Heaviside Function

Unit Step Function

CALENG 3
Dr. Susan A. Roces

Department of Chemical Engineering

2T, AY 2022 - 2023

1
 Unit Step Function:
Definition: (α ) α (t )
α (t ) = 0, t 〈 0
= 1, t ≥ 0
1•

• 0 t

2
 Unit Step Function:
Definition: (α ) α (t − c)
α (t − c) = 0, t 〈 c
= 1, t ≥ c 1 •

• t
c

3
Second shifting theorem:
(Laplace of a Step Function)
− cs
L { F (t − c) α (t − c) } = e L { F (t ) }
− cs
=e f (s )

4
Examples: F (t )
1. F (t ) = 4, 0 〈 t 〈 2
4
= 2t − 1, t 〉 2
(2,3)
Req’d.: L{ F (t )} 2
t
0
Sol’n.:
F (t ) = 4 α (t − 0) − 4 α (t − 2) + (2t − 1) α (t − 2)
if t = 1 : F (t ) = 4 (1) − 4 (0) + (2t − 1) (0) = 4
if t = 3 : F (t ) = 4 (1) − 4 (1) + (2t − 1)(1) = 2t − 1
5
L{F (t )} = 4 L{α (t − 0)}− 4 L{α (t − 2)}
+ (2t − 1) L{α (t − 2)}
L{F (t )} = 4 L{α (t − 0)}+ L{(2t − 1 − 4)α (t − 2)}

2t − 5
2(t − 2 ) − 5 + 4
2(t − 2) − 1
L{F (t )} = 4 L{α (t − 0)}+ L{2(t − 2)α (t − 2)}
− L{α (t − 2)}
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L{F (t )} = 4 L{α (t − 0)}+ 2 L{(t − 2)α (t − 2)}
− L{α (t − 2)}
Second shifting theorem:
− cs
L { F (t − c) α (t − c) } = e L { F (t ) }
− ( 0) s − 2s
L{F (t )} = 4 e L {1 }+ 2e L {t }
− 2s
− e L {1 }
1
L{F (t )} = 4 ⎜ ⎞⎟ + 2e − 2 s⎛ 1 ⎞ − 2 s⎛ 1 ⎞
⎛
⎜ ⎟ −e ⎜ ⎟
⎝s⎠ 2
⎝s ⎠ ⎝s⎠
7
2. F (t ) = t , 0 〈 t 〈 2 F (t )
2

= t − 1, 2 〈 t 〈 3 7
(2,4)
= 7, t〉3
(3,2)
Req’d.: L{ F (t )} ( 2,1) t
0 2 3
Sol’n.:
2 2
F (t ) = t α (t − 0) − t α (t − 2)
+ (t − 1) α (t − 2) − (t − 1)α (t − 3) + 7α (t − 3)
2 2
if t = 2.5 : F (t ) = t (1) − t (1) + (t − 1) (1)
− (t − 1) (0) + 7 (0) = t − 1
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 2 2
F (t ) = t α (t − 0) + [−t + t − 1]α (t − 2)
+ [−t + 8]α (t − 3)
2
− (t − 4t + 4 ) + t − 1 − 4t + 4
2
− (t − 3 ) + 8− 3 − (t − 2) − 3t + 3
2
− (t − 3) + 5 − (t − 2) − 3(t − 2) + 3− 6
2
− (t − 2) − 3(t − 2) − 3

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 2 2
L{ F (t )} = L{(t − 0) α (t − 0)}− L{(t − 2) α (t − 2)}
− 3L{(t − 2)α (t − 2)} − 3L{α (t − 2)}
− L{(t − 3)α (t − 3)} + 5L{α (t − 3)}
−0 s 2 −2 s 2 −2 s
L{ F (t )} = e L{ t } − e L{t } − 3 e L{ t }
−2 s −3 s −3 s
− 3 e L{1} − e L{ t } + 5e L{1}
2 −2 s 2 1 1
L{ F (t )} = 3 − e 3 − 3e
− 2 s
− 3e − 2 s
s s s 2
s
1 −3 s 1
−e −3 s
+ 5e
s 2
s 10
 2 −2 s ⎛ 2 3 3⎞
L{ F (t )} = 3 − e ⎜ 3 + 2 − ⎟
s ⎝s s s⎠
−3 s ⎛ 1 5⎞
−e ⎜ 2 − ⎟
⎝s s⎠

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 π
3. F (t ) = sin 3t , 0 〈 t 〈
2
π
= 0, t 〉
2
Req’d.: L{ F (t )}
Sol’n.:
⎛ π⎞
F (t ) = sin 3t α (t − 0) − sin 3t α ⎜ t − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ π⎞
+ 0 α⎜t − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
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F (t ) = sin 3(t − 0 ) α (t − 0) −
π + 3π ⎛ π ⎞
sin [3 (t − ) ]α ⎜ t − ⎟
2 2 ⎝ 2⎠
F (t ) = sin 3(t − 0 ) α (t − 0) −
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞ 3π ⎛ π ⎞ 3π ⎤ ⎛ π ⎞
⎢sin 3⎜ t − 2 ⎟ cos 2 + cos 3⎜ t − ⎟ sin ⎥ α ⎜ t − ⎟
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 2 ⎦ ⎝ 2⎠

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F (t ) = sin 3(t − 0 ) α (t − 0) −
⎡ ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞ ⎤ ⎛ π⎞
⎢sin 3⎜ t − 2 ⎟ (0) + cos 3⎜ t − 2 ⎟ (−1)⎥ α ⎜ t − 2 ⎟
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ ⎠

⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
F (t ) = sin 3(t − 0 ) α (t − 0) + cos 3⎜ t − ⎟ α ⎜ t − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

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L {F (t )} = L {sin 3 (t − 0 ) α (t − 0)}
⎧ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞⎫
+ L ⎨cos 3 ⎜ t − ⎟ α ⎜ t − ⎟⎬
⎩ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎭
π
− 0s − s
L {F (t )} = e L {sin 3 t } + e 2 L {cos 3 t }
π
3 − s s ⎞
2 ⎛
L {F (t )} = 2 +e ⎜ 2 ⎟
s +9 ⎝ s +9⎠
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Recall: Second-shifting theorem
−cs
L { F (t − c) α (t − c) } = e L {F (t ) }
where: L { F (t ) } = f ( s)
Therefore:
−1 −cs
F (t − c) α (t − c) = L { e f ( s) }

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Find the inverse laplace of the following:
−3s ⎫ 1
−1 ⎪ e
⎧ ⎪ −1 ⎧ −3s ⎫
1. L ⎨ 2 ⎬=L ⎨ 2 e ⎬
⎪⎩ s + 25 ⎪⎭ ⎩ s + 25 ⎭
where:
1 −1 ⎧ 1 (5) ⎫ 1
F (t ) = L ⎨ 2 ⎬ = sin 5t
5 ⎩ s + 25 ⎭ 5
−3s ⎫
−1 ⎪ e
⎧ ⎪ 1
L ⎨ 2 ⎬ = sin 5(t − 3)α (t − 3)
⎪⎩ s + 25 ⎪⎭ 5
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 −4 s ⎫⎪ −1 ⎧ 1
−1 ⎪ e
⎧ −4 s ⎫
2. L ⎨ 3 ⎬= L ⎨ 3
e ⎬
⎪⎩ ( s + 2) ⎪⎭ ⎩ ( s + 2) ⎭
where:
⎧ 1 ⎫
−1
F (t ) = L ⎨ 3 ⎬
⎩ ( s + 2) ⎭
Recall: First-shifting theorem
−1 at −1
L { f ( s − a) } = e L { f ( s)}
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 −1 ⎧ 1 ⎫
F (t ) = L ⎨ 3 ⎬
⎩ ( s + 2) ⎭
−2t −1 ⎧ 1( 2) ⎫
=e L ⎨ 3 ⎬ n=2
2 ⎩ s ⎭
1 −2t 2
= e t
2

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Therefore:
−4 s
−1 ⎪ e
⎧ ⎫⎪
L ⎨ 3 ⎬
⎪⎩ ( s + 2) ⎪⎭
1 2 − 2 (t − 4 )
= (t − 4) e α (t − 4)
2

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 ⎧ s +1
−1 −2 s ⎫
3. L ⎨ 2 e ⎬
⎩ s + 3s − 4 ⎭
where:
⎧ s +1
−1 ⎫
F (t ) = L ⎨ 2 ⎬
⎩ s + 3s − 4 ⎭
⎧ −1 s +1 ⎫
=L ⎨ ⎬
⎩ ( s + 4)(s − 1) ⎭
By partial fraction!
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 −1 ⎧ A B ⎫
F (t ) = L ⎨ + ⎬
⎩ s+4 s −1 ⎭
s +1 A B
[ = +
( s + 4)(s − 1) s + 4 s − 1 ] ( s + 4)(s − 1)

s + 1 = A( s − 1) + B( s + 4)
if s = 1 : 1 + 1 = A(1 − 1) + B(1 + 4)
2 = B(5) B = 2/5
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if s = −4 : − 4 + 1 = A(−4 − 1) + B(−4 + 4)
− 3 = A(−5) A = 3/ 5
−1⎧ 3/ 5 2/5 ⎫
F (t ) = L ⎨ + ⎬
⎩ s+4 s −1 ⎭
3 −4t 2 t
F (t ) = e + e
5 5

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Therefore:

⎧ s +1
−1 −2 s ⎫
L ⎨ 2 e ⎬
⎩ s + 3s − 4 ⎭
⎡ 3 − 4 (t − 2) 2 t − 2 ⎤
=⎢ e + e ⎥ α (t − 2)
⎣5 5 ⎦

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Find F(t) and sketch an inverse laplace
transform of the following:
5 −3s 1 −s
e − e
s s
Sol’n.:
⎧ 5 −3s
−1 1 −s ⎫
F (t ) = L ⎨ e − e ⎬
⎩s s ⎭

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 −1⎧ 1 −3s ⎫ −1 ⎧ 1 − s ⎫
F (t ) = 5 L ⎨ e ⎬ − L ⎨ e ⎬
⎩s ⎭ ⎩s ⎭
F (t ) = 1, c = 3 F (t ) = 1, c = 1

F (t ) = 5 (1) α (t − 3) − (1) α (t − 1)
F (t ) = − 1α (t − 1) + 5 (1) α (t − 3)

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F (t ) = − 1α (t − 1) + 5 (1) α (t − 3)
F(t ) =−1α (t −1) − (−1) α (t − 3)+ 4 α (t − 3)
F (t )
F (t ) = 0, 0 〈 t 〈 1
= − 1, 1 〈 t 〈 3
4
= 4, t〉3

0 1 3 t
−1
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F (t ) = − 1α (t − 1) + 5 (1) α (t − 3)
F(t ) =−1α (t −1) − (−1) α (t − 3)+ 4 α (t − 3)
F(t ) =0α (t − 0)− 0α (t −1)−1α (t −1) − (−1) α (t − 3)
+ 4 α (t − 3)
if t = 0.3
F(t) = 0(1)− 0(0) −1(0) − (−1)(0) + 4(0) = 0
if t = 2
F(t) = 0(1)− 0(1) −1(1) − (−1)(0) + 4(0) = −1
if t = 4
F(t) = 0(1)− 0(1) −1(1) − (−1)(1) + 4(1) = 4
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Find laplace transform of the function whose
graph is given below:
F (t )
F (t ) = 1 F (t ) = 1
1
F (t ) = 2 − t F (t ) = t − 2
t
0 1 2 3
P(1,1), P (2,0) P(2,0), P(3,1)
y − 1 = −1( x − 1)
1− 0 0 −1
y −1 = −x +1 m= = −1 m= =1
1− 2 2−3
y = 2− x y = 1( x − 2)
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 F (t ) =1, 0〈 t 〈1
= 2 − t, 1 〈 t 〈 2
= t − 2, 2 〈 t 〈 3
=1, t〉3
F (t ) =1α (t − 0) − 1α (t − 1)
+ (2 − t )α (t − 1) − (2 − t )α (t − 2)
+ (t − 2)α (t − 2) − (t − 2)α (t − 3)
+ (1)α (t − 3)
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Answer:

1 1 −s
f (s) = − 2 ( e − 2e + e )
−2s −3s

s s

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 Assignment 17: Unit Step Function and Second-Shifting
Theorem
Find the laplace transform of F(t):
2
1. F (t ) = t , 0 〈t 〈 1
= t + 1, 1 〈 t 〈 2
= 5, t〉2
2. F (t ) = t (t − 2), 0 〈t 〈 2
= 0, 2 〈t 〈 4
2t
=e , t〉4
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Find the inverse laplace of the following:
−1 ⎧ s +1 −3s ⎫
3. L ⎨ 2 e ⎬
⎩ s + 4s + 6 ⎭
−2(t−3) ⎡ 1 ⎤
Ans. F(t) = e ⎢cos 2 (t − 3) − sin 2 (t − 3)⎥ α (t − 3)
⎣ 2 ⎦

−1
⎧ 8s − 4s +12 −s ⎫
2
4. L ⎨ 3
e ⎬
⎩ s + 4s ⎭
Ans. F(t) = ⎡⎣3+ 5cos2 (t −1) − 2sin 2 (t −1)⎤⎦ α (t −1)

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 −1
⎧ s + 2 −6s ⎫
5. L ⎨ 2 2
e ⎬
⎩ (s + 4s + 5) ⎭
e−2(t−6) ⎡ ⎤
Ans. F(t) = ⎣( t − 6 ) sin ( t − 6 )⎦ α (t − 6)
2

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