IF CLAUSE

1) If + présent simple -> futur simple

Exemple : If you make a presentation, you will have a good
mark.
Si tu fais un exposé, tu auras une bonne note.

2) If + past simple/prétérit -> conditionnel simple (would + base

verbale)
Exemple : If you told me, I would help.
Si tu me le disais, je t'aiderais.

3) If + past perfect/plu-perfect -> conditionnel passé

Exemple : If she had learnt her lessons, she wouldn't have
failed her exam.
Si elle avait appris ses leçons, elle n'aurait pas raté son examen.

EQUIVALENTS des MODAUX: can-may et must

Les substituts modaux s'emploient à la place des modaux (must-
can-must...) pour les formes composées et le prétérit (sauf CAN
qui devient 'could' au prétérit).

* Can -> to be able to (capacité)

Exemple : If I succeed in my exam, I will be able to go abroad.
Si je réussis mon examen, je pourrai aller à l'étranger.

* May -> to be allowed to (autorisation)

Exemple : If you work hard, you will be allowed to go to the
party.
Si tu travailles dur, tu seras autorisé à aller à la fête.

* Must -> to have to (obligation)

Exemple : If you get married to this girl, you will have to be
more tolerant.
Si tu épouses cette fille, tu devras être plus tolérant.

Si vous avez besoin d'un peu d'aide concernant les phrases, merci de passer
la souris sur la zone grise.
 EXERCICES

1. If I had money, I (buy) a car. Si j'avais de l'argent,

j'________ (acheter) une voiture.

2. I won't answer if she (speak) to me.Je ne répondrai pas

si elle me ________ (parler).

3. If they (not/to be) angry, they would understand.S'ils

n'étaient pas en colère, ils __________ (comprendre).

4. If she (spend) the night alone, she would have been

frightened. Si elle _________ (passer) la nuit seule, elle aurait eu peur.

5. If I succeed in my exam, I (can) go abroad.Si je réussis

mon examen, je __________ (pouvoir) aller à l'étranger.

6. If I (like) noise I would go to ceremonies. Si j'_________

(aimer) le bruit j'irais à des cérémonies.

7. If he avoided my sight, I (cry). S'il évitait de me voir, je

________ (pleurer).

8. If she had learnt her lessons, she (pass) her exam. Si elle
avait étudié ses leçons, elle _________ (réussir) son examen.

9. If she were more friendly, she (have) more friends. Si

elle était plus sympathique, elle ________ (avoir) plus d'amis.

10. If it had not been raining all day long, they (visit)
beautiful places. S'il n'avait pas plu toute la journée, ils ________ (visiter)
de beaux endroits.
 Récapitulatif: les temps en anglais

TEMPS / FORME FORME FORME

ASPECT AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE
B.V. + S ou ES à la DO ou DOES + SUJET S + DON’T ou
PRESENT SIMPLE
3e pers. du sing. + B.V. DOESN’T + B.V.
He doesn’t talk
He talks a lot. Does he talk a lot ?
much.
PRESENT S + BE + NOT +
BE + B.V. + ING BE + S + B.V. + ING
CONTINUOUS B.V. + ING
He’s talking. Is he talking ? He isn’t talking.
B.V. + ED ou verbe
PAST SIMPLE DID + S + B.V. S + DIDN’T + B.V.
irrégulier
He talked to her Did he talk to her
He didn’t talk.
when he saw her. ?
S + WAS /
PAST BE au prétérit + B.V. WAS ou WERE + S +
WEREN’T + B.V. +
CONTINUOUS + ING B.V. + ING
ING
He was talking to her Was he talking to her
He wasn’t talking.
when I saw him. when… ?
PRESENT HAVE ou HAS + HAVE ou HAS + S + S + HAVE/HASN’T
PERFECT SIMPLE PART. PASSE PART. PASSE + P.P.
Have you talked to her
I have talked to her He hasn’t talked.
?
PRESENT S + HAVE/HASN’T
HAVE ou HAS + HAVE ou HAS + S +
PERFECT + BEEN + B.V. +
BEEN + B.V. + ING BEEN + B.V. + ING
CONTINUOUS ING
He’s been talking all What have you been He hasn't been
day. doing ? working.
PAST PERFECT HAD + PART. HAD + S + PART.
S + HADN’T + P.P.
SIMPLE PASSE PASSE
He had talked to her
Had he talked to her ? He hadn’t talked.
when I saw her.
S + HADN’T +
PAST PERFECT HAD + BEEN + HAD + S + BEEN +
BEEN + B.V. +
CONTINUOUS B.V. + ING B.V. + ING
ING
He had been talking How long had he been He hadn’t been
for 5 minutes when… talking when…? talking.
 FUTURE WILL ou SHALL + WILL ou SHALL +S + S + WON’T ou
WILL/SHALL B.V. B.V. SHAN’T + B.V.
I’ll talk to her. Shall I talk to her ? He won’t talk.
BE GOING TO + BE + S + GOING TO + S + BE + NOT +
BE GOING TO
B.V. B.V. GOING TO + B.V.
He’s going to talk to Are you going to talk to He isn’t going to
her. her ? talk.
CONDITIONAL ( S + WOULDN’T +
WOULD + B.V. WOULD + S + B.V.
PRESENT ) B.V.
He would talk to her Would you talk to her He wouldn’t talk
if he could. if… ? if…
CONDITIONAL ( WOULD + HAVE + WOULD + S + HAVE S + WOULDN’T +
PAST ) PART. PASSE + PART. PASSE HAVE + P.P.
He would have Would you have talked He wouldn’t have
talked to her if… to her if…? talked if…
 PASSIVE VOICE
Prérequis du cours :

(Ce qu'il faut savoir pour comprendre ce cours)

> Connaître tous les temps :-)

> Connaître en particulier les verbes irréguliers et la
formation des participes passés
> Etre calme, relaxé, en pleine forme, car c'est un sujet
très très difficile ! Attention ! :-)

L'objectif :

> Parler d'une action qui s'exerce sur le sujet de la

phrase. Le sujet ne fait rien ; il subit l'action.
Exemple : Our neighbour was killed by a thief.
Notre voisin a été tué par un voleur.

La solution : Utiliser le Passive Voice

1) A quoi ça sert ?

Le passive voice permet de mettre en valeur l'action et

l'auteur de l'action:

Cats eat mice. Les chats mangent les souris.

>> tournure passive : Mice are eaten by cats. Les souris
sont mangées par les chats.
Grâce au passif, on met l'accent sur la 'barbarie' :-) des
chats et sur leurs actes délictueux :-)

NB: 'mouses' n'existe pas. C'est un pluriel irrégulier.

 2) Formation

C'est facile !

Reprenons nos exemples :

ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

Cats eat mice. Les chats Mice are eaten by cats. Les souris sont
mangent les souris. mangées par les chats.
A thief killed our neighbour. Un Our neighbour was killed by a thief. Notre
voleur a tué notre voisin. voisin a été tué par un voleur.

a- Le 'système de la croix'

On remarque d'office que dans la transformation à la

voix passive, le sujet (qui était en 1re position) devient
complément d'agent (en dernière position) et le C.O.D.
(qui était à la fin) se retrouve en première position. Si on
trace des traits, cela forme une croix.

Bon, d'accord, ce n'est pas très clair. Prenons notre

logiciel de dessin favori pour éclaircir tout cela.

b- Auxiliaire BE + participe passé

Pour former le passif, on utilise l'auxiliaire BE (conjugué

au temps de la phrase de départ), suivi du participe
passé.

Cela veut dire que si la phrase est au prétérit, on garde le

même temps pour la phrase au passif et on conjugue
donc BE au prétérit : was/were.

Pour le participe passé, c'est plus compliqué. Si le verbe

est régulier, il suffit de rajouter -ED comme au prétérit,
mais pour les verbes irréguliers, il faut se référer à la 3e
colonne de la liste des verbes irréguliers.
c- Exemples à tous les temps

Pour être bien sûr que tout est clair, voici un petit
tableau-exemple à tous les temps :

TEMPS VOIX ACTIVE VOIX PASSIVE

> Présent simple Sandra uses a computer A computer is used by Sandra
> Présent en BE + Sandra is using a A computer is being used by
ING computer Sandra
A computer was used by
> Prétérit Sandra used a computer
Sandra
Sandra has used a A computer has been used by
> Present perfect
computer Sandra
Sandra had used a A computer had been used by
> Plus-que-parfait
computer Sandra
Sandra will use a A computer will be used by
> Futur
computer Sandra
Sandra would use a A computer would be used by
> Conditionnel
computer Sandra

d- Le problème du complément d'agent

On n'est pas obligé d'indiquer 'by + ...'

systématiquement.
On n'indique le complément d'agent que lorsqu'il apporte
une information intéressante.

Exemple : Our neighbour has been killed by someone.

Notre voisin a été tué par quelqu'un.
'by someone' n'apporte aucune information intéressante.
On le supprime. Our neighbour has been killed.

MAIS (contre-exemple):
Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492.
America was discovered by Christopher Columbus in
1492.
(L'Amérique a été découverte par CC en 1492).
EXERCICES

Mettez à la voix passive...

Attention aux verbes irréguliers pour les participes
passés !

1. My grandfather built this house in 1925.

2. This man has killed our dog.

3. Everyday, this shop sells very good cakes.

4. Peter will do this work tomorrow.

5. Sandra is writing a love letter.

 REPORTED SPEECH

Observez cette phrase :

He told her not to cry.

Eh oui, je pense que vous l'avez deviné, cette phrase est au style indirect.
C'est-à- dire que les paroles sont rapportées et non pas directement dites.

1. Pour rapporter les paroles de quelqu'un, il faut :

Sujet (celui qui prononce les paroles) + verbe introducteur de paroles +

(that) + les paroles de la personne.

Quelques verbes introducteurs de paroles :

said Dire
told dire, raconter
replied Répondre
asked demander
answered Répondre

2. La concordance des temps est importante. Voici donc un tableau

récapitulatif des principaux temps :

Style direct Présent simple 'I play tennis', she said

Style She said that she played
Prétérit simple
indirect tennis

Présent en BE + 'I am playing tennis', she

Style direct
ING said
Style Prétérit en BE + She said that she was
indirect ING playing tennis

Style direct Prétérit simple 'I played tennis' she said

Style She said that she had
Pluperfect simple
indirect played tennis
 'I have played tennis' she
Style direct Present perfect
said
Style She said that she had
Pluperfect
indirect played tennis

'I had played tennis', she

Style direct Pluperfect
said
Style She said that she had
Pluperfect
indirect played tennis

Style direct Futur 'I will play tennis' she said

Style She said that she would
Conditionnel
indirect play tennis

L'ordre des mots d'une question change lorsqu'on la met au style

indirect :

 Introduites par un pronom en WH- :

Direct Speech : 'Where are you going ?' she asked

Wh- aux S. Verbe

Indirect Speech: She asked him where he was going.

Wh- S. aux. Verbe

 Introduites par un auxiliare :

Direct Speech : 'Can you tell me ?', she asked

 Aux. S. Verbe

Indirect Speech : She asked me if I could tell her.

3. Penser à modifier les expressions telles que :

Yesterday -> The day before

Tomorrow -> The day after

Last week, last month... -> The week, the month..? before

Next year... -> The year... after

Ago -> Before

4.Dans les impératives, on change un peu la forme :

 Ordre positif :

Style direct : 'Let's stop screaming !' she told us

Style indirect : 'She told us to stop screaming

 Ordre négatif :

Style direct : 'Don't cry !' He told her

Style indirect : He told her not to cry.

EXERCICES
1. 'Do you want to go to the cinema ?'asked Peter to Sarah. »» Peter asked
Sarah
2. 'When will you come ?' He asked his friend. »» He asked his friend

3. 'Did he go to London last month ?' »» She asked him

4. 'He was happy', Jack told her. »» Jack told her that

5. 'He has missed the train'. she told us. »» She told us that

6. 'Forget me !' she told him »» She told him

7. 'Give me your mobile !' she ordered Tom »» She ordered Tom

8. ''Are you proud ?'', she asked him. »» She asked him

9. 'What do you feel when you look in the mirror', she asked. »» She asked
him

10. 'Have a walk with me' she told him. »» She told him
 "Question Tags"

I) Emplois
Ce sont de petites questions qu'on ajoute à la fin d'une phrase pour...
a) obtenir la confirmation de ce qu'on dit
You are from England, aren't you?
Tu viens d'Angleterre, n'est-ce pas?
On affirme quelque chose ("tu viens d'Angleterre"), mais on n'en est pas
sûr et on demande la confirmation de la personne à qui on s'adresse.
Dans ce cas, l'intonation de la phrase est descendante (c'est-à-dire que -
pour la prononciation - il faut faire un peu comme s'il y avait un point à la
fin de la phase et non un point d'interrogation).

b) poser une vraie question alors qu'on ne connaît pas à l'avance la

réponse:
You like football, don't you?
Tu aimes le football... n'est-ce pas?
C'est une autre manière de poser la question "Do you like football?"
Dans ce cas, l'intonation est montante, c'est-à-dire qu'il faut que la voix
monte à la fin de la question, comme pour toute question.

II) Syntaxe
1) Il faut équilibrer les plateaux de la balance:
( + | - ) Si le premier morceau de la phrase est à la forme affirmative ( + ), le
question tag sera à la forme négative ( - ):
exemple : You love English ( + ), don't you? ( - )

et vice-versa...
( - | + ) Si le premier morceau de la phrase est à la forme négative, le
question tag sera à la forme affirmative.
exemple : He doesn't travel a lot ( - ), does he? ( + )

2) On utilise l'auxiliaire ou le modal correspondant au début de la phrase,

et on reprend le même sujet :
You went to Australia, didn't you?
On a utilisé l'auxiliaire DID car "You went to Australia" est au prétérit.
On a mis le "tag" à la forme négative car "You went to Australia" est à la
forme affirmative.
On a repris le même sujet "you".

EXERCICE :

Complétez ces phrases avec les bons "question tags":

1. Peter drives very carefully, ?

2. You didn't go to the supermarket, ?

3. You will go to the cinema tomorrow, ?

4. You can drive my car, ?

5. Sarah doesn't like football, ?

 ASKING QUESTION

Question words

Questions about the subject

When we ask questions about the subject of a sentence,

the word order in the question and the answer is the
same:

Ben designed this house.

Who designed this house?
X Who did build this house?
/ Who built this house?

• We use what, who, which, whose and how many in-

questions about the subject.

Questions about the object

Questions about the object need an auxiliary verb (do,

have, is, etc.) before the subject:

Wren designed this cathedral.

What did Wren design?

• We use what, which, who, whose, when, where, how

often, etc. in questions about the object.
X Which cathedral Wren built?
/ Which cathedral did Wren build?

Here is a summary of question words with examples:

Example: subject
Question word Example: object question
question
 Who is teaching Who do you know here? (Whom is
Who
you? very formal.)

What caused the

What What film did you see?
problem?

What kind of people What kind of TV programmes do

What kind of
live here? you watch?

Which book sold

Which Which picture do you like?
most?

Whose book won

Whose Whose book did you borrow?
the prize?

How many How many pupils How many people did you see?
came to the lesson?
Why Why did you get up so late?
When When did you go to England?
How How do I get to your house?
How far How far is the college from here?
How long does it take to get there?
How long
How often do you go
How often
swimming?

Position of prepositions

• Note the change in the position of a preposition in

questions about the object:
I gave the book to John, becomes: Who did you give the
book to? or To whom did you give the book? (= formal)
She sent the letter from India, becomes: Where did she
send the letter from? or From where did she send the
letter? (- formal)
What or which?

We use what when the choice is open. We use which

when there is a limited choice:
What colour do you like? (= open choice)
Which colour do you prefer, red or blue? (= limited
choice)
What countries have you visited? (= open choice)
Which countries in South America have you visited? (=
limited choice)

Ask a question about the information brackets in each of

the following sentences using who, what, how, which or
another question word.

Example: There 's (a litre) of milk left.

==> How much milk is left?

EXERCICES

1. We live (in the old town.)

2. I gave the book to (Valerie.)

3. (Michael) lent me a car.

4. I got married (20 years ago.)

5. I'd like (the green) pullover, please.

6. (A madman) murdered the President.

7. I go to the cinema at least (once a week.)