ECHANGES DE GAZ-TRACES ET DE

PARTICULES ENTRE LA TROPOSPHÈRE

ET LA BIOSPHÈRE
• Contexte:
– Pourquoi s’intéresser au échanges biosphère atmosphère?
– Les grands cycles biogéochimiques

• Concepts importants
– Dépôts secs et dépôts humides
– Flux diffusifs et turbulents
– La notion de résistance au transfert

• Les modèles de type résistifs

– Introduction à la couche limite de surface
– Les résistances aérodynamique et de couche limite
– Les résistances de surface et la vitesse de dépôt
– Modèles grandes feuilles et les modèles multicouches
– Le cas des particules

Benjamin LOUBET Benjamin.Loubet@inrae.fr

www6.versailles-grignon.inrae.fr/ecosys
POURQUOI S’INTÉRESSER AU ÉCHANGES
BIOSPHÈRE-ATMOSPHÈRE?

• Météorologie • Evapo-transpiration
• Energie

• Fonctionnement des écosystèmes • Photosynthèse

• Respiration

• Réchauffement global • Emissions de N2O, CH4

• Emissions de NH3
• Dépôts de particules

• Pollution atmosphériques • Dépôts d’O3

• Dépôts de NOx
• Emissions de COVs

• Maladies / OGM • Particules biotiques

• Pollens
OVERVIEW

• Context
– Global cycles (C, N, other)
– A world under stress
– A changing world (GHG, N-threats, agro-ecology
transition)
• Upcoming challenges
– Characterise and predict
– Measurements and Modelling
 Global cycle - N –
lightning Nitrogen forms

bacteria

Nitrate

Manure

Ammonium-
Nitrate

NH4

N2 Fertilizer
industry

Combustion

4
Global cycle - N

Anne-Christine LeGall, ENA, 2011

Global cycle - N – The role of
microbes
NO, NH3
HONO
N2O

microbes

microbes

Butterbach-Bahl et al. 2011

GLOBAL CYCLES - CARBON
 Global cycles - Carbon
Active Pools
Active vs
sedimentary pools 2% 1%
3%
9%

Atmosphère

Plantes terrestres
85% Sols

Pools actifs Oceans (C inorganique

dissous)
Fuel fossil
Global aerosol cycle

Burkhardt 2014
Aerosol cycles

Burkhardt, 2014
D’après J. Burkhardt
A WORLD UNDER PRESSURE
LA CONCENTRATION DES GES
AUGMENTE

+40 ppb
Carottes
(+13%)
glacière
James Lovelock (1958)

IPCC, 2007
LE FORCAGE RADIATIF ET LE RÉCHAUFFEMENT
GLOBAL
1750 - 2005
Composition
atmosphérique

Gaz sans effet de serre

N2 ~ 78%
O2 ~ 21%
Ar ~ 1%

Gaz à effet de serre

H2O ~ 0.5 - 5%
CO2 ~ 400 ppm
CH4 ~ 1800 ppb
N2O ~ 350 ppb
O3 ~ 10-100 ppb
… perfluorés, …

Int. Panel. Clim. Ch.

Trends in Reactive nitrogen

agriculture
THREATS : NITROGEN

Sutton et al. 2011

.016
IMPACTS SUR LA SANTÉ DES AÉROSOLS

Inhalation des polluants par l’homme

Particules
ø >10 µ

Particules
ø 5-10 µ

Particules
ø<5µ
DES EFFETS COMPLEXES SUR L’ENVIRONNEMENT
EXEMPLE DE L’AMMONIAC

Formation d’aérosols
NH3 NO -
NH4+ SO 3--
NH4+ 4
Cl-

Acidification Eutrophisation 30 Biodiversité

25

Nombre d'espèces
20

15
Prairie
10

NH4+  NO3-+ 2H+ + ...

Témoin

NPK
K

N
(d ’après Bobbink, 1991)
THREATS : NITROGEN
Critical load exceedance Loss in life expectancy
for N effects on ecosystems attributable to PM2.5

% of ecosystems area with grid Loss in average life

average N deposition > eutrophication expectancy
(for 2000) in months due to identified
anthropogenic PM2.5 (for
2000)
 EXAMPLE BIODIVERSITY LOSSES :
EFFECT OF N
Understorey in Sweden before and after 10 years N supply

No +15 kg N ha-1
addition y-1
 manure (Senthilkumar et al. 2012b).
New research objectives are required to deal with this
THREAT : FOOD SECURITY
issue. Studies assessing the consequences of food/feed
demand (e.g., the proportion of animal products in hu-
man diets, food losses, food chain design) on global
nutrient flows are required. This would involve dynamic
modelssimulating theeffectsof food dietson crop production
requirements and ultimately on fertilizer use. It would also be
Wheat yield increase in 2010
necessary to assess the consequences of the spatial
[ −0.21 − 0 [ [ 0 − 0.02 [ [ 0.02 − 0.04 [
Fig. 2 Map showing valuesof yearly increaserateof wheat yield in 2010
(in ton per hectareper year). Wheat yield increaserateswereestimated for
Makowski et al.,FAOSTAT
different countriesfrom 2014 wheat yield timeseriesusing dynamic
linear statistical models. For wheat in 2010, yearly increase rates range
and to study the effects of livestock feeding regimes on
changes in land use in regions of feed production (e.g., soy
production in South America) and their environmental conse-
quences. Finally, research needs to pay more attention to the
possibilities for waste recycling (e.g., from the food industry
or wastewater management) in agriculture, focusing, in par-
ticular, on the conditions required for the effective replace-
ment of mineral fertilizerswith organic materialsderived from
waste products.
[ 0.04 − 0.06 [ > 0.06
from negativevalues (indicating yield decrease, in light yellow) to values
higher than +0.06 t ha-1 year-1 (dark green). Yearly increase rate of crop
yield is a key-parameter in foresight studies on food security
 Threat : food security - ozone
Foliar damages
Tabac (Nicotiana
tabacum)

Agronomic impacts

France, J-F Castell

 THREAT : BIODIVERSITY
Use of pesticides in 2016

FAO
Threats : Planetary boundary
exceedance
TRANSITION TO A

NON-FOSSIL-FUEL
N-P-EFFICIENT
BIODIVERSITY PROTECTIVE
HEALTHY

WORLD
Transition to a non-fossil-fuel world

? How?

IPCC 1.5° special report (2018)

BECCS : Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage
AFOLU : Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses
 TOWARDS A BETTER USE OF
NITROGEN

Dans les Consommé

Fertilisant Fertilisant Absorbé Récolté aliments
Produit utilisé par la
plante Végétaux

100 94 47 31 26 14

Animaux
• Better recycling -24
• Less meat production 7 4

Galloway JN and Cowling EB. 200

TRANSITION TOWARDS AGROECOLOGY

Increase
Recuce impacts
productivty

IPES FOOD
TRANSITION TOWARDS AGROECOLOGY
• Use biotic interactions, self-regulations and
biodiversity rather than pesticides
• Exploit non-renewable resources very carefully and
promote recycling
• Combine indigenous knowledge and scientific
outputs
• Bind actions at plot, farm, landscape and food system
to find solutions ecologically, socially and
economically affordable
• Help famers to find their own finely tuned systems
 AT WHICH COSTS

250
Annual costs (€ / t of reduction)

Gestion des

Fertilisation

Labours
prairies

35
Annual attenuation
(Mt de CO2)

Negative costs Pellerin et al., 2013

-200
UPCOMING CHALLENGES
1. Characterise the impacts
– On climate, health, food production, biodiversity
2. Predict future changes

 Require
– Measure reactive trace gases and aerosol fluxes
• Under real conditions to quantify and provide validation
• Under controlled conditions to understand and provide
wider range of conditions
– Model reactive trace gases and aerosol fluxes
• In a changing world (climate, land use, fuel-transition)
Ammann, 2014
 SUPPORT DE COURS

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(aller dans l’onglet Productions / Cours)

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