République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire

Ministère de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche scientifique

Université Mohamed seddik ben yahia jijel

La spécialité : Toxicologie fondamentale et appliquée

Le module : Cancérogènes et pathologies tumurales

cancer linked to pesticide exposin

Par : Enseignante responsable

Dr. Zouaghi
 summary

1. Introduction

2. Types Of Pesticides And Their Use

3. Health Risks From Exposure To Pesticides

4. Studies And Evidence Of The Link Between Pesticides And Cancer

5. Examples Of Pesticides Associated With Cancer

6. Regulations And Precautions

7. Debates And Perspectives

8. Conclusion

9. References

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 1. Introduction

The potential link between pesticide exposure and cancer has been a subject of concern and

extensive study. Pesticides, while valuable for crop protection, have raised questions

regarding their impact on human health. Several studies have explored the correlation

between prolonged exposure to certain pesticides and an increased risk of developing various

forms of cancer.

Research often examines the effects of prolonged exposure to pesticides among agricultural

workers, individuals residing in close proximity to agricultural areas, and those who handle or

apply pesticides. Some pesticides have been classified as potentially carcinogenic by

regulatory bodies, raising awareness and concerns about their usage and potential health

risks.1

Understanding this link is crucial for both public health and agricultural practices. It involves

comprehensive assessments of exposure levels, potential mechanisms of harm, and

developing strategies to mitigate risks while ensuring effective crop protection methods.

Please note that while there might be associations between pesticide exposure and cancer, the

specific relationships and individual risk factors can vary based on the type of pesticide, level

of exposure, and other factors.2

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 2. Types Of Pesticides And Their Use

Certainly! Here's an overview of the types of pesticides, their uses, and

application methods:

A. Classification of Pesticides:
Pesticides are classified based on the pests they target and their chemical
composition. The major categories include:

Insecticides: These are designed to kill or control insects and related pests. They
can be further divided based on their mode of action (contact, stomach poisons,
etc.) and the specific insects they target (e.g., mosquitoes, flies, agricultural
pests).

Herbicides: These are used to kill or control unwanted plants, commonly

known as weeds. Herbicides can be selective, targeting specific types of plants,
or non-selective, killing a wide range of plant species.

Fungicides: Fungicides are used to prevent, inhibit, or eradicate fungal diseases

in plants, including crops. They are essential for protecting plants from diseases
such as mildew, rust, and blight.

Rodenticides: These are used to control and manage rodent populations,

including rats and mice, which can cause damage to crops and property.

Bactericides: These are used to control bacteria that cause plant diseases or
spoilage in stored products.

B. Main Types of Pesticides Used for Agricultural and Domestic Purposes:

Agricultural Pesticides: The main types used in agriculture include a wide range
of insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. These are employed on a large scale
to protect crops and ensure higher yields.

Domestic Pesticides: In households, various types of insecticides (for controlling

household pests like ants, roaches, and mosquitoes), rodenticides (for controlling
rodents), and sometimes herbicides for small-scale gardening are commonly
used.

C. Application and Exposure Methods:

Methods of Application:

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Spraying: Pesticides are often applied by spraying using specialized equipment,
such as sprayers or crop dusters.
Seed Treatment: Some pesticides are applied directly to seeds before planting to
protect against soil-borne pests and diseases.
Soil Treatment: Pesticides are applied to the soil to control pests residing in the
soil or to prevent diseases.
Fumigation: This method involves the use of gaseous pesticides to eliminate
pests in enclosed spaces or stored products.
Baiting: Typically used in rodenticides, where baits are laid out to attract and
kill rodents.
Exposure Methods:

Dermal Contact: Contact with the skin while handling or applying pesticides.
Inhalation: Breathing in pesticide fumes or particles during application.
Ingestion: Accidental swallowing of pesticide residues on food, water, or other
surfaces.
Environmental Exposure: This can occur when pesticides drift through the air
or leach into water sources, potentially affecting non-target organisms.
It's essential to follow safety guidelines and proper handling procedures when
using pesticides to minimize health risks associated with exposure. Protecting
oneself during application, following instructions, and using appropriate
protective gear are crucial to reduce potential health hazards 3.

3. Health Risks From Exposure To Pesticides

Exposure to pesticides can pose various health risks, depending on the type of
pesticide, the level and duration of exposure, and individual susceptibility. Some
potential health risks associated with pesticide exposure include:

Acute Poisoning: This occurs from high, short-term exposure and can lead to
symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, vomiting, headaches, and, in extreme
cases, seizures or even death. Immediate medical attention is crucial in cases of
acute pesticide poisoning.

Chronic Health Effects: Long-term exposure to low levels of pesticides may

result in chronic health issues. These effects might not be immediately apparent
but can cause severe health problems over time.

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Respiratory Issues: Inhaling pesticide particles or fumes can lead to respiratory
problems, including irritation of the nose and throat, difficulty breathing,
coughing, and other pulmonary issues.

Skin and Eye Irritation: Direct contact with pesticides can cause skin
irritation, rashes, itching, and, in some cases, chemical burns. Eye exposure can
result in redness, pain, and in severe cases, damage to the cornea.

Neurological Effects: Some pesticides have been linked to nervous system

damage, leading to symptoms like dizziness, headaches, tremors, and even long-
term neurological disorders.

Reproductive and Developmental Effects: Pesticides, especially certain

organophosphates, may have adverse effects on reproductive health and can
interfere with fetal development during pregnancy.

Cancer Risk: Long-term exposure to certain pesticides has been associated with
an increased risk of certain cancers. Studies suggest potential links between
pesticide exposure and cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, prostate cancer,
and others.

Endocrine Disruption: Some pesticides have the potential to interfere with the
endocrine system, leading to hormonal imbalances that can impact various
bodily functions.

Environmental Impact: Pesticides can also harm non-target organisms and

ecosystems, affecting biodiversity and ecological balance.

Reducing health risks from pesticide exposure involves various measures such
as:

 Following safety instructions and guidelines provided by manufacturers.

 Wearing appropriate protective gear (gloves, masks, goggles) during
handling and application.
 Properly storing and disposing of pesticides.
 Implementing integrated pest management (IPM) practices to minimize
pesticide use.
 Seeking medical attention in case of suspected exposure or poisoning.

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  Regulatory bodies and health organizations continue to assess and
regulate pesticide use to mitigate health risks associated with their
application.
4. Studies And Evidence Of The Link Between Pesticides And Cancer

Studies exploring the potential link between pesticides and cancer have been
ongoing for years, examining the association between exposure to various types
of pesticides and an increased risk of developing cancer. While the evidence isn't
conclusive for all pesticides, some studies have indicated potential connections.
Here are some key findings and examples of research4:

Glyphosate and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma:

One of the most controversial cases involves the herbicide glyphosate, the active
ingredient in Roundup. The International Agency for Research on Cancer
(IARC) classified glyphosate as "probably carcinogenic to humans" in 2015.
Several studies have suggested an association between glyphosate exposure and
non-Hodgkin lymphoma, a type of blood cancer.
Organophosphate Pesticides and Leukemia:

Research has also pointed to a possible link between exposure to certain

organophosphate pesticides and an increased risk of developing leukemia,
particularly in children. Organophosphates have been associated with adverse
health effects and potential carcinogenicity.
Prostate Cancer and Pesticide Exposure:

Some studies have indicated a potential correlation between certain pesticides

and an elevated risk of prostate cancer. Pesticides like organochlorines,

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organophosphates, and others have been associated with increased risks in
various research analyses.

Occupational Exposure in Agricultural Workers:

Several studies focus on occupational exposure among agricultural workers,
who face higher risks due to their direct and frequent contact with pesticides.
These workers have a higher likelihood of being exposed to a variety of
pesticides, potentially increasing their cancer risk.
Epidemiological Studies and Meta-Analyses:

Numerous epidemiological studies and meta-analyses have been conducted to

analyze the collective data regarding pesticide exposure and cancer risks. While
individual studies might show varying results, some meta-analyses have found
modest yet significant associations between certain pesticides and cancer.
However, it's important to note that the evidence connecting pesticides and
cancer is not universally accepted 5. Conflicting studies, different methodologies,
and limitations in research design contribute to the ongoing debate.

Regulatory agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the

United States and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) regularly assess
and review available scientific evidence to determine the potential risks of
pesticides to human health, including their possible carcinogenic effects. These
organizations establish guidelines and restrictions on the use of pesticides based
on the available evidence.

Further research is essential to better understand the specific mechanisms by

which various pesticides might contribute to cancer development and to create
more precise regulations and guidelines for their usage to minimize potential
health risks6.
Several studies focus on occupational exposure among agricultural workers,
who face higher risks due to their direct and frequent contact with pesticides.
These workers have a higher likelihood of being exposed to a variety of
pesticides, potentially increasing their cancer risk.

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 5. Examples Of Pesticides Associated With Cancer

Certainly, several pesticides have been studied and potentially associated with
an increased risk of cancer. Here are a few examples:

Glyphosate (Roundup): Glyphosate is a widely used herbicide and the active

ingredient in Roundup. The International Agency for Research on Cancer
(IARC) classified glyphosate as "probably carcinogenic to humans" in 2015.
Studies have suggested a potential link between glyphosate exposure and an
increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Chlorpyrifos: An organophosphate insecticide, chlorpyrifos has been associated

with potential health risks, including a possible connection to increased risk of
certain cancers, though the evidence is not definitive.

DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane): While banned in many countries, DDT

was widely used as an insecticide. Exposure to DDT has been associated with an
increased risk of various cancers, including breast cancer and other cancers, in
some studies.

Malathion: Another organophosphate insecticide, malathion, has been studied

for its potential health risks. Some studies have suggested a potential association
between malathion exposure and an increased risk of certain cancers.

Paraquat: Paraquat is a highly toxic herbicide that has been associated with an
increased risk of Parkinson's disease. Though not directly linked to cancer, it is
under scrutiny for potential health effects.

Diazinon: This organophosphate insecticide has been linked to potential health

risks. Some studies have suggested a possible association between diazinon
exposure and an increased risk of certain cancers, including brain cancer.

It's important to note that while these pesticides have been associated with
potential health risks, the evidence and consensus about their direct causative
role in cancer development can vary. Scientific research may provide differing
results due to study methodologies, population differences, levels of exposure,

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and other variables, leading to ongoing discussions and investigations in this
area.

Regulatory agencies continually review and assess the available scientific

evidence to update regulations and guidelines regarding the use of pesticides,
aiming to minimize health risks associated with their application.

6. Regulations And Precautions

Regulations and precautions surrounding the use of pesticides are critical to

safeguard human health and the environment. Governments and international
organizations have established guidelines, regulations, and precautions to
minimize risks associated with pesticide use. Here are key aspects of regulations
and precautions:
Regulations:
Registration and Approval: Pesticides must undergo rigorous testing and
evaluation before being approved for use. Regulatory bodies assess their
efficacy and safety to determine if they can be used and under what conditions.
Labeling and Instructions: Pesticides are required to have clear labels
indicating proper handling, application methods, protective gear needed, safety
precautions, and disposal guidelines.
Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs): Regulatory agencies set MRLs for
pesticide residues on food and in the environment to ensure they remain within
safe limits for human consumption and environmental impact.7
Bans and Restrictions: Certain pesticides that pose significant health risks are
banned or restricted from use. Regulatory bodies periodically review and update
the list of approved pesticides based on new scientific evidence.

Precautions:
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Users should wear appropriate PPE,
including gloves, masks, goggles, and protective clothing, to minimize direct
exposure during handling and application.

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Proper Application: Following recommended dosages, application methods,
and timing as per label instructions can reduce risks to humans and the
environment.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Employing IPM strategies reduces
reliance on pesticides by using a combination of techniques, such as biological
controls, crop rotation, and monitoring, to manage pests.
Training and Education: Proper training and education for pesticide handlers
and applicators ensure they understand the risks and safety measures associated
with each pesticide.
Storage and Disposal: Pesticides should be stored in secure areas away from
children and animals. Proper disposal methods, following regulations, prevent
environmental contamination.
Monitoring and Reporting: Regular monitoring and reporting of pesticide-
related incidents, including adverse health effects or environmental
contamination, are crucial to prevent and address potential hazards. 8
International Standards:
Organizations like the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Health
Organization (WHO), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and European
Food Safety Authority (EFSA) establish international standards and guidelines
for the use of pesticides. These organizations work to harmonize regulations and
promote safer pesticide use worldwide9.

Adhering to these regulations and taking necessary precautions significantly

reduces health risks associated with pesticide exposure, ensuring the safe and
effective use of these chemicals in agricultural and other applications.

7. Debates And Perspectives

Conflicting Research Findings:

Inconclusive Evidence: The evidence linking pesticide exposure to cancer is not
universally accepted. Some studies suggest a potential association, while others

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do not find a clear causal relationship. Conflicting research findings contribute
to the ongoing debate.

Variability in Studies: Different studies may yield different results due to

variations in study design, populations, methods, exposure levels, and other
variables, leading to discrepancies in findings10.

Regulatory Perspectives:
Differing Regulatory Decisions: Regulatory agencies, such as the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) in the United States and the European Food Safety
Authority (EFSA) in the European Union, have varying stances on specific
pesticides. While some classify certain pesticides as potentially carcinogenic,
others might have different classifications or risk assessments.11

Continuous Review and Revision: Regulatory bodies regularly review and

update guidelines based on new scientific evidence. As evidence evolves,
regulations are subject to change, affecting the allowed use of specific
pesticides.

Public Health Concerns:

Precautionary Principle: Some scientists and public health advocates argue for a
precautionary approach, suggesting that until the full extent of health risks is
understood, strict regulations and reduced usage of certain pesticides should be
in place to protect human health.

Protection of Agricultural Workers: There is a growing concern for the health

and safety of agricultural workers who face higher exposure levels due to their
direct contact with pesticides. Ensuring their protection is a significant focus in
these debates12.

Industry and Agricultural Perspectives:

Balancing Agricultural Needs and Risks: Agricultural industries argue for the
necessity of pesticides in crop production to maintain yields and economic
viability. They emphasize the need to balance pest control with potential health
risks.
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Advocacy for Safer Alternatives: There is increasing interest in developing and
promoting safer alternatives to conventional pesticides, such as integrated pest
management (IPM) strategies or the use of biopesticides, to reduce reliance on
potentially harmful chemicals.

Future Research Directions:

Demand for Further Research: There is a consensus on the need for more
comprehensive and in-depth research to understand the exact mechanisms by
which pesticides might contribute to cancer development and other health
effects.
The debate on the link between pesticide exposure and cancer continues to
evolve as new research emerges and as regulatory bodies assess and respond to
the available scientific evidence13. There's a general consensus on the
importance of continuous investigation, strict regulation, and precautionary
measures to minimize potential health risks associated with pesticide exposure.

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 8. Conclusion
The link between pesticide exposure and cancer remains a complex and
debated subject within scientific research and regulatory discussions. While
some studies suggest potential associations between certain pesticides and an
increased risk of cancer, the evidence is not universally conclusive.
Key points to consider regarding the link between pesticide exposure and
cancer include:
Varied Evidence: Research findings are not consistent, leading to differing
perspectives within the scientific community. Some studies propose a potential
association between exposure to specific pesticides and an elevated risk of
certain cancers, while others do not find a clear causal relationship.

Regulatory Differences: Regulatory agencies have varying classifications and

decisions regarding specific pesticides. This divergence can lead to debates and
differing regulations in different regions based on available evidence and risk
assessments.

Call for Responsible Use: Many advocate for a precautionary approach,

emphasizing the need for stringent regulations and reduced usage of
potentially harmful pesticides to protect human health, especially for
agricultural workers and those in close proximity to pesticide application.

Continued Research: There's a consensus on the necessity for ongoing and

comprehensive research to understand better the mechanisms by which
pesticides might contribute to cancer development. This research will inform
better regulations and guidelines for the use of pesticides.

In conclusion, while some evidence suggests a possible association between

pesticide exposure and certain cancers, the overall conclusive link is not firmly
established. Ongoing research, stringent regulations, and the promotion of
safer agricultural practices are crucial in minimizing potential health risks

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associated with pesticide exposure, while further investigations are necessary
to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between
pesticides and cancer.

9. References

1. M. Collotta et al,. Epigenetics and pesticides, Toxicology ,(2013)

2. E. Corsini et al.Pesticide induced immunotoxicity in humans: a

comprehensive review of the existing evidence, Toxicology,(2013)
3. R. Franco et al., Oxidative stress, DNA methylation and
carcinogenesis , Cancer Lett.,(2008)
4. J. George et al.,Pesticides and cancer: insights into toxicoproteomic-
based findings, J. Proteomics ,(2011)
5. T. Parrón et al. ,Association between environmental exposure to
pesticides and neurodegenerative diseases ,Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.
(2011)
6. D.E. Ray et al.The potential for toxic effects of chronic, low-dose
exposure to organophosphates ,Toxicol. Lett.,(2001)
7. B.W. Stewart ,Priorities for cancer prevention: lifestyle choices versus
unavoidable exposures ,Lancet Oncol.(2012)
8. E. Vakonaki et al.Pesticides and oncogenic modulation ,Toxicology ,
(2013)
9. G. Van Maele-Fabry et al.
10.Parental occupational exposure to pesticides as risk factor for brain
tumors in children and young adults: a systematic review and meta-
analysis , Environ. Int.(2013)
11. J.F. Viel et al. Increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and serum
organochlorine concentrations among neighbors of a municipal solid
waste incinerator Environ. Int. (2011)

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