ou une supposition, aux 2ème et 3ème personnes.

Exemples
- Why is he late? He'll have missed the train.
- You will have heard that his wife is going to have a baby.
3. LE CONDITIONNEL PRESENT
FORMATION
 sujet + "should" ou "would" aux 1ères personnes, "would" aux autres personnes + radical
verbal,

 Forme interrogative : "should" ou "would" ... + sujet + radical,
 Forme négative : sujet + "should" ou "would" ... + "not" + radical.
N.B.
- "should" et "would peuvent s'abréger " 'd ".
- "should not" et "would not" peuvent s'abréger "shouldn't" et "wouldn't".
EMPLOI
Le conditionnel présent s'emploie:
1. dans une proposition principale lorsque la subordonnée exprime une condition ou une
supposition.
Exemples
- He would probably fail if he tried.
- Suppose it snowed, what would you do?
2. pour exprimer une demande polie.
Exemples
- Would you like me to find accommodation for you?
- Would you hand me the knife, please?
REMARQUE
Comme dans le cas de "will" et "shall", "would" a de plus en plus tendance à être utilisé à la
place de "should". "I Should …" s’interprète en effet souvent comme "je devrais …".
4. LE CONDITIONNEL PASSE
FORMATION
 sujet + "should / would" + infinitif passé (= "have" + participe passé),
 Forme interrogative : "should / would" + sujet + infinitif passé,
 Forme négative : sujet + "should / would" + "not" + infinitif passé.
Exemples
- l would have felt frightened if l had seen that!
- Would you have interrupted the speech?
- If he had not explained it in details people wouldn't have understood.
!!! Tout comme "shall" et "will", "should" et "would" sont des auxiliaires de mode et ajoutent
donc aux simples notions de conditionnel des nuances supplémentaires !!!
"SHOULD" s'emploie pour exprimer :

1. le reproche, l'indignation, la surprise dans les interrogations
Exemples
- Why should l do it alone?
- How should l translate it without a dictionary?
2. un conseil
Exemples
- You should smoke less!
- She should listen to what people tell her.

3. une probabilité, une éventualité, une hypothèse
Exemples
- He should be at work by now.
- Ring them up, they should be home by now.
4. l'atténuation d'une affirmation

Exemples
- I should say you are late, Tom!
- I shouldn't think so!
5. une idée de contrainte, d'ordre, dans les subordonnées introduites par so that, in order that
et derrière it is a pity, it is right, there is no reason why, I am proud, I am pleased, to insist,
to prefer, to fear that , in case, if, to propose, to suggest ...
Exemples
- There is no reason why you should lie.
- She took it back for fear that he should break it.
- She suggests that you should help!
- I have cooked your meal, so that you should be on time at work.
- Write it in your diary, in case you should forget it.
"WOULD" s'emploie pour exprimer:

1. une idée de volonté, de choix, d'entêtement
Exemples
- He said he would manage, in spite of aIl the problems he had.
- She was ill, but she would get up next day and look after me!
2. Une idée de répétition dans le passé et d'obstination de la part du locuteur
Exemples
- She would get up before the others, whatever you said!
- He would go out with only a shirt on!
- They would be playing cards aIl day long!
3. une probabilité
Exemples
- That would be the milkman.
- That would be the bell!
4. une idée de politesse
Exemples
- Would you help me?
- Would you hand me the plate, please?
"WOULD" s'emploie également après le verbe "wish"
Exemple
- I wish she would spend the Easter holidays here.

THE PASSIVE VOICE (la voix passive)
FORMATION
1. Voix passive simple
 "to be" + participe passé
Exemple
- The factory is visited by many people.
(= l'usine est visitée par de nombreuses personnes)
N.B. Le complément d'agent est introduit par la préposition "by".
2. Voix passive à la forme progressive

 "to be" + "being" + participe passé
Exemple
- The car is being washed. (= on est en train de laver la voiture)
(mot à mot = la voiture est en train d'être lavée)
EMPLOI
Elle exprime une action subie par le sujet de la phrase.
Exemple
- He has been caught by the police (= il a été pris par les policiers)
1. Une phrase française à la voix active avec "on" comme sujet est généralement traduite en
anglais par une phrase à la voix passive.
Exemple
- English is spoken in England (= on parle anglais en Angleterre)
2. Une phrase française avec un verbe pronominal se traduit souvent en anglais par une
phrase à la voix passive.
Exemples
- He was mistaken. (= il s'est trompé)
- He was married last week. (= il s'est marié la semaine dernière)
3. Le complément d'objet direct ou indirect d'une phrase active peut devenir sujet d'une
phrase à la voix passive.
Exemple
- Active : John gave Paul a book.
Passive: A book was given to Paul (by John) "DOUBLE PASSIF"
Paul was given a book (by John)
4. Un complément précédé d'une préposition peut également devenir sujet d'une phrase
passive, pourvu que la préposition soit mise après le verbe.
Exemples
- Active : Leather manufacturers make use of the hides of animaIs.
Passive : Hides of animaIs are made use of by leather manufacturers.
- Active : They sent for me. (= ils m'envoyèrent chercher)
Passive : l was sent for. (= on m'a fait venir)
- Active : We shall look after it. (= nous nous en occuperons)
Passive : It will be looked after. (= on s'en occupera)

EXERCISES
1. Write sentences from these words. Some of the sentences are questions.
Sentences 1-7 are present
1. (the office / clean / every day) The office is cleaned every day.
2. (these rooms / clean / every day?) Are these rooms cleaned every day?
3. (glass / make / from sand) Glass ...........................................................
4. (stamps / sell / in a post office) ......................................................................
5. (this room / not / use / very often) ......................................................................
6. (we / allow / to park here?) ......................................................................
7. (how / this word / pronounce?) ......................................................................
Sentences 8-15 are past
8. (the office / clean / yesterday) The office was cleaned yesterday.
9. (the house / paint / last month) The house ....................................................
10. (my phone / steal / a few days ago) ......................................................................
11. (three people / injure / in the accident) ......................................................................
12. (when / this bridge / build?) ......................................................................
13. (I / not / wake up / by the noise) ......................................................................
14. (how / these windows / break?) ......................................................................
15. (you / invite / to John's party last week?) ......................................................................
2. These sentences are not correct. Correct them.
1. This house built 100 years ago. This house was built
2. Football plays in most countries of the ......................................................................

world. ......................................................................
3. Why did the letter send to the wrong ......................................................................

address? ......................................................................
4. A garage is a place where cars repair. ......................................................................
5. Where are you born? ......................................................................
6. How many languages are speaking in ......................................................................

Switzerland? ......................................................................
7. Somebody broke into our house, but ......................................................................

nothing stolen. ......................................................................

8. When was invented the bicycle? ......................................................................
3. Complete the sentences. Use the passive (present or past) of these verbs:
clean damage find give invite make make show steal take
1. The room is cleaned every day.

2. I saw an accident yesterday. Two people were taken to hospital.
3. Paper ............................................. from wood.
4. There was a fire at the hotel last week. Two of the rooms .............................................. .
5. 'Where did you get this picture?' 'It ............................................. to me by a friend of
mine.'
6. Many American films ............................................. on British television.
7. 'Did Jim and Sue go to the wedding?' 'No. They ............................................., but they
didn't go.'
8. 'How old is this film?' 'It ............................................. in 1965.'
9. My car ............................................. last week, but the next day it ...................................
by the police.
4. Where were they born?

1. (Ian / Edinburgh) Ian was born in Edinburgh.
2. (Sally / Manchester) Sally ..........................................................................................
3. (her parents / Ireland) Her.............................................................................................
4. (you / ???) I .................................................................................................
5. (your mother / ???) ...................................................................................................
5. Complete the sentences.

1. I can't use my office at the moment. It is being painted (paint).
2. We didn't go to the party. We weren't invited (not / invite).
3. The washing machine was broken, but it's OK now. It .............................................
(repair).
4. The washing machine ............................................. (repair) yesterday afternoon.
5. A factory is a place where things ............................................. (make).
6. How old are these houses? When ............................................. (they / build)?
7. A: ............................................. (the computer / use) at the moment?
B: Yes, Steve is using it.
8. l've never seen these flowers before. What .............................................. (they / call)?
9. My sunglasses ............................................. (steal) at the beach yesterday.
10. The bridge is closed at the moment. It ............................................. (damage) last week
and it ............................................. (not / repair) yet.

COMPARING ADJECTIVES & SUPERLATIVES (degrés de comparaison)
REMARQUE GENERALE
On forme le comparatif et le superlatif d'une des deux façons suivantes :
 Soit au moyen du suffixe "-er" pour le comparatif et du suffixe "-est" pour le superlatif.
C'est ce qu'on nomme la forme simple.
 Soit au moyen de l'adverbe "more" pour le comparatif et de l'adverbe "most" pour le
superlatif. C'est la forme périphrastique.
1. Forme simple
On ajoute les suffixes "-er" et "-est" :
a. aux adjectifs et aux adverbes monosyllabiques
Exemples
- big bigger biggest
- large larger largest
- soon sooner soonest
Exceptions
Pour les adjectifs crisp, just, lax, like, real, right, tired, wrong, on emploie la forme
périphrastique.
N.B.
1) "y" précédé d'une consonne se transforme en "i".
Exemple
- dry drier driest
Exception
- shy shyer shyest
2) quand la voyelle du radical est brève et qu'elle est suivie d'une seule consonne, on
doit doubler cette consonne.
Exemple
- big bigger biggest
b. aux adjectifs de deux syllabes terminés par : -er, -ow, -y
Exemples
- clever cleverer cleverest
- narrow narrower narrowest
- pretty prettier prettiest
c. généralement aux adjectifs terminés par [ l ] syllabique
Exemples
- simple simpler simplest
- noble nobler noblest
- able abler ablest
- feeble feebler feeblest
d. généralement à quelques adjectifs de deux syllabes très usités tels que : civil,
common, cruel, handsome, pleasant, quiet, wholesome, wicked …

e. aux adjectifs de deux syllabes qui ont l'accent sur la dernière
Exemple
- polite politer politest
Exception
Les adjectifs terminés par deux ou plusieurs consonnes sourdes :
exact, correct, abrupt, robust, etc ... pour lesquels on emploie la forme périphrastique.
f. souvent aux adverbes often et early
Exemples
- often oftener oftenest
- early earlier earliest
Remarque
La forme simple peut être appliquée même quand un des adjectifs cités ci-avant prend un
préfixe négatif; la forme périphrastique tend cependant à devenir la plus courante.
Exemples
- impolite impoliter ou more impolite
- unhappy unhappier ou more unhappy
- ignoble ignoblest ou most ignoble …
Comparatifs et superlatifs irréguliers

POSITIF COMPARATIF SUPERLATIF
good
meilleur le meilleur
well better best
mieux le mieux
right
bad
badly plus mauvais
le plus mauvais
ill worse plus mal worst
le pire, le pis
evil prie, pis
wrong
much
more most
many
moindre le moindre
little (peu) less least
moins le moins
mineur
lesser
moins important
little (petit) smaller smallest
far farther farthest
further furthest
older oldest
old
elder eldest
later latest
late
latter last
nearest
near nearer
next

2. Forme périphrastique
Forment leur comparatif au moyen de "more" et leur superlatif au moyen de "most" :
a. tous les adjectifs de plus de deux syllabes et tous les adverbes en "-ly"
Exemples
- beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
- beautifully more beautifully most beautifully
- fully more fully most fully
b. la plupart des adjectifs de deux syllabes qui ont l'accent sur la première syllabe
Exemples
- recent more recent most recent
- urgent more urgent most urgent
- fertile more fertile most fertile
c. les participes
Exemples : alarming, appealing, charming, interesting, learned, loved, pleased, staid ,
tired, etc.
d. les adjectifs qui ne s'emploient que comme attributs

Exemples : afraid, alive, apart, alone, awake, drunk, etc.
N.B.
- Quand la comparaison s'établit entre deux qualités d'une même personne ou d'une
même chose, on exprime souvent un contraste plutôt qu'une comparaison. Dans ce
cas, on emploie la forme périphrastique. "More" signifie alors "rather than" (= plutôt
que).
Exemple
- He is more witty than wise. - Il est spirituel plutôt que sage.
(He is witty rather than wise)
- Pour comparer deux éléments, on emploie le comparatif et non le superlatif.

Exemple
- He is the more unpleasant of the two.
Comparatifs d'égalité
"as" + adjectif ou adverbe + ''as'' (= aussi … que)
Exemple
- Your dog is as greedy as mine.
Comparatifs d'infériorité : 2 possibilités

 "not so / not as" + adjectif ou adverbe + "as".
 "less" + adjectif ou adverbe + "than" (= moins … que).
Exemples
- His hair is not as dark / not so dark as it used to be.
- His hair is less dark than it used to be.

EXERCISES
1. Look at the pictures and write the comparative (older / more interesting etc.)
2. Write the comparative.
1. old older 6. good .........................................

2. strong ......................................... 7. large .........................................
3. happy ......................................... 8. serious .........................................
4. modern ......................................... 9. pretty .........................................
5. important ......................................... 10. crowded .........................................
3. Write the opposite.
1. younger older 4. better .........................................
2. colder ......................................... 5. nearer .........................................
3. cheaper ......................................... 6. easier .........................................
4. Complete the sentences. Use a comparative.
1. Helen's car isn't very big. She wants a bigger one.
2. My job isn't very interesting. I want to do something more interesting.
3. You're not very tall. Your brother is ................................................................................. .
4. David doesn't work very hard. I work .............................................................................. .
5. My chair isn't very comfortable. Yours is ........................................................................ .
6. Your idea isn't very good. My idea is .............................................................................. .
7. These flowers aren't very nice. The blue ones are ......................................................... .
8. My bag isn't very heavy. Your bag is .............................................................................. .
9. l'm not very interested in art. l'm ....................................................................... in history.

10. It isn't very warm today. It was ........................................................................ yesterday.
11. These tomatoes don't taste very good. The other ones tasted ....................................... .
12. Britain isn't very big. France is ........................................................................................ .
13. London isn't very beautiful. Paris is ................................................................................ .
14. This knife isn't very sharp. Have you got a .............................................................. one?
15. People today aren't very polite. ln the past they were .................................................... .
16. The weather isn't too bad today. Often it is much .......................................................... .
5. Complete the sentences. Use a superlative (the oldest etc.).
1. This building is very old. It's the oldest building in the town.
2. It was a very happy day. It was ........................................................................ of my life.
3. It's a very good film. It's ............................................................................ l've ever seen.
4. She's a very popular singer. She's ........................................................... in the country.
5. It was a very bad mistake. It was ............................................................ I've ever made.
6. It's a very pretty village. It's ....................................................................... I've ever seen.
7. It was a very cold day. It was ......................................................................... of the year.
8. He's a very boring person. He's ................................................................. I've ever met.
6. Write sentences with comparatives (older etc.) and superlatives (the oldest etc.).
1 big / small
(A / D) A is ...................................................... D.
(A) A is ......................................................... .
(B) B is ......................................................... .
2 long / short
(C / A) C is ...................................................... A.
(D) D is ........................................................ .
(B) B is ......................................................... .
3 young / old
(D / C) D ..............................................................
(B) ..................................................................
(C) ..................................................................
4 expensive / cheap
(D / A) ..................................................................
(C) ..................................................................
(A) ..................................................................
5 good / bad
(A / C) ..................................................................
(A) ..................................................................
(D) ..................................................................

QUANTITY (quantité)
1. Complete these questions with how much, how many, how long and how far:
1. .......................................................... people work in your department?
2. .......................................................... time do you spend on the phone each day?
3. .......................................................... do you have to travel to work every day?
4. .......................................................... does your journey to work usually take?
5. .......................................................... languages does your boss know?
6. .......................................................... have you worked for your present company?
7. .......................................................... is your office from the city centre?
8. .......................................................... work do you normally take home at the weekend?
2. Choose the correct alternative in each example:

1. I'm afraid l've had ............................................. work in the past two weeks that I
haven't had time to read your report.
A. too much B. so much C. very much D. much
2. Julia isn't very happy in her new job. She spends ............................................. time
away from home.
A. too many B. too much C. many D. a lot
3. We introduced a "new ideas" scheme last year, but it wasn't very successful. Only
............................................. employees were interested in it.
A. a little B. a few C. little D. few
4. We were quite optimistic when we launched the RTX4 this time last year. However,
............................................. of our customers were interested.
A. very few B. very little C. very much D. very many
5. Judy spent four months in Japan but she didn't get .............................................
opportunity to learn the language.
A. much B. lots of C. many D. few
6. If you give me ............................................. time, I'll check those order details for you.
A. a few more B. a little more C. little more D. any more
7. l'm afraid we'lI have to put our expansion plans on ice for the moment.
............................................. of the banks we've spoken to is willing to lend us the
money we need.
A. some B. any C. no D. none

8. It's company policy to encourage creativity in employees. In fact, ...................................
our senior managers spend one or two hours a day working on their own projects.
A. much of B. few of C. most of D. none of
9. We need to pay ............................................. attention to after-sales service if we are

going to expand our market share.
A. much more B. many more C. lot more D. any more
10. Can I get you ............................................. coffee while you're waiting, Mrs Westman?
A. much more B. many more C. a little more D. a lot more
3. Use these partnerships to complete the conversations:
very little money quite a lot of market research

a little more experience a lot of people
a lot of good work a few more pages
very much time a lot of interesting ideas
1. How was the management course, Raman?

➢ It was very theoretical. They gave us ............................................. but l'm not sure
how they will work in practice.
2. How was your month at the Chicago branch, Rieko?

➢ lt was very useful. I feel I've got ............................................. in the information
technology field.
3. Hi, Sven. Long time no see! Where've you been?

➢ At the Milan conference. Goodness, there were ............................................. there!
4. Can I have a word with you for a moment, Pete?

➢ Can you make it quick? l'm afraid I don't have ............................................. .
5. Why did you decide not to introduce the TR6 in Italy?

➢ Well, we did ............................................. .We found that our customers preferred the
TR5.
6. Are you sure Eleni's the best person for the job?
➢ Quite sure. She's done ............................................. in personnel. lt's time she got
on.
7. Have you finished the report on the Osaka project yet, Janet?
➢ Almost. There are just ............................................. to add on exchange problems.
8. So Jane's enjoying her new job, is she?

➢ Well, she loves the travelling, but she's always complaining that she makes ..............
............................... .

4. Complete the sentences using both, either, or neither.
1. We introduced two versions of the HT56, but .............................. was very successful in
the Far East.
2. l'II speak to Karen and Roula to see if .............................. of them is interested in the
trip.
3. We looked at two possible sites for the new factory, but .............................. of them
were too expensive.
4. Would .............................. of you like something to drink?
5. l'm afraid .............................. of the departments is interested in the expansion plans.
6. l'm afraid that .............................. Paul nor Tina came to the meeting on Friday.
7. l've spoken to .............................. Tom and Sheila, but .............................. is interested
in the project.
8. There are only two possibilities: .............................. we go ahead immediately or we
pull the plug on the whole project.

SOME and ANY
1. some any
Use some in positive sentences: Use any in negative sentences:

o l'm going to buy some clothes. o I'm not going to buy any clothes.
o There's some ice in the fridge. o There isn't any milk in the fridge.
o We made some mistakes. o We didn't make any mistakes.
2. any and some in questions

ln most questions (but not all) we use any
(not some):
o Is there any ice in the fridge?
o Has he got any friends?
o Do you need any help?
We normally use some (not any) when we
offer things (Would you like ... ?):
o A: Would you like some coffee?
o B: Yes, please.
or when we ask for things (Can I have ... ?
etc.):
o A: Can I have some soup, please?
o B: Yes. Help yourself.
o A: Can you lend me some money?

o B: Sure. How much do you need?
3. some and any without a noun

o I didn't take any photographs, but Jane took some. (= some photographs)
o You can have some coffee, but I don't want any. (= any coffee)
o l've just made some coffee. Would you like some? (= some coffee)
o 'Where's your luggage?' 'I haven't got any.' (= any luggage)
o 'Are there any biscuits?' 'Yes, there are some in the kitchen.' (= some biscuits)
4. something / somebody (or someone) anything / anybody (or anyone)

o She said something. o She didn 't say anything.
o I saw somebody (or someone). o I didn't see anybody (or anyone).
o Would you like something to eat? o Are you doing anything tonight?
o Somebody's at the door. o Where's Sue? Has anybody seen her?

EXERCISES
1. Write some or any.
1. l bought some cheese, but l didn't buy any bread.
2. l'm going to the post office. I need ............... stamps.
3. There aren't ............... shops in this part of town.
4. Gary and Alice haven't got ............... children.
5. Have you got ............... brothers or sisters?
6. There are ............... beautiful flowers in the garden.
7. Do you know ............... good hotels in London?
8. 'Would you like ............... tea?' 'Yes, please.'
9. When we were on holiday, we visited ............... very interesting places.
10. Don't buy ............... rice. We don't need ............... .
11. I went out to buy ............... oranges, but they didn't have ............... in the shop.
12. I'm thirsty. Can I have ............... water, please?
2. Complete the sentences. Use some or any + the words in the box.
air cheese help milk questions

batteries friends languages photographs shampoo
1. I want to wash my hair. Is there any shampoo ?

2. The police want to talk to you. They want to ask you ............................................. .
3. I haven't got my camera, so I can't take ............................................. .
4. Do you speak ............................................. foreign ............................................. ?
5. Yesterday evening I went to a restaurant with ............................................. of mine.
6. Can I have ............................................. in my coffee, please?
7. The radio isn't working. There aren't ............................................. in it.
8. It's hot in this office. I'm going out for ............................................. fresh
............................................. .
9. A: Would you like ............................................. ?
B: No, thank you. l've had enough to eat.
10. I can do this job alone. I don't need ............................................. .
3. Complete the sentences. Use some or any.
1. Jane didn't take any photographs, but I took some. (I / take)
2. 'Where's your luggage?' 'I haven't got any.' (I / not / have)
3. 'Do you need any money?' 'No, thank you. ............................................. .' (I / have)
4. 'Can you lend me some money?' I'm sorry, but ............................................. .' (I / not /
have)
5. The tomatoes in the shop didn't look very good, so ............................................. . (I /
not / buy)

6. There were some nice oranges in the shop, so ................................................ .' (I / buy)
7. 'How many phone calls did you make yesterday?'.'........................................... .' (I / not /
make)
4. Write something/somebody or anything/anybody.
1. A woman stopped me and said something, but I didn't understand.
2. 'What's wrong?' 'There's ............................................. in my eye.'
3. Do you know ............................................. about politics?
4. I went to the shop, but I didn't buy ............................................. .
5. ............................................. has broken the window. I don't know who.
6. There isn't ............................................. in the bag. It's empty.
7. I'm looking for my keys. Has ............................................. seen them?
8. Would you like ............................................. to drink?
9. I didn't eat ............................................. because I wasn't hungry.
10. This is a secret. Please don't tell ............................................. .

LES PRONOMS RELATIFS (the relative pronouns)
!!! Il faut faire une distinction entre les propositions relatives déterminatives et les
propositions relatives explicatives !!!
PROPOSITION RELATIVE DETERMINATIVE

Elle ajoute un élément indispensable au sens de la phrase, on ne saurait la supprimer.
PROPOSITION RELATIVE EXPLICATIVE

On pourrait la supprimer sans nuire au sens de la phrase, elle se place entre virgules.
Exemples
- l don't want to see films that are not made in colour. (déterminative)
- Madonna, who sang yesterday, is very famous. (explicative)
Le choix du pronom relatif dépendra :
a. de la nature de la proposition relative.
b. de la fonction du pronom relatif dans la phrase.
c. de la nature de l'antécédent.
PROPOSITION RELATIVE DETERMINATIVE
ANTECEDENT : personne ANTECEDENT : neutre
a. sujet WHO/that THAT/which
b. complément Ø / that / [who(m)] Ø / that / [which]
c. complément Ø … + PREPOSITION Ø … + PREPOSITION

prépositionnel that / [who(m)] ... + préposition that / [which] ... + préposition
(préposition + whom) (préposition + which)
d. cas possessif whose OF WHICH/whose
Exemples
- A violonist is a man who plays the violin.
- The car that is in front of the house is mine. (de préférence à "which")
- The man you met at the party is a doctor. (that you met …, who you met …, whom you
met …)
- The book l normally use. (that I …, which I ...)
- He is the man I spoke to. (that I spoke to, who(m) I spoke to, to whom I spoke)
- The chair he was sitting on. (that he was sitting on, which he was sitting on, on which he
was sitting)
- The pupiI whose work I showed you.
- The room the windows of which are open. (whose windows ...)

PROPOSITION RELATIVE EXPLICATIVE
ANTECEDENT : personne ANTECEDENT : neutre
a. sujet …, who …, …, which …,
b. complément …, who(m) …, …, which …,
c. complément …, PREPOSITION + WHOM ..., …, PREPOSITION + WHICH …,

prépositionnel (…, who(m) … + préposition) (…, which ... + préposition,)
d. cas possessif …, whose …, …, of which …, /…, whose …,
Exemples
- Jones, who came here yesterday, is very rich.
- Their father, who(m) l didn't know, died a few weeks ago.
- My house, which l showed you, is for sale.
- That old car, for which he paid too much, always breaks down.
- This author, whose works are world-famous, led a miserable life.
N.B.
- Malgré ce qui vient d'être dit, dans les relatives déterminatives, dans le cas où le pronom
relatif est sujet de la phrase, THAT s'emploie de préférence à who quand l'antécédent est
une personne (et THAT s'emploie de préférence à which) quand l'antécédent est un
neutre après un antécédent accompagné d'un superlatif ou d'un mot ayant la valeur d'un
superlatif, après first, last, only, aIl, much, little, any (comp.), something, everything.
Exemples
- Newton is one of the greatest men that ever lived.
- You are the only person that can help me.
- All is weIl that ends weIl.
- The best footballer that ever was.
- You are the first member of the family that l can trust.
- Les propositions relatives peuvent également être introduites par "which" (ce qui, ce que)
en parlant d'une chose qui vient d'être citée ou par "what" en parlant d'une chose qui va
être citée.
Exemples
- What l want to know is where she lives.
- l left my wedding ring at home, which was stupid!

EXERCICE
Complétez à l'aide du pronom relatif voulu. Indiquez-le entre parenthèses s'il n'est pas
nécessaire.
1. l like the tune ............... the band is playing.
2. Had you ever heard of the town ............... she quoted?
3. She forgot the headache ............... she was suffering from.
4. He stopped the relay ............... had just begun.
5. That was the reason ............... everybody felt so happy.
6. l enjoy being with people ............... ideas l know.
7. Greediness, ............... is common, is said to be a sin.
8. They kill whales, the meat ............... is eaten in northern countries.
9. Although it is a sport, l hate hunting, ............... l think is cruel.
10. This sugar basin, the lid ............... has been broken, is ten years old.
11. l left the cloth, ............... was dirty, outside, on the table.
12. We had lunch in Hyde Park, ............... is the biggest park in London.
13. She enjoyed the company of that man, ............... is a cripple.
14. l suppose you know Mr John, ............... is our headmaster?
15. ............... was odd about it was that it occurred at night.
16. You are the first person ............... dares tell me such lies!
17. The memorial ............... you are thinking of has been knocked down.
18. She wore a wig ............... made her look oIder.
19. The smoke ............... came out of the chimney was black.
20. He does not deserve the good reputation ............... he has in town.
21. Constable John is asking questions to the man ............... sheep have been killed.
22. ............... was boring about it is that she always read her texts twice.
23. He would give nothing for the poor, ............... was not charitable.
24. We had to swerve, to avoid the car ............... was in the middle of the road.
25. He dived into the water, ............... was awfully cold.
26. She attends evening lessons, during ............... time he goes to the pub.
27. The balloon, ............... was too heavy, fell into the ocean.
28. He has drawn a picture ............... he has put in a bottle.
29. l eventually got the lady ............... number l had dialled twice.
30. He fancies a girl ............... catches the same bus as him every morning.

ADJECTIFS NUMERAUX CARDINAUX
1 one 11 eleven 21 twenty-one 31 thirty-one …
2 two 12 twelve 22 twenty-two 32 thirty-two
3 three 13 thirteen 23 twenty-three
4 four 14 fourteen 24 twenty-four
5 five 15 fifteen 25 twenty-five
6 six 16 sixteen 26 twenty-six
7 seven 17 seventeen 27 twenty-seven
8 eight 18 eighteen 28 twenty-eight
9 nine 19 nineteen 29 twenty-nine
10 ten 20 twenty 30 thirty 40 forty …
N.B. : 50 fifty
80 eighty
100 a hundred / one hundred
1,000 a thousand / one thousand
Remarques
1. Les adjectifs numéraux cardinaux sont invariables.
Exemples
- two thousand
- they paid twenty-five million euros
- two million five hundred thousand inhabitants
2. Dozen, hundred, thousand et million sont invariables lorqu'ils sont précédés d'un
cardinal ou de a few, many ou several.
Exemples
- two dozen eggs
- several hundred dollars
- a few thousand years ago
3. three mais thirteen et thirty; five mais fifteen et fifty; eight mais eighteen (un seul t) et
eighty (un t); four et fourteen mais forty.
4. II y a un trait d'union entre les dizaines et les unités.
5. hundred et thousand doivent toujours être précédés d'un autre numéral ou de a ou one,
ou d'un déterminatif.

Exemples
- 100 = a hundred / one hundred
- the Hundred Years' War
6. II faut employer and entre "hundred" et le nombre suivant, ainsi que entre "thousand" et Ie
nombre suivant si celui-ci n'est pas une centaine.
Exemples
- 142 one hundred and forty-two
- 1,142 one thousand one hundred and forty-two
7. C'est par une virgule et non un point comme en français qu'on sépare les tranches de
trois chiffres.
8. Le chiffre 0 (zéro) peut s'exprimer de différentes façons :

a) nought ou zero dans un chiffre, avant ou après le point décimal.
Exemple
- 0.02 nought point nought two ou (Zéro virgule zéro deux)
Zero point zero two
b) par zero pour indiquer les degrés du thermomètre.
Exemples
- Ten degrees below zero
- The thermometer fell to zero last night
c) par la lettre o [ou] en énonçant les numéros de téléphone.
Exemples
- 33 00 14 double three double o one four
- 37010 three seven o one o
d) par nil dans la proclamation des résultats sportifs.
Exemple
- Arsenal beat Liverpool three nil (Arsenal a battu Liverpool par trois à zéro)
e) par love dans certains sports, notamment au tennis.
Exemples
- Three love (trois (jeux) à zéro)
- Fifteen love (quinze à zéro / à rien)

EXERCICE
Ecrivez en toutes lettres :
1. 48 :
2. 1,999 :
3. 7,050 :
4. 1,985 :
5. 125,000 :
6. 326 :
7. 5,000,301 :
8. Standard-Anderlecht : 0-2. :
9. Trente à zéro; ............... mène par trois jeux à deux dans le premier set :
10. Ils ont payé trois millions pour cette maison :
11. 7,749 :
12. 556 :
13. 11,001 :
14. 4,000,036 :
15. 330082 :
16. 243,955 :
17. 6,439 :
18. 9,082,375 :
19. 3,609,438 :
20. 18,500,050 :

ADJECTIFS NUMERAUX ORDINAUX
REGLE GENERALE
On forme l'adjectif numéral ordinal en ajoutant th à I'adjectif numéral cardinal.
Exceptions
- first, second, third.
Remarques
1) five [faiv] mais fifth [fifθ]
2) Attention à l'orthographe de eighth (un seul t), ninth, twelfth.
3) y devient ie devant la terminaison th.
Exemples
- twentieth
- thirtieth
- fortieth
4) Seul le dernier mot d'un numéral composé prend la marque de l'ordinal.
Exemple
- One thousand six hundred and ninety-ninth. (1699ème)
5) On abrège les ordinaux en écrivant les deux dernières lettres immédiatement à la suite du
chiffre correspondant.
Exemples
- 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 20th, 99th, 100th, 101st ...
EMPLOI DES ADJECTIFS NUMERAUX ORDINAUX

Les adjectifs ordinaux s'emploient :
1. pour désigner l'ordre de succession des souverains :

Exemples
- Henry III Henry the Third Henry Trois
- George V George the Fifth George Cinq
Remarque
Dans ce cas, le numéral ordinal est placé après le nom et est précédé de l'article défini; il
est toujours écrit en toutes lettres.
2. pour indiquer Ie quantième du mois :

Exemples
- 30th March (se lit : the thirtieth of March)
= le trente mars
- March 30th (se lit : March the thirtieth)
3. parfois pour indiquer l'ordre des chapitres d'un livre, des actes d'une pièce de théâtre, des
pages ...
Exemple
- the Second Chapter, the Third Act ...
N.B. On dit plus souvent : Chapter Two, Act Three, Page Five …

Remarque :
Dans ce cas, le numéral ordinal précède toujours le nom qu'il détermine, tandis que le
numéral cardinal le suit.
!!! Attention à l'ordre des mots dans :

- The first two weeks (les deux premières semaines)
- The last three chapters (les trois derniers chapitres)
4. pour former les fractions, le dénominateur est considéré comme substantif et prend la
marque du pluriel.
Exemples
- 3/5 = three fifths
- 9/7 = nine sevenths
DECIMALES
Pour les décimales, on utilise un point et non une virgule. Après un point décimal, les chiffres
sont lus l’un après l’autre.
Exemples
- He finished the race in 10.34 seconds. (ten point three four seconds)
- The standard rate of VAT is 17.5%. (seventeen point five per cent)
Lorsqu’on parle d’argent, on lit le nom de la devise mais le mot "point" n’est pas prononcé.
Après le point décimal, le nombre entier est prononcé.
Exemples
- $3.50 Three dollars fifty. ou Three dollars and fifty cents.
- €5.99 Five euros ninety-nine. ou Five euros and ninety-nine cents.
- £18.42 Eighteen pounds forty-two. ou Eighteen pounds and forty-two pence.
FRACTIONS ET POURCENTAGES
Exemples
1/4 a quarter 25% twenty-five per cent
1/3 a third 33.33% thirty-three point three three per cent
1/2 half 50% fifty per cent
2/3 two-thirds 66.66% sixty-six point six six per cent
3/4 three-quarters 75% seventy-five per cent
Pour les autres fractions, on dit : a fifth, a sixth, a seventh, an eighth, two fifths, etc.:
1/5 a fifth 1/6 a sixth 1/7 a seventh 2/5 two fifths
DIMENSIONS
Exemples
How long is it? It's 39 cm long.
How wide is it? It's 31 cm wide.
How high is it? It's 16 cm high.
How much does it weigh? It weighs 8.5 kg.

DIMENSIONS & WEIGHT
Overall length in mm 390

Overall width in mm 310
Overall height in mm 160
Weight in kg 8.5
We often use the word by with dimensions:

I need a new piece of glass - it needs to be 28.5 cm by 14.7 cm.
EXERCISES
1. Decimals – Complete the dialogue with the numbers in the box. Use a calculator if
you need to.
5.52 17.5% 23.74 47.48 53 €9.28 €86.07 €491.84 €577.91
Johann: Hello, this is Mr Andersen. I'm calling about an order I placed for carpets.
Bill: Hello, Mr Andersen. I've got all the details here. The two rooms downstairs are
1
............... square metres each so that makes 2 47.48 square metres. And you're
having the same carpet for the stairs, aren't you?
Johann: Yes, that's right.
Bill: OK, well we will only need 3 5.52 square metres for the stairs, so if we add that
up it comes to a total of 4 ............... square metres exactly.
Johann: Can you give me a price?
Bill: Yes - the carpet costs 5 €9.28 a square metre so that comes to 6 ............... for
the two rooms and the stairs. Then we add on the VAT at 7 17.5%, which is
8
..............., and that makes a total of 9 ............... .
Now write down the numbers and prices in words.
1 ............................................. 4 ............................................ 7 seventeen point five per cent
2 forty-seven point four eight 5 nine euros twenty-eight 8 .............................................
3 five point five two 6 ............................................ 9 .............................................
2. Fractions and percentages – Look at the pie chart. It shows sales of a company's
products in different markets. Complete the sentences with the fractions in the box.
a fifth a quarter half three quarters
1. We make half of our sales in Germany.

2. We make ............... of our sales in France.
3. We make ............... of our sales in Western Europe.
4. We make ............... of our sales in Argentina.

3. Dimensions – Complete the dialogue with the words in the box.
high how much long weigh weighs wide
Check-in clerk: I'm sorry sir, you can't take this bag as
cabin luggage.
Traveller: What's the problem? 1 How much does
it 2 .............................. ?
Check-in clerk: It 3 .............................. more than 10 kg
and it should be less than 6 kg.
Traveller: OK. I'll put some of the books in my main bag.
Check-in clerk: No, the bag is too big. The rules say that a bag can only be 55 cm
4
.............................., 40 cm 5 .............................., and 20 cm
6
.............................. .

WHAT TIME IS IT?
RÈGLES
1. En Angleterre, on ne compte pas les heures de 0 à 24, du moins de façon courante.
Entre minuit et midi, on dit: in the morning (dans Ie matin, du matin).
Entre midi et environ cinq heures, on dit; in the afternoon (dans, de l'après-midi),
Entre cinq et dix heures du soir, on dit: in the evening (dans Ie, du soir).
Entre dix heures du soir et minuit, on dit: at night (à la nuit, de la nuit),
Exemples
- It's nine o'clock in the morning. (il est 9h du matin)
- It's seven o'clock in the evening. (il est 7h du soir)
- It's four o'clock in the afternoon. (il est 4h de l'après-midi)
2. Pour dire "il est presque "X" heures", on emploie Ie mot nearly.
Exemple
- It's nearly eight o'clock.
3. Pour dire "il est exactement "X" heures", on emploie Ie mot anglais exactly.
Exemple
- It's exactly three o'clock.
4. Si nous ne sommes pas certains de l'heure, on emploie Ie mot about.

Exemple
- It's about nine o'clock.
5. Comme les heures ne sont généralement pas comptées de 0 à 24, il faut faire une
distinction entre les heures du matin et celles de l'après-midi. Pour ce faire, on ajoute
après les heures du matin les lettres "a.m.", qui sont les initiales de la formule latine "ante
meridiem" (avant midi). Après les heures de l'après-midi, on ajoute les lettres "p.m.",
abréviation de "post meridiem" (après midi).
Exemples
- 7 a.m. = seven o'clock in the morning.
- 3 p.m. = three o'clock in the afternoon.
6. Pour indiquer le nombre de minutes qui suivent l'heure juste, on emploie l'expression past;
pour indiquer Ie nombre de minutes qui précèdent l’heure juste, on emploie l'expression to.
Un quart d'heure = a quarter of an hour.
Le même système est d'application pour déterminer le quart d'heure après ou avant l'heure
juste.
Exemples
- 3.15 = a quarter past three
- 3.45 = a quarter to four
- 8.20 = twenty past eight
- 3.30 = half past three

Remarque
Pour indiquer l’heure dans le cas des horaires de chemin de fer ou autres, on utilise le
système nombre d'heures suivi du nombre de minutes. Quand on lit les indications
précédentes à haute voix, on dit respectivement :
- three fifteen
- three forty-five
- eight twenty
- three thirty
QUELQUES EXPRESSIONS CONCERNANT L'HEURE :

My watch says five to seven. Ma montre indique (dit) sept heures moins cinq.
Your clock is slow. Votre pendule retarde (est lente).
My watch is fast. Ma montre avance (est vite).
The kitchen clock is right. La pendule de la cuisine est à l'heure (est correcte, est juste).
EXERCISE
Note the different ways of saying these times :
6.00 :
6.05 :
6.15 :
6.25 :
6.30 :
6.40 :
6.45 :
6.56 :
06.00 :
14.45 :
19.00 :
23.05 :

HAVE SOMETHING DONE
1. Look at this sentence:
Mary and Tim painted their flat.
This tells us that Mary and Tim were the painters; they painted their flat.
Now look at this sentence with "have something done":

Jenny and John had their flat painted.
This tells us that Jenny and John wanted their flat painted, and that someone painted it for
them.
2. Here are some more examples:
HAVE + SOMETHING + DONE

I have mended my bike
I have had my bike mended
Sheila is going to cut her hair.
Sheila is going to have her hair cut.
(= Someone is going to cut it for her)
She washes her car every Sunday.
She has her car washed every Sunday.
(= Someone washes her car for her)
I must clean my suit this week.
I must have my suit cleaned this week.
(= I must pay someone to clean it for me)
I'lI mend that broken window.
I'll have that broken window mended.
(= Someone will mend that window for me)
3. We sometimes use get instead of have:

I must get my suit cleaned.
4. Now look at this example:
Susan is very cross. She had her bike stolen.

Here, we use have something done to talk about something that happens to someone,
usually something unpleasant. Here is another example:
The group had two concerts cancelled because of bad weather.

EXERCISES
1. Make sentences with a form of “have something done” for these situations. Use the
correct tense.
 Tom's windows were dirty, but he didn't have time to clean them himself.
Last Saturday, Tom had his windows cleaned.
1. The shop delivers Mary's food to her house.
Mary ................................................................................................................................ .
2. At the butcher's Fred said, 'Please cut the meat into small pieces'.
Fred …………………………………...…………………………………….. into small pieces.
3. The hairdresser cuts Rachel's hair about twice a year.
Rachel …………………………………………………………………….. about twice a year.
4. Last week, the optician checked Mr Stone's eyes.
Last week, Mr Stone ……................................................................................................ .
5. Mrs Frost's doctor tells her: 'When you come to see me next week, l'II check your blood
pressure.'
When Mrs Frost goes to see the doctor next week, she ................................................. .
6. Last week, the garage serviced Jane's car.
Last week, Jane .............................................................................................................. .
7. A builder is going to mend the roof on our house.
We .............................................................................................................. on our house.
2. Look at these signs from some shops and a garage. Then write what people think
when they see the signs using the words in brackets ( ) and have or had.
 WE REPAIR ALL KINDS OF BOOTS AND SHOES
(That reminds me. I/must/my brown boots/repair)
That reminds me. I must have my brown boots repaired.
1. LET US CLEAN YOUR CARPETS AND CURTAINS
(My parents use that company. They/their carpets/clean/there)
My parents use that company. …………………………………………………………………
2. CAN WE CHECK YOUR OIL AND TYRES?
(That reminds me. I/must/the tyres/check)
That reminds me. ………………………………………………………………………………..
3. WE MAKE KEYS OF ALL TYPES
(l'd almost forgotten. I/should/a new key/make/for the front door)
l'd almost forgotten. ……………………………………………………………………………..
4. OUR SPECIALlTY: PAINTING HOUSES AND FLATS
(I don't think I can afford to/our flat/paint)
I don't think I can afford to ……………………………………………………………………...
5. WE MEND WATCHES AND CLOCKS
(That shop isn't expensive. I/my watch/mend/there last week)
That shop isn't expensive. ……………………………………………………………………...
6. WE TEST YOUR EYES FOR FREE
(Ah, yes! My husband/his eyes/test/there last winter)
Ah, yes! …………………………………………………………………………………………...

7. WE REMOVE ALL KINDS OF STAINS FROM ALL KINDS OF CLOTHES
(Wonderful! I'll take my suit there and/that coffee stain/remove)
Wonderful! I'll take my suit there and l'II ………………………………………………………
3. Some unpleasant things happened to these people last week. Use the sentence in
brackets ( ) to write a sentence with had something done.
 (Mary's bag was pulled off her shoulder.)
Mary had her bag pulled off her shoulder.
1. (Peter's driving licence was taken away by the police.)
Peter ............................................................................................................................... .
2. (Paula's bike was stolen from the garage.)
Paula ............................................................................................................................... .
3. (Fiona's glasses were broken.)
......................................................................................................................................... .
4. (John's clothes were torn in a fight.)
......................................................................................................................................... .
5. (Jane's flat was burgled at the weekend.)
......................................................................................................................................... .
6. (Our electricity was cut off because we had forgotten to pay the bill.)
......................................................................................................................................... .

REVISION
TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING WORDS AND SENTENCES INTO ENGLISH :
1. Il débitait souvent les comptes à vue beaucoup trop tôt.
2. Il est dans son bureau. Vous ne pouvez pas le déranger maintenant parce qu’il actualise
toutes les données que nous avons à notre disposition.
3. Explique-moi pourquoi on me demande chaque fois comment il est possible de faire une
telle erreur en calculant des frais de déplacement.
4. Pourquoi confondent-ils toujours ces postes quand ils complètent le bilan?
5. Les enfants sont souvent malades quand ils vont en vacances en avion.
6. J’étais ici depuis deux heures quand il entra.
7. J’avais lu ce livre avant 17 ans. On m’avait dit qu’il était intéressant.
8. Quand nous sommes arrivés l’expert-comptable était déjà parti avec tous les justificatifs.
9. Ces comptes ont été vérifiés l’an dernier par un comptable qui a maintenant été licencié
pour faute grave mais je n’ai rencontré cet homme qu’une fois il y a deux ans.
10. On est en train de compter le nombre de colis que nous avons reçus jusqu’à présent. Ce
fabricant est un des meilleurs fournisseurs que je connaisse.
11. Tu devrais parler plus lentement si tu veux être compris pendant cette conférence.
12. Leur campagne a eu plus de succès que la nôtre. Leur affaire a été florissante pendant
des années après ces publicités dans la presse.

13. Selon cette revue économique, ce système est moins économique pour la plupart des
ménages et des contribuables qui gagnent de petits salaires.
14. Lequel de ces deux investissements à court terme trouves-tu le plus intéressant?
15. Ce garçon est plus grand que fort.
16. Il ne mérite pas cette bonne réputation. Il a déjà fait faillite à plusieurs reprises.
17. L’allemand est de loin moins parlé que l’espagnol mais c’est une langue indispensable
dans le domaine du commerce.
18. Ils ont payé deux millions d’euros pour cette gigantesque demeure dans le sud de la
France. Le montant de la vente a été versé sur ce compte.
19. Ils aimeraient changer 2.000.301 euros en dollars. Quel est le taux de change actuel?
20. Liverpool-Manchester 0-2
21. Appelle-le au 071/330082 et assure-toi qu’il souhaite nous payer par traite pour cette
somme importante.
22. Nous avons reçu 7.749£. Ils ont réglé la facture en totalité.
23. Ma montre indique 9h précises. Le représentant devrait déjà être ici depuis une demi
heure.
24. L’horloge de la cuisine retarde. Tu ferais mieux de te dépêcher.
25. On ne parlait pas français dans ce pays. A l’époque, il était très difficile d’y faire des
affaires quand vous étiez étranger.

26. Nous avons vu leurs enfants et les témoins de l’accident.
27. Elles aiment les nouvelles marques même si elles sont plus chères et moins fiables.
28. La plupart des clients étaient déjà arrivés hier à midi. Qui as-tu vu là?
29. Quels clients paient habituellement comptant?
30. Qui est-elle? Avons-nous besoin de son passeport?
31. A qui est cette petite société? On nous a demandé d’essayer de la vendre.
32. Avez-vous fait ce travail la semaine dernière? Vous avez certainement remarqué que
nous préférions payer à tempérament.
33. Combien de firmes sont-elles auditées par an?
34. Nous ne réservons presque jamais avant de partir en vacances à l’étranger.
35. A cette époque, il devait travailler le samedi.
36. Je ne le croyais pas mais maintenant je l’ai vu moi-même. Le chèque a été émis le mois
dernier.
37. Ce que je ne comprends pas c’est pourquoi elles veulent fusionner si vite sans se donner
une chance supplémentaire de surmonter leurs difficultés respectives.
38. Lequel choisissez-vous, le petit ou le grand?
39. Te souviens-tu de mon ami? Nous travaillons ensemble au bureau.
40. S'il avait neigé, nous serions allés en train à Bruxelles.

41. A la foire de Madrid, leur offre ( offer) était meilleure que celle de leurs concurrents.
42. Combien de temps cela prend-il pour aller à Paris?
43. Regarde-les! Pourtant, je sais qu'on leur interdit de manger dans les locaux!
44. Très peu de nos clients ont aimé les nouveaux produits. Lequel préfères-tu? Le grand
modèle ou le petit?
45. Si seulement nous pouvions avoir une copie du tout dernier bilan et si ces calculs de
rentabilité étaient finis!
46. Nous avons un accord: on verse 20% à la commande et le solde plus tard à la livraison
de tous ces articles.
47. Nous avions fait une bonne étude de marché; notre succursale allemande a fait un petit
bénéfice pour la première fois.
48. Les fenêtres ont été cassées pendant que tu téléphonais à la police. De plus, les témoins
ont disparu.
49. Elle est venue ce matin à 8h15. Elle a apporté tous les dossiers que nous devons
contrôler pour la fin du mois.
50. Sa voiture de société est très chère et son travail lui donne l'occasion de voyager
beaucoup mais parfois il travaille le dimanche.

Entourez la bonne réponse:
1. There's been ............... accident!
A. a B. an C. the
2. My sister is ............... photographer.
A. Ø B. one C. a
3. Are you interested in ............... nature?
A. a B. the C. Ø
4. I take the bus ............... .
A. every day B. all days C. every days
5. Don't forget to buy ............... milk.
A. a B. some C. any
6. There's ............... butter on the table.
A. any B. no C. not
7. You don't understand ............... !!!
A. nothing B. something C. anything
8. 'l've brought you ............... books.' 'Oh, thanks.'
A. a few B. few C. a little
9. Do you have ............... time for me today?
A. a little B. a little of C. a few
10. ln general ............... people like children. I detest them!
A. most of B. most C. most of the
11. We don't care if you go. We've got ............... friends!
A. another B. others C. other
12. I don't know ............... men. Do you?
A. this B. that C. those
13. 'Is this your car?' 'No, it's not ............... .'
A. our B. ours C. to us
14. ............... coat is this?
A. Who B. Whom C. Whose
15. ............... don't think this is correct.
A. Me, I B. For me, I C. I

16. He's always looking at ............... in the mirror.
A. himself B. him C. each other
17. The woman ............... phoned was American.
A. who B. whom C. which
18. Do you have ............... ?
A. colours differents B. differents colours C. different colours
19. 'She's alone in the world now!' '............... !'
A. The poor B. Poor girl C. Poor
20. She always gets ............... results than I do.
A. best B. good C. better
21. That's ............... stupid question l've ever heard!
A. the most B. the more C. most
22. He isn't ............... intelligent ............... you are.
A. as ... than B. Ø … as C. as ... as
23. '............... you cold?' 'Yes, a little.'
A. Have B. Are C. Do
24. Sorry. I can't ............... tomorrow.
A. to come B. come C. coming
25. I hope that one day all nations ............... live in peace.
A. could B. will can C. will be able to
26. He ............... come to the party. He's not sure.
A. might B. could C. would
27. I ............... go to the dentist's last week.
A. must B. had to C. will have to
28. You ............... smoke. It's bad for you.
A. wouldn't B. don't have to C. shouldn't
29. We ............... now. It's getting late.
A. had better go B. would better go C. had better to go
30. They ............... live in London. Now they live in Berlin.
A. are used to B. were used to C. used to

31. I want ............... the manager.
A. seeing B. see C. to see
32. She made me ............... .
A. laugh B. laughing C. to laugh
33. We need money ............... on holiday.
A. for go B. for going C. to go
34. I don't want ............... my mother.
A. that he tells B. him to tell C. him tell
35. She's very ............... in astrology.
A. interest B. interesting C. interested
36. They left without ............... goodbye.
A. saying B. to say C. say
37. I would like ............... them.
A. meet B. to meet C. meeting
38. Stop ............... so much noise.
A. make B. making C. to make
39. She ............... us about once a month.
A. visit B. is visiting C. visits
40. Don't talk to me. ............... to work!
A. I try B. I'm trying C. I'll try
41. You didn't ............... your tea.
A. drink B. drunk C. drank
42. We ............... to Rome last year. It was wonderful!
A. are going B. went C. were going
43. He ............... the washing-up when she phoned.
A. did B. was doing C. will do
44. Lucy ............... in the bath for two hours!
A. reads B. has read C. has been reading
45. I ............... him since October.
A. 've known B. 've been knowing C. know

46. Perhaps one day I ............... in another country.
A. will live B. would live C. am living
47. We ............... her at three o’clock next Saturday.
A. see B. go to see C. 're seeing
48. 'Bob - telephone!' 'I ............... !'
A. go B. 'II be going C. 'II go
49. Our house ............... in 1990.
A. built B. was built C. has built
50. ............... late yesterday?
A. Did he arrive B. Does he arrive C. Did he arrived
51. What ............... after we left?
A. did happen B. happened C. was happened
52. ............... lovely flowers!
A. How B. What C. So
53. He's ............... good driver.
A. a so B. a such C. such a
54. She likes it, ............... ?
A. isn't it B. isn't she C. doesn't she
55. He ............... I was pretty.
A. said me B. told me C. told to me
56. She said she ............... understand what I wanted.
A. doesn't B. didn't C. hadn't
57. Can you tell me what time ............... ?
A. the match starts B. starts the match C. does the match start
58. If I had the time I ............... learn Chinese.
A. will B. shall C. would
59. l'II write to her when I ............... her new address.
A. will have B. shall have C. have
60. We ............... with them.
A. often play tennis B. play tennis often C. play often tennis

61. You speak ............... .
A. well English B. English well C. English good
62. You never listen ............... me.
A. at B. Ø C. to
63. 'When's your birthday?' 'lt's ............... December.'
A. on the tenth of B. the ten C. the ten of
64. Let's go ............... the cinema this evening!
A. at B. to C. in
65. I haven't seen her ............... .
A. for ten days B. since ten days C. ten days ago
66. She was iII ............... six weeks last year.
A. during B. for C. while
67. He's only thirteen, but he talks ............... an adult.
A. like B. as C. same as
68. I met her in the street ............... .
A. there are two weeks B. there are two weeks ago C. two weeks ago
69. I wish you ............... with me now!
A. are B. were C. will be
70. She ............... with all my plans.
A. is agree B. agrees C. is agreed
71. I asked ............... a policeman the way.
A. Ø B. at C. to
72. Could you ............... how to get there?
A. explain me B. explain at me C. explain to me
73. ............... your parents like?
A. What B. What are C. How are
74. My grandmother ............... down the stairs last night.
A. felt B. fell C. fallen
75. Where did you ............... it?
A. live B. left C. leave

ANSWER KEY
p.18 Ex. 1. 1. you, it 2. he, it, her 3. they, him, us 4. I, you, we Ex. 2. 1. their hotel 2. his
address 3. her mobile 4. my colleague 5. your name
p.19 Ex. 3. 1. yours 2. mine 3. theirs 4. ours 5. your 6. hers Over to you 1. ask her 2. of him
3. can't remember it 4. answer them 5. talk to her/him 6. demanding, my boss isn't, mine is very
relaxed 7. cheap, our products are high quality/ours are better 8. small, yours are very big/theirs
are smaller 9. long, hers is longer/her journey is longer
p. 20 Ex. 1. 1. herself 2. myself 3. themselves 4. itself 5. yourself 6. himself 7. ourselves

p. 21 8. yourselves Ex. 2. 1. me 2. myself 3. him 4. myself 5. ourselves 6. them Ex. 3.
1. himself 2. by ourselves 3. yourself 4. by herself 5. ourselves 6. by himself 7. herself 8. by
yourself
p. 22 Ex. 4. 1. each other 2. themselves 3. themselves 4. each other Over to you 1. pay for
ourselves 2. talk to each other 3. help each other 4. I don't send my car to the garage. I fix it
myself 5. I don't have an accountant. I do my tax myself 6. I have a cleaner. I don't do the
cleaning myself 7. I have a secretary. I don't type letters myself 8. I don't have a chauffeur. I
drive myself
p. 24 Ex. 1. 1. an 2. a 3. a 4. an 5. an 6. a 7. an 8. a 9. an 10. an Ex. 2. 1. a 2. the 3. the 4. a

5. The 6. a 7. the 8. a 9. a 10. a 11. the 12. the 13. The 14. the 15. the
p. 25 Ex. 3. 1. Digital cameras 2. mobile phones 3. the tools 4. oil 5. Success 6. Freedom Over
to you (personal answer)
p. 26 Ex. 1. 1. a 2. an 3. an 4. a 5. – 6. – 7. a 8. a 9. a
p. 27 Ex. 2. 1. the 2. the 3. – 4. the 5. – 6. the 7. – 8. – 9. the 10. – 11 the 12. the 13. the 14. the
15. the 16. the 17. – Ex. 3. 1. – 2. – 3. – 4. a 5. a 6. – 7. – 8. – 9. – Over to you (personal
answer)
p. 30 Ex.1. roofs, churches, towns, races, strategies, phonographs, juries, bravos, breaches,
gateways, geese, altos Ex. 2. 1. luggage 2. information 3. chairs 4. furniture 5. hair 6. progress
7. job 8. work 9. permission 10. advice 11. experience 12. experiences Ex. 3. 1. you got any
luggage 2. some information about places to see in the town 3. some advice about courses I can
do/which courses to do 4. is the news on (TV) 5. 's a beautiful view 6. horrible/awful
p. 32 Ex. 1. 1. since 2. for 3. for 4. since 5. since 6. for 7. for 8. for, since Ex. 2. 1. Three hours
ago 2. A year ago 3. A few weeks ago 4. Two hours ago 5. Six months ago Ex. 3. 1. three days
ago 2. for three days 3. for 20 years 4. 20 years ago 5. an hour ago 6. a few days ago 7. for six
months 8. for a long time Ex. 4. 2. been here since Tuesday
p. 33 3. raining for an hour 4. known Sue since 2002 5. been married for six months 6. been
studying medicine (at university) for three years 7. been playing the piano since he was seven
years old Ex. 5. (personal answer)
p. 36 Ex. 1. 3. is trying 4. are they talking 5. OK 6. It's getting 7. OK 8. I'm coming 9. are you
getting 10. He always goes 11. OK Ex. 2. 3. is waiting 4. Are you listening 5. Do you listen
6. flows 7. is flowing 8. grow, aren't growing 9. 's improving 10. 's staying, stays 11. 'm starting
12. 'm learning, 's teaching 13. finish, am working
M. De Meu Grammar – Answer Key Page 1

p. 37 14. live, do your parents live 15. is looking, is staying 16. does your brother do, is not
working 17. enjoy, am not enjoying Ex. 3. 2. 's always breaking down 3. 'm always making the
same/that mistake 4. You're always forgetting your glasses Ex. 4. 2. What are you doing?, I'm
thinking 3. Who does this umbrella belong to? 4. The dinner smells good 5. Is anybody sitting
there? 6. These gloves don't fit me
p. 38 Ex. 5. 2. 'm using 3. need 4. does he want 5. is he looking 6. believes 7. don't remember
8. 'm thinking 9. think, don't use 10. consists Ex. 6. 1. – 2. Do you believe 3. –/I feel 4. tastes
5. think Ex. 7. 2. is being 3. is 4. are you being 5. Is he
p. 40 Ex. 1. 3. got 4. brought 5. paid 6. enjoyed 7. bought 8. sat 9. left 10. happened 11. heard
12 put 13. caught 14. watched 15. understood Ex. 2. 2. began, begun 3. ate, eaten 4. drank,
drunk 5. drove, driven 6. spoke, spoken 7. wrote, written 8. came, come 9. knew, known
10. took, taken 11. went, gone 12. gave, given 13. threw, thrown 14. forgot, forgotten
p. 41 Ex. 3. 3. slept 4. saw 5. rained 6. lost, seen 7. stolen 8. went 9. finished 10. built
11. learned/learnt 12. ridden 13. known 14. fell, hurt 15. ran, run Ex. 4. 2. told 3. won 4. met
5. woken up 6. swam 7. thought 8. spoken 9. cost 10. driven 11. sold 12 flew
p. 44 Ex. 1. 1. met 2. worked 3. been 4. seen 5. used 6. finished 7. gone 8. studied Match up
1E, 2H, 3A, 4C, 5B, 6G, 7F, 8D Ex. 2. you've received the Mexico file, Have you had a chance
to read it yet, I've been so busy today
p. 45 I haven't finished it yet, have you heard from Tom, He's left RTX services Ex. 3. 1. just
2. still 3. yet 4. already 5. for 6. ever 7. since, still 8. never Ex. 4. 3. OK 4. I bought 5. were you
6. left 7. OK 8. OK
p. 46 9. OK 10. was this book published Ex. 5. 2. has been cold recently 3. was cold last week
4. didn't read a newspaper yesterday 5. I haven't read a newspaper today 6. Emily has earned a
lot of money this year 7. She didn't earn so much last year 8. Have you had a holiday recently?
Ex. 6. 2. got, was, went 3. Have you finished/Did you finish 4. wasn't 5. worked 6. has lived
7. Did you go, was, was 8. died, never met 9. 've never met 10. 's gone/went, did he go 11. have
you lived, did you live, did you live Ex. 7. 3. bought/got
p. 47 4. went 5. have read/read/have finished with 6. haven't started/begun (it) 7. was 8. didn't
see 9. left 10. 's been 11. was 12. have never made Ex. 8. 3. He has already gone 4. she left at
4 o'clock 5. How many times have you been there 6. I haven't decided yet 7. It was on the table
last night 8. I've eaten there a few times 9. What time did they arrive
p. 57 Ex. 1. 3. is made from sand 4. Stamps are sold in a post office 5. This room isn't used very
often 6. Are we allowed to park here? 7. How is this word pronounced? 9. was painted last
month 10. My phone was stolen a few days ago 11. Three people were injured in the accident
12. When was this bridge built? 13. I wasn't woken up by the noise 14. How were these windows
broken? 15. Were you invited to John's party last week? Ex. 2. 2. Football is played ... 3. Why
was the letter sent to ... 4. ... where cars are repaired 5. Where were you born? 6. ... are spoken
...? 7. ... nothing was stolen
p. 58 8. When was the bicycle invented? Ex. 3. 3. is made 4. were damaged 5. was given 6. are
shown 7. were invited 8. was made 9. was stolen, was found Ex. 4. 2. was born in Manchester
3. parents were born in Ireland 4. was born in ... 5. My mother was born in ... Ex. 5. 3. has been
repaired 4. was repaired 5. are made 6. were they built 7. Is the computer being used/Is anybody
using the computer 8. are they called 9. were stolen 10. was damaged, hasn't been repaired

p. 62 Ex 1. 1. heavier 2. bigger 3. slower 4. more expensive 5. higher 6. more dangerous Ex. 2.
2. stronger 3. happier 4. more modern 5. more important 6. better 7. larger 8. more serious
9. prettier 10. more crowded Ex. 3. 2. warmer/hotter 3. more expensive 4. worse
5. further/farther 6. more difficult/harder Ex. 4. 3. taller 4. harder 5. more comfortable 6. better
7. nicer 8. heavier 9. more interested
p. 63 10. warmer 11. better 12. bigger 13. more beautiful 14. sharper 15. politer/more polite
16. worse Ex. 5. 2. the happiest day 3. the best film 4. the most popular 5. the worst mistake
6. the prettiest village 7. the coldest day 8. the most boring person Ex. 6. 1. bigger than, the
biggest, the smallest 2. longer than, the longest, the shortest 3. is younger than C, is the youngest,
is the oldest 4. D is more expensive than A, is the most expensive, is the cheapest 5. A is better
than C, is the best, is the worst
p. 64 Ex. 1. 1. How many 2. How much 3. How far 4. How long 5. How many 6. How long
7. How far 8. How much
p. 65 Ex. 3. 1. a lot of interesting ideas 2. a little more experience 3. a lot of people 4. very
much time 5. quite a lot of market research 6. a lot of good work 7. a few more pages 8. very
little money
p. 66 Ex. 4. 1. neither 2. either 3. both 4. either 5. neither 6. neither 7. both, neither 8. either
p. 68 Ex. 1. 2. some 3. any 4. any 5. any 6. some 7. any 8. some 9. some 10. any, any 11. some,
any 12. some Ex. 2. 2. some questions 3. any photographs 4. any ... languages 5. some friends
6. some milk 7. any batteries 8. some ... air 9. some cheese 10. any help Ex. 3. 3. I've got some/I
have some 4. I haven't any/I haven't got any/I don't have any 5. I didn't buy any
p. 69 6. I bought some 7. I didn't make any Ex. 4. 2. something 3. anything 4. anything

5. Somebody/Someone 6. anything 7. anybody/anyone 8. something 9. anything
10. anybody/anyone
p. 78 Ex. 1. 1. 23.74 4. 53 6. €491.84 8. €86.07 9. €577.91 1. twenty-three point seven

four 4. fifty-three 6. four hundred and ninety-one euros eighty-four 8. eighty-six euros seven
9. five hundred and seventy-seven euros ninety-one Ex. 2. 2. a quarter 3. three quarters 4. a fifth
Ex. 3. 2. weigh 3. weighs 4. long 5. wide 6. high
p. 83 Ex. 1. 1. has her food delivered 2. had the/his meat cut 3. has her hair cut 4. had his eyes
checked 5. will have her blood pressure checked 6. had her car serviced 7. are going to have the
roof mended Ex. 2. 1 They have their carpets cleaned there 2. I must have the tyres on my car
checked 3. I should have a new key made for the front door 4. have our flat painted 5. I had my
watch mended there last week 6. My husband had his eyes tested there last winter
p. 84 7. have that coffee stain removed Ex. 3. 1. had his driving licence taken away by the
police 2. had her bike stolen from the garage 3. Fiona had her glasses broken 4. John had his
clothes torn in a fight 5. Jane had her flat burgled at the weekend 6. We had our electricity cut
off because we had forgotten to pay the bill

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NOTIONS GRAMMATICALES A CONNAITRE ET FAISANT L’OBJET D’UNE EXPLOITATION

ORALE ET/OU ECRITE:

Semaine Théorie Exercices (pages)

M. De Meu Grammar Page 2

A la fin du cours, des exercices de révision (traductions, choix multiples, exercices

M. De Meu Grammar Page 3

passé simple/imparfait preterit

futur simple future imperfect

passe composé present perfect

plus-que-parfait past perfect

futur antérieur future perfect

conditionnel présent conditional imperfect

conditionnel passé conditional perfect

CONJUGAlSON DES VERBES IRREGULIERS

Mêmes procédés de formation mais différence au niveau du prétérit et du participe passé

(FORMES A ETUDIER PAR COEUR)

Exemples : I have written

M. De Meu Grammar Page 5

N.B. : Pour les verbes de plusieurs syllabes, cf. théorie ultérieure.

4. Si Ie verbe se termine par un e au présent, il suffit, pour former Ie prétérit, d'ajouter d.

M. De Meu Grammar Page 6

2ème pers. sg. & 2ème pers. pl. : radical du verbe.

1ère pers. pl. ???

N. B. : L'impératif négatif se conjugue au moyen de l'auxiliaire "do".

M. De Meu Grammar Page 7

be was/were been feel felt felt

beat beat beaten fight fought fought

become became become find found found

begin began begun flee fled fled

bend bent bent fly flew flown

bet bet bet forbid forbade forbidden

bite bit bitten forget forgot forgotten

blow blew blown forgive forgave forgiven

break broke broken freeze froze frozen

bring brought brought get got got

broadcast broadcast broadcast give gave given

build built built go went gone

burst burst burst grow grew grown

buy bought bought hang hung hung

catch caught caught have had had

choose chose chosen hear heard heard

come came come hide hid hidden

cost cost cost hit hit hit

creep crept crept hold held held

cut cut cut hurt hurt hurt

deal dealt dealt keep kept kept

dig dug dug kneel knelt knelt

do did done know knew known

draw drew drawn lay laid laid

drink drank drunk lead led led

drive drove driven leave left left

eat ate eaten lend lent lent

fall fell fallen let let let

feed fed fed lie lay Iain

M. De Meu Grammar Page 8

light lit lit slide slid slid

lose lost lost speak spoke spoken

make made made spend spent spent

mean meant meant spit spat spat

meet met met split split split

pay paid paid spread spread spread

put put put spring sprang sprung

read read [red]* read [red]* stand stood stood

ride rode ridden steal stole stolen