Sexual Fantasies of Child Molesters

JAN LOOMAN,
Queen's University

Abstract
A structured interview was used to collect data concerning the mood preced-
ing and accompanying sexual fantasies, and the way in which the other person
in the fantasy was perceived by 21 child molesters, 19 rapists, and 19
non-sexual offenders, all incarcerated in federal prisons. For the child
molesters, fantasies about both children and adults were examined. It was
found that child molesters did not differ from the other groups in terms of
their perceptions of adults in their fantasies, and the adult fantasy was per-
ceived more positively than the child fantasy. Child molesters were more likely
to fantasize about children when in a negative emotional state than when in a
positive mood, and these fantasies were likely to produce a negative mood
state. It is suggested that child molesters may fantasize about a child as an
inappropriate way of coping with dysphoric moods, thus enhancing that
dysphoria and leading to further inappropriate fantasies. These results suggest
that sexual fantasy monitoring should become an important component in the
treatment of child molesters.

Resume
On a eu recours a une entrcvue dirigee pour recueillir des donnees sur l'etat
d'3me qui precede ou accompagne les fantasmes sexuels, et sur la facon dont
l'autre personne est percue dans un fantasme: l'echantillon se composait de 21
pedophiles, 19 violeurs et 19 personnes reconnues coupables de crimes de
nature non sexuelle, tous incarce're's dans des penitenciers federaux. On a
examine chez les pedophiles les fantasmes sur les enfants et les adultes. On a
constate que ce groupe n'etait pas different des autres quant a leurs percep-
tions d'adultes dans leurs fantasmes, et que le fantasme sur une personne
adulte etait percue plus positivement que le fantasme sur un enfant. Les
pedophiles etaient plus susceptibles d'avoir des fantasmes sur des enfants
lorsqu'ils etaient dans un etat d'ame negatif que lorsque leur humcur £tait
positive, et leurs fantasmes etaient susceptibles de provoquer un etat d'ame
negatif. Les resultats suggerent que les pedophiles peuvent avoir des fantasmes
sur des enfants pour tenter de resorber, de manifcre inadequate, des humeurs
dysphoriques, ce qui n'a pour effet que d'amplifier ces humeurs et entrainer
d'autres fantasmes malsains. En outre, ces resultats portent a croire que le

Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 1995, 27:3, 321-332

 Looman 322

controle des fantasmes sexuels pourrait s'imposer comme cornposante impor-

tante du traitement des pedophiles.

Research with child molesters has explored in depth the sexual arousal
patterns of these men (Freund, 1967). There is little doubt that child molesters
as a group become sexually aroused when shown slides of nude or scantily
clad children (Barbaree & Marshall, 1989), or listen to audio-taped depictions
of sexual activity with children (Avery-Clark & Laws, 1984) to a greater
extent than men who have no history of molesting children1 (Barbaree and
Marshall, 1989). Much of the treatment of child molesters has therefore
involved attempts to decrease this arousal through conditioning procedures
(e.g., Marshall & Barbaree, 1978), following the proposition that sexual
orientation is a conditioned response developed in childhood.
Storms (1981), however, proposed a theory whereby one's sexual orienta-
tion is a result of an interaction between classical conditioning and social
learning factors. He concluded that early masturbatory experiences lead to
the eroticization of stimuli, and early fantasies serve as the basis of adult
sexual orientation. This early classical conditioning is reinforced by environ-
mental influences as the adolescent is encouraged by the peer group to
develop and maintain an appropriate sexual orientation.
Similarly, Laws and Marshall (1990) use a combination of classical and
instrumental conditioning processes to describe how a man may develop
deviant sexual interests by pairing sexual arousal and ejaculation with an
early deviant experience. This arousal may be reinforced by such social
learning processes as modelling of aggressive behaviours and one's own
attributions regarding one's sexuality. The deviant interest may be main-
tained by continued masturbation to deviant fantasies and intermittent actual
deviant sexual contacts.
Given that fantasies are important in the above models (Laws & Marshall,
1990; Storms, 1981) of the development of sexual orientation, in applying
these models to pedophiles it seems that it would be important to determine
the extent to which pedophiles fantasize about children. The notion that
deviant fantasies are an important part of sexual deviance was emphasized
by Abel and Blanchard (1974), in their review of fantasy in the development
of sexual preferences. They underlined the importance of treating fantasy as
an independent variable which may be altered, and of the utility of
modifying fantasies as a means of changing sexual preferences.

FANTASIES OF SEXUAL OFFENDERS

Both offenders' self report and phallometric research, which demonstrates
that child molesters as a group display sexual arousal to children (e.g.,

1 Children in this context are considered to be pre-pubertal, or 12 years of age and younger.
 Fantasies of Child Molesters 323

Barbaree and Marshall, 1989), have supported the belief that at least some
child molesters do fantasize about children. For this reason, deviant sexual
fantasies have become one area of focus in the research on child molesters,
as well as other sexual offender populations. For example, Dutton and
Newlon (1988) reported that 70% of their sample of adolescent sexual
offenders admitted having sexually aggressive fantasies before committing
their offenses. Similar findings were reported by MacCulloch, Snowden,
Wood and Mills (1983) and Prentky et al. (1989) with adult offenders. Rokach
(1988) also found evidence of deviant themes in sexual offenders'
self-reported fantasies.
The assumptions that deviant sexual fantasies play a key -role in the
commission of sexual offenses has had implications for the treatment of
sexual offenders. For example. Laws and O'Neil (1981) described a masturb-
atory conditioning treatment with four pedophiles, one sado-masochist and
one rapist in which deviant arousal was lessened and appropriate arousal
increased by alternating deviant and non-deviant fantasy themes.
McGuire, Carlisle and Young (1965), exploring the development of deviant
sexual interests, reported on the sexual fantasies and experiences of 52 sexual
deviates. They found that the majority of their patients reported masturbating
to deviant fantasies and that these fantasies were based on their first real
sexual experiences. It was proposed that the fantasy of this experience had
become paired with orgasm over repeated masturbatory experiences, thus
sustaining arousal to it.
Abel and Rouleau (1990) summarizing the results of two earlier self-report
studies involving 561 sexual offenders also indicated that there appeared to
be a significant trend toward early onset of paraphilias. They found that the
majority of offenders had acquired their deviant sexual interests in their
teen-age years; for example, 50% of non-incest offenders with male victims
acquired their deviant interests before the age of 16, and 40% of those with
female victims before the age of 18.
Marshall, Barbaree and Ecdes (1991) also found evidence that deviant
sexual interest develops in childhood in a subset of their sample of 129 child
molesters. Examining the self-reported histories of chronic offenders (4 or
more victims) these authors found that 75% recalled deviant fantasies before
age 20, and 54.2% before their first offense. Considering only the 33.8% of the
sample who showed arousal to children, 95% of these offenders reported
fantasizing about children during masturbation, and 44% having recalled
deviant fantasies before their first offense. These men were also found to be
higher frequency masturbators.
To summarize, consideration of sexual fantasies is important in under-
standing the offending behaviours of child molesters (Abel and Blanchard,
1974). Despite the acknowledgement of the importance of fantasies, little
controlled research has been conducted in this area. Research that has been
conducted on the sexual fantasies of child molesters has not examined
 Looman 324

content or actual frequencies (e.g., Marshall et al., 1991), or has not compared
groups on the content of the fantasies (Rokach, 1990). In addition, these
studies have not examined the conditions under which offenders are likely
to engage in deviant fantasies, which may be important for the development
of relapse prevention treatment approaches (Russell, Sturgeon, Miner &
Nelson, 1989). Many of the arousal reconditioning studies have addressed
content or frequency issues, but the studies to date are poorly controlled and
with samples too small to allow firm conclusions to be drawn (see Laws and
Marshall, 1991 for a review of the masturbatory reconditioning literature).

THEORETICAL IMPORTANCE OF FANTASIES

IN SEXUAL OFFENDER POPULATIONS
Finkelhor and Araji (1986), suggested four motivating factors in sexual
offending against children: (a) emotional congruence, the offender seeks to
have emotional needs met by engaging in sexual activity with the child; (b)
sexual arousal, the offender finds the child sexually arousing; (c) blockage,
appropriate means of fulfilling needs are unavailable or less attractive; and
(d) disinhibition, the usual inhibitions regarding sex with children are
overcome. These authors proposed that the offender commits sexual assaults
against children due to an interaction of two or more of these factors.
It is hypothesized here that the process of fantasizing by pedophiles may
also be explained by these preconditions. First, it is generally agreed that
sexual fantasies about children are related to sexual arousal to children (e.g.,
Abel and Blanchard, 1974).
A second and less obvious feature of sexual fantasies is related to the
emotional congruence component from Finkelhor and Araji's (1986) model.
Fantasies not only serve a sexual purpose, they also have a strong emotional
component (Singer, 1975). It follows that masturbatory fantasies not only
serve to produce arousal, but that they also will satisfy some sort of
emotional need for the individual.
Disinhibition may also be a factor as an antecedent to inappropriate
fantasies. It seems that pedophiles' sexual offenses are more likely to occur
when the pedophile is exposed to extreme stress; for example, after
arguments with his wife, getting fired from a job, and so on (Pithers, Beal,
Armstrong & Petty, 1989). It can be hypothesized, therefore, that pedophiles
may also be more likely to fantasize deviantly when under stress, and
appropriately when things are going well in their lives. The results of Wilson
and Lang (1981) provide some support for this last hypothesis. They reported
that frequency of fantasies with deviant themes (sadism, masochism) was
related to dissatisfaction in relationships among non-offender males.
The present study was designed to examine the following hypotheses: 1)
Child molesters will report more fantasies about prepubertal children than
rapists and nonsexual offenders; 2) In light of Finkelhor and Araji's model
regarding emotional congruence and d isinhibition factors, child molesters will
 Fantasies of Child Molesters 325

tend to fantasize about children when in a negative emotional state (e.g.,

under stress or when angry) and about adults when in a positive emotional
state.

METHOD
Subjects
Three groups of subjects from two different medium security prisons partici-
pated in the study. One group consisted of men who had been convicted of
offenses against female children 12 years of age or younger (child molesters).
The second group consisted of men convicted of sexual offenses against
females 16 years of age and older (rapists). Only men who had female victims
were used in order to facilitate matching the two sex offender groups. As
well, the men were chosen from currently running treatment groups, or from
a list of men accepted for treatment, and who were admitting responsibility
for the offense(s) for which they had been convicted. The third group
consisted of men convicted of nonsexual offenses, who reported a heterosex-
ual preference. These men served as a "normal" control group and were
volunteers chosen at random from the inmate list of their institution.
One possible source of bias in this study is related to demand characteris-
tics of the prison setting. It is possible that sex offender subjects would report
information regarding their fantasies in a manner which they believe would
help their case in terms of treatment reports and early release. In order to
reduce the possibility of this bias affecting results, subjects were informed in
writing that participation was voluntary and confidential, and that the infor-
mation they provided the researcher would in no way be shared with their
therapist. They were also informed that the study was in no way related to
their evaluation in terms of the program.

Data collection
The data for this research were collected by means of a combined question-
naire and structured interview which was developed as part of a larger
research project (Looman, 1993). Each subject was interviewed by the
researcher on an individual basis. The interview consisted of 84 questions
concerning the frequency and content of the offender's fantasies, the
conditions (emotional, interpersonal) under which they typically engage in
fantasizing and other relevant topics2. Some of the questions required a
response limited to a choice of two to six possible answers, while others were
open-ended questions to which the offender was able to answer freely. No
questions regarding non-consenting sexual activity with adults were asked
because the focus of this research was on fantasies about children. Permission
was obtained to search subject's files for information concerning the actual
offenses for each of these men.

2 Interview schedule available from author on request.

 Looman 326

Due to the large number of comparisons to be made, the probability of a

Type I error during evaluation of the data was quite high. For this reason, a
more conservative alpha level of .01 was used in evaluating the significance
of the results.

RESULTS
Twenty-three child molesters responded to the interview, as well as 19 rapist
and 19 non-sexual offenders. As expected, none of the rapists or non-sexual
offenders admitted to fantasies about children under age 12 years. One of the
rapists admitted to fantasies about females aged 12-15, as did 14 child
molesters. Twelve child molesters admitted to fantasies about females under
the age of 12 years. Two of the child molesters denied fantasies about people
under the age of 16 years and were therefore not included in later analyses.
In addition, two of the child molesters admitted to fantasies about adult
males, and two to males under the age of 12.
Eight of the child molesters were exclusively incest offenders, that is, they
offended against only their daughter or step-daughter. Comparisons on all
relevant variables were made between these men and the other child
molesters. Since no differences were found for the analyses reported below,
the data from the incest offenders and other child molesters were combined.
Child molester and rapist groups were compared on the age of the adult
in their fantasies. There was no significant difference found. The average age
of the woman in the rapist's fantasies was 22 (SD = 3.76) and in the child
molester's fantasies it was 23 (SD = 5.34). The age of the female child in the
child molester's fantasy was available for 12 of the men. The age of the child
ranged from 1 to 12 years, with an average of 8.33 years (SD = 2.9). Similarly,
the age of the teenaged girl in fantasies admitted to by 14 of the child
molesters ranged from 12 to 15 years, with an average of 13.5 years
(SD = .855). The average age of the child molesters' actual victims was 8.06
years (SD = 2.6), and the average age of the rapists' victims was 26.08 years
(SD = 12.54). The age of the child molesters' victims and the children in their
fantasies did not differ. Only three of the child molesters admitted to
fantasies involving persuasion, and these fantasies were reported as occurring
only occasionally. One of these men stated that his persuasive fantasies
involved only promises of favours to gain compliance, while the other two
stated that their persuasive fantasies involved restraint to gain compliance.
None of the child molesters admitted to violent fantasies. No further analysis
was conducted with these data, due to the small numbers.
Differences in the ratings of child and adult fantasies on the responses to
questions regarding the feelings that accompany the fantasies were examined
for child molesters (see Table 1). No differences were found for power, mildly
angry, extremely angry, desired, sexual, pleasure or anxious, with responses
being distributed across the three options (never, sometimes, often). Child
molesters were more likely to report feeling scared and guilty and less likely
 Fantasies of Child Molesters 327

TABLE 1
Moods experienced by child molesters while fantasizing
Item Percent endorsing
never sometimes always chi-
adult child adult child adult child square
Power 52.4 38.9 14.3 15.8 33.3 47.4 1.04
Anxious 38.1 21.1 33.3 36.8 28.6 42.1 1.52
Scared 71.4 21.1 19.0 26.3 9.5 52.6 11.74"
Guilty 66.7 10.5 9.5 5.3 23.8 84.2 15.03***
Relaxed 14.3 73.7 52.4 15.8 33.3 10.5 14.40***
Mildly
Angry 85.7 63.2 14.3 31.6 5.3 0.0 3.11
Extremely
Angry 81.0 78.9 9.5 10.5 9.5 10.5 .03
Pleasure 4.8 26.3 19.0 36.8 76.2 36.8 6.92
Happy 4.8 57.9 33.3 21.1 61.9 21.1 13.85***
Desired 19.0 36.8 28.6 33.3 52.4 47.4 1.92
Sexual 9.5 31.6 23.8 31.6 66.7 36.8 4.34
**p< .01 " » p < .001

to report feeling relaxed while fantasizing about children than when

fantasizing about adults. Happiness was more likely to accompany adult than
child fantasies.
Differences were also noted in the reported mood state preceding the
fantasies of child molesters about children and adults (see Table 2) as a test
of Hypothesis 2. Child molesters reported that they were more likely to
fantasize about a child than an adult if they were feeling depressed, argued
with their wife or girlfriend, felt rejected by a woman or were angry. They
were more Jikely to fantasize about an adult if they were happy, had a good
day, or were feeling romantic.
The differences in moods were also examined across offender groups for
adult fantasies only. First, an examination of feelings which accompany
fantasies about adults found no differences between child molesters, rapists
and non-sex offenders on feelings of being: powerful, anxious, scared,
relaxed, extremely angry, pleasure, happy, desired and sexual. Although the
differences did not reach significance at the .01 level, it is of note that rapists
were somewhat more likely to fantasize when mildly angry (X2 = 10.31,
p = .03). The non-sexual offenders were the only group that never fantasized
in a state of anger, either mild or extreme.
With respect to emotional states that lead to fantasies about adults the
only significant difference was that child molesters were unlikely to fantasize
about an adult if feeling rejected by a woman. As mentioned earlier, there
was a trend for rapists only to report a likelihood of fantasizing about an
adult when angry.
 Looman 328
TABLE 2
Moods preceding child molesters fantasies

Item child adult Chi-square

% Yes % Yes

Inadequate 21.1 0.0 4.91

Stress from Work 31.6 9.5 3.03
Depressed 73.7 19.0 12.03*"
Argument with spouse 42.1 4.8 7.98**
Intoxicated 52.6 28.6 2.4
Lonely 57.9 47.6 0.42
Rejected by female 47.4 0.0 12.84*"
Happy 36.8 76.2 6.32"
Good day 15.8 76.2 14.6"*
Romantic 10.5 61.9 11.23***
Angry 37.5 0.0 4.5
** p < .01 *** p < .001

DISCUSSION
Consistent with the results of Marshall et al. (1991), while all of the child
molesters included in this study were convicted of offenses against children
under the age of twelve, only 12 admitted to fantasies of children in that age
group. Most of the remainder of these men stated that they fantasized about
teenagers (age 12-16) as well as adults. This may reflect dishonesty in the
responses of these men; a socially desirable defense strategy in the sense that
reporting fantasies about post-pubescent, but young, females (i.e., more
adult-like) may be perceived as being less deviant than fantasizing about
pre-pubescent females. Thus, these men may be minimizing their deviance
to appear more "normal". Indeed, data published by Barbaree (1991) showed
that even after treatment 82% of sex offenders, of whom approximately half
were child molesters, minimize their offenses to some extent.
An alternative explanation is that this may represent honest responding,
and may reflect a cognitive distortion on the part of the men about their
offending. It may be that child molesters see children as being older than
they really are, thinking the child is a teenager when they are actually
younger. Thus, they fantasize about someone they identify as being between
the ages of 12 and 16, but the acting out of the fantasy involves someone
younger.
A third possible explanation may be that the men's offenses were simply
a matter of convenience, and had they had access to older children, they may
not have offended against the younger ones. This latter suggestion is
consistent with the notion of blockage, in that men may offend against
children because they do not have access to adults. This explanation is also
consistent with the child molester typology described by Knight and Prentky
(1990). Tn this typology not all child molesters are expected to fantasize about
children and show deviant arousal; a good number of molesters (e.g., Low
 Fantasies of Child Molesters 329

fixation Axis I; Low Contact Axis 11) offend for reasons other than deviant
sexual interests.
Also of note is the finding that child molesters and rapists did not differ
in terms of the age of the adult female about whom they fantasized, or their
ratings of the adult female in their fantasies. This is consistent with results
obtained in studies which examine the sexual arousal patterns of child
molesters. Most studies have found that the majority of child molesters
display arousal to adult females to the same extent as non-child molesters
(e.g., Baxter, Marshall, Barbaree, Davidson & Malcolm, 1984). As well, this
finding is consistent with the blockage factor proposed by Finkelhor and Araji
(1986), i.e., while the child molesters fantasize about and are attracted to
women to the same extent as non-sexual offenders and rapists, they have
acted out sexually with children. This suggests that perhaps adult females
were somehow unavailable to them.
Results also indicated that child molesters tend to fantasize about children
when in a negative mood state, and about adult females when in a positive
mood, and that fantasies of children are likely to result in a negative mood
state. Thus, a self-perpetuating cycle develops, in which negative moods lead
to deviant fantasies, which lead to further negative moods, which in turn lead
to further deviant fantasies. The more the child molester engages in deviant
fantasies, the more likely he is to do so in the future, because the act of
fantasizing creates the conditions necessary for it to occur. This finding is
consistent with results reported by Neidigh and Tomiko (1991), who found
that child molesters are more likely than non-molesters to report coping with
stress by using self-denigration strategies; these are more likely to produce
dysphoria, which increases the risk of lapses.
The above result also corresponds to the findings reported by Pithers et
al. (1989) regarding precursors to actual sexual offenses. These authors found
that sexual offenses of both rapists and child molesters were likely to be
preceded by negative mood states such as anger and depression. The present
study indicated that negative mood states tended to precede deviant
fantasies. Careful fantasy monitoring may therefore aid in the prevention of
offenses, because child molesters tend to plan their offenses (Pithers et al.,
1989), and part of this planning may involve sexual fantasies. Monitoring of
fantasies may thus serve as feedback to the offender regarding how well he
is doing emotionally, and act as an early warning system for an impending
relapse.
Related to the findings discussed above, it is also interesting to note that
non-sexual offenders were the only group to report never experiencing anger
either before or during fantasies about adult females. Both sex offender
groups reported at least sometimes experiencing anger during a fantasy, and
26.3% of rapists admitted experiencing anger before a consensual fantasy of
an adult female. As well, consistent with the disinhibition factor of Finkelhor
and Araji's model, some child molesters reported at least some anger
 Looman 330

preceding and during fantasies about children. It may be that non-sexually

assaultive males experience anger and sexual feelings as incompatible states,
with anger serving as an inhibitor of sexual arousal, while this is not the case
for sexual assaulters (Marshall and Barbaree, 1990).
It is commonly believed that child molesters engage in their sexually
assaultive behaviours as a means of feeling powerful. Results of this study
indicated that child molesters were no more likely to feel powerful or in
control during fantasies about children than they were during fantasies about
adults. As well, they were not more or less likely than rapists or non-sexual
offenders to report feelings of power accompanying fantasies about adults.
In addition, child molesters reported feeling more relaxed, less scared and
less guilty when fantasizing about adults than children, which also contra-
dicts the common assumptions regarding child molesters. Thus, it is unlikely
that a search for power or other positive feelings would be a motivating
factor in sexual assaults against children. Rather, it appears more likely that
inappropriate attempts to escape dysphoric feelings may be the motivating
force in such offenses.
These latter findings are important in the implications they have for the
way in which clinicians working with child molesters conceptualize the child
molester's motivations for offending. It appears, based on fantasy content,
that at least some child molesters may be happier with an adult female than
a child, but for some reason feel that this option is unavailable to them. Treat-
ment of child molesters should, therefore, be addressing the blockage and
emotional congruence factors, working on changing the man's perception of
adult females, and encouraging his meeting emotional needs in more
appropriate ways.
To confirm and elaborate on the current findings, future research should
examine the relationship between moods and fantasies using other methodol-
ogies, such as direct fantasy and mood monitoring.

This article is based on an MA thesis prepared by the author. I wish to thank

D. Boer, D. Preston and F. Bellemare for their helpful comments on earlier
drafts of this article. Correspondence should be addressed to the author at the
Regional Treatment Centre, 555 King St. W., Kingston, Ontario, K7L 4V7.

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Received February 8, 1994

Revised March 2, 199S
Accepted March 6, 1995