Bescherelle.Maitriser.le.vocabulaire.anglais.contemporain

MAÎTRISER Lycée et
université
le vocabulaire • B2-C1
anglais
Les mots clés sur 65 thèmes contemporains
Des exemples pour les apprendre en contexte

avec
Un entraînement pour mieux s’exprimer

320
exercices
corrigés
Tous les fichiers audio

immédiatement accessibles
MAÎTRISER
le vocabulaire
Lycée et
anglais université
• B2-C1
■ Michèle Malavieille
Agrégée de l’Université
Professeur h. au lycée Lakanal (Sceaux)
■ Wilfrid Rotgé
Agrégé de l’Université
Professeur de linguistique anglaise
à Sorbonne Université
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Édition : Charlotte Joumier

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© Hatier, Paris, juin 2023

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2
Mode d’emploi
Maîtriser le vocabulaire anglais est destiné aux lycéens, aux élèves de classes préparatoires,
aux étudiants et aux adultes ; il correspond aux niveaux B2-C1
du Cadre Européen Commun de Référence pour les Langues.
LES 65 FICHES THÉMATIQUES

L’ouvrage propose, classés en 65 thèmes, les mots
clés de l’anglais contemporain nécessaires pour
mieux s’exprimer à l’écrit comme à l’oral.
Des renvois aux listes de gauche
Peace
10
CHECK POINT
1 Trouvez les mots correspondant aux définitions. A

The Hiroshima Peace Memorial 1. the action of ceasing to participate in a military activity: ……
Park is dedicated to the legacy of 2. to be greater in strength or power: ……
Hiroshima as the first city in the 3. a reversal: ……
world to suffer a nuclear attack. 4. to give up, to surrender: ……
In the background one can see the 5. the act of decreasing in intensity: ……
ruins of the A bomb Dome. 6. when a country reduces the number of weapons it has: ……
7. to defeat completely: ……
A Defeat and victory 2 Traduisez les phrases suivantes. B

1. They hope they will be able to meet the goal set out in their recent joint statement.
a setback un revers to gain the upper hand avoir le dessus 2. The President’s speech was intended to placate international opinion.
to yield céder to rout mettre en déroute 3. Basically the strategic concept of deterrence aims to prevent war.
to suffer a defeat subir une défaite disarmament le désarmement 4. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial lists the names of more than 58,000 American soldiers who
to surrender se rendre de-escalation la désescalade died in the controversial Vietnam War.
La sélection a withdrawal une retraite to reduce/to lessen
the arms race
réduire la course
aux armements
5. The Christmas truce was a series of unofficial ceasefires that took place along the Western Front
around Christmas 1914, during World War I.
to lay* down arms déposer les armes
des mots utiles to prevail over l’emporter sur to advocate a ban préconiser une interdiction
Des exercices
sur le thème ➦ Resilience is woven deeply into the fabric of Oklahoma. Throw us an obstacle, and we grow
stronger. (Brad Henry)
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
classés par
La capacité à rebondir est partie intégrante du tissu dont est fait l’Oklahoma. Présentez-nous un obstacle,
nous deviendrons plus forts.
➦ We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields
3 Traduisez le texte suivant qui relate l’histoire de
Sadako devenue un symbole de la paix au Japon. objectif
and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender. (Winston Churchill) On August 6th 1945 at 8:15 a.m. the first A bomb was dropped
Nous nous battrons sur les plages, nous nous battrons sur les terrains d’atterrissage, nous nous battrons on Hiroshima. Sadako Sadaki was two years old. She was a
dans les champs et dans les rues, nous nous battrons dans les collines, nous ne nous rendrons jamais. mile and a half from ground zero but was not injured. In 1955
➦ Iraq was in ruins in the aftermath of Gulf War II. she was diagnosed with leukaemia due to radioactive fallout. A
L’Irak était en ruines à la suite de la deuxième guerre du Golfe. friend of hers told her a story that says that anyone who folds
a thousand paper cranes will be granted their dearest wish.
She managed to make 644 cranes but died in October 1955.
Her schoolmates collected money throughout the country and
B Back to peace a monument dedicated to Sadako was erected in Hiroshima
Peace Memorial Park. Thousands of children send paper
a truce une trêve to make* up with se réconcilier avec cranes which are exhibited all around the monument. “I will
a ceasefire un cessez-le-feu to make* peace faire la paix write Peace on your wings and you will fly all over the world”,
to settle one’s trouver un compromis the outcome l’issue, le dénouement Sadako said.
differences a peace treaty un traité de paix Paper cranes (des grues en papier)
to work out a solution élaborer une solution a veteran un ancien combattant from all over the world in Hiroshima
to placate apaiser a conscientious un objecteur de BUILD UP Peace Memorial Park.
Des exemples pour to straighten out/ résoudre un problème objector conscience

to solve a problem the Blue Helmets les Casques Bleus
a joint statement un communiqué commun
4 Complétez les phrases à l’aide d’un des verbes suivants à la forme qui convient :
les mémoriser en to improve ties with améliorer ses relations
avec
a deterrent force
to prevent
une force de dissuasion
empêcher, éviter
straighten.
to shorten • to brighten • to deepen • to loosen • to straighten
1. Some politicians say we should have …… our ties with the United States. Do you think our ties
contexte ➦ Why won’t you be reconciled with them?
with the U.S. are too strong?
2. The data gathered through this survey will …… our knowledge of the various aspects of energy
Pourquoi tu ne te réconcilies pas avec eux ? consumption.
➦ The Prime minister will play honest broker in the row between the two countries. 3. It will take some time to …… things out.
Le Premier ministre va jouer les médiateurs honnêtes dans le différend entre les deux pays. 4. A compromise was reached and they decided to …… the transition period.
5. The …… economic conditions have not translated into accelerating wage growth.
-en
Un entraînement
Le suffixe -en permet parfois de former un verbe à partir d’un adjectif ou d’un adverbe : to lessen (réduire),
to blacken (noircir).
Ce procédé n’est pas systématique : free (libre), to free (libérer).
spécifique à l’oral
26 10 - Peace 27
Un point sur la
formation des mots
En page de gauche, le vocabulaire à retenir et des exemples pour l’apprendre en contexte.

En page de droite, une série d’exercices pour vous entraîner de manière ciblée : Check point
pour mémoriser, Food for thought pour mieux s’exprimer, Build up pour construire son voca-
bulaire.
L’ENTRAÎNEMENT ORAL
Pour travailler chaque thème à l’oral, tous les fichiers audio au format mp3 associés à l’ou-
vrage sont disponibles sur le site www.editions-hatier.fr/maitriser-le-vocabulaire/anglais :
- Listes et exemples de la page de gauche
- Documents supports du Food for thought
Ils sont signalés par le pictogramme .
ET AUSSI…
Des fiches dédiées à la langue anglaise (fiches 66-73)
Des tableaux de synthèse
Le corrigé de tous les exercices
Un index des thèmes abordés dans les Food for Thought
La liste des verbes irréguliers (signalés par * dans le corps de l’ouvrage)
Abréviations utilisées : sb (somebody), sth (something), qqn (quelqu’un), qqch. (quelque chose).
Mode d’emploi 3
Sommaire
Alphabet phonétique .................................................... 6
LES 65 THÈMES
01 The universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9

À l’échelle du monde
02 The Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11

03 The climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-13
04 The conquest of the world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-15
05 Nations and countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-17
06 The world’s population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-19
07 International relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-21
08 War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-23
09 Modern warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-25
10 Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-27
11 Religions and beliefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-29
La question environnementale
12 The English landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-31

13 Urbanization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-33
14 Urban transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-35
15 Living together or not. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36-37
16 Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38-39
17 Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40-41
18 Other environmental degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42-43
19 Biodiversity at risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44-45
20 Green living . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46-47
Sciences et techniques
21 Science and research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48-49

22 Space exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50-51
23 Anatomy and diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-53
24 Addiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54-55
25 Care and cures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56-57
26 The digital world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58-59
27 Economic sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60-61

Réalités économiques
28 Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62-63
29 Industrial production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64-65
30 Economic policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66-67
31 Working life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68-69
32 Labour relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70-71
33 World trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-73
34 The consumer society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74-75
35 Fashion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76-77
36 Money matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78-79
37 The world of finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80-81
4
38 Youth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82-83
Problèmes de société
39 Old age and death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84-85
40 Women and men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86-87
41 Family relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88-89
42 Social inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90-91
43 Social progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92-93
44 Discrimination and civil rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94-95
45 Social welfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96-97
46 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98-99
47 The law and the courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100-101
48 Delinquency and criminality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102-103
49 Political regimes and parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104-105
50 Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106-107
51 The media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108-109
52 Remembering, imagining… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110-111

La vie au quotidien
53 Moving and doing things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112-113

54 Thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114-115
55 Describing personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116-117
56 Happiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118-119
57 Displeasure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120-121
58 Expressing oneself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122-123
59 Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124-125
60 Museums and music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126-127
61 The cinema and television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128-129
62 Architecture and photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130-131
63 Pleasures of the table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132-133
64 Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134-135
65 Travelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136-137
À PROPOS DE LA LANGUE ANGLAISE
66 Une brève histoire de l’anglais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140-141

67 Quelques origines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142-143
68 Binômes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144-145
69 Homographes/-nymes/-phones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146-147
70 Onomatopées et interjections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148-149
71 Quelques comparaisons courantes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150-151
72 Proverbes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152-153
73 L’anglais journalistique ((journalese) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154-155
TABLEAUX DE SYNTHÈSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156-160

CORRIGÉS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161-185
THÈMES DES FOOD FOR THOUGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
VERBES IRRÉGULIERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188-191
Sommaire 5
Alphabet phonétique
Voyelles brèves
/I/ big, which, England
/e/ bed, said
/œ/ hat, that
/Å/ got
/Á/ good, would
/Ø/ luck, something, does
/E/ an, about
Voyelles longues
/i…/ see, sea, believe
/a…/ father, dance
/O…/ pork, walk, taught, thought, law
/u…/ too, two, whose, rule
/∏…/ bird, work, heard
Diphtongues
/eI/ snake, mail
/aI/ cry, while, might
/OI/ toy
/EÁ/ goat, hope, ago, don’t, those
/aÁ/ now, about, down, hour
/IE/ here, hear
/eE/ bear, there, rare
/ÁE/ tour
Consonnes
/T/ thing
/D/ this
/z/ dogs
/S/ sugar, shall
/Z/ treasure
/tS/ choose
/dZ/ just
/N/ singing
/j/ yet
6
Les 65 thèmes
The universe
01 The Milky Way Galaxy contains
roughly 200 billion stars. From the
Earth – here Botswana –,
it is visible as a milky band that
stretches across the night sky.
A Space
infinity l’infini a shooting star une étoile filante
the void le vide the Milky Way la Voie lactée
weightlessness l’apesanteur the Pole/North Star l’Étoile polaire
gravity la pesanteur to wax croître [pour la lune]
gravitation la gravitation to wane décroître
a light year une année-lumière to complete an orbit effectuer une orbite
➦ Halley’s comet is clearly visible to the naked eye from Earth. It takes the comet 75 to 76 years to com-
plete an orbit around the Sun.
La comète de Halley est clairement visible à l’œil nu de la terre. Il lui faut 75 ou 76 ans pour effectuer une orbite
complète autour du soleil.
B Solids
ore un minerai slate l’ardoise
iron \aIEn\ le fer limestone le calcaire
rust la rouille peat la tourbe
lead \led\ le plomb clay l’argile
flint le silex tough \tØf\ dur, résistant
marble le marbre crumbly friable
➦ Silicon Valley is named after silicon, which is used to create most semiconductors.
La Silicon Valley doit son nom au silicium, qui est utilisé dans la fabrication de la plupart des semi-conducteurs.
C Light and darkness

a ray/a beam of light un rayon de lumière to flash clignoter
in broad daylight en plein jour a glow une lueur rougeoyante
bright vif a glimmer une faible lueur
to dazzle éblouir faint faible
to twinkle scintiller dim terne, sans éclat
to glitter scintiller, briller the shadow l’ombre
to sparkle étinceler the shade l’ombrage
➦ It’s better to light a candle than curse the darkness. (Peter Benenson)
Mieux vaut allumer une bougie que de maudire l’obscurité.
➦ Nothing can dim the light which shines from within. (Maya Angelou)
Rien ne peut atténuer la lumière qui brille de l’intérieur.
-less et -lessness
Nom : use (l’utilité) ➞ Adjectif : useless (inutile) ➞ Nom : uselessness (l’inutilité)
8
CHECK POINT
1 Complétez les phrases suivantes. A
1. Newton was sitting under an apple tree, an apple fell on his head, and he suddenly thought of the
Universal Law of …… : that is what the legend says.
2. A …… …… is another name for a meteoroid as it enters the atmosphere, becoming a meteor.
3. A …… …… is equal to just under 10 trillion kilometres.
2 Trouvez les noms correspondant aux définitions suivantes. B

1. a reddish coating formed on iron or steel by the action of air: r_ _ t
2. a grey dark rock often used for covering roofs: s _ _ _ e
3. a hard type of rock that produces a spark when it is hit by steel: f _ _ _ t
4. carbonized vegetable tissue formed by partial decomposition in water of various plants: p _ _ t
3 Associez chaque mot de gauche avec un élément de droite

pour former des expressions que vous traduirez. C
1. in the twinkle a. of hope
2. a dazzling b. of an eye
3. the shadow c. clean
4. sparkling d. of inspiration
5. a glimmer e. of a doubt
6. a flash f. speed
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
4 Lisez le texte suivant ; le physicien britannique Stephen Hawking y expose certaines de

ses idées sur l’origine de l’univers.
The problem of the origin of the universe is a bit like the old question: Which came first, the chicken, or
the egg. In other words, what agency created the universe. And what created that agency. Or perhaps,
the universe, or the agency that created it, existed forever, and didn’t need to be created. Up to recently,
scientists have tended to shy away from such questions, feeling that they belonged to metaphysics or
religion, rather than to science. However, in the last few years, it has emerged that the Laws of Science
may hold even at the beginning of the universe. In that case, the universe could be self-contained, and
determined completely by the Laws of Science.
Stephen W. Hawking, Origin of the Universe, © 1988 S. W. Hawking.
En tenant compte du contexte, traduisez les mots ou expressions en gras.
BUILD UP
5 Complétez ces phrases avec un adjectif ou un nom de la liste suivante : ageless(ness) •

aimless(ness) • breathless(ness) • careless(ness) • endless(ness) • speechless(ness) •
friendless(ness).
1. This sad piece of news left her …… .
2. “To lose one parent, Mr Worthing, may be regarded as a misfortune. To lose both looks like …… .”
(O. Wilde, The Importance of Being Earnest, 1894)
3. Marilyn Monroe is a screen icon whose …… beauty still enthrals audiences today.
4. At college she felt isolated and …… .
5. Asthma attacks can lead to episodes of extreme …… .
6. Without a worthy goal, life becomes …… .
7. Is the United States still the land of …… opportunities?
01 - The universe 9
The Earth
02 Volcanoes are prodigious land
builders. Kilauea and Mauna Loa,
two of the world’s most active
volcanoes, are still adding to the
island of Hawaii.
A Lands and seas

a range of mountains une chaîne de montagnes to erupt entrer en éruption
height \haIt\ la hauteur the sea bed les fonds marins
the summit le sommet the ebb and flow le flux et le reflux
a pass un col the tide la marée
to rise* up s’élever to be* slack être étale
a cliff une falaise to surge, to swell* s’enfler
a slope une pente a reef un récif
steep escarpé straits un détroit
a volcano \vÅl"keInEÁ\ un volcan landlocked sans accès sur la mer
➦ Uganda is a landlocked country.

L’Ouganda est un pays sans accès à la mer.
➦ There is a groundswell of opinion against the reform.
L’opinion publique est massivement contre la réforme.
➦ They should stick to a common policy which will keep us off the slippery slope.
Ils devraient s’en tenir à une politique commune qui nous permettra d’éviter ce terrain glissant.
B Rivers and lakes

a spring une source to overflow, to burst* its banks sortir de son lit
a brook, a stream, a creek [US] un ruisseau a waterfall une chute d’eau
to wind* \waInd\ serpenter a whirlpool un tourbillon
the stream le courant a pool, a pond un étang
upstream en amont shallow peu profond
downstream en aval a lock une écluse
the (rate of) flow le débit a dam, a flood barrier un barrage
➦ They live in the downstream area of the river.

Ils habitent en aval du fleuve.
➦ Don’t change horses in midstream. (Abraham Lincoln)
On ne change pas de monture au milieu du gué.
➦ Either you decide to stay in the shallow end of the pool or you go out in the ocean.
(Christopher Reeve)
Vous pouvez décider de rester dans le petit bain mais vous pouvez aussi décider d’aller vers le large.
Over- et under-
Le préfixe over- implique l’idée d’« au-dessus » ou de dépassement, d’excès : to overflow (déborder), overworked
(surmené).
Le préfixe under- implique l’idée d’« au-dessous » ou d’insuffisance : underground (en sous-sol), underfed (sous-
alimenté).
10
CHECK POINT
1 Retrouvez le sens figuré des mots en gras puis traduisez les phrases suivantes. A B
1. There has been a steep increase in the cost of petrol recently.
2. Unfortunately, this nation is at the mercy of the ebb and flow of global tides.
3. The crisis makes the number of unemployed swell.
4. Business is slack.
5. The company is in such dire straits that it cannot even pay its workers.
2 Complétez ces phrases avec les mots suivants : whirlpool • shallow • tide •
locks • mainstream • spring puis traduisez. B
1. They find it difficult to adapt to the norms of …… society.
2. These problems …… from a misunderstanding.
3. Then, the enterprise became a bubble on a …… of speculation.
4. Those studies are absolutely wrong, …… and short-sighted.
5. In 2014, on the occasion of its Centennial, the Panama canal opened its new …… to the huge cargo
ships that could not cross the isthmus.
6. The government is looking for ways of stopping the rising …… of protest.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 L’homme et la terre… Lisez ces citations et choisissez le mot approprié en vous aidant
du contexte. Vérifiez vos réponses à l’aide du fichier audio.
1. The earth has music/noise for those who listen. (George Santayana)
2. Flowers are the moon/earth laughing. (Ralph Waldo Emerson)
3. I went to the woods because I wished to live carelessly/deliberately, to front only the essential
facts/oppression of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to
die/think, discover that I had not lived. (Henry David Thoreau)
4. In a sense, each of us is an island/a mountain. In another sense, however, we are all one. For though
islands appear united/separate, and may even be situated at great distances from one another, they
are only extrusions of the same planet, Earth. (James Donald Walters)
5. It suddenly struck me that that tiny pea, pretty and red/blue, was the Earth. I put up my thumb and
shut/opened one eye, and my thumb blotted out the planet Earth. I didn’t feel like a giant/a child.
I felt very, very small. (Neil Armstrong)
BUILD UP
4 Complétez les phrases suivantes avec over- ou under-.

1. He was dismissed: the boss said he was ……performing.
2. Everything in this store is ……priced, I can’t afford to shop there.
3. This child is ……weight: he should stop drinking Coke.
4. ……fishing has major effects on ecosystems.
5. They declared they were ……worked and ……paid.
6. During the pandemic, the hospitals were filled to ……flowing.
02 - The Earth 11
The climate
03 This picture portrays a storm
brooding over Dead Horse
State Park (Utah).
A The weather
a heat wave une vague de chaleur a flash of lightning un éclair
drought \draÁt\ la sécheresse frost le gel, la gelée, le givre
sweltering étouffant black ice le verglas
blazing torride a blanket of snow une couche de neige
sultry suffocant a snowdrift une congère
close \kloÁs\ lourd chilly très frais
a gust of wind une rafale de vent overcast couvert
a gale une bourrasque hail la grêle
to abate se calmer mist la brume
a thunderstorm un orage drizzle la bruine
a clap of thunder un coup de tonnerre scattered showers des averses intermittentes
lightning les éclairs, la foudre to get* soaked/drenched se faire tremper
➦ Sunshine is delicious, rain is refreshing, wind braces us up, snow is exhilarating; there is really no such
thing as bad weather, only different kinds of good weather. (John Ruskin)
Lorsque le soleil brille, c’est délicieux, la pluie nous rafraîchit, le vent nous revigore, la neige nous grise ;
le mauvais temps, ça n’existe pas, il y a seulement diverses formes de beau temps.
➦ Recently China experienced a large-scale outbreak of fog and haze that affected some 600 million people
and covered a quarter of its territory.
La Chine a connu récemment un épisode à grande échelle de brouillard et de brume qui a touché environ 600 mil-
lions de personnes et couvert un quart du territoire.
B Natural disasters
to flood \flØd\ inonder a tornado, a twister [US] une tornade
to be* in spate être en crue to rip arracher
monsoon rain les pluies de mousson a tidal wave un raz de marée
to overflow déborder to near se rapprocher
an earthquake un tremblement de terre to gather strength prendre de la vigueur
an aftershock une réplique to subside s’éloigner, se calmer
a landslide un glissement de terrain
➦ The deadliest event of the Klondike gold rush occurred in April 1898 on the Chilkoot Trail. Numerous
avalanches took place and 65 people lost their lives.
L’événement le plus tragique de la Ruée vers l’or dans le Klondike eut lieu en avril 1898 sur la piste de Chilkoot.
Il y eut de nombreuses avalanches et 65 personnes perdirent la vie.
➦ The word tsunami comes from the Japanese tsu (harbour) + nami (wave).
After-
Le préfixe after- est utilisé pour former un nom désignant quelque chose de postérieur dans le temps :
an aftershock (une réplique), the aftermath of an event (les suites d’un événement).
12
CHECK POINT
1 Faites correspondre chaque mot à sa définition. A
1. sweltering a. cold enough to make you feel uncomfortable
2. lightning b. to become less intense
3. a drought c. suffocating
4. drizzle d. a very strong wind
5. chilly e. a long period of time with no rain
6. to abate f. flashes of light followed by thunder
7. a gale g. very light rain
2 Complétez ces phrases avec un des noms suivants : tornado • flooding • earthquake •
monsoon • tsunami • landslide. B
1. A strong …… near Alaska’s Aleutian Islands triggered a …… warning Monday, but only small waves
measuring several inches hit coastal communities.
2. A monstrous …… at least a half-mile wide roared through the Oklahoma City suburbs Tuesday, flattening
entire neighborhoods and destroying an elementary school.
3. From May through September of 1993, the Midwest suffered record …… , resulting in the deaths of
at least 50 people and damages approaching $15 billion.
4. The death toll from strong winds and …… rains across Sri Lanka’s coastal belt rose to 27 while another
29 fishermen are missing.
5. …… are common in mountainous Nepal during the monsoon season.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Voici à quoi conduit l’humour anglais à propos d’une tempête dans la Manche.
Choisissez le terme qui convient.
Puis vérifiez vos réponses à l’aide du fichier audio.
I shall never forget the poor gentleman who once travelled with me on the Channel boat. Only the two of us
were on deck as a violent storm/drought was raging. A tremendous frost/gale was lashing mountainous
seas. We huddled there for a while, without saying anything. Suddenly a fearful gust/tornado blew him
overboard. His head emerged just once from the water below me. He looked at me calmly and remarked
somewhat casually: “Rather sunny/windy, isn’t it?”
George Mikes, How to be inimitable, Andre Deutsch, 1960.
4 Des catastrophes naturelles sont restées dans l’histoire. Traduisez les mots
ou segments en gras en tenant bien compte du contexte.
Afghanistan Blizzard (2008)
The second worst blizzard in modern history after the Iran blizzard with regards to casualties, it had an
estimated death toll of 1,337 due to temperatures that fell below -30°C with up to 180 centimeters of
snow in the mountainous regions. Some were frozen to death, a number died when their vehicles were
blocked by snowdrifts and at least 100 people underwent frostbite amputations in hospitals across the
country. It also claimed more than 100,000 sheep and goats and 315,000 cattle.
25 worst natural disasters recorded, List25™ © 2011-2014.
BUILD UP
5 Utilisez le préfixe after- pour traduire les mots suivants.

1. une pensée qui vient après coup – 2. un arrière-goût – 3. un effet secondaire – 4. une postface –
5. la vie après la mort
03 - The climate 13
The conquest of the world
04 In 1869, the railheads of the Union
Pacific and the Central Pacific railroads
met at Promontory Summit (Utah): the
First Transcontinental Railroad in the
United States was officially completed.
A Exploring the world

a map une carte trade winds les alizés
the scale of a map l’échelle d’une carte to make* landfall arriver en vue de la terre
a chart une carte [marine/du ciel] the mainland le continent [≠ une île]
a landmark un point de repère to circumnavigate faire le tour du monde
a compass une boussole (the world)
to find*/to get* s’orienter the west l’ouest, l’Occident
one’s bearings the east l’est, l’Orient
➦ “Manifest Destiny” was a phrase used by leaders and politicians in the second half of the 19th century to
explain the westward expansion by the United States. American settlers were destined to conquer the west.
La « destinée manifeste » était une expression utilisée par les leaders politiques durant la seconde moitié du
XIXe siècle pour expliquer la conquête de l’Ouest par les Américains. Les colons américains avaient pour mission
divine de conquérir l’Ouest.
B Settling
a land une terre, un pays a settler un colon
a people un peuple to lie* être situé
native autochtone to stretch, to spread* s’étendre
a tribe une tribu a border, a boundary une frontière
to inhabit habiter a trail une piste
a countryman un concitoyen to link relier
➦ Washington is not a place to live in. The rents are high, the food is bad, the dust is disgusting and the
morals are deplorable. Go West, young man, go West and grow up with the country. (Horace Greeley, 1865)
Washington n’est pas un endroit où vivre. Les loyers sont chers, la nourriture est mauvaise, le lieu est sale et
repoussant, les mœurs y sont dissolues. Pars vers l’ouest, jeune homme, pars vers l’ouest et grandis avec le pays.
➦ Our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this small planet. We all breathe the same air. We all
cherish our children’s future. And we are all mortal. (John Fitzgerald Kennedy)
Notre lien commun le plus fondamental est que nous sommes tous des habitants de cette petite planète. Nous
respirons tous le même air. Nous chérissons tous l’avenir de nos enfants. Et nous sommes tous mortels.
-man, -woman, -person

De nombreux noms désignant une profession ou l’appartenance à un groupe sont formés à partir de nom
+ -man ou -woman : a fisherman (un pêcheur), a countryman (un concitoyen), a statesman
(un homme d’État), an Englishman (un Anglais).
On trouve aussi nom + -person : a chairperson (un président/une présidente), a spokesperson
(un/une porte-parole).
14
CHECK POINT
1 Sachant que southern signifie « méridional », comment diriez-vous :
« septentrional », « oriental » et « occidental » ? A
2 Complétez les phrases suivantes. A B

1. The Magellan-Elcano expedition …… the world for the first time in history. They sailed from Spain in
1519 and returned in 1522.
2. The magnetic …… was invented by the Chinese during the Han Dynasty (starting about 206 BC).
3. The …… winds have been used by captains of sailing ships for centuries. They enabled the Europeans
to create new empires in the Americas.
4. From the early 1830s to 1869 the Oregon …… was used by about 400,000 …… , farmers, miners and
their families. They made the trip in covered wagons pulled by mules and oxen.
5. In the early sixteenth century, when the first European settlers arrived, North America was …… by
Indians, also known as …… Americans. The …… of the Iroquois and Cherokees lived in the fertile
eastern areas. The Navajo and Hopi lived in the south-west.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Lisez le texte suivant qui aborde la notion de « frontière » dans la civilisation

américaine.
The idea of a “frontier”, of a place that is an edge between the known and the unknown, the settled and the
wild, has a prominent place in American history. Sometimes it is a particular territory, such as the North
American continent west of the Missouri River. It can be the idea of a place, something more ambiguous:
a frontier is a place where you are on your own, where the rules are not yet made. The frontier can be a
mental realm of new ideas, ideas about space and time and the origins of the world.
For many Americans, what was “the frontier” is, geographically, that land west of the Missouri River that is
characterized as dry, perhaps even arid, where crops grow with a struggle and where cattle range freely,
searching for water and feed.
© North west of the west, www.lib.washington.edu.
Relevez les termes :

1. qui donnent une définition géographique précise de la « frontière » ;
2. qui décrivent précisément les caractéristiques des deux côtés de la « frontière » ;
3. qui impliquent que la « frontière » est un lieu de liberté et un lieu de tous les possibles ;
4. qui évoquent la difficulté de subsister en ces lieux.
BUILD UP
4 Employez un mot composé avec -man, -woman ou -person dans les phrases suivantes.
1. Her Excellency Ms. Rosemary Banks presided over the New Zealand delegates: she was …… of the
Delegation of New Zealand.
2. The president’s …… said that the speech was scheduled for Wednesday.
3. The United States is sometimes called the …… of the world.
4. Sir Winston Churchill is recognized as one of the greatest …… of the 20th century.
5. Emma is a …… at heart. She enjoys playing rugby, skiing and surfing.
04 - The conquest of the world 15

Nations and countries
05 There are 195 independent
sovereign states in the world
(including Taiwan), plus about
60 dependent areas, and five
disputed territories, like Kosovo.
Here are some of their flags.
Dans le tableau suivant, ne sont indiqués que les mots courants qui risquent de poser problème.
countries/territories people a/an adjective

Europe the Europeans a European European
Germany the Germans a German German
Norway the Norwegians a Norwegian Norwegian
Britain the British a British person British
Scotland the Scots, Scotsmen a Scot, a Scotsman Scottish
Denmark the Danes a Dane Danish
Poland the Poles a Pole Polish
Spain the Spanish, Spaniards a Spaniard Spanish
Turkey the Turks a Turk Turkish
Greece the Greeks a Greek Greek
Holland, the Netherlands the Dutch a Dutchman Dutch
Ireland the Irish an Irishman Irish
Wales the Welsh a Welshman Welsh
Lebanon the Lebanese a Lebanese Lebanese
Portugal the Portuguese a Portuguese Portuguese
Japan the Japanese a Japanese Japanese
Pakistan the Pakistanis a Pakistani Pakistani
Israel the Israelis an Israeli Israeli
Thailand the Thais a Thai Thai
Switzerland the Swiss a Swiss man Swiss
Quelques cas particuliers

The United Kingdom: England, Scotland, Wales + Northern Ireland
The United States of America/the USA: the car le nom de pays comprend un nom commun (states)
Eire: la République d’Irlande ≠ Northern Ireland, parfois appelé Ulster
➦ Henry James was American born but spent most of his writing career in England.
Henry James était américain mais il a passé l’essentiel de sa vie d’écrivain en Angleterre.
➦ When it comes to nationality or citizenship, there are two types of rights: the right of the soil and the
right of blood. The former gives you the right to nationality of a given country if you were born in that country.
Quand on aborde la question de la nationalité ou de la citoyenneté, il y a deux types de droits : le droit du sol et
le droit du sang. Le premier vous donne la nationalité d’un pays donné si vous y êtes né.
➦ The latter (the right of blood) depends on your parents: if one of them is a citizen of a given country, you
can claim citizenship of that country.
Le second (le droit du sang) dépend de vos parents : si l’un d’eux est citoyen d’un pays donné, vous pouvez
réclamer la citoyenneté dans ce pays.
➦ Quite a few countries have a mixture of those two rights, like Canada, the United States, Israel and
Germany.
Plusieurs pays ont un mélange de ces deux droits : c’est le cas du Canada, des États-Unis, d’Israël et de l’Allemagne.
16
CHECK POINT
1 Complétez le tableau suivant.
pays les… un/une… adjectif

France …… …… ……
…… the Irish …… ……
…… …… …… Russian
…… …… a Mexican ……
Japan …… …… ……
…… …… …… Korean
…… …… a Pole ……
Israel …… …… ……
…… …… …… Welsh
…… …… a Turk ……
2 Traduisez les phrases suivantes.

1. Maria Callas était une soprano grecque née aux États-Unis.
2. John Maxwell Coetzee est un romancier sud-africain qui se vit attribuer (was awarded) le prix Nobel
de littérature en 2003. Il devint citoyen australien en 2006.
3. Albert Einstein est né en Allemagne en 1879, il est mort en 1955 dans le New Jersey.
4. James Cook a découvert la Nouvelle-Zélande en 1770. Il devint le premier Européen à rencontrer (who
encountered) des aborigènes.
5. Vincent Willem van Gogh (1853-1890) était un peintre post-impressionniste d’origine hollandaise.
6. La plupart des ouvriers employés pour la construction du premier chemin de fer transcontinental aux
États-Unis étaient chinois ou irlandais.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Dans ce paragraphe, remplacez l’initiale du pays par l’adjectif correspondant en ayant,

bien sûr, le sens de l’humour ! Vérifiez vos réponses à l’aide du fichier audio.
An old popular joke
Heaven is where the cooks are …… (F), the police are …… (GB), the mechanics are …… or …… (D or CH),
the lovers are …… (I) and everything is organized by the …… or …… (D or CH).
Hell is where the cooks are …… (GB), the police are …… (D), the mechanics are …… (F), the lovers are ……
(CH), and everything is organized by the …… (I).
http://politicalhumor.about.com/library/jokes/bljokeheavenhell.htm.
4 Stereotypes… Choisissez les termes qui conviennent.

Even today when the international community promotes diversity and encourages tolerance, certain people
are still tagged according to their nationalities. Here is an example.
Those who say that Canadians are boring are probably the same people who think that the Canadian
capital is Ottawa/Toronto, that Canadian culture is based around Celine Dion, and that Canadians live
in igloos/skyscrapers.
The truth is, the climate is not the only thing that is cooler in this country. Canada offers a wide range of
exciting/dangerous activities such as snowboarding, kayaking and many other sports for the adventurous.
You’ll also not run out of reasons to laugh/cry in this more-than-maple country (ce pays où il n’y a pas que
des érables). After all, many comedians in Hollywood are Canadians – Mike Myers, John Candy, Matthew
Perry, Eugene Levy and Jim Carrey among others. Their names hardly sound boring, do they?
www.nationalstereotype.com/you-are-not-your-count.
05 - Nations and countries 17

The world’s population
06 A statue of Annie Moore and her
brothers stands on the waterfront of
Cobh, Ireland. She was the first
immigrant to pass through the new
immigration centre at Ellis Island in
New York Harbor, in 1892.
A Migratory movements
a border une frontière a holding centre un centre de rétention
the customs la douane undocumented sans papiers
to go* into exile s’exiler to be* turned away être refoulé
to flee* fuir a host country un pays d’accueil
a political refugee un réfugié politique citizenship la citoyenneté
a climate refugee un réfugié climatique a residence permit, un permis de séjour
an asylum seeker un demandeur d’asile a green card [US]
a stateless person un apatride a foreign national un ressortissant étranger
a smuggler un passeur to start from scratch partir de rien
a stowaway un passager clandestin to fulfil a dream réaliser un rêve
to implement quotas imposer des quotas to blend (in) s’intégrer
➦ “Pull and push factors” are the reasons why people are attracted by a country and pushed away from
the country where they live.
Des facteurs d’attraction et de répulsion expliquent pourquoi les gens sont attirés par un pays et repoussés du
pays dans lequel ils vivent.
➦ Britain’s an island; it’s always had a constant ebb and flow of immigration – it makes it a better place.
(Johnny Rotten)
La Grande-Bretagne est une île ; elle a connu de constants flux et reflux d’immigrants – cela la rend meilleure.
➦ Illegal aliens have always been a problem in the United States. Ask any Indian. (Robert Orben)
Les étrangers en situation irrégulière ont de tout temps posé problème aux États-Unis. Posez la question à
n’importe quel Indien.
B Population growth
a census un recensement life expectancy l’espérance de vie
an inhabitant un habitant densely/sparsely très/peu peuplé
population growth la croissance démographique populated
the birth rate le taux de naissance overcrowded surpeuplé
to slow down ralentir a baby bust un effondrement
to increase s’accroître, augmenter démographique
on average en moyenne … people per … habitants au km2
square km
➦ China’s One Child Policy was created in 1979 by Deng Xiaoping to limit communist China’s population
growth. It was in place for more than three decades.
La politique chinoise de l’enfant unique a été mise en place par Deng Xiaoping en 1979 pour limiter la croissance
démographique de la Chine communiste. Elle est restée en vigueur pendant plus de trois décennies.
-ship
Le suffixe -ship sert à former des noms abstraits désignant le fait d’être… à partir d’un nom : citizenship
(la citoyenneté), friendship (l’amitié).
18
CHECK POINT
1 Traduisez les phrases suivantes. A B
1. En Australie, il y a 25,6 millions d’habitants, 50 millions de kangourous et 65 millions de moutons.
2. En 2018, selon l’OMS (according to the WHO), l’espérance de vie était de 84,1 ans au Japon, de
78,5 ans aux États-Unis et de 53,9 ans en Sierra Leone.
3. Hier, neuf demandeurs d’asile ont été découverts cachés sous un Eurostar.
4. Quinze millions de personnes sont apatrides. Aucun pays ne les reconnaît comme ressortissants. Ils
font partie (They are some of) des êtres les plus invisibles de la planète.
2 À partir du mot rate, traduisez les expressions suivantes. B

1. le taux de natalité – 2. le taux de croissance – 3. le taux de remplacement – 4. le taux de mortalité –
5. le taux d’alphabétisation – 6. le taux de chômage – 7. le taux de survie
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Lisez cet extrait d’un discours de Barack Obama sur les actions en faveur des jeunes
immigrés aux États-Unis dans le cadre du programme DREAM (Development, Relief, and
Education for Alien Minors).
These are young people who study in our schools, they play in our neighborhoods, they’re friends with our
kids, they pledge allegiance to our flag. They are Americans in their heart, in their minds, in every single
way but one: on paper. They were brought to this country by their parents, – sometimes even as infants,
– and often have no idea that they’re undocumented until they apply for a job or a driver’s license or a
college scholarship.
Put yourself in their shoes. Imagine you’ve done everything right your entire life, – studied hard, worked
hard, maybe even graduated at the top of your class, – only to suddenly face the threat of deportation to
a country that you know nothing about, with a language that you may not even speak.
That’s what gave rise to the Dream Act. It says that if your parents brought you here as a child, you’ve been
here for five years and you’re willing to go to college or serve in our military, you can one day earn your
citizenship. And I’ve said time and time and time again to Congress that, send me the Dream Act, put it
on my desk, and I will sign it right away.
Barack Obama, June 15, 2012, © www.whitehouse.gov.
Citez les phrases où Barack Obama :

1. déclare que les jeunes concernés sont américains dans tous les sens du terme sauf sur le papier ;
2. dit que ces jeunes ignorent qu’ils sont sans papier jusqu’au moment où ils postulent pour le permis
de conduire ;
3. demande à son auditoire de se mettre à leur place ;
4. évoque la menace d’expulsion qui pèse sur eux ;
5. énonce les conditions qui les mèneront à acquérir la nationalité américaine.
BUILD UP
4 Parmi les mots suivants, choisissez ceux qui correspondent aux définitions ci-dessous :
censorship • lordship • ownership • township • membership • dictatorship • kinship.
1. the state of belonging to or being a part of a group or an organization
2. the fact of possessing something
3. a form of government in which absolute power is concentrated in one person
4. the system or practice of examining books, movies, etc. and deleting passages
06 - The world’s population 19

International relations
07 These demonstrators are protesting
against the UN’s apparent indifference
to the plight of the Tibetans. The
United Nations was founded in 1945
to maintain international peace and
protect human rights.
A Diplomatic activity
an embassy une ambassade talks des pourparlers
to be* appointed être nommé a route map une feuille de route
ambassador ambassadeur to endorse appuyer, approuver
a representative un délégué a memorandum of un protocole d’accord
the diplomatic corps le corps diplomatique agreement
\kO…\, the foreign to pay* lip service to manifester un intérêt de
service [US] pure forme pour
the diplomatic bag/ la valise diplomatique to recall an rappeler un ambassadeur
pouch [US] ambassador
an adviser, an advisor un conseiller to deliver adresser un ultimatum à
[US] an ultimatum to
an envoy un émissaire to break* off rompre des relations
a counterpart un homologue diplomatic relations diplomatiques
➦ The Committee took note of this information but refused to endorse this policy.
Le Comité a pris note de ces informations mais a refusé d’appuyer cette politique.
➦ An ambassador is an honest man sent abroad to lie for his country. (Henry Wotton)
Un ambassadeur est un homme honnête que l’on envoie à l’étranger pour mentir au nom de son pays.
➦ The European Commission has adopted a route map for planning maritime space.
La Commission européenne a adopté une feuille de route pour la planification de l’espace maritime.
B International negotiations
the balance of power l’équilibre des forces a bone of contention une pomme de discorde
to hold* a summit organiser un sommet a deadline une date limite
the agenda l’ordre du jour a showdown une épreuve de force
to convene se réunir to take* steps prendre des mesures
a host country un pays d’accueil to hinder entraver
to bond with nouer des liens avec to toughen \"tØfn\ one’s durcir sa position
to change course changer de cap stance
a thaw un dégel to walk out of the talks quitter les négociations
a settlement un accord to reach an agreement parvenir à un accord
➦ The date has been set for a referendum to approve the draft constitution. And so, the next showdown
is likely to come very soon.
On a arrêté la date du référendum sur le projet de constitution. Et donc, la prochaine épreuve de force aura
probablement lieu très prochainement.
➦ In certain areas there are significant problems which hinder the return to peace.
Dans certaines régions, il existe d’importantes difficultés qui freinent le retour à la paix.
Off
La particule off implique l’idée de séparation, de rupture : to take off (décoller), to break off (rompre).
20
CHECK POINT
1 Trouvez les mots correspondant aux définitions. A B
1. a person who gives advice in a particular field: ……
2. a country that provides services, buildings, etc. for an event: ……
3. a representative of a government who is sent on a special diplomatic mission: ……
4. to declare one’s public approval or support of: ……
5. a person or thing closely resembling another, especially in function: ……
6. an increase in friendliness or cordiality: ……
7. to come or bring together for a meeting or activity; to assemble: ……
2 Déduisez le sens des expressions suivantes à partir des mots agenda et corps. A B
1. to top the agenda 4. the medical corps
2. to put together an agenda 5. the intelligence corps
3. an item on the agenda 6. the press corps
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 La diplomatie par la gastronomie… Lisez ce texte et choisissez le mot approprié en vous

aidant du contexte. Vérifiez vos réponses à l’aide du fichier audio.
These nations are using food/weapons to project power around the world. And it’s working.
“Noodle diplomacy” and “chopstick diplomacy” may be new phrases, but the concept that food and gas-
tronomy/embassies/diplomacy go together is as old as, well, food.
Even the ancient Romans knew the best way to make a showdown/peace/war with an enemy was to share
a good meal. It’s just taken us until relatively recently to come up with a word for it: gastrodiplomacy/
Roman diplomacy/diplomatic corps.
But now that we’ve got one, we’re not wasting time. At least five countries – Thailand, South Korea, Peru,
Taiwan and the United States – have “official” culinary diplomacy/peace programs, and colleges are
even teaching courses in how to eat your way to cultural understanding/thaw.
Thailand should be credited with reviving the ancient trend in 2002, with its “Global Thai program”. The
idea was to increase/hinder/prevent the number of Thai restaurants nationwide/in Asia/worldwide,
which The Economist presaged would “not only introduce delicious spicy Thai food to thousands of new
tummies and persuade more people to visit Thailand, but it could subtly help cancel/deepen/toughen
relations with other countries”.
Global Post (Globalpost.com), March 25, 2014.
BUILD UP
4 Complétez les phrases avec les mots suivants : cut off • fight off • off duty •
pay off • take-off • take off • switch off.
1. In the summer of 1940, Great Britain remained alone to …… …… a possible German invasion.
2. They have sacrificed their ecological potential to achieve an economic ………… .
3. When the economy slowed down, a lot of families were unable to …… …… their loans.
4. Please …… …… your mobile phones during the meeting.
5. Flooded roads …… …… at least 90 villages.
6. Would you mind …… your feet …… that seat?
7. The policewoman was …… …… and at home with her family at the time of the accident.
07 - International relations 21
War
08 The battleship USS Missouri rests in
Pearl Harbour (Hawaii). She was the
site of the surrender of the Empire
of Japan which ended World War II.
A Disagreement
to differ with être en désaccord avec a deadlock une impasse
to strain relations créer des tensions uncompromising inébranlable
to bode ill for the être de mauvais augure to set* an ultimatum poser un ultimatum
future pour l’avenir to derail talks faire échouer
a feud \fju…d\ une querelle des discussions
to bog down s’enliser to break* up a deal rompre un accord
unbridgeable/ des points de vue to clash entrer en conflit
irreconcilable views irréconciliables
➦ Such declarations could strain their bilateral relations.

De telles déclarations pourraient créer des tensions dans leurs relations bilatérales.
➦ An eye for an eye will only make the whole world blind. (attribué à Gandhi)
Œil pour œil et le monde entier deviendra aveugle.
B Waging war
to wage war with faire la guerre à a machine gun une mitrailleuse
to break* out éclater an assault rifle un fusil d’assaut
to invade envahir to shoot* at tirer sur
to retaliate riposter, exercer des to shoot* sb abattre qqn
représailles a stray bullet une balle perdue
a weapon \"wepEn\ une arme the wounded les blessés
ammunition, les munitions casualties les pertes humaines
munitions missing in action (MIA) disparu au combat
armoured blindé a POW \Æpi… EÁ "dØblju…\ un prisonnier de guerre
a dogfight un combat aérien to release relâcher
a shell un obus side effects les dommages collatéraux
➦ You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word. It is victory, victory at all costs, victory in spite of all
terror, victory, however long and hard the road may be; for without victory, there is no survival. (Winston Churchill)
Vous demandez quel est notre but ? Je peux répondre en un mot. C’est la victoire, la victoire à tout prix, la victoire en
dépit de toute peur, la victoire, aussi long et dur que puisse être le chemin ; car sans victoire il n’est pas de survie.
Un- et ill-
Un- est un préfixe qui donne une valeur négative à un adjectif, un adverbe ou un nom : uncompromising
(inébranlable), unfair (injuste).
Il- devant l (im- devant m ou p, ir- devant r, in- devant les autres lettres) a aussi une valeur négative : illogical
(illogique), impossible (impossible), irrelevant (non pertinent), inadequate (inadéquat).
22
CHECK POINT
1 Complétez ces phrases. A
1. This question has been avoided because it is highly sensitive and could …… talks.
2. The peace process is getting …… down and tensions are rising again.
3. We’ll do everything we can to get out of the …… we have been facing for far too long.
4. The long-standing Indian-Pakistani …… over Kashmir remains contentious and fractious.
5. The high illiteracy rate and the low level of education …… ill for the …… .
2 Traduisez. B
1. Le dernier prisonnier de guerre américain de la guerre en Afghanistan vient d’être relâché.
2. Les premiers combats aériens eurent lieu (to appear) pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, peu
(shortly) après l’invention de l’avion.
3. Le nombre (estimated number) de pertes humaines de l’URSS pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale
est évalué (stands at) à 26,6 millions.
4. Essayez de garder votre sang-froid (to remain in control) et de ne pas riposter.
5. La guerre éclata en 1939 lorsque l’Allemagne envahit la Pologne.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Prenez connaissance de ce texte qui évoque l’arrivée d’une jeune recrue au Vietnam
en 1970.
The plane to ’Nam set him down at Da Nang on April 19, 1970, with a year to serve if he were lucky enough
to live through it. The first thing that struck him stepping off the plane was the heat; a country that had
seemed so green and riotously alive from their incoming jetliner had air so close and hot it sucked his
breath away. His second indelible impression was the look of the men waiting to leave on the plane that
had borne him in. He could read his future in their past, in their missing limbs and their dull, haunted
faces. The only thing that kept him from being scared was his countervailing sense that being scared was
pointless. “I can’t say hey, I don’t want to go”, he thought; he felt like a man who had been sentenced to
a year in prison, hearing the gates clank shut behind him.
Newsweek, February 18, 1983.
Traitez maintenant les questions suivantes.

1. Relevez avec précision les segments de phrases qui vous indiquent que ce soldat arrive
au Vietnam.
2. À partir du sens premier des termes en gras, déduisez leur sens en contexte et proposez
une traduction.
Pour vous aider… a riot : une émeute • riotous : déchaîné, tapageur • close : mal aéré • limbs :
membres • to miss : manquer • to countervail : contrecarrer, s’opposer à.
BUILD UP
4 Complétez avec le préfixe approprié : un-, il-, im-, ir- ou in-.
1. He was ……aware of the Committee’s intentions.
2. This hospital is particularly cold and ……personal.
3. ……legal downloads affect the audiovisual and music sector.
4. The company’s future is ……certain.
5. The proposal was described as ……mature.
6. The Wallabies have been ……beatable this season.
7. When you travel to India you should always expect the ……expected.
8. The election was dismissed as ……legitimate by many countries.
9. I’ve had enough with his working ……regular hours.
10. Their aim is to create a situation in which military conflict is ……thinkable.
08 - War 23
Modern warfare
09 According to UN sources landmines kill
15000 to 20000 people every year.
These posters in Angkor Tom
(Cambodia) warn people about the
presence of landmines.
A Weapons
high-tech warfare la guerre de haute a spy satellite un satellite espion
technologie an unmanned vehicle un véhicule sans pilote
asymmetric warfare la guerre asymétrique a UAV (an unmanned un drone
proxy war la guerre par procuration aerial vehicle),
a surgical strike une frappe chirurgicale a drone
a target une cible remotely operated commandé à distance
to aim viser an explosive payload une charge explosive
a man-portable missile un missile portatif a suicide bomber un kamikaze
a rocket launcher un lance-roquettes an armored vehicle un véhicule blindé
➦ Increasingly, wars are fought in precisely those countries that can least afford them. Of more than 150
major conflicts since the Second World War, 130 have been fought in the developing world. (UNICEF)
De plus en plus, les guerres sont livrées très précisément dans les pays qui peuvent le moins se les offrir. Depuis
la Seconde Guerre mondiale, sur plus de 150 conflits majeurs, 130 se sont déroulés dans les pays émergents.
➦ The Navy SEALs (SEa, Air and Land) are the U.S. Navy’s principal special operations force. Their members
are trained to operate in all climates and environments.
B Warriors and victims

to ambush tendre une embuscade a warlord un seigneur de guerre
to plunder, to loot, piller a militia group une milice
to pillage guerrilla warfare des tactiques de guérilla
to wreak havoc faire des ravages tactics
to maim mutiler civilian victims des victimes civiles
to rape violer displaced les populations déplacées
to kidnap enlever populations
a hostage un otage a refugee un réfugié
collateral/side effects des effets collatéraux shell-shocked atteint de choc traumatique
unexploded ordnance des munitions non a war crime un crime de guerre
explosées
➦ According to UNICEF (the United Nations Children’s Fund), millions of landmines remain hidden around
the world. They are regularly triggered by unsuspecting civilians.
Selon l’UNICEF, des millions de mines antipersonnel restent dissimulées dans le monde. Elles sont régulièrement
déclenchées par des civils sans méfiance.
➦ WMDs (Weapons of Mass Destruction) can be chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear. They are
designed primarily to kill large numbers of people and destroy whole buildings.
Les armes de destruction massive peuvent être chimiques, biologiques, radiologiques ou nucléaires. Elles sont
destinées essentiellement à tuer un grand nombre de personnes et à détruire des bâtiments entiers.
24
CHECK POINT
1. The …… …… of those bombs could destroy several cities.
2. A drone is an …… …… vehicle or ship.
3. …… warfare is a conflict between countries or groups with very different military capabilities and
strategies.
4. Their military base was an easy …… for an air attack.
5. Would wars fought by …… …… robots make the world a safer place?
6. A …… satellite can keep a given …… in sight at all times.
2 Traduisez les phrases suivantes. B

1. Les munitions non explosées font encore des ravages dans ce pays.
2. According to UNESCO, three to seven thousand items plundered from Iraq’s National Museum are
still considered missing.
3. Ces enfants sont atteints de choc traumatique.
4. En Europe, de nombreux réfugiés n’atteignent même pas la terre ferme (dry land).
5. 120,000 soldiers were maimed or killed.
6. The Geneva Convention of 1949 prohibits, among other things, the taking of hostages.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Lisez ces paragraphes qui traitent de la guerre moderne et de quelques-unes

de ses conséquences.
§1. According to the Cambodian leader Pol Pot (1975-1979), landmines were “perfect soldiers” because
they never slept and were always ready to attack.
§ 2. Because of technological advancements, modern warfare has become more anonymous. Hence the
question asked by the American organization Globalization101: “Does the use of UAVs promote a feeling
of being ‘removed from the battlefield’ that allows an individual to consider ‘pulling the trigger’ without
wholly considering the consequences?” (Globalization101.org)
§ 3. Think of a modern conflict – Iraq, Syria, Sierra Leone, Bosnia, Kosovo – and the pictures that come
to mind are endless columns of refugees and the debris-strewn bodies of women and children. (The
Independent, 20 July 2014)
§ 4. The war does not end when you come home. It lives on in memories of your fellow soldiers, sailors,
airmen and Marines who gave their lives. It endures in the wound that is slow to heal, the disability that
isn’t going away, the dream that wakes you at night, or the stiffening in your spine when a car backfires
(pétarade) down the street. (Barack Obama’s address, February 27, 2009)
Traitez maintenant les questions suivantes.

1. Attribuez un titre à chacun de ces paragraphes.
a. Femmes et enfants, victimes des conflits modernes : § ……
b. La guerre moderne, à distance des champs de bataille : § ……
c. Les parfaits petits soldats : § ……
d. La guerre : empreintes à long terme : § ……
2. Traduisez les segments en gras.
09 - Modern warfare 25
Peace
10 The Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park
is dedicated to the legacy of
Hiroshima as the first city in the
world to suffer a nuclear attack. In
the background one can see the
ruins of the A bomb Dome.
A Defeat and victory

a setback un revers to gain the upper hand avoir le dessus
to yield céder to rout mettre en déroute
to suffer a defeat subir une défaite disarmament le désarmement
to surrender se rendre de-escalation la désescalade
a withdrawal une retraite to reduce/to lessen réduire la course
to lay* down arms déposer les armes the arms race aux armements
to prevail over l’emporter sur to advocate a ban préconiser une interdiction
➦ Resilience is woven deeply into the fabric of Oklahoma. Throw us an obstacle, and we grow stronger.
(Brad Henry)
La capacité à rebondir est partie intégrante du tissu dont est fait l’Oklahoma. Présentez-nous un obstacle, nous
deviendrons plus forts.
➦ We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the
streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender. (Winston Churchill)
Nous nous battrons sur les plages, nous nous battrons sur les terrains d’atterrissage, nous nous battrons dans
les champs et dans les rues, nous nous battrons dans les collines, nous ne nous rendrons jamais.
➦ Iraq was in ruins in the aftermath of Gulf War II.
L’Irak était en ruines à la suite de la deuxième guerre du Golfe.
B Back to peace
a truce une trêve to make* up with se réconcilier avec
a ceasefire un cessez-le-feu to make* peace faire la paix
to settle one’s trouver un compromis the outcome l’issue, le dénouement
differences a peace treaty un traité de paix
to work out a solution élaborer une solution a veteran un ancien combattant
to placate apaiser a conscientious un objecteur de
to straighten out/ résoudre un problème objector conscience
to solve a problem the Blue Helmets les Casques Bleus
a joint statement un communiqué commun a deterrent force une force de dissuasion
to improve ties with améliorer ses relations avec to prevent empêcher, éviter
➦ Why won’t you be reconciled with them?

Pourquoi tu ne te réconcilies pas avec eux ?
➦ The Prime minister will play honest broker in the row between the two countries.
Le Premier ministre va jouer les médiateurs honnêtes dans le différend entre les deux pays.
-en
Le suffixe -en permet parfois de former un verbe à partir d’un adjectif ou d’un adverbe : to lessen (réduire),
to blacken (noircir).
Ce procédé n’est pas systématique : free (libre), to free (libérer).
26
CHECK POINT
1 Trouvez les mots correspondant aux définitions. A
1. the action of ceasing to participate in a military activity: ……
2. to be greater in strength or power: ……
3. a reversal: ……
4. to give up, to surrender: ……
5. the act of decreasing in intensity: ……
6. when a country reduces the number of weapons it has: ……
7. to defeat completely: ……

1. They hope they will be able to meet the goal set out in their recent joint statement.
2. The President’s speech was intended to placate international opinion.
3. Basically the strategic concept of deterrence aims to prevent war.
4. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial lists the names of more than 58,000 American soldiers who died in
the controversial Vietnam War.
5. The Christmas truce was a series of unofficial ceasefires that took place along the Western Front
around Christmas 1914, during World War I.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Traduisez le texte suivant qui relate l’histoire de

Sadako devenue un symbole de la paix au Japon.
On August 6th 1945 at 8:15 a.m. the first A bomb was dropped
on Hiroshima. Sadako Sadaki was two years old. She was a mile
and a half from ground zero but was not injured. In 1955 she was
diagnosed with leukaemia due to radioactive fallout. A friend of
hers told her a story that says that anyone who folds a thousand
paper cranes will be granted their dearest wish. She managed
to make 644 cranes but died in October 1955. Her schoolmates
collected money throughout the country and a monument dedi-
cated to Sadako was erected in Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park.
Thousands of children send paper cranes which are exhibited all
around the monument. “I will write Peace on your wings and you
will fly all over the world”, Sadako said.
Paper cranes (des grues en papier) from

BUILD UP all over the world in Hiroshima Peace
Memorial Park.
4 Complétez les phrases à l’aide d’un des verbes suivants à la forme qui convient :
to shorten • to brighten • to deepen • to loosen • to straighten.
1. Some politicians say we should have …… our ties with the United States. Do you think our ties with
the U.S. are too strong?
2. The data gathered through this survey will …… our knowledge of the various aspects of energy
consumption.
3. It will take some time to …… things out.
4. A compromise was reached and they decided to …… the transition period.
5. The …… economic conditions have not translated into accelerating wage growth.
10 - Peace 27
Religions and beliefs
11 This great Torii (a torii is the gateway
of a Shinto shrine) stands on Miyajima
Island (Japan), which has long been
regarded as an Island of Gods on the
beautiful Seto Inland Sea.
A Faith
a creed un credo, une croyance an atheist un athée
a believer un croyant a shrine un lieu de dévotion
a follower un adepte freedom of worship la liberté de culte
a convert un converti religious activism le militantisme religieux
a pilgrim un pèlerin to abide by se conformer à
a pagan un païen to fast jeûner
a secular person un laïque to sin pécher
secular [adj.] laïque to redeem (se) racheter
➦ This is America. And our commitment to religious freedom must be unshakeable. The principle that
people of all faiths are welcome in this country and that they will not be treated differently by their govern-
ment is essential to who we are. (Barack Obama, August 13, 2010)
Nous sommes ici en Amérique et notre attachement à la liberté religieuse doit être inébranlable. Le principe
selon lequel les personnes de toutes les confessions sont bienvenues dans ce pays et ne seront pas traitées
différemment par leur gouvernement est un élément fondamental de notre identité.
B Religions
denomination l’appartenance religieuse to prostrate oneself se prosterner
Buddhist bouddhiste to bless bénir
Christian chrétien to pledge jurer / faire
Hindu hindou serment
Jewish juif to swear* jurer /
Muslim \"mÁzlIm\, Moslem musulman blasphémer
doomsday le jour du Jugement dernier a cathedral \kE"Ti…drEl\ une cathédrale
hallowed, holy vénéré, sacré a mosque \mÅsk\ une mosquée
to kneel* s’agenouiller a synagogue \"sInEgÅg\ une synagogue
➦ In the Koran, Paradise is associated with the Garden of Eden.

Dans le Coran, le Paradis est associé au jardin d’Éden.
➦ Medieval crusades were military expeditions meant to recover the Holy Land.
Les croisades du Moyen Âge étaient des expéditions militaires destinées à récupérer la Terre Sainte.
➦ Henry VIII’s struggles with the Roman Catholic Church led to the separation of the Church of England
from papal authority.
Les conflits de Henry VIII avec l’église catholique romaine ont conduit à la séparation de l’église anglicane de
l’autorité du pape.
➦ The mind is a universe and can make a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven. (John Milton)
L’esprit est un univers et il peut faire du paradis un enfer ou de l’enfer un paradis.
-er
Le suffixe -er s’ajoute à un verbe pour désigner l’agent d’une action : to believe (croire)/a believer (un croyant).
Comparez au suffixe -ee qui sert à désigner la personne qui est… to employ (employer)/an employee (un
employé).
28
CHECK POINT
1 Complétez les phrases suivantes avec le mot approprié. A B
1. The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer is the story of a group of thirty …… who travel together to
visit a shrine in Canterbury Cathedral.
2. Spammers do not …… …… laws or regulations.
3. They pray in order to …… themselves from their sins.
4. Quakers hold to a way of life rather than a dogma or a …… .
5. Lumbini in Nepal where the Buddha was born is …… ground.
6. Some environmentalists predict an environmental …… scenario.
2 Traduisez. A B
1. Le protestantisme est une confession de la foi chrétienne.
2. Les Pères pèlerins sont des colons (settlers) qui sont arrivés dans le Massachusetts au début
du XVIIe siècle.
3. Dans un jeu, vous êtes supposé (you’re expected to) respecter les règles.
4. Je jure que je ne t’ai pas vu. Je n’avais pas mes lunettes.
5. C’est un lieu sacré, un lieu de dévotion. Certaines personnes y vont pour racheter leurs péchés.
6. On peut être laïque et prier malgré tout (all the same).
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Choisissez le terme qui convient.

1. America was first colonized/founded/discovered by Puritans. Most of our earliest immigrants,
and many since, have come here in order to ignore/forget/practice their religious beliefs as they
please. Our culture has always been, and will most likely always be, profoundly influenced by religion.
(James Frey)
2. Christian, Jew, Muslim, shaman, Zoroastrian, stone, ground, mountain, river, each has a
secret way of being with/rejecting/fighting the mystery, unique and not to be judged. (Rumi,
13th century Persian poet)
3. Religion enables us to ignore others/our neighbours/nothingness and get on with the jobs of life.
(John Updike, Self-Consciousness, 1989)
BUILD UP
4 Complétez les phrases en employant le mot qui convient : developers • interviewees •

trainee • addressee • interviewer • achiever • addresser • evacuees.
1. During WW II, the …… had to leave their families and homes behind.
2. Every …… is assisted by an experienced professional.
3. The company has received many awards as a top …… in this field.
4. Some names were changed to protect the identities of the …… .
5. The letter was refused by the …… and sent back to the …… .
6. These Web content …… have tried to make their pages more accessible for people
with disabilities.
7. The …… used an online questionnaire and entered the responses directly into his laptop.
11 - Religions and beliefs 29

The English landscape
12 Here is the English landscape at its
best: open fields, tree-strung hedges
and patches of woodland.
A The English countryside

rolling hills des collines ondulées a beech un hêtre
sprawling dales des vallons à perte de vue a birch un bouleau
to stretch away s’étendre a poplar un peuplier
unspoilt non défiguré a willow un saule
hilly vallonné, accidenté daffodils des jonquilles
tree-strung entouré d’arbres bluebells des jacinthes des bois
an oak un chêne foxgloves des digitales
➦ Also referred to as Poppy Day or Armistice Day, Remembrance Day (2nd Sunday in November) is observed in
the UK and Commonwealth countries. Most people (the young included) wear a paper poppy as a buttonhole.
Appelé également le jour du coquelicot ou jour de l’Armistice, le jour du Souvenir (le 2e dimanche de novembre)
est célébré au Royaume-Uni et dans le Commonwealth. La plupart des gens (y compris les jeunes) portent un
coquelicot en papier à la boutonnière.
B The English garden

a bush \bÁS\ un buisson a shed une remise
a shrub un arbuste a greenhouse une serre
ivy du lierre a nursery une pépinière
a vine, a creeper une plante grimpante a rake un râteau
lily of the valley du muguet a spade une bêche
lilac \"laIlEk\ du lilas to prune élaguer
forget-me-not du myosotis to trim tailler [haie]
a peony \"pi…Eni\ une pivoine to bloom fleurir [plante]
herbs des plantes aromatiques to blossom fleurir [arbre]
➦ Two images usually come to mind when people think of English gardens: a cottage garden stocked with
roses, perennials and a picket fence, or a lavish country estate with well-tended mixed borders and
formal hedges. (www.hgtvgardens.com)
Deux images viennent couramment à l’esprit lorsque l’on pense aux jardins anglais ; un jardin à l’anglaise rempli
de roses, de vivaces, entouré d’une clôture ou une somptueuse propriété à la campagne avec des bordures de
plantes variées bien entretenues et des haies bien taillées.
➦ Lancelot “Capability” Brown (1716-1783) was the most influential designer of English landscape gardens.
He eliminated geometric structures, created artificial lakes and rivers. His aim was “to create an ideal land-
scape out of the English countryside”.
Lancelot « Capability » Brown (1716-1783) a été le plus influent concepteur de jardins paysagés à l’anglaise. Il a
éliminé les structures géométriques, créé des lacs et des rivières artificiels. Son but était de « créer un paysage
idéal à partir de la campagne anglaise ».
Country
Le mot country apparaît dans de nombreux termes désignant ce qui a un lien avec la campagne (pas seulement le
pays) : the countryside (la campagne).
30
CHECK POINT
1 Trouvez le mot qui a été effacé de ce poème. A
In Flanders fields the …… blow (s’épanouissent)
Between the crosses, row on row,
That mark our place; and in the sky
The larks (les alouettes), still bravely singing, fly
Scarce (à peine) heard amid the guns below. J. McCrae, In Flanders fields, May 1915.

1. La jonquille est un des emblèmes du Pays de Galles.
2. Le lierre est une plante grimpante.
3. Une feuille de chêne est le symbole du National Trust.
4. La digitale est utilisée dans la fabrication de (the making of) certains médicaments.
5. Le muguet est une plante très toxique (poisonous).
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Lisez ces trois textes sur le lien entre paysage et identité anglaise.
§ 1. There’s immense respect for country life in Britain. When you talk to English people about it, you often
hear them say that they would like to live in a rural area, preferably in a cottage, surrounded by rolling hills
or a lake. That’s probably why they love their back gardens, because a garden is nature, on a small
scale though.
§ 2. A feeling for country life is supposed to relate to a feeling for the nation according to the dominant
ideological schemas circulated particularly from the 19th century onwards. And this dual identification of
nation and countryside is captured in the vocabulary as “countryside” contains “country”.
J. Mischi, Englishness and the Countryside, INRA, 2009.
§ 3. The British feel for the countryside is particular. Here it is not regarded, as in other nations, as merely
an alternative to, or escape from, the town (although that is part of it). The landscape is seen as special,
even unique, in itself: ideally a small-scale, intimate and unthreatening mix of the farmed and the
wild, which is pretty and charming rather than grandiose and magnificent.
The Independent, 31 August 2010.
Répondez maintenant aux questions.

1. Dans quel paragraphe sont exprimées les idées suivantes ? Citez un segment précis.
a. Le sentiment d’appartenir à une nation est sans doute lié pour les Anglais à leur goût pour
la vie à la campagne.
b. Pour les Anglais, la campagne n’est pas seulement un moyen d’échapper à la vie en ville.
c. Les Anglais aiment les paysages très simplement beaux, non pas les paysages grandioses.
d. De nombreux Anglais aimeraient vivre dans une petite maison à la campagne.
2. Traduisez les segments en gras des paragraphes 1 et 3.
BUILD UP
4 Traduisez les phrases en vous aidant des mots suivants : a country branch •
a country fair • a country estate • town and country planning • country wear.
1. Barbour est l’une des meilleures marques de vêtements d’extérieur.
2. La kermesse du village a lieu le 27 juin.
3. Ils ont ouvert une succursale de province en 2022.
4. Elle est secrétaire d’État à l’aménagement du territoire.
5. Le château de Balmoral est le domaine écossais à la campagne de la Reine.
12 - The English landscape 31

Urbanization
13 San Francisco is seen here from the
Golden Gate Bridge. The greater
San Francisco area is the second
most densely settled urban area in
the U.S. behind New York City.
A Urban development
the urban sprawl l’expansion urbaine overpopulation la surpopulation
a megacity, a metropolis une métropole sprawling tentaculaire
a capital city une capitale lively, bustling animé
a dormitory town une ville-dortoir crowded, packed bondé
a shanty town, a slum un bidonville filthy crasseux
a no-go zone une zone de non-droit unsafe, dangerous dangereux
an inhabitant un habitant run-down, decrepit délabré
an urban dweller un citadin dreary sinistre
➦ A conurbation, like Greater London, comprises a number of cities that have merged to form one continu-
ous urban and industrially developed area.
Une conurbation, comme le grand Londres, est composée d’un certain nombre de villes, qui ont fusionné au point
de former une zone urbaine ininterrompue et industrielle.
➦ Many of the problems raised by overpopulation are explored in the 1973 science fiction film Soylent
Green, where people suffer from food shortages, depleted resources and poverty.
Nombre des problèmes dus à la surpopulation sont exposés dans le film de science-fiction Soleil Vert de 1973,
où une terre surpeuplée souffre de pénurie alimentaire, de ressources épuisées et de pauvreté.
➦ In the U.S. you find ghost towns, which are deserted because of the closing down of factories.
Aux États-Unis, on trouve des villes fantômes, qui sont désertées suite à des fermetures d’usines.
B Areas and services

a built-up area une agglomération basic amenities les infrastructures
the city centre [GB], le centre-ville de base
downtown [US] sanitation les installations
on the outskirts en périphérie sanitaires
the business district le quartier des affaires the sewage system le réseau des égouts
the shopping area le quartier commerçant household rubbish [GB]/ les ordures
the town council la municipalité garbage [US] ménagères
sports facilities les équipements sportifs a dustman [GB], un éboueur
medical services les services de santé a garbage collector [US]
public transport les transports
system en commun
➦ Some people prefer out-of-town shopping centres also called malls. Others prefer centrally located
shops, where they can walk from one place to another.
Certains préfèrent les centres commerciaux à l’extérieur des villes. D’autres préfèrent les magasins de centre-
ville, où ils peuvent marcher d’un endroit à un autre.
Down
La particule down signifie « vers le bas » ou ajoute une note négative à un mot : to lie down (s’allonger),
run-down (délabré), to feel down (être démoralisé).
32
CHECK POINT
1 Lisez ce paragraphe argumenté puis traduisez les mots ci-dessous. A B
Miami is located on the Atlantic coast, in Florida. It is about 1,100 miles from New York. In 2019, it had a
population of ca 470,000. However, the Miami metropolitan area had over 5.5 million inhabitants. It is the
most populous in Florida and the eleventh most populous in the U.S. It is famous for its beaches. The city
has a good public transport system and high-quality sports facilities. The international airport lies west of
Downtown Miami. It can be reached in about thirty minutes. The city is worth visiting.
1. peuplé : … – 2. un habitant : …… – 3. se situer [deux solutions] : …… / …… –

4. les équipements sportifs : … – 5. les transports en commun : ……
2 Relisez le texte de l’exercice 1 puis traduisez les phrases suivantes. A B

1. Notre capitale est située sur l’île principale.
2. C’est la ville la plus peuplée du pays.
3. Elle a des équipements sportifs de grande qualité.
4. On peut aller à l’aéroport en environ quarante minutes.
5. On a un très bon système de transports en commun.
3 Lisez ce paragraphe puis donnez un synonyme des mots en gras. A B

I live in a picturesque town in New England. It has quite a few stylish buildings. In the daytime, it’s a lively
town and its shops are often packed, especially on Saturday afternoons. My aunt Stacey doesn’t like it,
though. She thinks it’s dangerous, dirty and decrepit! She even says my street has a sinister appearance.
So, she never goes downtown. She claims that it is beset by violence and vandalism!
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
4 Voici un paragraphe argumenté sur l’urbanisation.

The global (mondial) urban population comprises today ca 4 billion. It is estimated that it will grow to 6.5 bil-
lion by 2050. This raises a number of issues. Take Delhi for instance. The population of the capital city of
India is around 18 million and it is one of the fastest growing cities in the world. According to The Times of
India nearly half of Delhi’s population lives in slums, with limited access to basic services like safe drinking
water, electricity, sanitation or sewage system. There is a high incidence of diseases such as diarrhoea
and anaemia. Delhi is considered to be the most polluted city in the world. With a projected population of
25 million by 2030, how could this city cope with even more people and slums?
Lisez le texte et traitez les questions suivantes.

1. Tous les habitants de Delhi ne disposent pas de services de base. Relevez dans le texte les mots qui
désignent ces services.
2. Traduisez : “[…] how could this city cope with even more people and slums?”
BUILD UP
5 Traduisez en vous aidant du contexte.

1. Property prices have come down in recent months.
2. The train to Washington D.C. was late because the engine broke down.
3. Your radio is driving me crazy. Turn it down!
4. They offered me a position in Cambridge but I turned it down because I want to live in a big city.
5. My in-laws look down on me because I didn’t go to university.
13 - Urbanization 33
Urban transport
14 Auto rickshaws are common all
over India. They provide cheap
and efficient transportation for
short distances.
A Public transport
means of transport/ les moyens de transport to board a trolleybus monter dans un trolley
transportation [US] to get* off the bus descendre du bus
to commute faire la navette a dedicated lane un couloir réservé
a commuter train un train de banlieue to make* for, aller en direction de
the timetable [GB], les horaires to head for
the schedule [US] to transfer prendre une
a tram [GB], un tramway correspondance
a streetcar [US] a connection une correspondance
a driverless train un véhicule automatique to catch* the last rentrer par le dernier train
a coach, a carriage [GB], un wagon train home
a car [US]
➦ Many Americans work downtown but live in the suburbs, and so they commute to the city centre.
Beaucoup d’Américains travaillent en ville mais vivent en banlieue. Ils font donc la navette pour se rendre au
centre-ville.
➦ Completely electric solar-powered buses are part of a large move towards greener means of transport.
Les bus 100 % électriques fonctionnant à l’énergie solaire font partie d’un grand mouvement vers des moyens
de transport plus écologiques.
B Private means of transport

to drive* to work aller au travail en voiture a bike lane une piste cyclable
a ride un trajet a pedestrian precinct une zone piétonne
congestion, traffic jams les bouchons a pavement [GB], un trottoir
a congestion charge un système de péage a sidewalk [US]
scheme urbain an electric scooter, une trottinette
a share taxi un taxi collectif an e-scooter électrique
carpooling le covoiturage an electric bike, un vélo électrique
to beat* the rush hour éviter l’heure de pointe an e-bike
➦ In the world still too many trips are made by private cars, motorcycles and trucks.
Dans le monde, encore trop de déplacements sont effectués par des voitures particulières, des motos ou des
camions.
➦ Many cities now offer a ride sharing service. A mobile app arranges rides between city dwellers
and independent drivers.
De nombreuses villes offrent un service de partage du transport. Une application organise des déplacements
entre des citadins et des conducteurs indépendants.
Verbes exprimant un déplacement

En anglais, on utilise souvent un verbe concret pour indiquer le déplacement : to bike/drive/walk to work (aller à
vélo/en voiture/à pied au travail).
Pour d’autres moyens de transport, on dira : to go to work by bus/by train/by tram…
34
CHECK POINT
1 Remplacez les mots en gras par des équivalents américains. A
1. In Chicago, commuters are encouraged to use alternative means of transport,
rather than their car.
2. Getting around New Orleans by tram is a great way to see the city.
3. The carriage was full, so I asked the ticket inspector if I could sit in First Class.
4. Please click here to download the train timetable.
5. I work in the city centre but I live in the suburbs.
2 Chassez l’intrus. A B
1. commuting • traffic jam • carpooling • pavement
2. underground train • lane • streetcar • trolleybus
3. pedestrian crossing • sidewalk • bike lane • pedestrian precinct
4. to make for • to transfer • to head for • to ask for directions
5. car • truck • rickshaw • motorbike
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Voici un essai sur les transports de demain.

The “new mobility”
Many people now agree that cities would be better off with fewer cars, that is, with less noise, less pollution,
less stress, and more power to the pedestrian. Many cities pride themselves on having become “pedestrian
friendly”. For transport to be sustainable, city dwellers will have to rely more and more on clean public
transport, bikes and shared electric cars.
According to Gilles Vesco, who is in charge of sustainable transport in Lyon, a revolution is coming, which
will create “a city for people, a more walkable city”. He calls it the “new mobility”, which will be made
possible thanks to cell phones.
Some transport sociologists have predicted that in the not-so-distant future, people will be able to order
a small driverless electric car with an application, which will pick them up wherever they are and take
them anywhere in the city. All that will be required is a cell phone and a credit card, and computer skills
to program the car’s computer.

1. Ces affirmations sont-elles présentes dans le texte ? Citez le texte à l’appui de vos réponses.
a. Les voitures électriques individuelles sont respectueuses de l’environnement.
b. Dans un avenir lointain, on pourra réserver une voiture électrique sans conducteur pour aller où
on veut en ville.
c. De nombreuses villes pensent être devenues respectueuses des piétons.
2. Traduisez : “they will be better off with fewer cars” et “clean public transport”.
BUILD UP
4 Traduisez.
1. On y va à pied ?
2. J’irai en ville en bateau plutôt qu’en bus.
3. Paul va au travail en voiture.
4. Ce sera plus rapide en train.
5. Patricia va à Toronto en avion tous les mois.
14 - Urban transport 35
Living together or not
15 Cloud Gate is a public sculpture by
Indian-born British artist Anish
Kapoor displayed in Millennium Park,
Chicago. It’s a wide-open gate.
People from all walks of life are
encouraged to walk through it and
congregate.
A Social inequalities
the economic status le niveau de vie green areas, open les espaces verts
affluent favorisé, riche spaces
deprived défavorisé the inner city les quartiers du centre
inhabited habité [délaissés par les riches]
uninhabited inhabité a slum, a shanty town un bidonville,
a city dweller, un citadin un quartier pauvre
an urban dweller urban poverty la pauvreté urbaine
a borough, a district, un quartier the housing shortage la crise du logement
a neighbourhood a tower block, une tour d’habitation
a gated community un quartier enclos a high rise
a residential area un quartier résidentiel a council estate, un lotissement, une cité
a housing estate une résidence a housing project [US] (HLM)
➦ Social inequalities in urban areas mean extreme differences in people’s well-being and access to jobs,
services, housing and education.
Les inégalités sociales dans les zones urbaines se traduisent par de grandes différences dans le bien-être des
personnes et dans l’accès aux emplois, aux services, au logement et à l’éducation.
➦ People who live in inner-city areas often experience a poor quality of life, because of poorly maintained
housing, limited access to open spaces and a feeling of insecurity.
Les gens qui vivent dans des quartiers défavorisés connaissent souvent une mauvaise qualité de vie, en raison de
logements mal entretenus, d’un accès limité aux espaces verts et d’un sentiment d’insécurité.
B Mixing people
community life la vie sociale to demolish, démolir, abattre
council housing [GB], le logement social to knock down
public housing [US] local governments les collectivités locales
social mixing la mixité sociale gathering places des lieux de rencontre
to bring* together rassembler, réunir settlement policies les politiques d’habitat
to upgrade améliorer cultural pursuits les activités culturelles
to restore restaurer
➦ Some councils in the UK encourage the building of working-class housing in upper-class areas, because
they reckon that socially mixed communities are good for urban health.
Certains conseils municipaux au Royaume-Uni encouragent la construction de logements ouvriers dans des
quartiers bourgeois, parce qu’ils estiment que la mixité sociale est bonne pour la santé urbaine.
-hood
Le suffixe -hood décrit la condition ou l’état du mot qui est suffixé :
neighbourhood (quartier, voisinage), childhood (enfance), livelihood (les moyens de subsistance)…
36
CHECK POINT
1 Remplacez les mots en gras par un synonyme. A B
1. They come from a poor background.
2. I live in a tower block near the river.
3. The shanty town was demolished last year.
4. I live in a leafy (boisé) neighbourhood.
5. The system is currently being improved.
22 Complétez le texte suivant en traduisant les groupes de mots entre parenthèses. A B

Most …… …… (collectivités locales) are intent on better understanding the myriads of communities that
live under their jurisdiction. Some town halls encourage social mixing in …… …… (quartiers défavorisés)
through settlement policies or in …… …… (quartiers riches) through …… …… (logement social), also known
as …… …… in the U.S.
Cities tend to encourage social interaction in public places like cafés, bars, restaurants and youth clubs, and
in community spaces like markets and shopping centres and urban parks. …… …… (les activités culturelles)
may also bring people together, through music, film, theatre and art. Town planners understood early on
the importance of town squares in …… …… (la vie sociale). They provide …… …… (lieux de rencontre) for
families, social groups as well as for individuals of all ages and economic status.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Voici un essai sur les quartiers enclos.

Gated communities
A gated community is a housing estate in which entrances are strictly controlled. If you want to visit someone
who lives in a gated community, you often have to talk to a security guard first, who may then let you in or
not, depending on who you are, how you look and who you are friends with.
Gated communities are almost always built inside beautiful walls or fences. They often have nice names, like
“Paradise” or “Dream come true”. Inside, you will find high value properties and of course many amenities,
like a swimming pool, a tennis court, a gym and possibly a small shopping centre and a health centre.
While some people love living in gated communities in which they feel “protected from the outside world”,
others claim they are contrary to democratic and open cities, and belong to a world of mass surveillance,
increased inequality and uneasiness in accepting the world and its diversity.
Les idées suivantes sont-elles exprimées dans le texte ? Citez-le à l’appui

de vos réponses.
1. Dans les quartiers enclos, on trouve de nombreux équipements.
2. Les gens qui aiment ces quartiers se sentent protégés du monde extérieur.
3. Ces quartiers font partie de la diversité du monde.
BUILD UP
4 Complétez ces phrases en traduisant le mot entre parenthèses (il se termine toujours
par -hood).
1. In the majority of countries people legally reach …… (la majorité) at 18.
2. More often than not you lose your …… (moyens de subsistance) when you lose your job.
3. The opposite of truth is …… (le mensonge).
4. In all …… (Selon toute vraisemblance), the sanctions will not work.
5. We live in a friendly …… (quartier).
15 - Living together or not 37

Energy
16 These wind turbines were
photographed along the road to
Palm Springs (California). Palm
Springs is home to the oldest
wind farm in the U.S. Its energy
can power 300,000 homes.
A Non-renewable resources
fossil fuel le combustible fossile the core le cœur [d’un réacteur
coal mining l’extraction du charbon nucléaire]
a deposit un gisement to tap, to harness, exploiter, utiliser
crude oil le pétrole brut to exploit
to strike* oil trouver du pétrole inexhaustible inépuisable
to drill for oil forer un puits scarce rare
an oil rig un derrick finite \"faInaIt\ limité
offshore production la production en mer exhausted, depleted épuisé
a barrel un baril to deplete épuiser
a power station/plant une centrale électrique our energy needs nos besoins
shale gas le gaz de schiste énergétiques
➦ The government is coming under increasing pressure as people are asking politicians to help save jobs
at three coal mines.
La pression sur le gouvernement est de plus en plus forte car les gens demandent aux politiques de sauver
l’emploi dans trois mines de charbon.
➦ Inspectors have discovered a fault with a boiler unit. As a consequence, the nuclear reactors at two
large power plants in the north of England are to be shut down temporarily.
Des inspecteurs ont découvert une anomalie dans une chaudière. Par conséquent les réacteurs nucléaires de
deux centrales importantes au nord de l’Angleterre vont être temporairement fermés.
B Sustainable energy
a wind turbine, a windmill une éolienne to turn to se tourner vers
a wind farm un champ d’éoliennes to switch to passer à
a tidal power station une usine marémotrice to soar monter en flèche
a solar panel un panneau solaire to conserve préserver
geothermal energy la géothermie an offshore un parc éolien
wind farm offshore
➦ Scientists reckon that the sunshine that hits the Earth in one single hour could meet the world’s energy
demands for an entire year. The problem is: how do we capture and store that energy? In other words,
we have to figure out a way of bottling sunshine so that we can have as much of it as we want and when
we want it.
Des scientifiques considèrent qu’une seule heure d’ensoleillement sur la surface de la terre pourrait satisfaire
la demande énergétique mondiale d’une année. La question est de savoir comment capturer et stocker cette
énergie. En d’autres termes, nous devons imaginer un moyen de mettre l’énergie solaire en bouteille afin d’en
avoir autant que nous en voulons et quand nous le voulons.
De-
Le préfixe de- se rencontre dans les mots d’origine latine (a deposit) mais aussi dans la formation de noms ou
de verbes impliquant l’idée de renversement, de remplacement, de réduction : to decode (décoder), to deplete
(diminuer, réduire), degrowth (la décroissance).
38
CHECK POINT
1 Complétez les phrases suivantes avec le terme approprié. A
1. …… …… are hydrocarbons formed from the remains of dead plants and animals.
2. There are still places on earth where miners dig …… with crude pickaxes and load it onto donkeys to
be transported to the surface.
3. A …… …… (also referred to as a …… ……) is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power.
4. …… …… has become an increasingly important source of natural gas in the United States since the
start of this century.
5. An …… resource cannot be entirely consumed or used up.
6. Crude oil, biofuels, kerosene, propane, natural gas, coal, nuclear elements are ……-…… resources.
2 Retrouvez les mots dont les définitions suivent. B

1. an area of land with a group of energy-producing wind turbines: ……
2. energy produced by extracting the earth’s internal heat: ……
3. to protect something, especially something environmental from harm or destruction: ……
4. to adopt one thing in place of another, like solar power instead of fossil fuels: ……
5. to increase rapidly above the usual level: ……
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Voici un essai sur la question de la décroissance.

Degrowth is a political, economic and social movement based on ecological economics. It is anti-consu-
merist and anti-capitalist in nature. There are several sides to degrowth.
First of all, it aims at reducing energy and material output (la production) in the world, which is required to
face the existing biophysical constraints. It supports the global environmental justice movement, which
has strong roots (des racines) in southern countries. As environmental rights activists say “Leave oil in the
soil, coal in the hole, South or North.”
Degrowth also tries to tackle (s’attaquer à) social issues. Proponents of degrowth would like to replace our
prevalent growth-based approach with the idea of “frugal abundance”.
Degrowth also campaigns for a more equitable redistribution of wealth around the world, in order to lessen
(réduire) the North/South divide.
Relevez avec précision les segments de texte qui correspondent aux idées suivantes.
1. Ce mouvement veut faire face à un certain nombre de contraintes physiques et biologiques.
2. La décroissance veut remettre en question notre société fondée sur l’idéal de croissance.
3. Ce mouvement prône une redistribution équitable des richesses dans et entre Nord et Sud.
BUILD UP
4 Faites correspondre les mots et leur traduction.

1. dégivrer a. decrease
2. déconstruire b. defile
3. diminuer c. deconstruct
4. priver d. decolonize
5. décoloniser e. deprive
6. souiller, abimer f. defrost
16 - Energy 39
Pollution
17 A picture of Houston (Texas), which is
always high in the rankings of worst
ozone in the U.S., which is based on
the number of days with elevated
pollution levels.
A Harmful human activities

the ecological carrying la capacité écologique unplanned industrial un développement
capacity de la planète growth industriel non contrôlé
an ecological footprint une empreinte radioactive waste les déchets nucléaires
écologique a nuclear meltdown une fusion nucléaire
urban sprawl l’expansion urbaine radiation exposure l’exposition aux radiations
an urban heat island un îlot de chaleur urbain hazardous dangereux
concrete le béton carcinogenic cancérigène
urban runoff le ruissellement urbain to overshoot* dépasser, aller au-delà de
an eyesore une horreur pour la vue
factory farming l’élevage industriel
➦ Water is used as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers. This is a common cause of
thermal pollution.
L’eau est utilisée comme agent de refroidissement par les centrales électriques et les fabricants industriels. C’est
une cause fréquente de pollution thermique.
➦ Noise or sound pollution is annoying, distracting and can be physically harmful.
La pollution sonore est agaçante, gênante et peut nuire à la santé.
➦ Billboards and glaring neon signs are part of light pollution in big cities.
Les panneaux publicitaires et les néons éblouissants participent à la pollution lumineuse des grandes villes.
➦ Do you think wind turbines are an eyesore on the landscapes?
B Air pollution
a pollutant un polluant to spew \spju…\ recracher dans l’atmosphère
smog smoke + fog to foul \faÁl\ souiller
exhaust fumes les gaz d’échappement asbestos l’amiante
to release émettre to deplete the ozone réduire la couche d’ozone
CFCs les chlorofluorocarbures layer
unbreathable irrespirable global dimming l’assombrissement global
\Øn"bri…DEbl\ global warming le réchauffement de la planète
fine particles les particules fines
➦ The burning of coal is the largest contributor to the increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere.
La combustion du charbon est le principal facteur de l’augmentation du dioxyde de carbone (CO2) dans l’atmosphère.
➦ Acid rain contains dangerous chemicals because of smoke from cars and factories.
Les pluies acides contiennent des produits chimiques dangereux issus des gaz d’échappement et des usines.
➦ Greenhouse gases act like a blanket over the earth, thus making it warmer. This process is commonly
known as the greenhouse effect.
Les gaz à effet de serre agissent comme une couverture au-dessus de la terre et la réchauffent. Ce phénomène
est connu sous le nom d’effet de serre.
-ful
-ful forme un adjectif à partir d’un nom : harm (le mal)/harmful (nuisible, nocif), use (l’utilité)/useful (utile).
40
CHECK POINT
1. Two in three farm animals in the world are now …… farmed.
2. In 2011, a massive earthquake and tsunami in Japan triggered (a déclenché) the …… of reactors at
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant.
3. Currently, nuclear …… created in the U.S. is stored underwater in pools near nuclear power plants.
This …… will eventually be stored deep underground. [deux fois le même mot]
4. In France, in 2022, urban …… is claiming (réclame) farmland at the rate of ca 25,000 hectares a year.
2 Traduisez les expressions suivantes. A

1. a global positioning system – 2. the global economy – 3. a global leader – 4. a global airline network
5. the global village
3 Traduisez la phrase suivante en déduisant le sens des termes décrivant des bruits
à partir des sources de ces bruits. A
Tyres (des pneus) squealing, brakes (des freins) screeching, radios blaring, planes droning, sirens wailing:
all those are nerve-racking sources of noise pollution.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
4 Dans le texte suivant est débattu un projet de pipeline reliant le Canada et le Texas.
Lisez-le puis remplissez le tableau ci-dessous en citant le texte.
The Canadian company TransCanada hoped to begin building the northern section of an oil pipeline that
would trek close to 2,000 miles from Alberta, Canada, to the Gulf Coast of Texas. It would double imports
of dirty tar sands oil (des sables bitumineux) into the United States and transport it to refineries on the Gulf
Coast and ports for international export.
Pollution from tar sands oil greatly eclipses that of conventional oil. The water used in the process comes
from rivers and underground aquifers. It takes three barrels of water to extract each single barrel of oil.
Ninety-five percent of the water used to extract the oil is so polluted that the water must be stored in large
human-made pools.
The tar sands oil is underneath the world’s largest intact ecosystem, the Boreal forests of Alberta. Its
biodiversity is threatened by the pipeline.
Indigenous communities have been forced off their land, but also those living downstream from the ponds
have seen spikes in rates of rare cancers, renal failure, etc.
Keystone XL pipeline, adapted from Friends of the earth foe.org.
profit ……
plans ……
consequences in terms of ecology ……
BUILD UP
5 À partir des mots proposés, formez des adjectifs en -ful afin de compléter les phrases
suivantes : meaning • success • plenty • faith • pain.
1. We have to change our behaviour, as …… as that may be.
2. Emma will only talk if she has something …… to say.
3. I’ll never cheat on you. I’ll always be …… to you.
4. For many of us, clean water is so …… that we rarely pause to consider what life would be like without it.
5. If you can see your e-mail on the page, your login was …… .
17 - Pollution 41
Other environmental
18 degradation
An albatross chick is sitting on
plastic trash on Sand Island
(Midway Atoll, Hawaii).
A Threats to the oceans

an oil tanker un pétrolier to spill* se répandre
a supertanker un pétrolier géant an oiled bird un oiseau mazouté
to run* aground s’échouer snared pris au piège
an oil spill, a black tide une marée noire to collapse disparaître
an oil slick une nappe de pétrole overfishing la surpêche
tank cleaning le dégazage a trawler un chalutier
➦ The trash vortex is an area the size of France in the North Pacific in which six kilos of plastic for every
kilo of plankton swirl slowly like a clock, choked with dead fish, seabirds, sea turtles and marine mammals
that get snared. (Adapted from Greenpeace)
Le vortex de déchets est une surface de la taille de la France dans le Pacifique nord, où six kilos de plastique
pour un kilo de plancton tournent lentement dans le sens des aiguilles d’une montre, bourré de poissons morts,
d’oiseaux de mer, de tortues et de mammifères marins pris au piège.
➦ Overfishing as well as unsustainable fishing practices are pushing many fish stocks to the point of collapse.
La surpêche et les pratiques de pêche non respectueuses de l’environnement menacent de disparition totale de
nombreuses espèces de poissons.
➦ Deep-sea trawling threatens the seafloor’s health and diversity.
Le chalutage en eau profonde menace la santé et la diversité biologique des fonds marins.
B Waste
rubbish, trash, les ordures to discard mettre au rebut
garbage a water table une nappe phréatique
a rubbish dump, une décharge sewage les eaux usées
a tip, a landfill an effluent un écoulement polluant
refuse des détritus an algal bloom une prolifération d’algues
litter des détritus [sur le sol] to dump toxic wastes déverser des déchets toxiques
to dispose of se débarrasser de
disposable jetable
➦ Plastic constitutes 90% of all trash floating on the ocean’s surface.

Le plastique constitue 90% des déchets qui flottent à la surface des océans.
➦ Plastic pollution has a deadly effect on wildlife. Thousands of animals are killed each year after ingesting
plastic or getting entangled in it.
La pollution par le plastique a des effets mortifères sur la faune sauvage. Des milliers d’animaux meurent chaque
année après avoir absorbé du plastique ou en être restés prisonniers.
-ant
Le suffixe -ant est utilisé dans la formation de noms ou d’adjectifs à partir d’un verbe, le plus souvent d’origine latine. Il
a le sens de « caractérisé » par ce que décrit le verbe : to cool/a coolant, to pollute/a pollutant.
Il est aussi utilisé pour désigner l’agent d’une action : to serve/a servant, to apply/an applicant
(un postulant).
42
CHECK POINT
1 Traduisez le texte de la pancarte à droite
de “Say no…” à “water tables”. A B
2 Choisissez le terme qui convient. A B

High concentrations of floating plastic/metal/wooden debris have
been reported in remote areas of the poles/earth/ocean, increa-
sing concern about the accumulation of plastic litter on the ocean
surface. Since the introduction of plastic materials in the 1950s, the
global production of plastic has increased/gone down/decreased
rapidly and will continue in the coming days/decades/centuries.
However, the abundance and the distribution of plastic debris in the
open fields/ocean/mountains are still unknown, despite evidence of
affects on organisms ranging from small invertebrates/inhabitants/
people to whales.
Comptes rendus de la National Academy of Sciences (USA), 2013-2014.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Lisez ce texte. Il porte sur les moyens modernes de pêche qui entraînent
le dépeuplement des océans.
How can a fishing fleet do so much damage so quickly? Until recently, many fish, especially deep-water
fish, were too hard to find to make tempting commercial targets. But technical advances have given fisher-
men the power to peer beneath the waves and plot their position with unprecedented accuracy. Sonar
makes it possible to locate large shoals of fish that would otherwise remain concealed beneath tens, even
hundreds of feet of water. And once a fishing hot spot is pinpointed by sonar, satellite-navigation systems
enable vessels to return unerringly to the same location year after year. In this fashion, fishermen from
New Zealand to the Philippines have been able to [target deep-sea fish] as they gather to spawn (frayer),
in some cases virtually eliminating entire generations of reproducing adults.
The New York Times, August 11, 1997.
Maintenant traitez les questions suivantes.

1. Relevez dans le texte les deux technologies qui facilitent le repérage des bancs de poissons.
2. Choisissez pour les mots suivants la traduction qui convient dans le contexte parmi celles proposées
par le dictionnaire.
• to peer: s’efforcer de voir/scruter • a hot spot: une zone/un point chaud
• to plot: comploter/déterminer • to target: atteindre/prendre pour cible
• concealed: cachés/camouflés • they gather: ils se rassemblent/ramassent
BUILD UP
4 Faites correspondre les mots des deux colonnes.

1. an assistant a. someone whose job is to keep the financial records of a business
2. compliant b. docile, obedient
3. fragrant c. meaningful
4. significant d. a person who helps someone
5. an accountant e. a person employed to serve people in a public place
6. an attendant f. sweet smelling
18 - Other environmental degradation 43

Biodiversity at risk
19
Polar bears play on ice in
Churchill (Manitoba, Canada).
How much longer?
A Deforestation
canopy la canopée timber le bois de construction
the lungs of the planet les poumons to raze, to level raser
de la planète to clear land (for) défricher
to harbour species abriter des espèces slash-and-burn la culture sur brûlis
to upset* the natural bouleverser l’équilibre agriculture
balance naturel to tap resources exploiter des ressources
to fell trees abattre des arbres drought \draÁt\ la sécheresse
to chop, to cut* up débiter
➦ Farming, logging, mining and other forms of development are destroying rainforests. With the loss of
each acre of rainforest, hundreds of species disappear forever.
L’exploitation agricole, forestière, minière, et d’autres formes de développement détruisent les forêts tropicales.
Pour chaque m2 de forêt perdue, des centaines d’espèces disparaissent pour toujours.
B Endangered animal species

wild life la faune et la flore sauvages endangered en danger, menacé
in the wild à l’état sauvage to jeopardize mettre en péril
biodiversity loss la perte de la bio-diversité to slaughter exterminer
the loss of habitat la destruction de l’habitat naturel to trade faire commerce de
to lack food manquer de nourriture to traffick trafiquer
to decrease, to deplete diminuer en nombre a poacher un braconnier
to be* threatened with être menacé de disparition a smuggler un trafiquant
extinction
to become* extinct disparaître
➦ The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has compiled and published a red list of threat-
ened species. The updated list is available on their website at www.iucn.org.
L’Union internationale pour la protection de la nature a rassemblé et publié une liste rouge des espèces menacées.
Une liste actualisée est disponible sur son site www.iucn.org.
➦ The population of the mountain gorilla has decreased a lot. This is due to traps,
kidnapping, poaching, loss of habitat and even lack of food. Some gorillas are also killed for meat.
Furthermore, interaction with tourists is also to blame for this decline. However, according to the WWF, their
numbers are now slowly increasing.
La population des gorilles de montagne a été beaucoup réduite. Sont en cause les pièges, les enlèvements, le
braconnage, la destruction de leur habitat naturel et même le manque de nourriture. Certains gorilles sont aussi
tués pour leur viande. De plus les contacts avec les touristes sont aussi responsables de ce déclin. Cependant,
selon le WWF, leur nombre est maintenant en légère augmentation.
Dis- + verbe/nom/adjectif
Le préfixe dis- est employé souvent pour indiquer un contraire : to appear/to disappear, to like/to dislike,
approval/disapproval. Il rend également l’idée d’éloignement, de séparation : to discard (se débarrasser de).
44
CHECK POINT
1. De tout temps, des espèces animales ont disparu.
2. Il y a 65 millions d’années, une pléthore (a plethora) de plantes et d’animaux dont (among which) des
dinosaures ont disparu.
3. Certains phoques (Some seals) manquent de nourriture à cause de la pêche intensive.
4. Les braconniers tuent des troupeaux (herds) d’éléphants pour faire commerce de l’ivoire de leurs
défenses (their tusks’ ivory).
5. Des gorilles et autres singes sont chassés pour leur viande, des tigres et des ours blancs pour leur
peau.
2 Choisissez le terme qui convient. A

1. Rainforests/mangroves/bushes, which are the Earth’s oldest living creatures/species/ecosys-
tems cover only 6 % of the Earth’s surface and yet they contain more than half of the world’s plant
and animal species.
2. Some rain forests, including the Amazon, began experiencing floods/overpopulation/drought in
the 1990s, possibly due to deforestation and global warming.
3. Slash-and-burn/cut and exploit/crop rotation is an agricultural technique that involves the cutting
and burning of plants in forests or woodlands to create fields.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Choisissez les termes qui conviennent pour compléter les citations suivantes : burning
• spread • rain fall • lungs • lessen • predators • clear.
Vérifiez vos réponses à l’aide du fichier audio.
1. Trees are important to the water cycle. They absorb …… and produce water vapor that is released into
the atmosphere. Trees also …… the pollution in water. (North Carolina State University)
2. When cattle ranchers …… rain forests to raise beef to sell to fast-food chains that make hamburgers
to sell to Americans, who have the highest rate of heart disease in the world (and spend the most
money per GNP on health care), we can say easily that business is no longer developing the world.
We have become its …… . (Paul Hawken)
3. The tropical rain forests are a telling example. Once cut down, they rarely recover. Rainfall drops,
deserts …… , the climate warms. (James Lovelock)
4. Forests are the world’s air-conditioning system - the …… of the planet - and we are on the verge of
switching it off. (Prince Charles)
5. [Destroying rain forest for economic gain] is like …… a Renaissance painting to cook a meal.
(Edward Osborne Wilson)
BUILD UP
4 Complétez les phrases avec l’un de ces termes : dismissed • discredited • disbelief •
distrust • disabled.
1. Some parking spaces are reserved for the …… .
2. When he told her he was going away, she looked at him in complete …… .
3. He was …… because he refused to work.
4. Scientific discoveries have …… this belief.
5. She looked so nervous. That’s when I began to …… her.
19 - Biodiversity at risk 45
Green living
20 This hybrid car features four electric
motors and a gasoline engine which
is small and fuel-efficient. It
recharges continuously the electric
batteries.
A Saving energy
energy-efficient économe en énergie piggybacking le ferroutage
biofuel un biocarburant insulation l’isolation
to tackle road combattre les bouchons energy-saving des appareils économes
congestion appliances en énergie
car-pooling le co-voiturage an energy-saving une ampoule basse
a bike share scheme un système de vélos en light bulb consommation
libre-service
➦ A park-and-ride system helps reduce urban traffic congestion: drivers leave their cars in car parks on
the outskirts of a city and travel to the city centre on public transport.
Un système voiture + transport en commun permet de diminuer les bouchons en ville : les conducteurs laissent
leur voiture dans un parking en périphérie et vont au centre-ville en transports en commun.
B Going green
environmental les enjeux écologiques a bottle bank un conteneur à verre
concerns to dodge chemicals éviter les produits chimiques
eco-friendly, qui respecte “the polluter pays” le principe du pollueur-payeur
earth-friendly l’environnement principle
to preserve préserver, protéger to buy* local acheter des produits locaux
preservation la préservation to be* veggie être végétarien
wastewater le traitement des eaux products sold without les produits vendus en vrac
treatment usées packaging
selective waste le tri sélectif des déchets
collection
➦ Public awareness of climate change and other environmental concerns has increased in the last few
decades.
La prise de conscience collective s’est accrue ces quelques dernières décennies en ce qui concerne le change-
ment climatique et d’autres enjeux écologiques.
➦ A green company acts, or claims to act, in a way that minimizes damage to the environment.
Une entreprise respectueuse de l’environnement agit, ou prétend agir, de manière à réduire son impact sur
l’environnement.
➦ Greenwashing is when you want to promote environmentally-friendly products when they’re not. In a
way, it’s green marketing gone wrong.
L’écoblanchiment, c’est quand on veut faire la promotion de produits respectueux de l’environnement alors qu’ils
ne le sont pas. D’une certaine façon, c’est du marketing écologique qui a mal tourné.
Re-
Le préfixe re- indique une répétition ou un mouvement vers l’arrière.
Reduce, reuse, recycle are commonly referred to as the three Rs of green living.
On dit souvent que « réduire, réutiliser, recycler » sont les trois fondamentaux d’une vie en vert.
[Les apprentissages fondamentaux à l’école sont the three Rs: reading, writing, arithmetic.]
46
CHECK POINT
1 Complétez les phrases suivantes en vous aidant des informations ci-dessous. A B
People’s Trust for endangered species [UK] trust (fondation)
Friends of the Earth [global] trust (fondation)
the National Park Service [US] agency
1. The …………………… asserts that you can protect them by taking a few minutes to count stag beetles
(lucanes), assess the state of your local orchard or hunt for (repérer) dormice (loirs).
2. In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson signed a bill that mandated …………………… “to conserve the scenery
and the natural and historic objects and wildlife therein”.
3. The global trust …………………… is a part of the world’s largest environmental network, with activists
in 74 countries.
2 Où pouvez-vous lire les mentions suivantes ? B

1. user-friendly a. sur une boîte de conserve de thon
2. dolphin-friendly b. sur l’annonce de location d’une maison de vacances
3. child-friendly c. sur une publicité pour un restaurant
4. pet-friendly d. dans la description d’un logiciel
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 What can we do for the environment? Traduisez le paragraphe ci-dessous.

Less is more
The Eielson Visitor center in Alaska only uses solar panels, hydropower and
natural lighting. It was built with recycled and locally produced materials.
Its heating, ventilation and plumbing systems are highly energy-efficient.
Very little fossil fuel energy is required to operate the building.
4 Relevez dans le texte suivant les trois segments de phrases

où sont exprimés les arguments contre les emballages.
Individually, one of the many things we can do is try to minimise packaging
when we go shopping, like when we reuse shopping bags or bring our own
containers. Did you know that packaging increases the price of the goods
you buy? Packaging wastes resources at every level: production, storage Eielson Visitor Center is located in
Denali National Park (Alaska). It
and transport. And then you pay a tax to the council (la municipalité) for
was designed by RIM (Results with
the disposal of your rubbish. So why not start by limiting packaging as IMagination) architects.
much as we can? “Less is more” was the motto of
the famous German American
architect Mies van der Rohe. His
BUILD UP aesthetic project was to create an
impression of extreme simplicity
when putting together all the
5 Traduisez les phrases suivantes en employant un verbe necessary components of a
commençant par re-. building.
1. Cet hôpital a été reconstruit en 2020.

2. Lorsque le climat se réchauffe, les glaciers (glaciers) reculent.
3. Est-ce que tu peux m’aider à replier cette carte ?
4. J’aimerais pouvoir revivre ce moment.
5. Elle n’a jamais repris conscience (consciousness).
20 - Green living 47
Science and research
21
Light beams from a multiple
wavelength laser are reflected
in a moving mirror.
A The sciences
a scientist un scientifique progress le progrès
physics la physique an advance un progrès
a physicist un physicien a conundrum une énigme
≠ a physician un médecin a breakthrough une découverte capitale
quantum mechanics la mécanique quantique a basis [pl. bases] un fondement
chemistry \"kemIstri\ la chimie to ascertain établir
a chemist un chimiste, un pharmacien to harness maîtriser
a chemical un produit chimique to be* a landmark faire date
➦ Some major discoveries such as the microwave oven, safety glass and many more are said to have
emerged partly out of serendipity.
On dit que quelques-unes des découvertes importantes telles que le micro-ondes, le verre sécurit et bien d’autres
encore sont en partie le fruit d’un heureux hasard.
➦ This Japanese company is on the leading edge of optical technology.
Cette société japonaise est à la pointe de la technologie optique.
B Research
a field un domaine random aléatoire
a think tank un groupe d’experts disputable discutable
an experiment une expérience to infer déduire
a process un processus to pioneer ouvrir la voie
a blueprint un plan, un projet to devise mettre au point
a clue un indice a device un procédé
accuracy la justesse to work out trouver la solution
relevance la pertinence to fund financer
by trial and error par tâtonnements a patent un brevet
immaterial sans importance
➦ This R&D (research and development) lab conducts basic and applied research in different areas:
cryptography, security, and algorithms.
Ce labo de recherches et développement mène des recherches fondamentales et appliquées dans différents
domaines : la cryptographie, la sécurité et les algorithmes.
➦ This reliable process opens up new vistas for international cooperation.
Ce procédé fiable ouvre de nouveaux horizons pour la collaboration internationale.
-ics et -y
Le suffixe -ics est fréquent dans la formation de noms désignant un ensemble de faits, de savoirs, de principes :
mathematics, mechanics, ethics… Ces noms s’emploient le plus souvent au singulier.
Notez également qu’un certain nombre de noms d’origine grecque, latine ou française désignant
des sciences se terminent par le suffixe -y : geography, ethnography…
48
CHECK POINT
1 Choisissez le mot qui convient. A
1. In 1609, the famous scientist/scientific Johannes Kepler published his first two laws of planetary
motion.
2. Anders Celsius was a Swedish astronomer, physician/physicist and mathematician.
3. These scientific progress/advances have been used by a number of companies to restructure their
businesses.
4. The containers lost at sea contained dangerous chemists/chemicals.
5. Quantum mechanics/mechanism is the part of physics that tells us how the things that make up
atoms work.
2 Retrouvez les mots dont voici les définitions. B

1. a detailed plan of how to do something: ……
2. a particular branch of study: ……
3. to reach a conclusion based on facts: ……
4. having no specific purpose or objective: ……
5. a piece of information that provides a solution to a problem: ……
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Lisez ce texte qui porte sur une science en pleine expansion : la bionique.
“Bionics” (biology + electronics) is the study of the means by which humans and animals perform tasks
and solve problems, and the application of the findings to the design of electronic devices and mechanical
parts. (Webster’s College Dictionary)
Here are a few examples of the technologies which are being developed:
• The robotic leg prosthesis allows a paralyzed person to move their legs voluntarily.
• The Tongue Drive System helps severely paralyzed people to make their way using only tongue movements.
• The wireless brain-computer interface transmits brain activity and could allow people to control
robotic arms.
• A synthetic glue modeled after an adhesive found in nature could be used to repair tissues in the body.
Data given by the U.S. Department of Health and Human services, www.nibib.nih.gov.
Les affirmations suivantes sont-elles exactes ? Justifiez votre réponse en citant

le texte.
1. Les paralytiques peuvent se déplacer en se servant des mouvements de leurs yeux.
2. Une colle synthétique pourrait être utilisée dans la réparation des tissus.
3. Les prothèses artificielles de jambe permettent un déplacement volontaire.
4. L’interface branchée sur la radio pourrait permettre le contrôle des bras artificiels.
BUILD UP
4 Complétez ces mots par la finale -ics ou -y.

1. Biolog…… is the science of life and of living organisms.
2. Genet…… is the science of heredity, dealing with resemblances and differences of related organisms.
3. Cybernet…… is the scientific study of how people, animals, and machines control and communicate
information.
4. Aerodynam…… is a science that studies the movement of air and the way that objects move through air.
5. Alchem…… is a “science” that was used in the Middle Ages with the goal of changing ordinary metals
into gold.
21 - Science and research 49

Space exploration
22
Six of the missions of the Apollo
Program (1963-1972) achieved the
goal of landing humans on the
moon and bringing them safely
back to Earth.
A Flying into space

a spaceship un vaisseau spatial space junk les débris spatiaux
a rocket une fusée a manned station une station habitée
a probe une sonde a spacesuit un scaphandre
a launch-pad un pas de tir weightlessness l’apesanteur
the countdown le compte à rebours vacuum le vide
the blastoff la mise à feu, le lancement to spacewalk marcher dans l’espace
to lift off décoller a rover un véhicule d’exploration
to propel propulser to dock with s’arrimer à
to soar into space s’élever dans l’espace a splashdown un amerrissage
to go* into orbit se mettre en orbite spin-offs des retombées positives
to jettison larguer
➦ Once the spacecraft Orion reaches orbit, its Launch Abort System is jettisoned.
Lorsque le vaisseau spatial Orion atteint son orbite, son module de sauvetage est largué.
➦ The heat shield is designed to protect the spacecraft and astronaut crews from the 2,200 degree Celsius
heat produced when the space capsule is re-entering Earth’s atmosphere.
Le bouclier thermique est conçu pour protéger le vaisseau spatial et son équipage des 2200° C produits quand
la capsule rentre dans l’atmosphère terrestre.
B 1957-2009: a few landmarks

1957: First Artificial Satellite The Soviet Union ushers in a new era — the space age
— with the launch of Sputnik 1.
1958 : NASA created The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is
a civilian agency.
1961 : First human in space The Soviet Union launches cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin
on a 108-minute flight.
July 20, 1969: First Manned Moon Landing Apollo 11 touches down on the moon: “That’s one
small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.”
(Neil Armstrong)
1971: First Rover on the Moon Apollo 15 carries an electric cart to the moon.
1975: First International Space Rendezvous Crews from Apollo 18 and Soyuz 19 meet in Earth
orbit.
1976: First U.S. Mars Landing Viking 1 soft-lands on Mars.
1986: Space Shuttle Challenger Explosion It disintegrates 73 seconds after liftoff. All seven
astronauts are killed.
1990: Hubble Space Telescope Deployed It will be upgraded three times.
1997: Pathfinder Probe Landing on Mars The first Mars rover, Sojourner, lands on Mars.
2004: Arrival of Cassini Spacecraft at Saturn After seven years in transit, the first probe to circle
Saturn reaches its destination and breaks into orbit.
2009 : NASA spacecraft Kepler launched It searches for planets outside our solar system.
Data given by http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/space-exploration-timeline/
50
CHECK POINT
1 Retrouvez les mots dont voici les définitions. A
1. to join two spacecraft mechanically: ……
2. the time when a rocket is about to rise into the air: ……
3. the condition of not experiencing the effects of gravity: ……
4. the landing of a spacecraft or missile in water: ……
5. the collection of defunct objects in orbit around Earth: ……
2 Voici la suite des repères chronologiques donnés en page de gauche. Choisissez les
termes qui conviennent pour les compléter. Aidez-vous d’Internet ! A B
Virgin Galactic, a private company, announced the successful first flight/
2010, October 10 splashdown of a suborbital plane designed to take private citizens on space
flights.
The space shuttle Atlantis became the last/first American space shuttle to
2011, July 8
be launched into space.
2012, August 6 NASA’s Curiosity rover/tank successfully landed on Mars.
NASA astronauts wrapped up successful repairs at the International Space
2013, December 24 Station after a rare Christmas Eve/Halloween spacewalk to fix an equipment
cooling system.
Rosetta’s Philae lander/shuttle, built by the European Space Agency (ESA),
2014, November 12
is the first spacecraft to make a soft landing on a comet.
Space agencies around the world are using satellite images and other tech-
2015 nologies/probes to aid rescue efforts and learn more about the April 25
earthquake in Nepal.
Successful launching and orbit positioning at the Lagrange point of the James
2021
Webb telescope/rocket.
Data given by http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/space-exploration-timeline/
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Voici quelques applications que la recherche spatiale a permis de développer. Classez-les

dans le tableau ci-dessous selon le domaine qu’elles concernent.
1. Products based on microalgae used in enriched baby food.
2. A reliable anti-icing and deicing system which allows pilots to safely fly through ice encounters.
3. WARP 75 used to relieve pain in bone marrow transplant patients, and to combat the symptoms of
bone atrophy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease.
4. Steel coatings devised to make high-rise buildings and public structures safer.
5. A material commonly known as “memory foam”; it is incorporated into a host of widely used and
recognized products including mattresses, pillows.
6. Silicon-based cells used in harnessing solar energy.
7. A product used to safely and permanently clean petroleum-based pollutants from water.
8. A cordless miniature vacuum cleaner.
Health and Medicine ……

Public Safety ……
Consumer, Home, and Recreation ……
Environmental and Agricultural Resources ……
22 - Space exploration 51
Anatomy and diseases
23 The complex abilities of the
hand are part of what makes
humans unique. The skeleton
of the hand has 29 bones.
A Anatomy
the skeleton le squelette the skull le crâne
the backbone, spine la colonne vertébrale the forehead \"fO…hed\ le front
a rib une côte the (eye) socket l’orbite (de l’œil)
the hip la hanche the chin le menton
a limb \lIm\ un membre the jawbone la mâchoire
a sinew \"sInju…\ un tendon the gums les gencives
a joint une articulation the windpipe la trachée
the wrist le poignet the spleen la rate
the kneecap la rotule the liver le foie
the ankle la cheville a kidney un rein
the heel le talon blood \blØd\ le sang
➦ He who joyfully marches to music in rank and file has already earned my contempt. He has been given a
large brain by mistake, since for him the spinal cord would suffice. (Albert Einstein)
Celui qui aime marcher au pas et défiler en musique a déjà mérité mon mépris. C’est par erreur qu’il a reçu un
gros cerveau, car la moelle épinière lui suffirait amplement.
B Traumas and diseases

a graze une égratignure contagious contagieux
a blister une ampoule to contaminate contaminer
a bruise un bleu to spread* (se) propager
a sprain une entorse unprotected sex des rapports non protégés
to limp, to have* a limp boiter to have* a temperature avoir de la fièvre
to be* crippled être estropié heart failure un arrêt cardiaque
a germ un microbe to have* a stroke avoir une attaque
(the) measles la rougeole to be* in agony souffrir le martyre
(the) mumps les oreillons a pandemic une pandémie
the plague la peste to wear* a facemask porter un masque
rabies la rage to prevent the empêcher la transmission
TB la tuberculose transmission of COVID de la COVID
HIV positive séropositif a lockdown un confinement
➦ She suffers from backache: she should not wear those stilettos.
Elle a souvent mal au dos : elle ne devrait pas porter ces chaussures à talons aiguilles.
➦ He was placed in a medically induced coma after suffering a serious head injury while skiing.
Il a été placé en coma artificiel après avoir subi un grave traumatisme crânien alors qu’il faisait du ski.
Les noms de maladies

Les noms de maladies sans gravité sont précédés d’un article : to have the flu (avoir la grippe) mais to have
Ø Parkinson’s disease/Ø cancer.
Notez aussi : (a) toothache, (a) stomach ache, (an) earache mais a headache.
52
CHECK POINT
1. A …… and crossbones is often used to illustrate warning labels about toxic substances.
2. Industry is the …… of the Chinese economy.
3. This toothpaste effectively removes plaque without irritating …… .
4. Achilles’ mother held him by the …… when dipping him into the Styx, which was supposed to give
powers of invulnerability.
5. A few years ago, she slipped on a banana skin and twisted her …… badly.
6. Vampires are said to feed on the …… of living creatures.
2 Traduisez ces phrases. B

1. Raccoons (les ratons laveurs) in Ontario have been free of rabies since September 2005.
2. The witness says that the killer was grey-haired and had a limp.
3. I’ve got a blister on my hand from playing too much tennis.
4. At the turn of the 20th century (À la fin du XIXe siècle), immigrants with TB were sent to Ellis Island
Hospital.
5. Elizabeth Taylor died of heart failure in 2011.
6. In the 14th century a plague pandemic originating in China spread to Asia, Europe and Africa.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Lisez ce texte qui évoque le rôle joué par la viande de brousse

dans la diffusion du virus Ebola.
A visit to a traditional market in the region assails the senses with a huge variety of forest game (gibier)
– mammal, bird and reptile carcasses smoked and partitioned – and the smell of singed (= burnt) animal
hair filling the air.
But an outbreak of the deadly Ebola fever in Guinea has rekindled concerns about the health risks of age-
old African hunting and eating traditions that bring humans into close contact with wild forest animals.
The World Health Organization says about 86 suspected cases of Ebola have been reported, with 62 deaths
so far. Guinean authorities put the death toll at 63.
Experts who have studied the Ebola virus from its discovery in 1976 in the Democratic Republic of Congo,
then Zaire, say its suspected origin - what they call the reservoir host - is forest bats (chauve-souris). Links
have also been made to the carcasses of freshly slaughtered animals consumed as bushmeat.
Reuters, March 27, 2014.
Traduisez les segments suivants en inférant leur sens du contexte.

1. “the smell of singed animal hair”: …… 4. “put the death toll at 63”: ……
2. “has rekindled concerns”: …… 5. “bushmeat”: ……
3. “an outbreak of the deadly Ebola fever”: ……
BUILD UP
4 Complétez les phrases avec a(n) ou the si nécessaire.

1. Many people with …… asthma also have allergies.
2. She sneezes, has a runny nose: she has caught …… cold.
3. There are around 54,000 new cases of …… leukemia each year in the U.S.
4. When he has …… severe headache he needs to rest in a dark room.
5. People who are overweight are at risk of …… heart disease.
6. …… Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive degenerative disorder.
23 - Anatomy and diseases 53

Addiction
24
In Ushuaia port, a sniffer dog
searches the luggage of the
passengers who are back from a
cruise to the Falkand islands.
A Drugs
a sleeping pill un somnifère pot [slang] la marijuana
a downer un tranquillisant to mainline, to get a fix se shooter
liquor les boissons alcoolisées [slang]
a mind-altering un psychotrope to be* high on être sous l’emprise de
substance to drive* under the conduire sous l’emprise de
an opiate un opiacé influence l’alcool ou de stupéfiants
dope, junk, shit la came addictive qui crée une dépendance
➦ Thrill seekers share many of the same symptoms as drug addicts; they get a rush from skydiving or
bungee jumping. (Addictioncam.com)
Les fanatiques d’émotions fortes ont de nombreux symptômes en commun avec les toxicomanes ; ils ont une
poussée d’adrénaline en faisant de la chute libre ou du saut à l’élastique.
B Addictive behaviour and remedies

a chain smoker un gros fumeur to be* cold turkey être en manque de
binge eating la consommation [slang]
compulsionnelle d’aliments to freak out [slang] criser
an out of control un joueur impénitent to hit* bottom toucher le fond
gamer to go* cold turkey décrocher
to indulge in s’adonner à to relapse rechuter
to be* hooked on être accro à a health warning une mise en garde sanitaire
to crave for être en manque a halfway house un centre de réadaptation
➦ Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) was founded in 1935 (two years after the end of Prohibition in the United
States). AA states that its primary purpose is to help alcoholics “to stay sober and help other alcoholics
achieve sobriety”.
Les Alcooliques Anonymes ont été créés en 1935 (deux ans après la fin de la Prohibition aux États-Unis). Ils
affirment que leur but premier est d’aider les alcooliques « à s’abstenir de boire et à aider les autres à parvenir
à ne plus boire ».
➦ Internet addiction can affect people of any gender, age, and socioeconomic status.
L’addiction à Internet peut toucher les hommes comme les femmes, de n’importe quel âge ou situation socio-
économique.
➦ Reaching rock-bottom with a gambling or shopping addiction can lead to homelessness.
Toucher le fond par addiction au jeu ou aux achats peut mener à la clochardisation.
-holic
Le suffixe -holic s’ajoute à un nom de substance ou d’activité pour dénoter une addiction. Si ce nom se termine par
une consonne, le suffixe est souvent -aholic : chocoholic, workaholic. Mais on dit : alcoholic.
54
CHECK POINT
1. a strong alcoholic drink: ……
2. to inject a narcotic into a vein: ……
3. a drug containing opium or a derivative: ……
4. drunk driving: ……
5. to get a sudden strong physical feeling: ……
2 Complétez les phrases avec le mot approprié. B

1. This …… addict has had herself banned from casinos.
2. It is estimated that five percent of the world population is affected by …… addiction, also known as
“compulsive-buying disorder”.
3. In the UK, the Food Standards Agency requires high-caffeine energy drinks to contain a …… …… stating
that these drinks are unsuitable for children and pregnant women.
4. Some leaders get …… …… power and money.
5. If you can’t go …… …… on TV watching, you can certainly cut back on TV time gradually.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Lisez ces arguments pour ou contre la légalisation des drogues. Classez-les selon
qu’ils reflètent le pour ou le contre en citant des segments pertinents.
1. Prohibition does not work: see what happened in the United States in the 1920s with alcohol
prohibition.
2. The decision of putting a substance into your body, whether it is alcohol, marijuana, or junk food
concerns the individual, not the legislator.
3. Saying that drug use doesn’t harm anyone but the user is completely wrong and very far from reality.
4. The prohibition of drugs leads to the growth of a criminal underworld.
5. I say legalize drugs because I want to see the criminals put out of business. (Edward Ellison)
6. The goal of the state is to protect citizens’ health and not to expose them to risk.
4 Ce texte porte sur la légalisation de la marijuana au Canada. Traduisez les segments

en gras (attention aux faux amis !).
Canada’s current system of marijuana prohibition does not work. It does not prevent young people from
using marijuana and too many Canadians end up with criminal records for possessing small amounts
of the drug.
Arresting and prosecuting these offenses is expensive for our criminal justice system. It traps too many
Canadians in the criminal justice system for minor, non-violent offenses. At the same time, the proceeds
(les bénéfices) from the illegal drug trade support organized crime and greater threats to public safety,
like human trafficking and hard drugs.
To ensure that we keep marijuana out of the hands of children, and the profits out of the hands of criminals,
we will legalize, regulate, and restrict access to marijuana.
Justin Trudeau, Canadian Prime Minister, © Copyright 2015, Liberal Party of Canada.
BUILD UP
5 Formez des adjectifs en -(a)holic à partir des addictions suivantes : addicted to alcohol •
addicted to shopping • addicted to the web • addicted to coffee •
a movie enthusiast • obsessed with making money.
24 - Addiction 55
Care and cures
25
In vitro test methods tend to
replace animal studies (in vivo).
A At the doctor’s and at the hospital

a physician un médecin a nurse un infirmier
a GP (general practitioner) un généraliste a ward un service
the doctor’s surgery/office le cabinet médical in intensive care en réanimation
to listen to sb’s chest ausculter a graft une greffe
to take* sb’s blood pressure prendre la tension a drip une perfusion
a screening test un test de dépistage a scar une cicatrice
a prescription une ordonnance to heal se cicatriser
a cure \kjÁE\ un remède to recover guérir
an injection une piqûre a psychologist un psychologue
a tablet un comprimé a shrink [informal] un psy
to have* an X-ray passer une radio a gynaecologist un gynécologue
to undergo* surgery subir une intervention to give* birth (to) accoucher
an operating theatre une salle d’opération
➦ Christiaan Barnard (1922-2001) performed the world’s first successful human-to-human heart transplant
in 1967.
➦ In the 2010s minimally invasive surgery has become the norm for many operations.
Dans les années 2010, la chirurgie mini invasive (cœlioscopie) est devenue la norme pour de nombreuses opérations.
B Medical research and genetics

the gene \dZi…n\ pool le patrimoine héréditaire to tamper with manipuler, trafiquer
a stem cell une cellule souche a designer baby un bébé sur mesure
a clinical trial un essai clinique to draw* the line fixer une limite
animal testing l’expérimentation sur les animaux long-term effects des effets à long terme
cruelty-free sans cruauté pour les animaux a legal limbo un vide juridique
to ban experiments interdire les expériences contentious litigieux
selective breeding la sélection artificielle thorny épineux
➦ In the United States, the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) is a governmental agency that approves
or disapproves new drugs and devices.
Aux États-Unis, la FDA (Food and Drug Administration) est une agence gouvernementale qui autorise ou interdit
les nouveaux médicaments et traitements.
➦ DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid is the molecule that encodes genetic information.
-free
Le suffixe -free ajouté à un nom peut avoir le sens de « sans ». Il peut également avoir le sens de « sans avoir à
payer » : an interest-free overdraft (un découvert gratuit).
56
CHECK POINT
1. Can I get this drug without a …… ?
2. The …… is sometimes worse than the disease.
3. Fortunately, the skin …… she received took without complications.
4. He is fighting for his life in an …… …… unit.
5. I’m afraid this type of injury can be …… only by time.
2 Retrouvez les mots dont voici les définitions. B

1. an unspecialized cell that can give rise to one or more different types of specialized cells: ……
2. an effect that occurs over a long period of time: ……
3. full of controversial points: ……
4. to interfere in order to cause damage: ……
5. involving a lot of arguing: ……
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Lisez ce texte dont le thème est : la technologie pourrait-elle mettre un terme

aux expériences sur les animaux ?
Even if you’re not an animal lover, you probably don’t like the idea of animals being used in research,
because of the pain inflicted on them. Also, many people say that humans do not react to drugs the way
rats or guinea pigs do. The good news is that new computer modelling and bioengineering techniques
could make animal testing obsolete.
The idea is to create chips (des puces électroniques) that can simulate how a whole body would react to a
new drug (médicament). They are like humans on a chip, in which the vital organs are integrated.
Besides, some engineers have developed miniature hearts that can beat 30 times a minute, making it
possible to induce diseases in them. These mini hearts are thought to be more efficient to test new drugs,
as they are closer to real human hearts than the hearts of animals. Furthermore, they could reduce the
time it takes to move towards clinical trials, with human volunteers.
Adapted from The Guardian, August 23, 2014.
Les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues dans cet extrait ? Si elles le sont, citez
le segment de texte correspondant.
1. Il est indispensable d’utiliser des animaux dans la recherche médicale.
2. Grâce à de nouvelles techniques, on pourra se passer des expérimentations sur les animaux.
3. Une puce électronique peut contenir toutes les données vitales d’un être humain.
4. Des mini-cœurs peuvent être utilisés dans les greffes de cœur.
5. Grâce aux mini-cœurs les essais cliniques pourront être effectués plus tôt.
BUILD UP
4 Associez chaque terme de la colonne de gauche avec un domaine de la colonne

de droite.
1. car-free a. un examen médical
2. rent-free b. un logement
3. pain-free c. une aire de jeux pour enfants
4. tax-free d. un centre-ville
5. smoke-free e. une barre chocolatée
6. gluten-free f. un parfum
25 - Care and cures 57

The digital world
26 This is an alley in Jaisalmer
(Rajasthan, India). A sacred
cow is peacefully making her
way in front of a cybercafé.
A Computer science
a laptop (computer), un ordinateur portable to browse surfer sur Internet
a notebook the Internet
a peripheral un périphérique to log on se connecter
a touch screen un écran tactile to log out se déconnecter
to boot up faire démarrer un ordinateur to scroll up faire défiler vers le haut
a backup une sauvegarde to scroll down faire défiler vers le bas
an update une mise à jour to crash, to freeze* planter
a folder un dossier to hack into pirater
a file un fichier voice-activated à commande vocale
an attachment une pièce jointe a camcorder un caméscope
a Wi-Fi hotspot un point Wi Fi to restrict Internet restreindre l’accès
a search engine un moteur de recherche access à Internet
➦ Please find attached a copy of your invoice.

Veuillez trouver en pièce jointe une copie de votre facture.
➦ When you use cloud computing, you store, manage and process data through a network of remote servers.
Quand vous vous servez du cloud, vous stockez, gérez et traitez des données par l’intermédiaire d’un réseau de
serveurs distants.
➦ Many data centers have been relocated north in order to reduce power and cooling costs.
De nombreux centres de données ont été transférés dans le nord afin de réduire les coûts d’énergie et de
refroidissement.
B Current abbreviations
CPU (central processing unit) le processeur HTML HyperText Markup Language
KB, MB, GB (kilobytes, megabytes, kilo (K), mega (M), giga VR Virtual Reality
gigabytes) (G) octets ICT Information and
PDA (personal digital assistant) un agenda électronique Communications Technology
USB Universal Serial Bus P2P Peer to Peer
FAQ Frequently Asked
Questions
➦ Hashtags are used on social networks to enable cross-referencing of content.

Les hashtags sont utilisés sur les réseaux sociaux pour permettre le recoupement des contenus.
➦ My computer is state-of-the-art but it keeps crashing.
Mon ordinateur est ce qui se fait de mieux mais il n’arrête pas de planter.
e-, i- et cyber-
Les préfixes e-, i-, cyber- sont fréquemment ajoutés à des termes existants pour indiquer un lien avec Internet ou le
monde de l’informatique : e-business (e = electronic), iPhone (i- souvent utilisé par
Apple = Internet), cybercrime (cyber- = cybernetic).
58
CHECK POINT
1 Corrigez les phrases suivantes si nécessaire. A B
1. She brossed on the Internet boutique but didn’t find what she was looking for.
2. Just wait for your computer to boot up.
3. UBS flash drives are often used for storage, data back-down and transfer of computer files.
4. Please log on before you leave.
5. ICT means Information and Computers Technology.
6. The virus was delivered in the form of an email attachment.
7. They backed into his computer to get sensitive information about him and his business.
8. Did you google the cheapest flights to New York?
9. FAQ are Frequently Answered Questions.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
2 Prenez connaissance de ces trois paragraphes argumentés.

§ 1. Some people are techno phobic. Actually, they don’t know how new technology works or how to use
it. Others are worried about crimes such as hacking, fraud and phishing. They fear malware such as viruses
and Trojans. They worry about their privacy, security or identity theft.
§ 2. The digital divide rests first of all on lack of electricity, as ICT depends primarily on electricity. In Malawi
or Chad only around 10% of the population have access to electricity.
Access to the Internet can also be limited for political reasons, as in North Korea, where the Net is mostly
restricted to government officials or foreigners.
By contrast, the penetration rate of countries like the Netherlands is over 95%.
Developed countries have excellent technological infrastructure, so that people have easy access to both
electricity and the Internet. Many people can also afford to buy computers, tablets, smart-phones or
connected watches, which are widely used at home, at work and at school.
By contrast, in developing countries, many people have other things to worry about, like food, health care
or clean water. Buying technological devices is not at the top of their priorities.
§ 3. Access is difficult in mountainous, desert and rainforest areas. In some areas, basic infrastructure
such as roads and bridges are missing.
Classez-les maintenant selon qu’ils apportent une donnée sur les facteurs économiques,
géographiques, psychologiques ou politiques responsables de la fracture numérique.
3 Some remedies… Traduisez.

1. Charities such as Computers 4 Africa refurbish old computers before sending them to schools and
colleges to support community projects.
2. One Laptop Per Child is an organization that produces cheap, low-power and connected laptops.
3. According to Mashable, the Indian government has released a new tablet computer, Aakash, dubbed
“the world’s cheapest.”
BUILD UP
4 Traduisez les termes suivants : cyberwarfare • e-business • cyberspace • e-banking •

cybercrime • e-commerce.
26 - The digital world 59

Economic sectors
27
This young woman is working on
Del Monte’s banana processing
plant in Nicaragua.
A The main sectors of economy

primary sector It makes use of natural resources, like food, wood, ores (mainly iron), oil or coal.
Workers: anyone working in agriculture (farmers), forestry (woodcutters), fishing
(fishermen) and mining (miners).
secondary It transforms materials into goods: wood being made into furniture, or steel being
sector transformed into cars…
Workers: factory workers, construction workers, auto workers, carpenters, etc.
tertiary sector It provides services to consumers and businesses.
(service sector) Workers: waiters, bus drivers, teachers, doctors, bankers, insurers, computer specialists,
estate agents, cleaners, etc.
➦ Most modern world countries have seen a sharp decline in the proportion of people who work in the
primary sector. In France, in 2017, 2.6% of the labour force was engaged in this sector.
La plupart des pays modernes ont vu baisser fortement la proportion des travailleurs du secteur primaire. En
France, en 2017, 2,6% de la population active travaillait dans ce secteur.
➦ The quaternary sector includes services such as information gathering, R and D (research and develop-
ment), business consulting and media. Working from home is encouraged.
Le secteur quaternaire comprend des services tels que la collecte des données, la recherche et le développement,
le conseil en affaires et les médias. Le télétravail est encouragé.
B Heavy industry
raw materials les matières premières a quarry une carrière
ore le minerai a pit un puits de mine de charbon
coal le charbon the iron and steel industry la sidérurgie
iron \aIEn\ le fer a rolling mill un laminoir
cast iron la fonte a blast furnace un haut-fourneau
lead \led\ du plomb a spinning mill une usine de tissage
oil industry l’industrie pétrolière a saw mill une scierie
a refinery une raffinerie avionics la construction aéronautique
tar le goudron a shipyard un chantier naval
➦ The pulp and paper industry, which includes office and catalogue paper, glossy paper, tissue and paper-
based packaging, uses over 40% of all industrial wood traded globally. (Adapted from WWF)
L’industrie des pâtes et papiers, qui comprend la papeterie de bureau et les catalogues, les magazines sur papier
glacé, les mouchoirs et le papier d’emballage, utilise plus de 40% du bois destiné à l’industrie dans le commerce
mondial.
Noms de métiers
La plupart des noms de métier ou de fonction sont neutres. Cependant le masculin et le féminin peuvent être
marqués : a craftsman (un artisan)/a craftswoman, a waiter (un serveur)/a waitress, a male cleaner (un agent
d’entretien), a female director (une directrice), a male nurse (un infirmier), a female judge (une juge).
60
CHECK POINT
1 Complétez ces phrases. Remplacez a par an si nécessaire. A
1. In the daytime I work as a …… (agriculteur) and …… (bûcheron). At weekends I sometimes work as a
…… (serveur) in a local restaurant, but my dream is to be a …… (pêcheur).
2. There’s been a …… …… (forte baisse) in unemployment. The …… …… (population active) has increased
by 2 percent.
3. They’re looking for …… …… (ouvriers du bâtiment), not …… …… (ouvriers automobiles), unfortunately.
4. My neighbour is a …… …… (informaticienne) and her husband a …… …… (agent immobilier).
2 Complétez ces phrases. B

1. Coal and iron are …… materials.
2. …… is rock or soil from which metal can be obtained.
3. …… is an alloy (un alliage) that is used for making tools and cars.
4. …… is a very thick, black liquid that becomes hard when it cools and that is used especially for road
surfaces.
5. Un……ed petrol produces fewer harmful substances than most fuels when it is burned.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Voici un essai sur la question du charbon.

Coal is not cool
Coal has always been a major source of energy. It was a key component of the Industrial Revolution (from
about 1760 to 1820): vast quantities of coal were needed when European countries started to industrialize
themselves, especially to fuel steam engines and furnaces, used to melt metal.
These days, coal is associated with severe environmental and health effects. Coal mining causes water
and air pollution. Coal burning produces millions of tons of solid waste products that contain heavy metals
like mercury.
According to the international science magazine New Scientist (in an article published in 2013), coal pollution
costs the European Union over 40 billion euros each year. Cutting air pollution would have beneficial
long-term economic impacts for individuals.

1. Ces idées sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Si elles le sont, citez le segment qui justifie votre
réponse.
a. The Industrial Revolution could not have developed without coal.
b. Coal is still a major source of energy.
c. Coal is a cheap source of energy.
d. In the 18th century coal was mainly used for cooking and heating.
2. En tenant compte du contexte, traduisez les segments en gras.
BUILD UP
4 Traduisez.
1. La juge a été très compréhensive (understanding) quand je lui ai parlé.
2. L’agent d’entretien était content de (pleased with) son travail.
3. La serveuse a épousé un serveur et leurs enfants sont tous devenus informaticiens.
4. La porte-parole (spokes…) était accompagnée de la directrice.
27 - Economic sectors 61
Farming
28 This is a typical dairy farm in
Wisconsin, a leading producer of
milk, cheese and butter in the U.S.
A Growing crops
a meadow \"medEÁ\ un pré an orchard \"O…tSEd\ un verger
pasture (land) des pâturages an orange grove une orangeraie
a plough \plaÁ\ une charrue wine growing la viticulture
a harvester une moissonneuse a vineyard \"vInjA…d\ un vignoble
corn, wheat [US] le blé ripe mûr
maize, corn [US] le maïs green, unripe vert
oats l’avoine to yield produire
barley l’orge to grow* pousser, faire pousser
sunflowers le tournesol to sow* semer
fodder le fourrage to reap faucher, récolter
hay le foin to harvest récolter
➦ Every year, thousands of people take to the streets around the world to protest against agro-biotech
giants like Monsanto and against Genetically Modified organisms (GMO) in general.
Chaque année, des milliers de personnes dans le monde entier descendent dans la rue pour protester contre
les géants de l’agro-biotechnologie comme Monsanto et contre les organismes génétiquement modifiés (OGM)
en général.
➦ Organic farming bans the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides.
L’agriculture biologique proscrit l’utilisation des engrais chimiques, des pesticides et des herbicides.
➦ Sustainable farming avoids soil erosion and pollution.
L’agriculture durable évite l’érosion des sols et la pollution.
B Animal breeding
cattle le bétail poultry farming l’élevage de volailles
livestock le cheptel dairy farming l’élevage laitier
a cowshed une étable to breed* élever
a pigsty une porcherie a breed une race
a stable une écurie to feed* (se) nourrir
➦ A few years ago, the French government decided to vaccinate a million free-range ducks, chickens, geese
in an attempt to stem the spread of the H5N1 virus.
Il y a quelques années, le gouvernement français a décidé de faire vacciner un million de canards, de poules et
d’oies élevés en plein air pour essayer d’endiguer la propagation du virus H5N1.
➦ Five hundred angry farmers dumped manure in front of administrative headquarters in Brussels to dem-
onstrate against the Common Agricultural Policy.
Cinq cents fermiers en colère ont déversé du fumier devant des locaux administratifs à Bruxelles pour protester
contre la PAC.
Nom + house
De nombreux termes désignant des bâtiments sont formés de nom + house : a greenhouse (une serre),
a doghouse (un chenil – à ne pas confondre avec a housedog : un chien de maison !).
62
CHECK POINT
1 Complétez ces phrases. A B
1. California started making wine in the 18th century when Spanish missionaries planted the first ……
to produce wine for Mass (vin de messe).
2. Angus cattle are a …… of cattle commonly used in beef production.
3. On this farm, you can pick your fresh morning …… - …… eggs at the chicken coop (le poulailler).
4. Florida is the largest producer of oranges in the U.S., but its …… …… are under the attack of a disease
known as “citrus greening”.
5. There are four main ingredients in beer: ……, water, hops (du houblon) and yeast (de la levure).
6. In the wild West, …… grazed freely, competing for …… and water. The barbed wire (le fil de fer barbelé)
changed the West from vast and undefined prairies to a land of farming.
2 Lisez cet article qui porte sur l’étiquetage (labeling) des produits A B
alimentaires en choisissant le terme qui convient.
Many foods, including an estimated 88 percent of the corn crop/breed in the United States, contain
ingredients that have plants or animals that were organically/genetically modified, typically to increase
disease/death resistance or extend shelf life. Opponents argue that the process may be harmful/bene-
ficial to humans. Supporters contend there is no reason/evidence of that. Sixty countries, including the
European Union, require labeling.
© Burlington Free Press, 2015.
Maintenant traduisez : “to increase disease resistance or extend shelf life” (a shelf : une
étagère, au sens premier).
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Choisissez un titre : The dreams of the homeless, The song of the battery hen
ou In praise of comfort pour le poème dont voici le début.
We can’t grumble (râler) about accommodation:
we have a new concrete floor that’s
always dry, four walls that are
painted white, and a sheet-iron roof
the rain drums on. A fan (un ventilateur) blows warm air
beneath our feet to disperse the smell
of chicken shit and, on dull days,
fluorescent lightening sees us. […]
Edwin Brock © Martin Secker & Warburg Ltd, 1977.
BUILD UP
4 Associez ces noms à leur définition puis traduisez-les : a lighthouse •

a slaughterhouse • a dollhouse • a coffeehouse • a jailhouse • a roadhouse.
1. an inn located on a road outside a town or city in the U.S.: ……
2. a tower with a powerful light built on the shore to guide ships away from danger: ……
3. a place for the confinement of persons convicted and sentenced to imprisonment: ……
4. a small model house used as a children’s toy: ……
5. an establishment that serves coffee and other refreshments: ……
6. it’s also called an abattoir in British English, but not in American English: ……
28 - Farming 63
Industrial production
29 A Hammering Man by Jonathan Borofsky is one
of a series of kinetic giant sculptures displayed
in various cities round the world, here in Dallas
(Texas). “The Hammering Man is the worker in
all of us,” said Borofsky.
A Machinery and tools

a crane une grue a drill une perceuse
scaffolding un échafaudage a screwdriver un tournevis
a smokestack une cheminée d’usine a spare part une pièce détachée
a machine tool une machine-outil a nut un écrou
a lathe un tour a bolt un boulon
a sledgehammer une masse goggles des lunettes de protection
a wrench, a spanner une clé à molette to weld souder
a file une lime
➦ Technology is nothing. What’s important is that you have a faith in people, that they’re basically good and
smart, and if you give them tools, they’ll do wonderful things with them. (Steve Jobs)
B Production and robotics

an assembly plant une usine de montage remote-controlled télécommandé
an assembly line une chaîne de montage CAD (computer- la conception assistée
a processing plant une usine de traitement aided design) par ordinateur
a process un procédé a compliant robot un robot à comportement
the output, the yield le rendement flexible
automated automatisé to streamline rationaliser
➦ An industrial robot’s principal components are: one or more arms that can move in several directions,
a manipulator, a computer controller that gives detailed movement instructions.
C Crafts
a craftsman/-woman un artisan a mechanic un mécanicien
a carpenter un charpentier a bricklayer, a builder, a mason un maçon
a joiner un menuisier to sew* \sEÁ\ coudre
a locksmith un serrurier to saw* \sO…\ scier
bookbinding la reliure to weave* tisser
a plumber \"plØmE\ un plombier skilful habile
➦ The Arts and Crafts movement (1860-1910) was born of ideals. It grew out of a concern for the effects
of industrialisation: on design, on traditional skills and on the lives of ordinary people. (The Victoria and Albert
Museum, London)
-made
De nombreux adjectifs désignant la source de fabrication ou la manière de fabriquer sont composés de nom ou
adjectif + made : home-made (fait à la maison).
64
CHECK POINT
1 Inférez le sens des mots suivants à partir du sens de leurs composants. A
1. a nail file – 2. a pneumatic drill – 3. a bolt-cutter – 4. a wood lathe – 5. a crane driver –
6. to wrench
2 Retrouvez les mots dont voici les définitions. C

1. a person whose job is to repair and make keys: ……
2. a person whose job is to install or repair sinks, lavatories: ……
3. a person who constructs the wooden components of a building: ……
4. a person who builds walls: ……
5. a skilled manual worker: ……
6. a person whose job is repairing the engines of vehicles: ……
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Voici un texte qui porte sur les utilisations des robots et sur leurs limites.
The car industry automates approximately 80 percent of its assembly processes, which consist of many
repeatable actions. In contrast, only around ten percent of the assembly processes for electronics, such
as cell phones, are automated, because such products change frequently and are highly customized.
Tailor-made robots could help close this gap by reducing setup times (temps d’installation) for automation
in industries that rely on customization and whose products have short life cycles. Specialized robots would
know where things are stored, how to put things together, how to interact with people, how to transport
parts from one place to another, how to pack things, and how to reconfigure an assembly line. In a factory
equipped with such robots, human workers would still be in control, and robots would assist them.
www.foreignaffairs.com, June 16, 2015.

1. Les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Si elles le sont, citez le segment qui justifie
votre réponse.
a. C’est essentiellement l’industrie automobile qui, à l’heure actuelle, se sert de robots.
b. Les robots actuels savent localiser les stocks de pièces.
c. Il faudrait concevoir des robots « sur mesure » pour qu’ils s’adaptent à la production des objets
dont la durée de vie est limitée.
d. Un jour, les hommes perdront le contrôle des robots.
2. Traduisez en inférant le sens des mots que vous ne connaissez pas “such products are highly custo-
mized” et “how to reconfigure an assembly line”.
BUILD UP
4 Complétez ces phrases en employant un des adjectifs proposés : self-made • ready-

made • man-made • hand-made • custom-made. Puis traduisez-les.
1. This cheese is …… in the traditional manner.
2. Tunisia exports a lot of …… clothes.
3. The star was wearing a $ 5,000 …… tuxedo.
4. Andrew Carnegie was a …… steel tycoon.
5. Some disasters are natural, others are …… .
29 - Industrial production 65
Economic policies
30 This is a market in Nicaragua. Pepsi
has spread worldwide. In April 2012,
after researching around the world,
Pepsi launched their first global
campaign, titled “Live For Now”.
A The economic systems

a free-market economy une économie the informal/grey l’économie informelle
libérale/de marché economy
free trade le libre-échange undeclared/illicit le travail au noir
a planned/command une économie work
economy planifiée an economic policy une politique économique
a state-owned/state- une entreprise an economic une perspective économique
controlled company publique prospect/outlook
barter le troc to raise economic augmenter la croissance
an underground une économie growth de l’économie
economy souterraine public spending les dépenses publiques
➦ Trade, industry and the means of production are controlled by private owners, whose aim is to make
profits.
Le commerce, l’industrie et les moyens de production sont contrôlés par des propriétaires privés, dont le but est
de réaliser des bénéfices.
➦ In post-industrial economies, the service sector outweighs the industrial sector and the agricultural one.
Dans l’économie post-industrielle, le secteur tertiaire est plus important que les secteurs industriel et agricole.
B Globalization
globalization la mondialisation the removal of trade la suppression des
competition la concurrence barriers barrières douanières
the deregulation of la déréglementation des the balance of trade la balance commerciale
trade échanges commerciaux the trade surplus l’excédent commercial
outsourcing la délocalisation the per capita income le revenu par habitant
a trade agreement un accord commercial the gross domestic le produit intérieur brut
foreign trade le commerce extérieur product (GDP) (PIB)
a downturn, a slump une récession
➦ The consumption of goods and services is affected by globalization. Global flows are creating very high
degrees of connectedness among economies.
La mondialisation influence la consommation des biens et des services. Les flux globaux créent des degrés
extrêmement élevés de connexion entre les économies.
➦ A few countries avoided the worst of the global economic downturn and bounced back more quickly
than some of their neighbours.
Quelques pays ont évité le pire de la récession économique mondiale et ont rebondi plus vite que certains de
leurs voisins.
Les noms composés

On peut dire the balance of trade ou the trade balance, mais on n’a pas toujours le choix : safety standards (les
normes de sécurité), the division of labour (la division du travail).
66
CHECK POINT
1. In an …… economy, goods and services are traded illegally.
2. Private …… (propriété) of enterprises is encouraged in a capitalist system.
3. A synonym of “command economy” is “…… economy”.
4. My neighbour is a big fan of …… . For example, he wants me to mow his lawn in exchange for eggs.
5. Protectionism contrasts with free …… .
6. The government is worried about next year’s economic …… , because the economy seems to be
slowing down.
2 Retrouvez les noms dont voici les définitions. A B

1. the opposite of domestic production: …… ……
2. relocation from one country to another, in order to cut production costs: ……
3. what a country gets when it sells more than it imports: …… ……
4. a reduction in a country’s economic activities: ……
5. the total national income divided by the total population: …… …… …… ……
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Lisez l’essai suivant.

Full capitalism?
Even the most capitalist nations regulate one way or another. In the U.S., where we can safely say that
the vast majority of people are ardent supporters of capitalism, there’s a federal minimum wage, that is,
a minimum wage applicable to the whole country. However, some states also set a minimum wage that is
higher than the federal one.
The U.S. federal government also imposes safety standards, designed to ensure the safety of employees.
Furthermore, it prohibits sex-based wage differentials between men and women employed in the same
establishment who perform jobs requiring equal effort, skill, and responsibility.
It could be argued that, contrary to common belief, the role played by governments in the economy tends
to increase rather than decrease.
Ces idées sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Si elles le sont, citez le segment
qui justifie votre réponse.
1. Le capitalisme exclut toute réglementation.
2. Finalement, les Américains ne défendent pas le capitalisme tant que ça.
3. La discrimination économique entre hommes et femmes est interdite aux États-Unis.
4. Le rôle des gouvernements tend à diminuer dans la gestion de l’économie.
BUILD UP
44 Traduisez.
1. capital flight: ……
2. economies of scale: ……
3. income tax: ……
4. labour market flexibility: ……
5. producer prices: ……
6. purchasing power: ……
7. trade deficit: ……
8. wealth tax: ……
9. safety standards: ……
10. competition law: ……
30 - Economic policies 67
Working life
31 This vintage style wall ornament was
photographed in Coarsegold historic
village (California). It shows a picture
from the famous 1950s American
television sitcom I love Lucy.
A Access to work
the working population la population active to work on the night travailler dans l’équipe
labour, the work force la main-d’œuvre shift de nuit
a labour shortage une pénurie de main- to look for a job rechercher un emploi
d’œuvre to apply for a job postuler à un emploi
apprenticeship l’apprentissage an application une candidature
qualifications les diplômes to go* on a training faire un stage
skilled/unskilled qualifié/non qualifié course
a senior executive un cadre supérieur a trainee, an intern un stagiaire
employment l’emploi to take* sb on, embaucher qqn
an occupation une profession to hire sb
the professions les professions libérales to turn down refuser un candidat
to be* self-employed travailler à son compte an applicant à l’embauche
to earn a living gagner sa vie sick leave un congé maladie
to be* on the payroll être salarié maternity leave un congé maternité
to clock in/out pointer à l’entrée/à la retirement la retraite
sortie
➦ This qualification opens up a number of job prospects.
Ce diplôme offre plusieurs débouchés.
➦ The applicants had good references but did not fit the job description.
Les candidats avaient de bonnes références mais ne correspondaient pas au descriptif du poste.
B The business world

enterprise l’esprit d’initiative the merger of two la fusion de deux
a small business une petite entreprise companies sociétés
a medium-sized une PME to make*/clinch conclure un marché
business a deal
to create/to set* up/to créer une entreprise to go* bankrupt faire faillite
start up a business to bail out renflouer
to run* a company diriger une entreprise to streamline rationaliser
to buy* out a company racheter une entreprise to downsize the réduire les effectifs
a takeover bid une OPA workforce
➦ In these times of fierce competition, we can’t afford to become unprofitable.

En ces temps de concurrence féroce, nous ne pouvons pas nous permettre de ne pas être rentables.
➦ The business world often complains about red tape and corporation tax.
Le monde des affaires se plaint souvent de la paperasserie et des impôts sur les sociétés.
Faux amis
an occupation : une profession ≠ « une occupation » : a pastime, a hobby
enterprise : l’esprit d’initiative ≠ « une entreprise » : a company, a firm
68
CHECK POINT
1 Associez chaque mot de gauche avec un synonyme à droite. A
to take on a CV an intern apprenticeship
to look for a job a job centre a résumé labour
to turn down qualification a diploma, a degree to apply
a trainee a period of training a candidate a meal ticket
a luncheon voucher the work force to hire an employment service
an applicant to reject
2 Complétez avec les mots qui conviennent. A B

1. Analysts say the company could …… a deal within weeks.
2. She’s an entrepreneur. She’s famous for …… …… (racheter) small firms.
3. The company made a …… …… (OPA) for a rival firm.
4. My wife doesn’t …… (diriger) the company, but she’s a senior …… .
5. I’m on the …… (être salarié) of a large multinational. I have a good salary.
6. We’re all in favour of cutting …… …… (la paperasserie) but we don’t know how!
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Voici un essai sur le chômage en Grande-Bretagne.

There are always several ways of interpreting statistics. Unemployment in the UK has been very low for
some years. Some people, especially those in power, are very pleased with the results, claiming that their
economic policies have reduced the number of people out of work. It’s true that record numbers of women
are now in work in Britain.
However, some people point out that many female pensioners are forced to work because their pension
is too low. They are often self-employed people in low-paid jobs.
Some workers complain that they find it hard to get enough hours to make ends meet.
“There is a lack of high-quality, well-paid jobs, especially for women,” says Kathleen McLeod, a secondary
school teacher in Birmingham. “If you want to work as a cleaner or childminder, you can find a job overnight.
But then you won’t be able to afford high rents. And it’ll be quite a challenge to raise children.”
Les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Si elles le sont, citez
le segment qui justifie votre réponse.
1. Unemployment has risen recently in the UK.
2. There have never been as many women working in the UK.
3. Female pensioners work because they’re bored.
4. There aren’t enough well-paid jobs for women.
5. It’s easy to get a job as a cleaner.
BUILD UP
4 Traduisez ces phrases. Attention aux mots en gras.

1. My husband is an entrepreneur. He likes starting new businesses.
2. “What’s your occupation?” “I’m a dentist.”
3. It was easy: I sent a résumé and the next day they offered me a job!
4. Does your new company provide a company car?
5. My son is an apprentice carpenter.
31 - Working life 69
Labour relations
32 On the road to Jodhpur (Rajasthan,
2011): these women, who are road
workers, have organised a sit-in.
They demand an increase in their
very low wages.
A Social dialogue or strike?

a trade union [GB], un syndicat a striker un gréviste
a labor union [US] the right to strike le droit de grève
a union member, un syndicaliste to work to rule faire la grève du zèle
a trade unionist to picket faire un piquet de grève
an industrial/labour dispute un conflit du travail a demonstration une manifestation
industrial/labour unrest l’agitation sociale to take* to the descendre dans la rue
a claim, a demand une revendication streets
a protest movement un mouvement to negotiate négocier
de protestation to reach a deadlock aboutir à une impasse
to walk out, to go* on strike se mettre en grève to resume work reprendre le travail
➦ London Underground workers are planning to walk out in protest at the new working hours. Last-ditch
talks aimed at averting the industrial action are taking place.
Les employés du métro de Londres prévoient de se mettre en grève pour protester contre les nouveaux horaires
de travail. Des discussions de la dernière chance pour éviter la grève ont lieu en ce moment.
➦ Fast food workers are taking to the streets to demand $15 per hour minimum wage.
Des employés de la restauration rapide descendent dans la rue pour exiger 15 dollars de salaire horaire minimum.
B Pay issues
wages le salaire a wage increase, une augmentation de salaire
a salary un salaire a pay rise [GB]/raise [US]
an income un revenu an allowance une indemnité
a payslip un bulletin de salaire an incentive bonus une prime d’encouragement
a wage claim des revendications paid holidays, les congés payés
salariales a paid vacation
a pay settlement un accord salarial sick pay un congé de maladie
a retirement pension une pension de retraite
➦ You talk about “wages” for someone who works in a shop or in a factory. Otherwise you use the word
“salary”. Thus, a teacher or a banker gets a salary, not wages. However the set phrase is “minimum wage”.
Les noms collectifs

Les noms union, party, government, staff (le personnel) sont suivis d’un verbe au singulier ou au pluriel en anglais
britannique. En anglais américain, on emploie le verbe au singulier.
The Labour Party is/are opposed to any change in the law.
The staff is/are not happy about the pay increase.
Le nom police est toujours suivi d’un verbe au pluriel.
The police have arrested five more suspects.
70
CHECK POINT
1. In democratic countries, workers can join a …… …… and they’re allowed to walk …… .
2. The ……-…… talks achieved nothing. They have once again reached a …… .
3. The fast food workers …… to …… …… . The …… gathered over 2,000 people.
4. Some employees said they didn’t feel like …… work (reprendre le travail).
5. Her firm owes her (lui doit) more than $2,000 and so she may file a wage …… .
2 Remplacez les termes barrés par les termes qui conviennent. B

1. I am a cleaner. My wife and I get the same salary …… .
2. I’m a judge. I can’t complain about my wages …… .
3. I like your job. How much money do you win …… ?
4. I think I’ll get an encouraging …… bonus this year.
5. Your entitlement to malady …… pay depends on your employment contract.
6. Because of the pay accord …… my annual revenues …… should not diminish.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Voici des paragraphes argumentés sur quelques événements de l’histoire sociale

britannique.
Every nation has its narratives or myths or popular stories, which are given names and remembered long
after the event.
• “The general strike”
If you talk about “The general strike” in the UK, people are likely to think of the “1926 general strike”, which
is regularly mentioned in popular culture. It was the only general strike in British history. Union leaders in
the UK tend to think that action through political parties is preferable to general strikes.
• “The British disease”
The phrase “The British disease” describes the pattern of strikes and industrial unrest in the 1970s and
early 1980s supposed by many to be prevalent in Britain at the time.
• “The Winter of Discontent”
In the winter of 1978-1979 there were widespread strikes in the United Kingdom, especially in the public
sector. It was also a very cold winter, with blizzards and deep snow, and the economy was in a bad shape.
The phrase “The Winter of Discontent” was used by politicians and commentators of different parties to
describe the situation. The phrase is from the opening lines of Shakespeare’s Richard III: “Now is the winter
of our discontent/Made glorious summer by this sun of York.”
1. Il n’y a pas eu de grève générale au Royaume-Uni depuis « l’hiver du mécontentement ».
2. Les grèves générales qu’a connues le Royaume-Uni sont à l’origine de l’expression « la maladie
britannique ».
3. Le mécontentement durant « l’hiver du mécontentement » était dû à la météo.
BUILD UP
4 Traduisez.
1. La police est déjà là. Apparemment, elle nous attend depuis plus de dix minutes.
2. On dit que ce parti veut limiter (to restrict) le droit de grève.
3. Le gouvernement, qui n’a plus le soutien des députés, va démissionner.
4. Le personnel est en grève. Il compte (to intend to) descendre dans la rue et manifester.
32 - Labour relations 71
World trade
33 All the coffee of Lao Mountain
Coffee is grown exclusively by
Fair Trade certified farmers on
the Bolaven Plateau (Laos).
A Trade in goods
exports les exportations a trade deficit, un déficit du commerce
foreign markets les débouchés extérieurs a trade gap extérieur
a free-trade area une zone de libre échange a trade barrier une barrière douanière
foreign trade le commerce extérieur a trade war une guerre commerciale
a favourable une balance commerciale competition, rivalry la concurrence
balance of trade excédentaire a sheltered market un marché protégé
a negative balance une balance commerciale customs duties des droits de douane
of trade déficitaire a ban (on), an embargo un embargo
the trade surplus l’excédent du commerce to purchase, to buy* acheter
extérieur to place an order passer une commande
➦ Thanks to the reciprocal trade agreement, we’ll be able to find new outlets, and possibly reduce the
trade gap with our partners.
Grâce à cet accord d’échanges commerciaux, nous pourrons trouver de nouveaux débouchés et peut-être réduire
le déficit commercial avec nos partenaires.
➦ The World Trade Organization (WTO) objects to unfair trade practices and rejects import quotas.
L’Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC) s’oppose aux pratiques commerciales inéquitables et rejette les
quotas d’importation.
B Distribution
a supply, a stock un stock an invoice une facture
a supply chain un réseau de distribution the profit margin la marge bénéficiaire
a wholesale supplier, un grossiste the purchasing power le pouvoir d’achat
a wholesaler a commodity, an item, un article
a middleman un intermédiaire an article
a retailer un détaillant a price tag une étiquette (prix)
to keep* in storage entreposer, stocker a brand, a trademark une marque
a warehouse un entrepôt a bargain une affaire
handling la manutention extortionate exorbitant
home delivery la livraison à domicile
➦ The UK has one of the biggest e-commerce markets in the world when measured by the money spent
per capita. E-commerce has led to intensified price competition.
Le Royaume-Uni est l’un des plus gros marchés pour le commerce électronique dans le monde en termes de
dépenses par habitant. Le e-commerce a entraîné une concurrence des prix accrue.
Shop
Les noms des petits commerces sont souvent formés avec le mot shop : a baker’s shop (une boulangerie),
a fish shop (une poissonnerie, a fishmonger: un poissonnier).
Notez « chez le coiffeur » : at the hairdresser/at the hairdresser’s.
72
CHECK POINT
1 Traduisez ces phrases. A B
1. Si vous imposez des quotas, les exportations aussi souffriront.
2. On dit qu’une balance commerciale déficitaire est préjudiciable (detrimental to) à l’économie.
3. Dans un marché protégé, les droits de douane peuvent être exorbitants.
4. Les Émirats Arabes Unis ont un commerce extérieur excédentaire grâce au commerce du pétrole.
5. Le pouvoir d’achat des Canadiens a augmenté de (to go up) 3%.
2 Complétez ces phrases. B

1. You use the word “……” for all products, as in “This is my favourite …… of deodorant.” It’s different for
cars, though. You say “My favourite car make is Rolls Royce.”
2. I need an …… for this flight to get reimbursed.
3. Retailers often buy their goods from …… …… .
4. We have a ten percent profit …… on sales, which isn’t bad.
5. The goods are kept …… …… until ready for delivery.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Voici un essai sur le commerce équitable (fair trade).

§ 1. The fair trade movement focuses on commodities that are typically exported from developing countries
to developed countries. These commodities include mainly food, especially coffee and cocoa, but also
handicrafts, textiles and luxury items like gold and diamonds.
§ 2. These organizations support producers and encourage sustainable practices in farming that are res-
pectful of the environment. They also insist on recycling and proper water management. Needless to say,
child and forced labour are strictly banned.
§ 3. Some people criticize these organizations, though. They claim that fair trade products are more expensive
than other goods and that the extra money paid does not reach the producers themselves, but middlemen.
Some research showed that “fair trade coffee” for example is not helping the very poor, especially women.
§ 4. Some fair trade organizations say they are aware of the problem and are doing all they can to address
it. Their reputation and future depend on it.
Quel(s) titre(s) pourrai(en)t être utilisé(s) pour chaque paragraphe ?

• More expensive and not for the right reasons: ……
• The organizations are looking into it ……
• Helping developing countries’ exports ……
• Sustainable and environmentally friendly ……
• What about women then? ……
• Who really gains from so-called fair trade? ……
BUILD UP
4 Traduisez ces mots ou groupes de mots.

1. un marchand de vin 7. une oisellerie
2. une boucherie 8. un carrossier
3. un café 9. une animalerie
4. une confiserie (un magasin de confiserie) 10. un magasin de vêtements
5. un salon de beauté 11. une friperie
6. une librairie 12. une cordonnerie
33 - World trade 73
The consumer society
34 Black cabs are iconic features of the
London cityscape. Their bodies are now
occasionally wrapped with all-over
advertising, known as “livery”.
A Advertising
goods, products les produits misleading mensonger
consumption la consommation hype du battage publicitaire
an advertisement, une publicité to hype (up) faire du battage pour
an advert, an ad a neon sign une enseigne lumineuse
a commercial, un spot publicitaire a poster une affiche
a break a hoarding [GB], un panneau publicitaire
an adman un publicitaire a billboard [US]
➦ Advertising is often considered necessary for economic growth. Many products wouldn’t sell so well
without advertisements.
On considère souvent que la publicité est nécessaire à la croissance économique. Beaucoup de produits ne se
vendraient pas aussi bien sans les publicités.
➦ Michelle Obama launched a campaign against junk food ads aimed at kids a few years ago.
Michelle Obama a lancé une campagne contre les publicités pour la « malbouffe » destinées aux enfants
il y a quelques années.
B Marketing
a brand une marque to promote faire la promotion de
strengths les points forts to follow up suivre de près
weaknesses les points faibles to market sth commercialiser qqch.
enhancement, improvement une amélioration a competitor, a rival un concurrent
timely opportun competition la concurrence
profitable rentable to stay ahead of avoir une longueur
conclusive, convincing concluant d’avance sur
risk-taking la prise de risque a niche un créneau
detrimental to préjudiciable à a market share une part de marché
to target, to aim at cibler
➦ Marketers aim at staying ahead of the consumer. They must continually understand the consumers’
concerns and identify new trends. However launching a new product always involves some risk-taking.
Le but des vendeurs est d’avoir une longueur d’avance sur le consommateur. Ils doivent constamment comprendre
les préoccupations des consommateurs et déceler les nouvelles tendances. Cependant, lancer un nouveau produit
implique toujours une part de risque.
Les acronymes
Voici quelques acronymes (sigles formés des initiales des mots) fréquents.
AD: anno domini/BC: before Christ AKA: also known as
AWOL: absent without leave (sans permission) DIY: do it yourself
HR: human resources ID: identity document PR: public relations
74
CHECK POINT
1 Remplacez les mots en gras par un synonyme. A B
1. I changed channels during the break.
2. He’s a man who works in advertising. He loves his job.
3. This advertisement is truly misleading.
4. This advertising company always thinks up (inventer) new ways to encourage the sale of their products.
5. There’s been a lot of excessive promotion about her latest album.
2 Traduisez. B
1. Bien sûr, je connais les points forts et les points faibles de notre entreprise.
2. Si tu veux avoir une longueur d’avance sur tes clients, il faut que tu adaptes tes produits en permanence.
3. On ne peut pas se permettre d’ignorer la concurrence ou les besoins de nos clients.
4. La prise de risque fait partie du métier.
5. Pour réussir dans ce nouveau monde, il suffit de choisir un créneau qui attirera l’attention sur vous.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Voici un essai sur la société de consommation.

Opponents of the consumer society claim that consumption is now at the heart of our cultural system.
They blame big corporations that encourage irrepressible desires to own as many objects as possible or
to consume as much leisure as we can.
People become obsessed with material possession and the pleasure of consuming. They sometimes even
identify strongly with the products or services they consume, for example a luxury car, designer clothing or
a trip to the other side of the world. Some people are prepared to sacrifice significant time and money for a
status symbol. Also, consumerist societies are more prone to damage the environment than other societies.
Others say that we should focus on fighting the excesses of consumerism, rather than consumerism itself,
by encouraging “eco-conscious shopping,” or by warning people of the dangers of overconsumption.
1. Some people want to fight consumerism, others defend it.
2. Big corporations are responsible for the consumer society.
3. Some people are victims of the consumer society.
4. Eco-conscious shopping can save the planet.
BUILD UP
4 Traduisez.
1. The Romans invaded Britain in AD 43.
2. There’s a DIY superstore round the corner.
3. Please have your ID ready before you get to the gate.
4. I’m Miranda, aka Little Miranda.
5. My neighbours have gone AWOL. They may be on holiday.
34 - The consumer society 75

Fashion
35 This picture features a dummy
in a shop window in Ginza
(Tokyo), which is a Mecca of
fashion.
A Being trendy
a fashion house une maison de couture naff [slang] ringard
a fashion designer un créateur, un styliste to pitch a product lancer un produit
it’s in/out c’est à la mode/démodé an iconic trademark une marque
a craze, a fad un phénomène de mode, emblématique
un engouement a model un mannequin
the latest fashion le dernier cri a catwalk un podium
fashionable, hot, trendy à la mode a fashion show un défilé de mode
unfashionable, démodé to be* a hipster être branché
old-fashioned
➦ Short shorts were the latest craze for girls that year.
Les shorts courts étaient le dernier cri pour les filles cette année-là.
➦ Haute couture is the business of making expensive clothes, made from high quality fabric, sewn with
extreme attention to detail.
La haute couture consiste à fabriquer des vêtements chers, à partir de tissus de grande qualité, cousus en faisant
attention au moindre détail.
B Style
designer clothes des vêtements de marque slovenly débraillé
an outfit une tenue ostentatious, gaudy voyant, tapageur
a maker’s label une griffe de grand couturier showy, flashy tape-à-l’oeil
made to measure fait sur mesure tacky de mauvais goût
ready-to-wear du prêt-à-porter overdressed trop bien habillé
second-hand clothes des vêtements d’occasion to dress up bien s’habiller
plain simple size la taille
unobtrusive discret to fit bien aller (taille)
casual, informal de détente to suit bien aller
loose, baggy ample, lâche a fitting room une cabine
tight, close-fitting serré, ajusté d’essayage
➦ People say that you can wear anything you like when you have a good figure. That’s why there are many
clothes you can’t wear if your figure doesn’t conform to fashion norms. The phrase “fashion victims” can
sometimes be taken literally.
Les gens disent qu’on peut porter ce qu’on veut quand on a la ligne. C’est pourquoi il y a beaucoup de vêtements
qu’on ne peut pas porter si on n’a pas une silhouette conforme aux normes de la mode. L’expression « victimes
de la mode » peut parfois être prise au pied de la lettre.
➦ That shirt suits you but it doesn’t match those trousers.
Cette chemise te va bien mais elle ne va pas bien avec ce pantalon.
Internet abbreviations are trendy too

ASAP: As soon as possible • BTW: By the way • LOL: Laughing out loud • FYI: For your information
76
CHECK POINT
1 Entourez le mot qui convient, ou les deux mots s’ils sont synonymes. A B
1. I’m wearing/carrying a red scarf. I need to buy a matching/suiting belt.
2. You’ve got a beautiful line/figure. You should buy tight/unobtrusive trousers.
3. This is the place for plain/trendy clothes. All hipsters come here.
4. Bright colours are the latest fad/craze this summer.
5. It’s very fashionable/tacky. Everyone’s wearing it.
6. I think it’s vulgar. It’s too ostentatious/showy.
2 Traduisez. A B
1. Les tissus africains sont à la mode cette saison.
2. Nos clients achètent des vêtements d’occasion simplement parce qu’ils sont moins chers.
3. En Angleterre on s’habille plus qu’en France pour aller au spectacle.
4. Tout le monde portait des jeans et je me sentais un peu trop bien habillé dans mon costume.
5. Les lunettes sont des accessoires de mode.
6. Victoria Beckham a présenté dans un défilé à New York sa première collection de lainages (woollen
collection).
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Voici un essai qui pose la question : Who is to blame for anorexia?

When we see models on catwalks the word “anorexia” instantly comes to mind.
The fashion industry is often blamed for encouraging even thin models to lose
weight, so that they can fit into size zero outfits. It’s well known that many models
develop fears of putting on weight and therefore of losing their jobs. Anorexic
models are very likely to develop a variety of health problems, leading to depres-
sion and even death.
Some former models speak out against the fashion industry’s encouragement of
unhealthily thin models and its influence on teenagers who may identify with them,
and who may equate beauty with skinniness and with happiness. The number of
girls – about 90% of people with anorexia are women – who starve themselves
is amazing.
Things may be improving, though, as when fashion leaders require a minimum
mass index for models, or when magazine editors decide not to feature models who appear unhealthily
thin in the publications.
Relevez dans le texte les segments de phrase correspondant aux idées suivantes.
1. L’anorexie touche principalement les femmes.
2. Les mannequins craignent pour leur emploi.
3. Les choses changent un peu.
4. Certains mannequins osent parler.
5. Les mannequins anorexiques peuvent devenir dépressifs.
BUILD UP
4 Expliquez ces abréviations en vous aidant de leur équivalent français.

XOXO Bises. JK Je rigole.
WYWH J’aimerais que tu sois là. NIMBY Pas près de chez moi.
TX Merci. OMG Oh mon Dieu !
BFF Meilleurs amis pour toujours TMI Moins de détails !
35 - Fashion 77
Money matters
36 The Bank of Baroda is a global
bank with a network of branches
in India, and an international
presence in 15 countries.
A Money to buy things

a steady income des revenus stables plastic money les cartes de crédit
the purchasing money le pouvoir d’achat to be* short of cash être à court d’argent
to spend* money on sth dépenser de l’argent to withdraw* money retirer de l’argent
pour qqch. a withdrawal un retrait
to save économiser the exchange rate le taux de change
a banknote [GB], un billet de banque cheap as chips pas cher du tout
a bill [US] foreign currency une devise étrangère
a coin une pièce cryptocurrency la cryptomonnaie
(small) change de la (petite) monnaie
to pay* by credit card or payer par carte de
in cash crédit ou en liquide
➦ In some countries it’s difficult to find a cashpoint that will not charge to take out money.
Dans certains pays, il est difficile trouver un distributeur qui ne fasse pas payer pour retirer de l’argent.
B Bank accounts
a branch une agence to lend* prêter
a window, a counter, un guichet an overdraft un découvert
a desk to be* hard up être fauché
a clerk un employé de banque to borrow from sb emprunter à qqn
online banking la banque en ligne to take* out a loan contracter un emprunt
a saver un épargnant a mortgage un emprunt [immobilier]
to manage one’s gérer ses ressources to charge interest faire payer des intérêts
financial resources personnelles to pay* off debts rembourser des dettes
a current/savings un compte courant/ to repay*, to pay* rembourser
account d’épargne back, to reimburse
outgoings les frais fixes a standing order un virement permanent
a bank transfer un virement bancaire
➦ With a bank transfer it is possible to send money to an account anywhere in the world.
Avec un virement bancaire, il est possible d’envoyer de l’argent sur un compte n’importe où dans le monde.
➦ A commercial bank provides services such as making loans, and offering mortgages.
Les banques de dépôt fournissent des services tels que des prêts à la consommation et des prêts immobiliers.
➦ An investment that yields 2% per annum is a good return with a 1% inflation rate.
Un investissement qui rapporte 2 % par an a un bon rendement avec une inflation à 1 %.
Win, earn, gain ou make ?

Ces verbes ont des sens différents : win (être le vainqueur) ≠ earn/make (percevoir un revenu) ≠ gain (obtenir).
They won over $100,000 at the lottery. We gained ten new customers last week.
They earn/make over $100,000 a year. I made £100 on the sale of the motorbike.
78
CHECK POINT
1. I’m sorry but we don’t take credit cards, nor cheques. It’s …… only.
2. We’re a bit hard up (fauché) at the moment. So, we’re …… of cash.
3. You can say “cash machine”, “cash dispenser”, “ATM”, “hole in the wall” or …… …… ”!
4. A synonym for “take money out” is “…… money”.
5. “My new TV was dirt cheap, £50.” “£50? That’s …… as …… .”
6. You can say “I’ll repay you” or “I’ll …… ……” or “I’ll …… …… …… .”
2 Traduisez. A B
1. J’ai contracté un emprunt de 50 000 dollars pour acheter mon appartement.
2. J’ai un revenu stable mais mes frais fixes sont très élevés !
3. J’ai un découvert sur mon compte courant. Il faut que je transfère de l’argent de mon compte d’épargne.
4. La banque m’a prêté 1000 euros le mois dernier. Je dois encore en emprunter 500.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Voici un essai où est imaginé un monde sans argent liquide.

It’s easy to imagine a cashless world, in which all payments would be made electronically. This would
imply that more and more individuals are equipped with portable card readers to accept virtual payments,
even your kids when you want to give them pocket money, but this is a fair way off yet. Until then, it’s still
pennies in the piggy bank (tirelire).
Some people like the idea of a cashless economy, if only because it would lead to a safer society. Indeed,
electronic payments have caused the rate of burglary, assault and larceny to fall recently. It would drop
dramatically if we got rid of cash altogether. Also, all transactions would be visible — if digital money
were to take over — , which would be a good thing for the overall economy. It would also mean the end of
undeclared work.
However, many experts say it’s important for young children to have coins, as they’re tangible and they
really mean something to them. And then you have buskers (musiciens des rues) and wishing fountains to
consider…

1. Relevez quatre arguments pour et trois contre la monnaie électronique.
Pros 1. …… 2. …… 3. …… 4. ……
Cons 1. …… 2. …… 3. ……
2. Relevez cinq groupes de mots qui désignent la monnaie électronique.
BUILD UP
4 Choisissez entre win (won), earn, make et gain.

1. Did your country ever …… the World Cup?
2. I …… a good living but I don’t consider myself rich.
3. All we can do is look at who stood to …… from the crime.
4. Congratulations on your new job! How much do you ……?
5. Liz Rossetti is confident she will …… the next election.
6. This is a ……-…… situation. We’ll all benefit from the new agreement.
7. Australian women …… the right to vote in 1902.
8. They …… over $150,000 a year.
36 - Money matters 79
The world of finance
37 American National Bank & Trust Co.
is headquartered in Chicago,
Illinois, and operates branch offices
in states including Illinois, Wisconsin
and Georgia.
A Business finance
a taxpayer un contribuable a rate of return un taux de rendement
household income le revenu des ménages investment management la gestion
income tax un impôt sur le revenu de placements
VAT (value added tax) la TVA (taxe sur la valeur business management la gestion
ajoutée) des entreprises
assets and liabilities l’actif et le passif bankruptcy la faillite
profit and loss les pertes et profits to file for bankruptcy déposer son bilan
to ensure assurer, garantir to collapse s’effondrer, s’écrouler
a profit un bénéfice to bail out renflouer
the turnover le chiffre d’affaires to entail a cost engendrer un coût
to plan/to draw* up établir un budget
a budget
➦ The company has an annual turnover of ca £10 million.

Cette entreprise a un chiffre d’affaires d’environ dix millions de livres.
➦ According to legend, Lady Godiva rode naked through the streets of Coventry to protest against the high
taxes levied by her husband on his tenants in the 11th century.
Selon la légende, Lady Godiva a traversé nue, à cheval, les rues de Coventry pour protester contre les impôts
élevés prélevés par son mari chez ses locataires, au XIe siècle.
B The stock exchange

a share une action to raise capital réunir des capitaux
a (junk) bond une obligation (pourrie) a share price un cours en bourse
pension funds des fonds de pension to go* up, to rise* augmenter
a government bond une obligation d’État to soar grimper en flèche
a shareholder, un actionnaire to peak, to reach a peak atteindre un sommet
a stockholder to go* down, to fall* diminuer
a broker un courtier to drop chuter
a stockbroker un agent de change to plummet dégringoler
the return on le retour sur
investment investissement
➦ The market was steady all week, but has rallied just before the close.
Le marché a été stable toute la semaine mais s’est redressé juste avant la clôture.
➦ A bearish day is to be expected but we’re bullish on these bonds.
On peut s’attendre à une journée baissière mais nous sommes optimistes pour ces obligations.
-ish
Le suffixe -ish sert à former des adjectifs à partir de noms, souvent pour décrire un comportement : child
➞ childish (enfantin), fool ➞ foolish (stupide). Bearish (littéralement « comme un ours ») désigne un marché
baissier et bullish (littéralement « comme un taureau ») un marché haussier.
80
CHECK POINT
1. a tax collected on wages and salaries: ……
2. a tax that’s sometimes called a sales tax or a consumption tax: ……
3. the situation you are in when you can no longer pay what you owe: ……
4. to lend money to a person or organization in difficulty: ……
5. what a company owns and its debts: ……
2 Chassez l’intrus. B
1. a bond • a share • a connection • stocks
2. to rise • to plummet • to peak • to soar
3. to collapse • to fall • to drop • to rise
4. important • steady • bullish • bearish
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Voici un essai qui évoque les conséquences possibles d’une crise économique.
Economists, industrialists and the typical person in the street all fear the consequences of a recession, i.e.
decreasing industrial production, fewer job opportunities, reducing purchasing power, etc. The economic
effects of a recession are well known. They are also social when unemployment rises and people find it
harder and harder to solve their financial problems, which can lead to mental and physical illness or even
depression.
In some regions with little social protection, unemployment can mean homelessness. Homes are fore-
closed on (être saisi) and sometimes abandoned. Whole neighbourhoods can deteriorate as a result of
high unemployment. If the worst comes to the worst, a whole city can go bankrupt, like Detroit in the USA.
Lisez le texte et traduisez ce qui suit.

1. se dégrader – la baisse du pouvoir d’achat – l’absence de toit – moins d’offres d’emploi –
la chute de la production industrielle
2. “If the worst comes to the worst, a whole city can go bankrupt, like Detroit in the USA.”
Racine (Milwaukee) is situated in what is now known

as the “Rust belt”. It is characterized by economic
decline, population loss, and urban decay due to the
shrinking of its once powerful industrial sector.
BUILD UP
4 Traduisez.
1. I wouldn’t say he’s old. He’s oldish, probably in his sixties.
2. Her shirt was greenish.
3. We could meet up at eightish.
4. I met a fiftyish man last week.
5. My new boyfriend is tallish, with beautiful brown eyes.
37 - The world of finance 81

Youth
38 A young skateboarder is practising
just before school time in Venice
(California).
A Growing up
a peer group un groupe du même âge a cult figure une idole
to come* of age atteindre la majorité to be* self-conscious manquer d’assurance
energetic énergique \"kÅnSEs\
fit en forme to drop out of school abandonner ses études
inquisitive curieux [valeur positive] to hang* out traîner
rebellious rebelle NEET Not in Education,
to have* one’s say dire ce qu’on a à dire Employment or
a flash mob une mobilisation éclair Training
➦ Teenagers looking consciously or not for a role model often turn to celebrities for inspiration and guidance.
Les adolescents qui cherchent consciemment ou non un modèle se tournent souvent vers les stars pour trouver
l’inspiration et la voie à suivre.
➦ Many flash mobs have been immortalized on YouTube and show large groups of young people doing
anything from dancing in train stations to having pillow fights in public squares. (ivillage.com)
De nombreuses mobilisations éclairs ont été immortalisées sur YouTube. On y voit de grands rassemblements
de jeunes qui font plein d’activités, depuis la danse dans des gares jusqu’aux batailles de polochons sur des
places publiques.
B Getting mature
a gap year une année sabbatique, une a rewarding experience une expérience
parenthèse utile [interruption enrichissante
de la formation pendant une a personal goal un but personnel
année] to further one’s personal progresser dans son
to challenge se lancer un défi development développement personnel
oneself to be* focused être déterminé
to get* involved s’impliquer dans une tâche to experience connaître
to volunteer faire du bénévolat to be* tech savvy être calé en technologie
\ÆvÅlEn"tIE\ to be* resilient ne pas se laisser abattre
a worthwhile une cause louable to be* career-minded être préoccupé
cause par sa carrière
➦ Gap year volunteering is increasingly being recognised by employers and universities for providing real
life experience and the opportunity to learn valuable skills.
Les employeurs et les universités reconnaissent de plus en plus les années de bénévolat faites avant ou pendant
son cursus car elles apportent une expérience concrète de la vie et sont l’occasion d’acquérir des compétences
précieuses.
Jeune
un jeune : a young person/man, a youth [péjoratif] les jeunes d’aujourd’hui : the youth of today
les jeunes : young people, the young la jeunesse : youth
82
CHECK POINT
1 Retrouvez les synonymes (=) ou antonymes (≠ ) des mots suivants. A
1. to waste time = …… …… ……
2. shy, uneasy = ……-……
3. obedient, manageable ≠ ……
4. to become old enough for full legal rights = …… …… …… ……
5. uninterested ≠ ……
6. unwell ≠ ……

1. Passer mon année après le lycée en Australie a été une expérience enrichissante.
2. Elle a perdu son travail mais elle ne se laisse pas abattre.
3. Il y a un an, il a fait du bénévolat dans une école au Zimbabwe.
4. Mettez-vous au défi d’atteindre vos buts.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Lisez ces extraits de presse qui réunissent quelques données sur la jeune génération.
§ 1. The children of Generation Z (“Gen Zers”) were born around the new Millennium. They have “known
nothing but an Internet-connected world. From their earliest years, they have been shaped by social media,
e-commerce, and on-demand services, using technology to customize the information they receive, the
products they buy, and the interactions they have. […] At the same time, they are conservative in their
spending, less likely to expect financial help from their parents, and more wary of the future after witnessing
their parents or friends’ parents lose jobs in the Great Recession [in 2007-2009]”.
The Boston Globe, September 2015.
§ 2. Too young to remember 9/11, they have grown up in a world in political and financial turmoil. As a
result, they are keen to look after their money, and make the world a better place. […] Unlike the older Gen
Y, they are smarter, safer, more mature and want to change the world. Their pin-up is Malala Yousafzai,
the Pakistani education campaigner, who survived being shot by the Taliban, and who became the world’s
youngest ever Nobel Prize recipient.
Adapted from The Telegraph, July 2014.
Dans quel(s) article(s) trouvez-vous les données suivantes ? Citez les segments qui
justifient votre réponse.
1. La génération Z a toujours connu les moyens modernes d’information et de communication.
2. Les jeunes de cette génération font attention à ce qu’ils dépensent.
3. Dès leur plus jeune âge, ils savent ce qu’est une crise économique.
4. Plus matures que leurs aînés, ils veulent rendre le monde meilleur.
BUILD UP

1. Les jeunes n’attendent pas tout de leurs parents.
2. Je ferais n’importe quoi pour retrouver (to get back sth) ma jeunesse.
3. Les jeunes d’aujourd’hui admirent Malala Yousafzai.
4. Ce jeune est calé en technologie.
38 - Youth 83
Old age and death
39
After visiting Bamburgh Castle
(Northumberland) on a day trip, a group
of elderly people are waiting for the
coach that will take them back to their
senior citizens’ home.
A Old age
to retire prendre sa retraite to live to a ripe old age vivre jusqu’à un âge avancé
a pensioner, un retraité to be* housebound être confiné chez soi
a retiree [US] to flag, to weaken s’affaiblir
pep le dynamisme to ramble on radoter
to take* to travelling se mettre à voyager grumpy, cranky grincheux
a wrinkle une ride mentally impaired diminué intellectuellement
to go* grey grisonner to dote devenir gâteux
life expectancy l’espérance de vie doddering gâteux
a centenarian un centenaire
\ÆsentE"neEriEn\
➦ According to the United Nations, by 2030 more than 20% of people will be over 65 in at least 34 countries.
UK, Japan, Germany, Italy, US and France will all be “super-aged” by then. This phenomenon is sometimes
called the greying of rich countries.
Selon les Nations Unies, d’ici 2030, plus de 20 % de la population aura plus de 65 ans dans au moins 34 pays.
Le Royaume-Uni, le Japon, l’Allemagne, l’Italie, les États-Unis et la France seront tous « super âgés » d’ici là. Ce
phénomène est parfois nommé le grisonnement des pays riches.
B Death
to draw* up a will rédiger un testament to be* cremated être incinéré
to pass away décéder the ashes les cendres
an undertaker, un entrepreneur de to mourn sb, pleurer qqn
a mortician [US] pompes funèbres to grieve for sb
a coffin, a casket un cercueil Here lies… Ci-gît…
a grave une tombe Rest in peace (RIP) Qu’il/elle repose en paix
a graveyard, a cemetery un cimetière an heir un héritier
to bury \"beri\ enterrer
➦ Chronic disease affects more than 80 percent of people over 65. It costs an estimated 700 billion euros
in health care spending each year in Europe.
Les maladies chroniques touchent plus de 80% des plus de 65 ans. Elles coûtent environ 700 milliards d’euros
en dépenses de santé, annuellement, en Europe.
➦ Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life’s change agent. It clears out the old to make
way for the new. (Steve Jobs)
La mort est sans doute la meilleure invention de la vie. C’est le facteur de changement de la vie. Elle supprime
ce qui est ancien pour faire place au neuf.
Mort
la mort : death mort (adjectif décrivant un état) : dead
les morts : the dead un mort : a dead person/man/woman
être mort (participe passé du verbe « mourir ») : died
Elle est morte l’an dernier. She died last year.
84
CHECK POINT
1 Traduisez les phrases suivantes. A
1. Lorsque je prendrai ma retraite, je me mettrai à voyager.
2. Je ne veux pas mourir diminué intellectuellement.
3. Cette retraitée est pleine de dynamisme.
4. Elle se moque (doesn’t care about) des rides et des cheveux grisonnants.
5. L’espérance de vie augmente rapidement.
2 Associez les termes deux par deux. B

1. to be cremated a. to bury
2. a cemetery b. an heir
3. a will c. graves
4. a coffin d. to grieve for
5. to mourn e. ashes
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Prenez connaissance des paragraphes suivants.

§ 1. Is a hospital room full of machines and tubes really the best place to spend our final days before we
rest in peace? A “good death” may sound like a contradiction of terms, but the vast majority of Americans
(70 percent in one poll) do agree that if they are going to die, they would like to die at home.
CBS News, April 2014.
§ 2. To baby boomers, a good death is more about a good life. When they can’t have that any longer, it’s time
to pull the plug. This will be the first generation to broadly eschew (éviter) painful life-extending procedures
and make the most of palliative care to live better in fewer days, and then die with dignity.
Time, August 2013.
§ 3. I’ve said in my advanced directives, if I have any illness that will kill me where treatment has not got
at least a 95 per cent chance of my returning to a totally independent life, I don’t want to live.
The Independent, April 2015.
§ 4. In modern society people no longer die at home, but hidden away in hospitals. And very often the
bereaved (la famille du défunt) no longer wear visible signs of mourning. Dying used to be an integral part
of social life. It is now a source of terror and people try to hide death as much as they can.
Dans quel paragraphe les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues ? Justifiez votre choix
en citant un segment du texte.
1. Il vaut mieux mourir qu’être dépendant.
2. La mort est source d’angoisse d’autant qu’elle est, de nos jours, de plus en plus dissimulée.
3. Vivre le mieux possible les quelques jours restants puis mourir dignement : c’est le choix de l’homme
moderne.
4. Oui, nous allons mourir, mais que ce soit chez nous.
BUILD UP
4 Complétez les phrases suivantes.

1. They were buried yesterday, two days after they …… .
2. Only the forgotten are truly …… . (Tess Gerristen)
3. I am not afraid of …… , I just don’t want to be there when it happens. (Woody Allen)
4. The …… do not hurt you; only the living do. (Tess Gerristen)
39 - Old age and death 85

Women and men
40
Men are taller than women, or are
they? A young couple is saying
goodbye in an airport.
A Gender roles
gender roles les rôles attribués à household chores les tâches ménagères
chaque sexe sex-based attitudes les attitudes sexistes
inborn, innate inné male chauvinism la phallocratie
acquired acquis a patronizing attitude une attitude
to depend on dépendre de condescendante
the breadwinner le soutien de famille a male preserve une chasse gardée
tied by the children pris par les enfants \prI"z∏…v\ des hommes
trapped at home confiné dans la maison gender studies les études sur le genre
➦ The nuclear family consisting of the stay-at-home mother and the traditional breadwinner is no
longer the norm.
La famille nucléaire avec mère au foyer et père au travail ne représente plus la norme.
B Rights women are still fighting for

Right to vote In 1893, New Zealand became the first country to give
women the right to vote on a national level.
Birth control and abortion (l’avortement) In 2013, Ireland passed a law allowing limited rights
to abortion.
Right to education It is estimated that well over 60 million girls around the
world are not in school.
Equal employment rights In 1969, in the USA, the Equal Pay Act required that
men and women be given equal pay for equal work.
End of violence against women In 2013, it was estimated that 35 per cent of women
worldwide experienced physical violence.
Recognition of forced marriage as a practice In 2015, in South Asia, 48% of girls were forced to
similar to slavery marry before the age of 18.
C Women at work
a career \kE"rIE\ woman une femme qui fait carrière self-fulfilment l’épanouissement
to be* equal to the job être à la hauteur the work-life l’équilibre entre travail et
to assert oneself s’affirmer balance vie personnelle
high flying de haute volée the pay gap la différence de salaire
a challenging assignment une tâche stimulante to break* the briser le plafond de verre
a high-profile project un projet de haut niveau glass ceiling
➦ The top circles of corporate America remain stubbornly male – for instance in 2011, only 14 percent of
women served on executive committees, and only 3 percent served as CEOs.
Les hautes sphères des entreprises américaines restent obstinément dominées par les hommes ; en 2011 par
exemple, seulement 14% de femmes participaient aux comités de direction et seulement 3% étaient PDG.
86
CHECK POINT
1 Retrouvez les mots correspondant aux définitions suivantes. A
1. jobs that are often just for men: …… …… ……
2. the person who earns money to support the family: …… ……
3. tasks such as cleaning, ironing, cooking: …… ……
4. arrogant and over-confident: ……
5. to be unable to escape: …… …… ……
2 Traduisez les phrases suivantes. C

1. Va-t-il être à la hauteur ?
2. La différence de salaire est encore considérable (huge).
3. C’est une musicienne de haute volée.
4. C’est une supermom : elle a trouvé l’équilibre parfait entre travail et vie personnelle.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Lisez ce texte sur les femmes et le travail au Japon.

Discrimination is deeply engrained into the country’s institutions. “Japan has got numerous anti-discrimination
laws,” says Yoshiyuki Takeuchi, professor of economy at the University of Osaka, “but still tax, pension,
social security and health insurance are based on the model of a four-person family with a working father
and a stay-at-home mother.
In Japan, companies pay men a higher salary if their wives stay home. Women who restart as part-timers
can only earn a limited amount of money. These are rules and regulations that were developed during the
seventies based on the economic reality of that time. They have barely changed since then. Nowadays
they keep women from trying to restart a career.” […]
“The work force is shrinking and Japan is not very open to immigration,” Kathy Matsui tells IPS. “There’s
no other solution than to use your existing population more. Women comprise 50 percent of the Japanese
population, they are highly educated but stop working at a certain age. There are no other options than
to take measures to try keeping women on the working track. This is not a feminist point of view but the
objective analysis of an economist.”
However, Japanese society doesn’t seem very willing to accept the idea.
Inter press service, www. ipsnews.net, January 2013.
Les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Si oui, citez la phrase
correspondante.
1. Les hommes dont les épouses restent à la maison sont mieux payés que les autres.
2. Les femmes japonaises ont un niveau d’éducation assez bas.
3. L’économie japonaise a besoin du travail des femmes.
4. Le journaliste reconnaît avoir un point de vue très féministe.
BUILD UP
4 Voici un exemple d’humour sexiste.

Ce panneau indique les toilettes dans un restaurant.
Expliquez le jeu de mot.
40 - Women and men 87

Family relationships
41
A happy blended family.
Christophe’s two sons, Kim’s two
daughters and adopted son
attend their parents’ wedding.
A New families
a stepfamily, une famille recomposée surrogacy \"sØrEgEsi\ la GPA (gestation
a blended family pour autrui)
an extended family une famille élargie a surrogate (mother) une mère porteuse
a single-parent family une famille monoparentale to enter into a civil se pacser
a foster family une famille d’accueil union/partnership
foster parents des parents d’accueil the decline in marriage la diminution du nombre
a biological parent un parent biologique des mariages
an adopted child un enfant adoptif unmarried couples les couples non mariés
an adoptive parent un parent adoptif to cohabit cohabiter
a test-tube baby un bébé-éprouvette to split* up se séparer
IVF (in vitro la fécondation in vitro to pay* sb alimony verser une pension
fertilization) alimentaire à qqn
➦ In most countries children born outside marriage are provided with legal rights.
Dans la plupart des pays, les enfants nés hors mariage ont des droits reconnus par la loi.
➦ In the UK blended families represent between 11% and 15% of families with dependent children. Same-
sex couple families now number over 300,000 households in the UK.
Au Royaume-Uni, les familles recomposées représentent entre 11 % et 15 % des familles avec enfants à charge.
Les familles de couples homosexuels représentent maintenant 300 000 foyers au Royaume-Uni.
B Old and still going

kinship la parenté a household un ménage, un foyer
a relative un parent, un membre a family gathering une fête de famille
de la famille to hold* a hen/stag party enterrer sa vie de fille/
siblings les frères et sœurs de garçon
offspring la progéniture to be* engaged être fiancé
to raise children élever des enfants to propose demander en mariage
➦ The increased role of love in marriages has altered the institution of the family.
Le rôle accru de l’amour dans les mariages a modifié l’institution de la famille.
➦ A beautiful wedding does not necessarily mean a beautiful marriage.
Une belle cérémonie de mariage ne signifie pas forcément un beau mariage.
Step- et -in-law
Les mots stepmother (nouvelle femme du père) et mother-in-law (mère du conjoint) se traduisent
par « belle-mère ».
88
CHECK POINT
1 Traduisez ces phrases. A B
1. Nous nous sommes pacsés il y a trois ans.
2. J’ai vécu dans une famille monoparentale pendant dix ans. Ma mère a rencontré mon beau-père, son
mari, quand j’ai eu vingt ans.
3. Le nombre de familles recomposées a augmenté de plus de (has gone up over) 10% ces trois dernières
années.
4. On (People) parle toujours de la mort de la famille, mais celle-ci est reportée (is postponed) à chaque
nouvelle génération.
5. Le divorce n’est plus tabou (taboo) et les couples se séparent plus facilement que dans le passé.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
2 Les titres suivants résument la conception de la famille du passé jusqu’à nos jours.
Reliez chaque titre (de 1 à 6) avec son commentaire (de a à f). Vérifiez vos réponses
à l’aide du fichier audio.
1. Fifties They lived happily ever after their wedding. Divorce was unthinkable.
2. Sixties Decadence, dissent and freedom.
3. Seventies The “me” decade.
4. Eighties Children first (or not); marriage second.
5. Nineties The family inside out, i.e. the family is redefined.
No more confetti, because weddings are no longer what they used to be.
6. Noughties (2000s)
Surrogacy is something people talk about more and more.
a. Families come in all shapes and sizes and include circles of friends. Marriage rates continue to plunge.
“Wombs to rent” cause ethical dilemmas with greater frequency.
b. The single-parent family is born. The divorce rate shoots up from 45,794 in England and Wales in
1968 to 143,667 in 1978 – divorce is overwhelmingly initiated by women, who are no longer ready to
sacrifice themselves for their family.
c. Marriage has to last for life. Family life is stable and conformist. Divorce carries a stigma.
d. It’s a time of “free love”. The family as the moral mirror of society is pretty much shattered. So is the
traditional trilogy for women “housework, motherhood, husband”.
e. New families emerge, like single-parent families, stepfamilies and gay parents. The new trends fail to
bring back the housewife and the breadwinner father.
f. Couples no longer feel the pressure to get married when they have children. Legislation puts the child
first in family life, rather than assuming that marriage is the only form of protection.
Data given by The Observer, July 2015*.
* The Observer’s data do not mention the twenty-tens (2010s) nor the twenties (2020s) but we could suppose that what has chan-
ged is the fact that more couples no longer feel the pressure to have children (“Why a generation is choosing to be child-free”, The
Guardian, 25 July 2020).
BUILD UP
3 Traduisez.
1. In fairy tales, stepmothers are portrayed as being wicked, as in Cinderella or Snow White. Their most
common victims are stepdaughters. They sometimes hate their stepsons too.
2. It’s never easy to be a stepparent.
3. My in-laws love me. To be honest with you, I’m a perfect daughter-in-law.
4. I quite like my mother-in-law but I find my father-in-law a bit dull.
41 - Family relationships 89
Social inequality
42
Homelessness is considered
an epidemic in several American
cities such as Los Angeles
or New York city.
A The social fabric

the social fabric le tissu social access to public goods l’accès aux biens publics
the social status le statut social to entail, to involve impliquer
social cohesion la cohésion sociale social mobility l’ascenseur social
equal opportunities l’égalité des chances sb’s worth la valeur de qqn
the distribution of la répartition des
resources \rI"zO…sIz\ ressources
➦ Social power is the degree of influence that someone can have among their peers or within society
in general.
Le pouvoir social est le degré d’influence que quelqu’un peut exercer auprès de ses pairs ou dans la société
en général.
➦ The existence of equal opportunities within a society plays a decisive role in social cohesion.
L’égalité des chances à l’intérieur d’une société joue un rôle déterminant dans la cohésion sociale.
B Societal issues
a societal issue \"ISu…\ un problème de société low self-esteem la faible estime de soi
an imbalance un déséquilibre low self-confidence le manque de confiance
rights and privileges des droits et privilèges en soi
the haves and have- les nantis et les pauvres to suffer discrimination être victime de
nots discrimination
lack of possessions l’absence de biens to feel* left out se sentir exclu
uneven, unequal inégal a sense of personal le sentiment d’être
unfair, biased injuste failure en échec
ethnic, religious and l’inégalité fondée sur social frustration la frustration sociale
gender inequality l’appartenance ethnique, resentment la rancœur
la religion et le sexe \rI"zentmEnt\
to widen (a gap) creuser (un fossé) divisive \dI"vaIsIv\ qui divise
to cause être source
dissatisfaction d’insatisfaction
➦ Our MP pointed out rightly that social inequality tends to damage the social fabric of society.
Notre député a fait remarquer à juste titre que les inégalités sociales tendent à endommager le tissu social.
Worth
Le nom worth signifie « la valeur » et l’expression to be worth « mériter ».
The worth of this house resides in its architecture.
La valeur de cette maison repose sur son architecture.
Is the film worth seeing?
Est-ce que le film mérite d’être vu ?
90
CHECK POINT
1 Associez ces mots par paires de synonymes. B
unjust – difference – poor – fair – unequal – unfair – absence – money – unbiased – have-nots – gap –
uneven – lack – wealth

1. Il est difficile de ne pas (not to) se sentir exclu dans ce groupe d’ambitieux.
2. Le déséquilibre entre les différents (various) groupes tend à se creuser.
3. Ce système injuste va affecter (to impact) des milliers de personnes.
4. C’est un problème de société qui divise l’opinion.
5. J’éprouvais beaucoup de rancœur à l’époque (at the time), probablement par manque de confiance.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Voici un essai sur la question des inégalités sociales.

Social inequality on the rise?
In the best of all possible worlds, a child’s future should be determined by their talents, their ability to prove
their worth in the society they live in and to adapt to society’s needs. In other words, their future should not
depend on their colour, gender, economic status or postcode i.e. where they were born. And yet…
It is obvious that the son of a successful lawyer in the U.S. – and probably in all countries – is far more
likely to become highly successful than the son of a shop assistant. Recent studies tend to show that the
gap between the well-off and the poor has widened.
A 2015 survey of more than 70,000 managers highlighted the large gender pay gap in the UK, despite
undeniable women’s gains. Male managers earn at least 20% more than their female counterparts.
Many studies point out the gulf that exists between black students and their white classmates in U.S. public
schools. They also show that there are significant gaps in life expectancy depending on your zip code.
“Their future should not depend on their colour, gender, economic status or postcode…”
Relevez les segments de phrase qui montrent qu’il n’en est pas ainsi en complétant les
phrases suivantes.
1. Their future should not depend on their colour. And yet…
2. Their future should not depend on their gender. And yet…
3. Their future should not depend on their economic status. And yet…
4. Their future should not depend on their postcode. And yet…
BUILD UP
4 Traduisez.
1. The car dealer said my car was worth $500.
2. It’s worth remembering that New York can be very cold in January.
3. The National Portrait Gallery is definitely worth a visit.
4. I had to queue for four hours, but it was worth it.
5. “How much petrol should I get?” “About 40 pounds’ worth, please.”
6. I know you don’t want me to say anything, but for what it’s worth, you should find
a new hairdresser.
42 - Social inequality 91
Social progress
43 The Welfare warriors (here a poster in
Milwaukee, Wisconsin) consider that
“Motherwork IS Work” and must be
paid and prioritized by the community
and in the workplace.
A Social progress indicators

GDP (gross domestic le PIB (produit intérieur sanitation les installations sanitaires
product) brut) life expectancy l’espérance de vie
wellbeing, wellness le bien-être literacy le taux d’alphabétisation
basic human needs les besoins humains inclusion l’intégration
fondamentaux living conditions les conditions de vie
staple foods des aliments de base working conditions les conditions de travail
a shelter un abri leisure \"leZE\ time le temps libre
affordable housing des logements abordables
➦ The international non-profit organisation Social Progress Imperative aims at measuring social progress
in three areas: basic human needs, foundations of wellbeing and equal opportunity.
L’organisation internationale à but non lucratif Social Progress Imperative a pour objectif de mesurer le progrès
social dans trois domaines : les besoins humains fondamentaux, les bases du bien-être et l’égalité des chances.
➦ Equal opportunity covers personal rights, tolerance, freedom from discrimination, and access to higher
education.
L’égalité des chances inclut les droits individuels, la tolérance, la protection contre la discrimination et l’accès à
l’enseignement supérieur.
B Campaigning for social progress

to advocate, défendre to value leisure time valoriser le temps libre
to support human advancement le progrès humain
a defender, un défenseur, far-reaching reforms des réformes de grande
a proponent un partisan envergure
to improve the living améliorer les conditions difficult to achieve difficile à atteindre
conditions de vie
➦ Broadly speaking, social progress implies free health care and education, and the protection of chil-
dren, the elderly and minorities.
D’une manière générale, le progrès social implique un accès libre à la santé et à l’éducation, ainsi que la protection
des enfants, des personnes âgées et des minorités.
➦ Social progress can be measured exactly by the social position of the fair sex […]. (Karl Marx)
Le progrès social peut se mesurer exactement par la position sociale du beau sexe.
Anyone
Dans une phrase affirmative, anyone/anybody signifie « n’importe qui » ou « tout le monde ».
Anyone knows that. Tout le monde sait ça.
Dans une phrase négative, not… anyone signifie « ne… personne ».
92
CHECK POINT
1 Complétez les phrases suivantes. A B
1. …… is a system that takes dirty water and other waste products away from our homes.
2. A ……-…… organisation is not interested in making money.
3. There aren’t enough …… for the homeless in this city.
4. I’m not sure we do enough for the …… (personnes âgées) in our society.
5. …… …… is steadily increasing in the EU. It’s close to 80 years on average.
2 Remplacez les segments en gras par un synonyme. B

1. How can we ameliorate the lives of our fellow citizens (concitoyens)?
2. The civil rights movement supported equality before the law in the U.S. in the 60s.
It now supports all the rights of minorities.
3. Human progress has come a long way since the days of the cave man (homme des cavernes).
4. They are strong defenders of social progress.
5. I’ve always considered her advice important.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Voici un essai qui propose plusieurs définitions de la solidarité.

Solidarity implies support for the members of a given group. Social progress is partly based on the notion
of solidarity: in a progressive society, people are supposed to provide help for vulnerable people.
Many international organisations set great store by (font grand cas de) solidarity. Thus, in 2005 the General
Assembly of the United Nations identified solidarity as one of the fundamental and universal values that
should underlie relations between peoples in the twenty-first century. In 2014, Ban Ki-moon said: “Only
through collective action can we address such far reaching issues as poverty and growing inequality,
climate change, chronic poverty and major health challenges, such as the Ebola outbreak in West Africa.”
The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union contains a chapter titled “Solidarity”. It covers
workers’ rights – including fair working conditions and protection against unjustified dismissal – health
care, social assistance, environmental protection and consumer protection.
Les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Justifiez votre réponse en citant
un segment.
1. Solidarity is important to many international organisations.
2. Solidarity between nations has been achieved by the United Nations.
3. A chapter of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union is devoted to solidarity.
4. The United Nations and the European Union define solidarity in the same way.
BUILD UP
4 Traduisez.
1. I haven’t seen anyone all day.
2. Is anyone home?
3. Please, don’t tell anybody.
4. Anyone who wants to get a driving licence has to register online first.
5. Is there anything I can do to help?
6. I didn’t say anything, I promise.
7. Nowadays you can go anywhere in the world in a few hours.
8. I don’t want to go anywhere.
43 - Social progress 93
Discrimination and civil rights
44 This plaque was exhibited at the
entrance of a swimming pool in the
1930s. It was photographed in a junk
shop in the West of the United States
in the 2010s.
A Discrimination
to be* discriminated être victime de an outcast un exclu
against discrimination incitement to racial l’incitation à la haine
segregated où règne la ségrégation hatred raciale
raciale sexual harassment le harcèlement sexuel
prejudice \"predZEdIs\ un préjugé contre a hate crime un crime motivé par la haine
against (raciale, religieuse…)
inequality les inégalités human trafficking le trafic d’êtres humains
a scapegoat un bouc émissaire slavery l’esclavage
peer pressure \"preSE\ la pression du groupe child abuse la maltraitance des enfants
a caste une caste
➦ The U.S. government is intent on tackling the problem of racial prejudice in the police force.
Le gouvernement américain est résolu à s’attaquer au problème des préjugés raciaux dans la police.
➦ Fortunately, such blatant discrimination against women is now disappearing.
Heureusement, une discrimination aussi flagrante contre les femmes est en train de disparaître.
B Civil rights
human rights les droits de l’homme to apply for political faire une demande
a human rights un défenseur des droits asylum d’asile politique
activist/defender de l’homme to show* solidarity, être solidaire
inalienable rights les droits inaliénables to stick* together
the right to vote, le droit de vote to fight* bigotry lutter contre l’intolérance
suffrage \"bIgEtri\
equal opportunities l’égalité des chances a demonstration, une manifestation
affirmative action la discrimination positive a protest
the right of asylum le droit d’asile
\E"saIlEm\
➦ Individual liberties include freedom of speech, opinion, worship, association and the press.
Les libertés individuelles incluent la liberté d’expression, d’opinion, de culte, d’association et de la presse.
➦ Freedom of speech is an inalienable right in the U.S., which means that it cannot be taken away from you.
La liberté d’expression est un droit inaliénable aux États-Unis, ce qui veut dire qu’on ne peut pas vous l’enlever.
➦ Gandhi is famous for having used civil disobedience during the Indian independence movement.
Gandhi est connu pour avoir utilisé la désobéissance civile durant le mouvement d’indépendance indien.
Noms composés
Certains noms composés sont formés d’un génitif : women’s rights (les droits des femmes), women’s liberation
movement (le mouvement de libération des femmes), children’s books (des livres pour enfants), a children’s
home (un foyer pour enfants).
94
CHECK POINT
1 Traduisez ces cinq articles de la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme adoptée
en 1948 par les Nations Unies. A B
1. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. (art. 1)
2. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. (art. 3)
3. All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law.
(art. 7)
4. Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution. (art. 14)
2 Complétez ces phrases par les mots qui conviennent en vous aidant du contexte. A B
1. In the past, Catholics were …… against in the UK.
2. If a government takes …… action, it gives preference to some minorities.
3. Child …… is severely punished in most countries.
4. The workers are holding a …… to protest against nonpayment of their salaries.
5. People who are afraid of being prosecuted from their home countries are eligible to …… for political
asylum.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Voici un essai qui évoque l’époque de la ségrégation aux États-Unis.

The doctrine that condoned (cautionnait) segregation
The “separate but equal” doctrine was a U.S. law that allowed racial segregation: facilities and services
could be separated along racial lines, if the facilities and services provided to each group were equal.
In the 1950s it was legal in the State of Alabama, among many others, to have two separate sections on
buses: one for coloured people and one for whites. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks boarded a bus in
Montgomery, Alabama, and was asked to give up her seat to a white passenger. As she refused, she was
arrested and fined for it. The blacks of Montgomery, under the leadership of Martin Luther King, boycotted
Montgomery buses for over a year.
Eventually, the United States Supreme Court declared that bus segregation was unconstitutional. So bus
segregation was ended, but other forms of segregation and discrimination remained.
1. Rosa Parks a refusé de payer une amende.
2. La ségrégation raciale était permise pour les services et équipements.
3. Le boycott organisé par les noirs de Montgomery a mis fin à la ségrégation raciale
aux États-Unis.
4. Les noirs ne pouvaient pas prendre les mêmes bus que les blancs.
BUILD UP
4 Complétez les phrases suivantes.

1. I’m doing a course in …… studies (le féminisme).
2. …… clothing (Les vêtements pour hommes) is on the second floor.
3. People had to fight for …… suffrage (le droit de vote des femmes).
4. I can’t see the …… menu (le menu enfant).
5. I found this …… nest (ce nid d’oiseaux) in the doghouse.
6. I no longer drink …… milk (du lait de vache), only …… milk (du lait de chèvre).
44 - Discrimination and civil rights 95

Social welfare
45 Most American states attempt to
provide some kind of solution that
placates both smokers and
nonsmokers alike. This sign was
photographed in Dallas (Texas).
A Social security
social welfare le bien-être social to make* a living wage avoir un salaire décent
access to health care l’accès aux soins years of service les annuités, les années
de santé de service
to be* entitled to benefit avoir droit à des the retirement age l’âge de la retraite
prestations sociales full retirement age l’âge pour une retraite
to be* on social security vivre d’aides à taux plein
[GB]/on welfare [US] sociales pension la retraite [argent]
the bare necessities le minimum vital the basic old age le minimum vieillesse
to be* on unemployment avoir une allocation- pension
benefit chômage
➦ Social security provides economic assistance to people who are ill, old or unable to work. It’s not to
be confused with the French Sécurité sociale, which can translate as “the French public welfare system”.
La protection sociale fournit une aide économique aux personnes malades, âgées ou dans l’incapacité de travailler. Il
ne faut pas la confondre avec la Sécurité sociale française, qui peut se traduire par the French public welfare system.
➦ The word “welfare” tends to have negative connotations in American society. If you’re on welfare it means
you’re poor or you can’t get a job.
Le mot welfare (allocations) tend à avoir une connotation négative dans la société américaine. Si on a une allo-
cation, c’est qu’on est pauvre ou qu’on ne peut pas trouver du travail.
B Health safety
public health les problèmes de santé an occupational une maladie
concerns publique disease \dI"zi…z\ professionnelle
health risks les risques sanitaires home hazards les risques domestiques
the eradication of l’élimination de maladies compulsory la vaccination obligatoire
infectious diseases contagieuses vaccination
a health hazard un risque pour la santé maternal and child la santé maternelle
safe drinking water de l’eau potable safety et infantile
healthy practices une bonne hygiène de vie access to family l’accès au planning
safety at work la sécurité au travail planning familial
an occupational un risque professionnel free access to l’accès libre à la
hazard contraception contraception
➦ Back problems are an occupational hazard for many employees these days.
Le mal de dos constitue un risque professionnel pour beaucoup d’employés de nos jours.
Well
Well peut être adverbe : Everything is going well. (Tout va bien.)
Il peut aussi être préfixe : well-being (le bien-être), a welfare state (un État-providence), well-to-do (riche).
96
CHECK POINT
1 Complétez ces phrases en vous aidant du contexte. A B
1. The legal age when you can retire on a full pension is called the …… …… …… .
2. An …… …… is something that you may risk as a result of doing your job.
3. One way of translating la Sécurité sociale française is “the French …… …… …… ”.
4. A …… is a sum of money paid by a private company or the government to a person who is retired.
5. If you make a …… …… you earn enough money to buy what is necessary in order to live.
6. My brother is on …… …… or on …… as the Americans would say because he is too ill to get a job.
2 Trouvez l’équivalent en français des mots suivants. Pensez aux mots « allocation »
et « prestations ». A B
1. a jobseeker’s allowance/unemployment benefit(s): ……
2. maternity benefit(s): ……
3. a family allowance: ……
4. housing benefit(s): ……
5. a dependent child allowance: ……
6. sickness benefit(s): ……
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Voici un essai qui traite de l’accès à l’eau potable.

According to the WHO (World Health Organization) about 1.1 billion people have no access to any type of
improved drinking source of water. Also, some 2.6 billion people, that is, half the developing world, lack
even a simple latrine.
This has very serious consequences for the health of millions of people. Lack of access to safe drinking
water and basic sanitation (installations sanitaires) is responsible for the death of 1.6 million people every
year, who die from diarrhoeal diseases. For the same reason, millions of people are threatened by blindness.
The WHO affirms that safe drinking water and adequate sanitation are a precondition to fight poverty and
hunger, to promote primary education, gender equality, maternal health and to combat child mortality and
diseases like AIDS or malaria.
Access to drinking water is defined as being able to obtain at least twenty litres of water per day. It’s really
amazing when you think that over 2,000 litres of water are required to produce one hamburger.
Les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Justifiez votre réponse
en le citant.
1. Half of the world’s population lacks toilets.
2. Lack of water can cause eye problems.
3. Access to drinking water is more important than good sanitation.
4. Primary education can improve access to safe water.
BUILD UP
4 Traduisez.
1. a well-behaved child: ……
2. to be from a well-connected family: ……
3. I like my steak well-done: ……
4. a well-earned holiday: ……
5. a well-known actress: ……
6. a well-to-do family: ……
45 - Social welfare 97
Education
46 These South African children are
waiting for their senior primary
school to open. Uniforms are
compulsory in all state schools.
A Types of education
a nursery school, une école maternelle optional facultatif
a kindergarten [GB], apprenticeship l’apprentissage
a preschool [US] further education, la formation continue
primary schools [GB], l’école primaire (5-11 ans) adult education
elementary schools [US] higher education l’enseignement
secondary schools [GB], le secondaire (11-18 ans) supérieur
high schools [US] a liberal arts college une fac de lettres et
a curriculum un programme d’études sciences humaines
co-educational, co-ed mixte a medical school une fac de médecine
the national curriculum le programme a law \lO…\ school une fac de droit
[GB] d’enseignement obligatoire vocational education la formation
compulsory obligatoire professionnelle
➦ Some students choose vocational schools, as they prefer practical training for a specific craft. They
often work as apprentices or interns.
Certains élèves choisissent des écoles professionnelles, car ils préfèrent une formation pratique en vue d’un
métier manuel particulier. Ils sont souvent apprentis ou stagiaires.
B Learning
a subject une matière the school staff les enseignants
literacy skills les capacités de lecture distance learning l’enseignement à distance
et d’écriture a careers advisor/ un conseiller d’orientation
learning difficulties des difficultés counselor [US]
d’apprentissage continuous le contrôle continu
to register/to enrol s’inscrire à un cours assessment
for a course to take* an exam passer un examen
to be* self-taught être autodidacte to pass an exam réussir un examen
knowledgeable cultivé to fail rater
\"nÅlIdZEbl\ a test une épreuve
➦ Our students are taking their A levels [GB]/high school diploma [US] next week.
Nos élèves passent le bac la semaine prochaine.
➦ Most U.S. states have a school leaving age of 16 or 17.
Dans la plupart des États américains, l’âge de fin de scolarité est de 16 ou 17 ans.
Out of
On emploie out of pour donner une note : 10 out of 10 (10 sur 10). Mais out of a beaucoup d’autres sens.
The walls are made out of glass. Les murs sont en verre.
I’ve been out of work for three months. Je suis sans travail depuis trois mois.
Are you out of your mind? Tu as perdu la tête ?
98
CHECK POINT
1 Remplacez les mots en gras par un synonyme. A
1. Emma and I went to the same nursery school.
2. The college I attended was for both male and female students.
3. This is the best high school in the neighbourhood.
4. Mathematics should be obligatory for all students after the age of 16.
5. I teach at a college of adult education.

1. Mon but est de transmettre (to impart) des connaissances théoriques (theoretical) sur ce sujet.
2. Grâce au (Thanks to) contrôle continu, je ne vais pas rater mes examens.
3. On est un peu (somewhat) des autodidactes quand on suit (to attend) des cours d’enseignement à
distance.
4. Je dois passer une épreuve de langue facultative cet après-midi.
5. L’absence de compétences de base en écriture et lecture réduit le développement de la personne.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Voici un essai sur le coût des études universitaires aux États-Unis.

The cost of a university education
According to the Institute for College Access and Success,
the average American student will graduate with a debt close
to $30,000, which implies a repayment of over $320 per
month over a ten-year period.
If the average student’s debt is “only” $30,000 it’s because
parents usually save money to cover their children’s post-
secondary education. Many parents face a difficult choice:
either put money aside for their own retirement or for their
children’s education. You need brains and sometimes a lot of money to go
Some economists claim that students’ debts are detrimental to university.
to the economy, because they push back the moment they
can buy a home, start a family or borrow money to start their own business.
Some politicians, especially in the Democratic Party, find this system absurd and would like the government
to fund access to higher education, which, they claim, will make the U.S. richer and more competitive and
will also revive the American dream for all young people. Others consider that a university degree will make
students richer, and so, they should pay for it…
Citez le texte à l’appui des affirmations suivantes.

1. De nombreux parents sont confrontés à un choix difficile.
2. L’endettement des étudiants nuit à l’économie.
3. Financer l’enseignement supérieur serait bon pour le pays.
BUILD UP
4 Associez chaque phrase à l’un des mots suivants : crazy • not at • non-central •
not in • old-fashioned • wonderful de manière à expliciter le sens de out of.
1. I am out of the office until 30th August.
2. My girlfriend is out of this world! I love her so much.
3. Millions of children of primary school age are out of school around the world.
4. Your computer looks so out of date.
5. Some people prefer out-of-town shopping centres.
6. You’ve chosen too many classes. You must be out of your mind.
46 - Education 99
The law and the courts
47
Short wigs must be worn in court in the
UK and several other Commonwealth
countries. In very hot weather they may
be taken off, though.
A The law
judicial \dZu…"dISl\ power le pouvoir judiciaire law-abiding respectueux des lois
by law selon la loi lawful, legal légal
to pass a law faire voter une loi unlawful, illegal illégal
to enforce the law (faire) appliquer la loi to defend one’s rights défendre ses droits
to make* sth legal rendre qqch. légal to take* the law into se substituer
to break* the law enfreindre la loi one’s own hands à la justice
➦ Civil law deals with personal matters, such as marriage and property, rather than crime, which falls within
the realm of penal codes.
Le droit civil traite des affaires personnelles, comme le mariage et les biens immobiliers, plutôt que des affaires
criminelles, qui relèvent du code pénal.
➦ Tennessee was one of the first states to pass a tough law on drunken drivers.
Le Tennessee a été l’un des premiers États à voter une loi sévère sur l’alcool au volant.
B The courts
to commit an offence commettre un délit to sentence condamner
to bring* sb to trial/ intenter une action a conviction une condamnation
to take* sb to court contre qqn the culprit \"kØlprIt\ le coupable
a trial un procès attenuating les circonstances
a case une affaire circumstances atténuantes
to prosecute/to sue sb poursuivre qqn to bail sb out payer la caution de qqn
to charge (with) accuser (de) to release on parole mettre en liberté
a barrister, a lawyer un avocat conditionnelle
a plea une plaidoirie a fine une amende
to take* an oath prêter serment an alternative sentence une peine de substitution
to give* evidence témoigner contre qqn a suspended sentence une peine avec sursis
against sb a criminal record un casier judiciaire
a testimony un témoignage
evidence, proof une preuve
➦ The key witness will testify at the trial next week.

Le témoin clé témoignera au procès la semaine prochaine.
➦ The prime suspect in this case denies all allegations.
Le principal suspect dans cette affaire rejette toute allégation portée contre lui.
➦ The burglars got a two-year sentence.
Les cambrioleurs ont été condamnés à deux ans de prison.
The accused
Certains adjectifs peuvent s’utiliser comme des noms. Ils ne prennent pas le -s du pluriel.
The accused are present. Les accusés sont présents.
100
CHECK POINT
1. They violated the law and were punished accordingly.
2. According to law, you’re entitled to receive a free copy.
3. It is totally illegal.
4. They want to make people obey this unfair law.
5. She’s a citizen who obeys the law. She never does anything wrong.
6. The villagers administered justice as they saw fit before the police took action.
2 Chassez l’intrus (s’il y en a !). B

1. Charlotte is an excellent barrister/lawyer/defendant. She always wins her cases.
2. He was brought to process/trial/court for acts of violence.
3. They wanted to prosecute/sue/charge my neighbour because she was drunk driving.
4. The judge needed proof/probes/evidence.
5. I feel like the sentence/verdict/condemnation was based on emotion.
6. It’s better to acquit five guilty people/culprits/witnesses than to convict one innocent person.
7. You must disclose your full criminal record/your suspended sentence/your fine if you want to apply
for British citizenship.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Voici un essai sur la peine de mort.

§ 1. The two phrases “death penalty” and “capital punishment” are often used interchangeably to refer to
the condemnation to death, after conviction by a court of law.
§ 2. In most countries, the death penalty is only used as a punishment for murder. But in some countries
treason, drug smuggling, adultery are capital crimes.
§ 3. The majority of countries have abolished it. About 20% of countries retain it. China executes the most
people per year overall, followed by Iran, the USA, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan.
§ 4. People who defend capital punishment say it fits their sense of justice. It’s also supposed to act as a
deterrent to other would-be (potentiels) offenders.
§ 5. Those against it say they value human life above anything else, that it’s barbaric, unfairly applied and
that innocent people may be executed too.
Choisissez pour chaque paragraphe un titre parmi les suivants.

For the death penalty – Against the death penalty – Types of capital crimes – A shameful first rank –
Synonyms
BUILD UP
4 Soulignez les adjectifs utilisés comme noms puis traduisez les phrases.
1. There are over two million unemployed in this country.
2. The poor deserve good housing too.
3. There were many children among the dead.
4. Today the young are much more vocal (se faire entendre).
5. I train guide dogs for the blind.
6. The disabled have not been forgotten in this town.
7. The injured were taken to the nearest hospital.
47 - The law and the courts 101

Delinquency and criminality
48 This warning notice was
photographed outside a house in
Beverly Hills (Calif.). For property
crime, Beverly Hills is higher than
the U.S. national average.
A Types of crimes and offences

a crime un crime, un délit, arson un incendie volontaire
une infraction bribery la corruption
a murder un crime, un meurtre domestic violence la violence conjugale
a minor offence un délit mineur sexual abuse \E"bju…s\ des sévices sexuels
a theft, a robbery un vol child abuse la maltraitance des enfants
breaking and un cambriolage avec harassment le harcèlement
entering effraction
➦ The word “crime” means “illegal activities”. Unlike the French word crime, it covers minor offences and
murders.
Le mot crime signifie « activités illégales ». Contrairement au mot français « crime », il couvre à la fois les délits
mineurs et les meurtres.
➦ Figures show that most delinquents fall in line with societal standards when they become adults.
Les chiffres montrent que la plupart des jeunes délinquants finissent par respecter les valeurs de la société une
fois adultes.
B Criminals and criminal acts

a thief, a robber un voleur to stab poignarder
to rob sb of sth, voler qqch. à qqn to slaughter, massacrer
to steal* sth from sb to massacre
(juvenile) delinquency la délinquance (juvénile) to abuse \E"bju…z\ sb maltraiter qqn
a thug, a hooligan un voyou to rape sb violer qqn
a burglar un cambrioleur a bloodshed une effusion de sang
to bully, to persecute tyranniser, persécuter a gun, a handgun, un pistolet, un revolver
a murderer un meurtrier a pistol
a mugger, an aggressor, un agresseur a rifle, a shotgun un fusil
an attacker [hunting]
to mug, to assault agresser to shoot* sb at tirer sur qqn à bout
to ransack, to loot, piller, saccager point-blank range portant
to pillage
➦ The verb “assassinate” is only used for famous or important people. Other people are “murdered”.
Le verbe assassinate ne s’emploie que pour les personnes célèbres ou importantes. Les autres sont murdered.
➦ Armed robbery is as serious a crime as robbery with violence.
Le vol à main armée est un crime aussi grave que le vol avec coups et blessures.
Shoot
La traduction de to shoot varie selon ses constructions.
He was shot at dawn. Il a été fusillé à l’aube.
The gunman shot him. Le gangster l’a tué/l’a blessé par balle.
They shot at the enemy. Ils ont fait feu sur l’ennemi.
102
CHECK POINT
1 Associez chaque mot ou groupe de mots de la colonne de gauche
avec un de ceux de la colonne de droite. A B
1. breaking and entering a. assault
2. mugger b. burglar
3. ransack c. fire
4. stab d. knife
5. theft e. loot
6. arson f. steal
2 Traduisez les mots suivants. Ce sont – en totalité ou en partie – des faux amis :
abuse • assassinate • crime • delinquency • domestic (violence) • offence. A B
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Voici un essai qui compare la loi sur les armes à feu en Grande-Bretagne
et aux États-Unis.
The word “firearms” is used to describe weapons that can be carried by a single person. They include
handguns, rifles, machine guns (des mitrailleuses) and submachine guns (des mitraillettes).
As every American will tell you, the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution protects the right of
the people to keep and bear arms. In other words, the right to have a gun is an integral part of American
culture. In the land of the free, you should be free to protect yourself against any person that threatens
you. Several lobbying groups in Washington defend this right, the most famous and influential one being
the National Rifle Association.
In the United Kingdom, it is very difficult to have a licence to own a gun. Therefore, few British people own
one. It is even illegal to carry a knife (by which we don’t mean table knives, of course). The first restrictions
on the sale of firearms were implemented in the Pistols Act of 1903. The UK has one of the lowest rates
of gun homicides in the world.

1. Relevez les deux phrases qui résument le point de vue dominant sur les armes à feu dans la culture
américaine.
2. Relevez les deux phrases qui montrent l’efficacité du contrôle des armes en Grande-Bretagne.
BUILD UP
4 Traduisez.
1. They’re not armed. Don’t shoot!
2. The body was found two weeks later. The man had been shot in the head.
3. Several people were shot dead during the riots.
4. The minister shot himself in the foot by saying too much to the press.
5. The film was shot on location in Alaska.
48 - Delinquency and criminality 103

Political regimes and parties
49
In a shop window in Chicago, posters
entice (encouragent) people to express
their opinion by voting for the
Democrats (logo: a donkey) or the
Republicans (logo: an elephant).
A Political regimes
a constitutional monarchy une monarchie to remove from chasser du pouvoir
\"mÅnEki\ constitutionnelle power
a sovereign \"sÅvrIn\ un souverain to unseat sb évincer qqn
an emperor, un empereur, a regime change un changement de régime
an empress une impératrice to declare/to impose proclamer la loi martiale
to rule/to lead* a country gouverner un pays martial law
a head of state un chef d’État to stage a coup faire un coup d’État
citizenship la citoyenneté dictatorship la dictature
the government [GB], le gouvernement authoritarian autoritaire
the administration [US]
to overthrow* a tyrant renverser un tyran
➦ A republic has a head of state, but he or she cannot be a monarch. The only known exception is the
French president, who is also co-prince of Andorra.
Une république a un chef d’État, mais celui-ci ne peut pas être un monarque. La seule exception connue est le
Président français, qui est aussi co-prince d’Andorre.
➦ Some Europeans dream of a Federation of Europe, something akin to the earliest union of American states.
Certains Européens rêvent d’une Europe fédérale, comparable à la première union des États d’Amérique.
B Political parties
the ruling party le parti au pouvoir a political platform une plate-forme politique
the main opposition le principal parti to stand* for se présenter aux
party d’opposition Parliament élections législatives
to be* the leader of être à la tête de to run* against sb se présenter contre qqn
a policy une politique to run* for President être candidat
left-wing de gauche à la présidence
right-wing de droite to run* for re-election briguer un nouveau
conservative conservateur mandat
progressive progressiste to support sb soutenir qqn
➦ The Shadow Cabinet [UK] comprises important politicians in the main opposition party whose role is
to develop alternative policies and scrutinize the Government’s actions.
Le Cabinet fantôme [GB] rassemble des politiciens importants du principal parti d’opposition dont le rôle est de
concevoir des politiques alternatives et d’examiner les actions du gouvernement.
The main political parties of the UK

the Conservative party (the Tories): le Parti conservateur • UKIP (United Kingdom Independent Party): le Parti
indépendant du Royaume-Uni • the Liberal Democrats: les Démocrates libéraux • the Labour party: le Parti
travailliste • the SNP (Scottish National Party): le Parti national écossais [indépendantiste]
104
CHECK POINT
1 Complétez les phrases suivantes en vous aidant du contexte. A
1. Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom and …… of India. In Victoria’s time, the UK was already a
constitutional …… , in which the …… had relatively little political power.
2. In the 19th century, when you said “the sun never sets on it,” you meant the …… …… .
3. The state of being a member of a country is called …… . This status bestows rights and duties on that
person.
4. The army …… a coup and unseated the democratically elected President.
5. Several opposition groups are determined to have the Prime minister …… from power.
6. Did you know that Hawaii had a queen in the 19th century? She was …… by pro-American elements
in 1893.

1. Alors que Margaret Thatcher était à la tête du Parti conservateur, Tony Blair était un membre du Parti
travailliste. Tous deux ont occupé les fonctions de (to serve as) Premier ministre du Royaume-Uni.
2. Le Parti républicain est à la droite de l’échiquier (spectrum) politique américain.
3. Le leader de l’opposition soutient (to claim) que la politique du gouvernement sur le conflit n’est pas
défendable (indefensible).
4. Le contraire de « parti d’opposition » est « parti au pouvoir ».
5. Les Démocrates aux États-Unis sont soutenus par les syndicats et les gens de gauche.
6. Si tu ne te sens ni de gauche, ni de droite, tu dois être centriste.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Lisez ce court extrait de Richard III de William Shakespeare ainsi que sa version
modernisée puis répondez à la question qui suit.
Richmond opposes King Richard and describes him as follows:
For what is he they follow? Truly, gentlemen,
A bloody tyrant and a homicide;
One raised in blood, and one in blood established;
One that made means to come by what he hath,
And slaughtered those that were the means to help him;
A base foul stone, made precious by the foil
Of England’s chair, where he is falsely set;
One that hath ever been God’s enemy.
William Shakespeare, Richard III, act V, scene 3.
Version moderne
Because who is this man they follow? Truly, gentlemen, a violent tyrant and a murderer, who rose to his
high position by shedding blood and kept the position the same way. He rose to the top by means of others
and then slaughtered them. He’s like a worthless stone, who only seems like a valuable gem because he’s
on the throne, where he doesn’t belong. He has always been God’s enemy.
No fear Shakespeare, Sparknotes, Barnes & Nobles.
Retrouvez l’équivalent des mots suivants dans le texte original.

• violent:……
• a murderer:……
• to murder:……
• a worthless stone:……
• where he doesn’t belong:……
49 - Political regimes and parties 105

Democracy
50 The Representatives Hall in the Old
State Capitol (Springfield, Illinois) is
the site of candidacy announcements
by Abraham Lincoln in 1858 and
Barack Obama in 2007.
A Elements of democracy
politics la politique a Representative [US] un membre de
legislative and executive le pouvoir législatif \ÆreprI"zentEtIv\ la chambre des
power et exécutif Représentants
the incumbent president le président sortant the House of la chambre des
a four-year presidential un mandat présidentiel Representatives [US] Représentants
term de quatre ans the Senate [US] le Sénat
a five-year term un quinquennat to dissolve parliament dissoudre le parlement
a Member of Parliament, un député a parliamentary une session
an MP [GB] session parlementaire
the House la Chambre a bill un projet de loi
of Commons [GB] des Communes to amend a bill amender un projet de loi
the House of Lords [GB] la Chambre des Lords a committee \kE"mIti\ une commission
➦ Unlike most democratic countries, Britain doesn’t have a written constitution.

Contrairement à la plupart des pays démocratiques, la Grande-Bretagne n’a pas de constitution écrite.
➦ The head of a government is often a Prime minister. In the UK the Prime minister leads the Cabinet,
i.e. the Executive. He or she enacts the legislative agenda of his or her political party. He or she also
appoints all ministers and of course he or she dismisses them.
Le chef d’un gouvernement est souvent un Premier ministre. Au Royaume-Uni le Premier ministre dirige le Cabinet,
c’est-à-dire l’exécutif. Il met en œuvre le programme législatif de son parti politique. Il nomme tous les ministres
et, bien sûr, c’est lui qui les renvoie.
B Voting
a voter, an elector un électeur a polling station un bureau de vote
to call an election organiser des élections a polling booth un isoloir
an election, a poll une élection a ballot paper un bulletin de vote
a constituency une circonscription a ballot box une urne
an opinion poll un sondage the turnout le taux de participation
to abstain s’abstenir to canvass faire du démarchage électoral
an abstainer, un abstentionniste an election une campagne électorale
a non-voter campaign
the voting age la majorité électorale accountable, liable responsable
➦ Should everyone be allowed to vote?

Tout le monde devrait-il avoir le droit de vote ?
Greek words
Le mot democracy signifie littéralement « le pouvoir » (kratos in Greek) « du peuple » (dêmos). Attention à
l’accentuation : 'democrat, mais de'mocracy. De même : 'aristocrat/ari'stocracy, 'bureaucrat/bu'reaucracy,
'merit/meri'tocracy, 'technocrat/tech'nocracy.
106
CHECK POINT
1 Complétez ces phrases avec le(s) terme(s) qui convien(nen)t : President • executive •
bill • amend • four-year • Parliament • powers • MPs • Prime minister. A
1. Guy Fawkes is a famous conspirator who wanted to blow up the …… house with gunpowder
in 1604.
2. The executive power is exercised by a …… or a ……, with the help of the government.
3. In the U.S. the president is elected for a …… term.
4. The separation of …… divides authority into three branches: legislative, …… and judiciary.
5. Opposition …… want to …… the bill.
6. In the US, for a …… to become a law (une loi) it needs to be signed by the President.
2 Traduisez. B
1. Notre député sortant a fait du démarchage pendant toute la campagne électorale, mais je ne l’ai pas
vu au bureau de vote.
2. Il y a généralement peu d’abstentionnistes dans notre circonscription. Mais cette fois, le taux de
participation a été faible (low).
3. Ma sœur adore les élections, les sondages et la politique en général. Elle fait même la collection (to
collect) des bulletins de vote !
4. Lors du référendum sur le Brexit, une seule circonscription écossaise a voté pour quitter l’Union
européenne.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Voici un essai sur la question du suffrage universel.

Should everyone be allowed to vote?
Even in a highly democratic country like the UK some people are barred from voting: people in prison,
people who are convicted of electoral malpractice or who have severe intellectual disabilities, like people
who are detained in psychiatric hospitals.
It is commonly thought that members of the British Royal family are not allowed to vote. This is not true.
They can vote, even the Queen or King, but they do not do so because they do not want to seem partisan.
In some countries, homeless people are not allowed to vote.
So, there are limits to “universal suffrage”, i.e. the right of all people to vote. Needless to say, all countries
have a legal voting age, which varies from 16 to 21.

1. Qui ne peut pas voter en Grande-Bretagne ?
2. Traduisez le premier paragraphe.
BUILD UP
4 Trouvez les mots en -crat ou -cracy qui correspondent aux définitions suivantes.
1. a person of high social rank: ……
2. when a small minority of very wealthy citizens rules a society: ……
3. when you’re overwhelmed by red tape (la paperasserie): ……
4. a member of a powerful technical elite: ……
5. when power is held by people selected on the basis of their educational ability: ……
50 - Democracy 107
The media
51 This picture features a row
of newspaper boxes in
Charlotte (North Carolina).
A Traditional media
a press baron \"bœrn\ un magnat de la presse a front-page story un article qui fait la une
a media mogul un magnat des medias a heading un titre
the gutter press la presse à scandale to cover an event couvrir un événement
a breach of privacy une violation de la vie privée an op-ed [opposite the une tribune libre
a copy un exemplaire editorial page]
an issue \"ISu…\ un numéro the entertainment les pages culture
a topical issue un sujet d’actualité section
a cover story un article en couverture an insert un encart
to hit* the headlines faire la une the circulation le tirage
➦ If you have an interesting opinion to share, you can express it in an op-ed article. If you’re persuasive
enough, you can reach thousands of people and actually change minds. Sometimes op-eds sway more people
than columns.
Si on a une opinion intéressante à partager, on peut l’exprimer dans une tribune libre. Si on est suffisamment per-
suasif, on peut toucher des milliers de personnes et changer leur opinion. Parfois les tribunes libres convainquent
plus de gens que les chroniques.
B Online media
digital media \"mi…dIE\ les médias numériques online shaming l’humiliation en ligne
social networks les réseaux sociaux online games des jeux en ligne
virtual communities les communautés to provide online fournir des informations
virtuelles information en ligne
photo and video le partage de photos online entertainment les divertissements
sharing et de vidéos en ligne
➦ Fake news is when news stories are false or fabricated, and the facts are not verifiable. There are other
types of fake news, as when an article contains “misinformation”. It may contain some truth, but the rest
cannot be verified, and the language is sometimes inflammatory.
On parle de « fake news » lorsque les nouvelles sont fausses ou fabriquées et que les faits ne sont pas vérifiables.
Il existe d’autres types de fake news, comme lorsqu’un article contient des « informations erronées ». Il peut
contenir une part de vérité, mais le reste ne peut pas être vérifié et la langue est parfois incendiaire.
➦ It’s difficult to appraise the media coverage of this conflict after only one week. The media hype hasn’t
been helpful. In fact, it’s been rather damaging.
Il est difficile d’évaluer la couverture médiatique de ce conflit après seulement une semaine. Le battage médiatique
n’a pas beaucoup aidé. En fait, il a plutôt été néfaste.
Head
En plus de heading et headline, il existe un verbe, to head, qui a plusieurs sens :
to head a team (être à la tête d’une équipe), to head a firm (diriger une entreprise), to head for disaster (aller
droit au désastre).
Les noms hand, shoulder et toe (orteil) peuvent aussi s’employer comme verbes.
108
CHECK POINT
1 Trouvez le mot qui correspond à chacune de ces définitions. A
1. a person who owns newspapers and who is considered to have too much influence: ……
2. an article in a paper or a magazine that expresses a personal opinion and which is written by someone
who doesn’t work for that paper or magazine: ……
3. such an important event that it has to be printed on the very first page of a newspaper: ……
4. the opposite of the quality press: ……
2 Complétez les phrases suivantes en vous aidant du contexte. A B

1. A daily is published every day; a …… is published once a week; a …… once a month.
2. The minister was forced to resign after it …… the …… that she had employed several siblings.
3. I like reading Sunday papers, but they tend to have a lot of advertising …… .
4. The …… section of a newspaper has articles that focus on different aspects of culture.
5. Could you get me two …… of The Guardian, please? One for me and one for my sick neighbour.
6. My girlfriend is addicted to social …… . She can’t stop sending texts even when we’re dining.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Voici un essai sur l’avenir des médias.

It’s very difficult to guess where the media, whether traditional or social, will be going in 20 years’ time,
as the digital age we live in is still in its infancy.
What’s for certain is that we’ll be sharing more and more information about ourselves on social media sites,
willingly or not, because these sites will make sure users present the most complete profiles possible.
For example we’ll be encouraged to share more and more pictures and videos of ourselves, of relatives or
friends. The idea is to keep users engaged on social media platforms for as long as possible, while allowing
marketers to target their ads to a more specific group of individuals.
With the rise of the Internet, quite a few commentators have announced the death of television or the radio.
However, TV has proved far more resilient than many imagined not that long ago. The days of programmes
pulling in over 100 million viewers in the U.S. may be over due to the multiplicity of TV channels and media,
but the traditional TV industry is still very strong and will be for many, many years to come.

1. Les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Citez le segment qui justifie votre réponse.
a. The digital age has existed for decades.
b. The world of advertisement follows social media closely.
c. The days of TV and the radio are numbered.
2. Traduisez : “The days of programmes pulling in over 100 million viewers in the U.S. may be over due to
the multiplicity of TV channels and media…”
BUILD UP
4 Traduisez ces phrases.

1. Leslie Craig headed the list of candidates.
2. My son heads his class in language studies.
3. It’s getting late, we should head back home.
4. Could you hand me a tissue? I need to blow my nose.
5. I cannot shoulder responsiblity for my parents’ behaviour.
6. Politicians are often asked to toe the line.
51 - The media 109

Remembering, imagining…
52 This hoarding advertises a visit to
Graceland, Elvis Presley’s home in
Memphis (Tennessee). It is one of
the most visited private homes in the
U.S. It was made a historic
landmark in 2006.
A Past, present and future

in those days, à cette époque previously antérieurement
at that time lately, recently récemment
ancient antique, très vieux currently actuellement
an antique \œn"ti…k\ une antiquité in the near future dans un proche avenir
a relic un vestige, une relique after a while après un certain temps
to date from/back to remonter à subsequently ultérieurement,
outdated, obsolete désuet \"sØbsIkwEntli\ par la suite
past passé soon, shortly bientôt, sous peu
former ancien, précédent before long sous peu
formerly autrefois in the long run à la longue
➦ The Tower of London dates from the Norman Conquest.

La Tour de Londres date de la conquête normande.
➦ Up to now/So far, Jack the Ripper has remained unidentified.
Jusqu’à présent, Jack l’Éventreur n’a pas été identifié.
➦ Queen Victoria’s reign spanned more than half a century.
Le règne de Victoria a couvert plus d’un demi-siècle.
B Remembering and planning ahead

a memory, a recollection un souvenir an omen \"EÁmEn\ un présage
oblivion l’oubli fate le destin
remote lointain to draw* near approcher [date]
to bear* in mind ne pas oublier to outlast sb/sth survivre (à), durer plus
to recollect, to recall se remémorer longtemps (que)
to remind sb of sth rappeler qqch. à qqn to postpone, to put* off remettre à plus tard
to look back/forward se tourner vers le novel nouveau, original
passé/l’avenir impending imminent
to make* plans faire des projets provisional provisoire
in the long/short run à long/court terme fleeting fugace
a prospect, an outlook une perspective everlasting éternel
a forecast une prévision timeless intemporel
➦ This day last week I was flying back from Greece.

Il y a une semaine aujourd’hui, je rentrais de Grèce par avion.
➦ There is no telling what the future holds in store.
On ne peut pas dire ce que l’avenir nous réserve.
Fore-
Le préfixe fore- indique ce qui précède dans le temps ou dans un rang : a forecast (une prévision),
a foreman (un contremaître) ou ce qui est vers l’avant dans l’espace : the forehead (le front).
110
CHECK POINT
1. Who is the …… President of the USA? I know that Barack Obama was a …… President.
2. With the advent of the GPS, printed maps have become …… .
3. Are USB flash drives (clés USB) a …… of the past or are they still a necessity?
4. The Mars Science Laboratory has …… completed one Martian year (687 Earth days) working on the
Red Planet.
5. These experiments are expensive to carry out but will prove profitable in …… …… …… .
6. In 1790, she received a three-month sentence and was …… deported to Australia.
2 Retrouvez les antonymes (≠) ou les synonymes (=) des mots suivants. B
1. ephemeral ≠ …… – 2. destiny = …… – 3. to survive = …… …… – 4. to act immediately ≠ …… …… –
5. near ≠ …… – 6. imminent = …… – 7. to look forward ≠ …… …… …… – 8. memory ≠ ……
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Do we have the duty to remember or forget? Classez les citations suivantes

selon qu’elles évoquent le devoir de mémoire ou le devoir d’oubli.
1. Remembering the past will prevent future crimes and heal countries.
2. You build on failure. You use it as a stepping stone. Close the door on the past. You don’t try to forget
the mistake, but you don’t dwell on it. (Johnny Cash)
3. Forgetting the past is forgetting our roots and our basic structure.
4. My motto is: “Forget the past and move on!” It is stupid to hold on to painful memories.
July 12th 2012, Londonderry.

Orangemen parade in the streets to commemorate the Battle of the
Boyne won by William of Orange. The battle secured the Protestant
ascendancy in Ireland for generations. It retains huge symbolic
importance in Northern Ireland.
July 8th 1981, Londonderry.

This is a commemorative plaque in memory of Joe McDonnell
who was a member of the IRA. He died in the 1981 Irish hunger
strike in protest against the loss of the rights of political
prisoners. Bobby Sands was the leader of that strike and also
died in HM Prison Maze.
BUILD UP
4 Complétez les phrases avec l’un des mots suivants : foreword • foretell • foresee •
forefathers • foreground.
1. The people, objects in a picture or photograph that seem nearest to you are in the …… .
2. They are very pessimistic and …… crises on the horizon of our life as a nation.
3. John Fitzgerald Kennedy’s …… were Irish.
4. Don’t believe the prophets who …… the end of the world.
5. Was the …… written by the author?
52 - Remembering, imagining… 111

Moving and doing things
53
This notice was photographed in Mount
Rainier National Park (Washington
State). The park contains outstanding
subalpine meadows.
A Moving
to step faire un pas to crawl ramper
to tread* \tred\ marcher, fouler the pace l’allure
to amble marcher d’un pas tranquille on tiptoe sur la pointe des pieds
to toddle marcher d’un pas chancelant clockwise dans le sens des aiguilles
to stumble trébucher d’une montre
to hop, to skip sautiller anticlockwise dans le sens inverse des
to trample piétiner aiguilles d’une montre
to rush \rØS\ foncer still immobile
to march défiler swift prompt
to creep* avancer sans bruit brisk vif, rapide
➦ He dashed upstairs when he heard that the baby was awake.

Il s’est précipité au premier lorsqu’il a entendu que le bébé était réveillé.
➦ “I wandered lonely as a cloud” is the first line of a famous lyrical poem by William Wordsworth (1770-1850).
« J’errais seul comme un nuage » est le premier vers d’un célèbre poème lyrique de William Wordsworth (1770-1850).
B Doing things
to undertake* entreprendre to carry sth out accomplir qqch.
to handle sth s’occuper de qqch., to achieve sth réussir qqch.
prendre en main to fail to do sth ne pas réussir à faire qqch.
to tackle sth s’attaquer à qqch. to procrastinate remettre à plus tard
to strive* to do sth s’évertuer à faire qqch. eventually, in the end finalement
to make* alterations apporter des to put* an end to sth mettre fin à qqch.
to sth modifications à qqch. to postpone sth différer qqch.
to resort to sth avoir recours à qqch. a work une œuvre, un ouvrage
\rI"zO…t\ a go-getter un fonceur, un battant
to cope with faire face à [une
situation]
➦ “Never put off until tomorrow what you can do the day after tomorrow.” (Mark Twain)
Ne remettez jamais à demain ce que vous pouvez faire après-demain.
➦ “Know the true value of time; snatch, seize, and enjoy every moment of it. No idleness, no laziness, no
procrastination.” (Lord Chesterfield)
Connaissez la véritable valeur du temps ; saisissez, capturez et savourez chaque instant. Pas d’oisiveté, pas de
paresse, pas de procrastination.
To do et to make
Le verbe to do implique l’idée d’activité (to do things: agir) ou d’effet (to do good: faire du bien).
Le verbe to make implique l’idée d’une production (to make alterations), d’une construction (to make peace).
112
CHECK POINT
1 La pancarte photographiée en page de gauche comporte une erreur grammaticale ;
pourquoi ne peut-on pas dire : “Do not trod” ? Consultez le dictionnaire si besoin est. A
2 Traduisez les phrases suivantes en déduisant le sens figuré des mots en gras
de leur sens propre et du contexte. A
1. How can I get my two-year-old toddler to eat a balanced diet?
2. He was not used to speaking in front of an audience: he stumbled over the words.
3. It’s a short hop from Edinburgh to Birmingham by plane.
4. That country’s government has obviously decided to trample on human rights.
5. The book was so boring that I skipped lots of pages.
3 Complétez les phrases suivantes. B

1. There are many reasons why you might want to …… postgraduate studies.
2. After her breakdown she could no longer …… …… her responsibilities.
3. The debate was heated and the speaker …… to make himself understood.
4. I had so much to do that I decided to …… my departure to the following day.
5. Brazilian artist Lygia Clark’s …… are on display at the Henry Moore Institute in Leeds.
6. Is the government ready to …… the real problems?
7. …… is the root of all evil.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
4 Lequel de ces paragraphes représente : un éloge du choix personnel ? un éloge de la

marche ? un éloge du travail ? Justifiez votre choix en traduisant un segment pertinent
de chaque texte.
1. By walking through a setting we are exposed to it in an ideal manner for imprinting its details on our
minds. We take it in at a natural pace. To walk through a landscape is to explore it. To drive through it in
some form of vehicle is merely to traverse it.
Desmond Morris, Manwatching: A Field Guide to Human Behaviour, 1978.
2. Two roads diverged in a wood, and I –

I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.
Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken, 1920.
3. If you believe in what you are doing, then let nothing hold you up in your work. Much of the best work
of the world has been done against seeming impossibilities. The thing is to get the work done.
Dale Carnegie.
BUILD UP
5 Complétez les phrases avec make ou do à la forme qui convient.

1. What are you going to …… after you graduate?
2. Her husband sometimes …… the cooking on Sundays.
3. Have all the arrangements for the wedding been …… ?
4. I’ll …… a cup of coffee while you wait.
5. You’ve really …… a good job.
6. First, I need to …… the bed and then I’ll …… some shopping.
53 - Moving and doing things 113

Thinking
54 In Drumcliffe Cemetery (County Sligo,
Ireland), where the Irish poet W.B. Yeats
is buried, a squatting figure seems to be
pondering about the poet’s words. The
sculpture is the work of Jackie McKenna.
A Intellectual abilities
to ponder about/on/ réfléchir à qqch. gifted doué
over sth shrewd, clever astucieux
to regard considérer heedful of attentif à, conscient de
to guess deviner, supposer witty spirituel
to assess évaluer well-read cultivé
to reckon, to deem estimer, penser astute sagace
to enlighten sb on sth éclairer qqn sur qqch. relevant pertinent
awareness la conscience sensible sensé
common sense le bon sens
➦ Government think tanks are important in every country. In the U.S., they’re particularly valued in the
security and defense field.
Les groupes de réflexion gouvernementaux sont importants dans tous les pays. Aux États-Unis, on leur accorde
surtout une grande importance dans le domaine de la sécurité et de la défense.
➦ After Louise had gone to her own home, she mulled over the situation… (Mildred A. Wirt)
Une fois rentrée chez elle, Louise réfléchit sérieusement à la situation.
B Reasoning
to examine \Ig"zœmIn\ analyser a clue un indice
to solve a problem résoudre un problème acumen la perspicacité
to deduce from sth that déduire de qqch. que grounds des raisons
to grasp saisir a rebuttal une réfutation
to assume supposer engrossed in absorbé par
to be* knowledgeable s’y connaître en qqch. a red herring une diversion
about sth intricate complexe
to think* sth through soupeser les obvious évident, manifeste
conséquences de qqch. disputable discutable
to brood on sth ressasser qqch. thorny épineux
to undermine saper, ébranler unerringly infailliblement
accuracy \"œkjErEsi\ la justesse
➦ I don’t see the point in starting something I can’t finish.

Je ne vois pas l’intérêt de commencer quelque chose que je ne peux pas finir.
➦ If you jump to a conclusion, you evaluate or judge something without having enough information or
without examining facts.
Si vous tirez une conclusion hâtive, vous évaluez ou jugez quelque chose sans avoir assez d’informations ou sans
analyser les faits.
-ly
Le suffixe le plus employé dans la formation d’adverbes à partir d’adjectifs est -ly : obvious (manifeste)/obviously
(manifestement). Attention, certains mots terminés par -ly sont des adjectifs : cowardly (lâche), lonely (solitaire)…
114
CHECK POINT
1 Ces définitions sont-elles justes (J) ou fausses (F) ? A
1. sensible: quick to respond to small changes, easily upset
2. common sense: the ability to think and behave in a reasonable way
3. awareness: lack of knowledge or information
4. shrewd: mentally sharp
5. witty: humourless, unamusing
6. relevant: relating to a subject in an appropriate way
2 Complétez par une expression équivalente aux segments en gras. B

1. She knows a lot about computers. ➝ She is very …… about computers.
2. This argument has nothing to do with the issue. ➝ It is a …… …… .
3. I didn’t like the film: the plot is too complicated. ➝ The plot is too …… .
4. The recent events have gradually weakened people’s confidence in the government.
➝ They have …… their confidence.
5. It’s easy to see that he’s wrong. ➝ He is …… wrong.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Choisissez les termes appropriés pour compléter ces extraits de presse.

§ 1. Marcela Louie is a whiz/lazy kid. “She’s been ahead of/with her peers since she was a toddler. […]
By the time she was sixteen/two, Roxana says her daughter knew she wanted to be a doctor. So the proud
mom admits she’s not too surprised that [15-year-old] Marcela was recently granted early/late admission
to the University of Alberta, where she’ll be majoring in Biology this fall.”
Patricia Kozicka, The Global Post, February 4, 2014.
§ 2. Thinking things through can be a great handicap/thing of course.

However if you’re an over-thinker, you might become someone who
stands still/busy in life, someone who forgets the good things that
happen in life.
§ 3. Laughter/Hatha yoga is fast emerging as the healing balm for
people having their life full of stress/fun. This therapy has attracted
very few/a lot of people from all walks of life barring age as they find
it a natural stress reliever.
The Times of India, May 27, 2012.
Traduisez maintenant les segments suivants en vous servant des indications,

du contexte ou de la proximité des termes avec le français.
§ 1. “her peers (people of the same age)”: …… “she was granted early admission”: ……
§ 2. “someone who self-sabotages”: ……
§ 3. “the healing balm (to heal = to regenerate)”: …… “from all walks of life”: ……
BUILD UP
4 Identifiez l’intrus et traduisez-le.

1. slowly • quickly • friendly • nicely
2. endlessly • costly • dearly • fully
3. lively • nearly • thoroughly • fairly
4. truthfully • sincerely • luckily • chilly
5. certainly • closely • disorderly • frankly
54 - Thinking 115
Describing personality
55 He worked for 40 years at the Jack
Daniel’s Distillery (Kentucky). He
now takes visitors around. He is a
real character, jocular (enjoué) and
outgoing (extraverti).
A In a positive way
an asset un atout, une qualité overly serious exagérément sérieux
awesome \"O…sEm\ impressionnant, génial appreciative admiratif, reconnaissant
energetic énergique devoted dévoué, fervent
confident confiant shrewd perspicace
assertive qui a de l’assurance sharp, sharp-witted malin
dependable, reliable fiable resourceful débrouillard
well-balanced équilibré well-mannered, poli
keen (on) passionné (de) courteous
gallant, brave courageux easy-going facile à vivre
daring, bold audacieux gregarious, sociable sociable
dauntless \"dO…ntlEs\ intrépide far-sighted prévoyant
earnest sérieux
➦ This journalist is an astute observer of the current political scene.

Ce journaliste est un observateur sagace de la scène politique actuelle.
➦ Any fool can criticize, condemn, and complain but it takes character and self control to be understand-
ing and forgiving. (Dale Carnegie)
N’importe quel imbécile peut critiquer, condamner et se plaindre mais il faut avoir du caractère et de la maîtrise
de soi pour arriver à comprendre et à pardonner.
B In a negative way
a shortcoming un défaut rash impétueux
shy timide unpredictable imprévisible
gullible crédule whimsical capricieux
sullen, bad-tempered maussade messy désordonné
finicky tatillon sneaky, devious sournois
touchy susceptible deceitful, deceptive trompeur
short-/quick-tempered irascible dishonest malhonnête
conceited vaniteux quarrelsome querelleur
cowardly lâche disparaging désobligeant
reckless téméraire rowdy \"raÁdi\ [used for children] bruyant
stubborn têtu
➦ Some psychologists, like Ron Kurtus, say that personality primarily consists of inborn traits, while char-
acter consists of learned behaviour.
Certains psychologues, comme Ron Kurtus, disent que la personnalité est constituée avant tout de traits innés
alors que le caractère est du domaine du comportement acquis.
-some
Le suffixe -some est utilisé dans la formation d’adjectifs à partir de noms. Nom + -some = « caractérisé par… » :
a quarrel (une querelle) fi quarrelsome (querelleur).
116
CHECK POINT
1 Trouvez les synonymes (=) ou antonymes (≠) des termes suivants. A B
1. well-balanced ≠ ……
2. gallant ≠ ……
3. courageous and adventurous = ……
4. timid = ……
5. uncritical and easy ≠ ……
6. humble ≠ ……
7. false and misleading = ……
8. self-reliant and positive = ……
2 Faites correspondre un adjectif à ces types de comportement. A B

1. He believes anything you tell him, he is naive and easily deceived: he is …… .
2. She bought a house just before property prices started to rise: this was a …… decision.
3. They constantly express negative opinions to lower Dorian’s reputation: their comments
are …… .
4. He is not easily frightened or intimidated: he is …… .
5. This politician will lie and trick people in order to get what he wants: he is …… .
6. She was fond of company, very sociable and popular: she was …… .
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Voici un essai sur la graphologie. Choisissez les termes appropriés pour le compléter.
Graphology is not an exact science, but it can be fun! For those who still use a pen…
According to research carried out by the National Pen Company in the U.S., people with small handwriting
tend to be withdrawn, that is, shy/messy/open-minded, and meticulous. By contrast, outgoing people
will have larger handwriting.
Do you leave large gaps between words? That’s a sign that you don’t enjoy being crowded. You like your
life/freedom/sleep. If the words are close together, that may mean that you can’t stand being alone.
How do you write the letter “l”? With a wide loop or a narrow one? Wide implies that you’re stressed/
selfish/relaxed, spontaneous and open-minded.
Where do you place the dot over the letter “i”? If it’s high over the “i”, then you tend to be imaginative. If
the dot is closer to the letter, you tend to be organised/messy/rash, detail-oriented, and empathetic.
The way you sign is supposed to say a lot about your personality too. If your signature is illegible, then you’re
likely to be private/popular/gregarious. If it is legible, you tend to be comfortable and self-confident.
BUILD UP
4 Faites correspondre les mots et leurs définitions.

1. loathsome a. causing feelings of respect or fear
2. troublesome b. attractive (usually for a man)
3. tiresome c. disgusting
4. handsome d. giving trouble or anxiety
5. toilsome e. characterized by physical effort to the point of exhaustion
6. awesome f. causing you to feel bored or impatient
55 - Describing personality 117

Happiness
56 The Kiss by Rowan Gillespie (born
1953) stands in Dublin. His sculptures
span the whole gamut (couvrent toute
la gamme) of human emotions, from
love and awe, to hate and self-
destruction.
A Feelings
to fancy sb être attiré par qqn an affair une liaison
to appeal to sb plaire à qqn a mate, a pal un copain, une copine
to fall* for sb tomber amoureux de qqn to get* on well with bien s’entendre avec
to dote on sb aimer qqn à la folie likeable, friendly sympathique
delight le ravissement caring attentionné
thrilled au comble de la joie sympathetic compatissant
beloved \bI"lØvId\ bien-aimé to cheer up reprendre courage
➦ Smile when he makes you happy, yell when he makes you mad, and miss him when he’s not there.
Love hard when there is love to be had. Because perfect guys don’t exist, but there’s always one guy that is
perfect for you. (Bob Marley)
➦ How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world,/That has such people in ’t!
Shakespeare, The Tempest, act V, scene 1.
Que le genre humain est superbe ! Oh le meilleur des mondes/Où vivent de telles créatures !
B Emotions
to long for sth aspirer à qqch. breathtaking à couper le souffle
to wonder at s’émerveiller de composure le sang-froid
elated fou de joie collected d’un calme absolu
sensitive to sensible à relief le soulagement
buoyant \"bOIEnt\, lively plein d’entrain to unwind* se détendre
exhilarating grisant to burst* out laughing éclater de rire
moving émouvant
➦ He is a very calm, cool, collected boss who is very much respected.

C’est un patron très calme, serein et posé qui est très respecté.
➦ “You look terrific in this dress!” “That’s sweet; actually, I had a terrible day at work.”
« Tu es superbe dans cette robe. – C’est vraiment gentil ; en fait, j’ai passé une journée épouvantable au bureau. »
Get
Le verbe get est très employé. Ses sens premiers sont :
– « recevoir, obtenir » fi How many texts did you get today?
– « devenir, changer d’état » fi I’m getting old.
– « se rendre, arriver » fi How are you getting home?
L’ajout d’une particule ou d’une préposition change plus ou moins son sens : to get behind (prendre du retard),
to get by (se débrouiller financièrement), to get down (démoraliser), to get off (descendre d’un bus, d’un train…),
to get over (surmonter), to get through (parvenir à, utiliser entièrement), to get to (arriver à), to get on with
(s’entendre avec).
118
CHECK POINT
1. I’m a doting grandmother.
2. Thank you so much for these sympathetic words.
3. The idea appealed to her.
4. I’m delighted to see you again.
5. His roommate is Japanese.
6. You know what? I think she’s falling for him.
7. Cheer up! It’s not the end of the world.
2 Trouvez les mots correspondant aux définitions suivantes. B

1. astonishing and beautiful: ……
2. calmness especially of mind: ……
3. very happy and excited, over the moon with joy: ……
4. to feel a strong desire for sth: ……
5. easily upset by what people say about you: ……
6. a pleasant feeling one has when something painful is over: ……
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Voici un essai sur les mariages en Inde.

We may have the feeling that love marriages have always been around when in fact they began to appear in
the 14th century and became really popular in Europe in the 17th century. They are relatively new in India,
where arranged marriages are still the norm and often considered to be more likely to succeed than love
marriages, despite the impact of Bollywood films, which tend to glorify romantic love.
Rajini Vaidyanathan (BBC World Service, March 8, 2010) explains the success of online matrimonial sites
in India by pointing out that the wedding industry has always been big in India. Quite logically, online mat-
rimonial sites are big business too, especially as they make it easier for people to find their perfect match
and allow Indians to continue with traditional matchmaking but using state-of-the art technology.
The criteria used online are the same as those used by traditional matchmakers. For example, Rajini men-
tions the caste that you want your future spouse to be, the money they make, their job, their education, if
any, and even their Indian horoscope!
Citez les phrases précises qui correspondent aux idées suivantes.

1. Le cinéma a une influence sur l’idée que les Indiens ont de l’amour.
2. De nombreux Indiens consultent les sites matrimoniaux en ligne.
3. Vous pouvez choisir à quelle caste doit appartenir votre partenaire.
4. Il y a peu de différences avec les critères de sélection qu’utilisent les marieurs.
BUILD UP
4 Complétez ces phrases à l’aide de over, off, by, down, away with ou out of.
1. How did she get …… …… trouble?
2. This rotten weather is really getting me …… .
3. She is slowly getting …… a bad cold.
4. It’s hard to get …… with such a low salary.
5. Leave me alone! Get …… my back!
6. You won’t get …… …… cheating on your taxes.
56 - Happiness 119
Displeasure
57 They both look exhausted,
withdrawn (renfermés),
impervious (imperméables) to
what is going on around them.
A From grief to confusion

grief, sorrow le chagrin desperate \"desprEt\ désespéré
boredom, weariness la lassitude to feel* low être démoralisé
concern l’inquiétude to be* on edge être très énervé
gloom la morosité to be* under stress, être stressé
disheartened découragé to be* stressed out
dejected abattu annoyed at contrarié par
dismayed consterné upset ennuyé, vexé, inquiet
devastated anéanti withdrawn \wID"drO…n\ renfermé, taciturne
miserable, wretched malheureux, misérable muddled à l’esprit confus
➦ The most unpleasant feeling is the feeling of your helplessness. (Thomas Carlyle)
Le sentiment le plus désagréable est de se sentir impuissant.
➦ To weep is to make less the depth of grief. (William Shakespeare)
Pleurer allège le poids du chagrin.
➦ Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shores.
Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus, lines inscribed inside the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty.
Donnez-moi ceux qui sont las, ceux qui sont pauvres,
Vos masses entassées assoiffées d’air libre,
Les rebuts misérables de vos terres surpeuplées.
B Stronger negative feelings

callous dur, insensible to dread \dred\ redouter
reckless irréfléchi to long for aspirer à
mean, spiteful malveillant pathetic navrant
reluctant réticent appalling épouvantable
to loathe détester awful, dreadful, atrocious atroce
can’t bear*, can’t stand* ne pas supporter scary, stressful angoissant
to bear* a grudge garder rancune
against sb à qqn
➦ Negative emotions like loneliness, envy, and guilt have an important role to play in a happy life; they’re
big, flashing signs that something needs to change. (Gretchen Rubin)
Les émotions négatives telles que la solitude, l’envie, la culpabilité ont un rôle important à jouer dans une vie
heureuse ; ce sont autant de signes impérieux que quelque chose doit changer.
-ed et -ing
De nombreux adjectifs sont formés de verbe + -ed ou verbe + -ing. En général, -ed donne un sens passif à l’adjectif
(annoyed: contrarié) et -ing un sens actif (annoying: contrariant).
120
CHECK POINT
1. This novel is written in a lively style, with a sense of humour, sometimes biting but never mean.
2. Their faces showed boredom as the speech dragged on.
3. All the players were down-hearted after their defeat.
4. I strongly dislike wind and rain.
5. Tom felt miserable thinking of what he had done to her.
6. Does she bite her nails when she is nervous?
7. What makes you feel so sad and melancholy?
8. She was very worried about having no news from her daughter.
9. He was distressed when his friend left.
10. She has been unsociable since her mother died.
2 Complétez les phrases suivantes. B

1. That’s a …… waste of opportunity.
2. Tell me more: I can’t …… the suspense any longer.
3. Do you …… getting old?
4. She’s been away for a month and I am …… …… her to come back.
5. That dictator was selfish, …… and indifferent to suffering.
6. You can’t …… …… …… against someone who hasn’t done anything to you.
7. The junior executive was …… to take on new responsibilities since he was already overworked.
8. Bungee jumping is the last thing I would like to do; it’s too …… for me.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Lisez les deux dernières strophes de ce poème et dites dans quelles circonstances
vous pensez qu’il a été écrit : à la suite d’un mariage • à la suite de la mort d’un ami
• à la suite d’un anniversaire.
He was my North, my South, my East and West,
My working week and my Sunday rest,
My noon, my midnight, my talk, my song;
I thought that love would last for ever: I was wrong.
The stars are not wanted now: put out every one;
Pack up the moon and dismantle the sun;
Pour away the ocean and sweep up the wood.
For nothing now can ever come to any good.
W.H. Auden, Song IX, 1976.
Dans quelle strophe le poète exprime-t-il son désir de voir l’univers entier se faire
l’écho de son émotion ? Justifiez votre réponse en citant des segments du texte
et en les traduisant.
BUILD UP
4 Ajoutez la terminaison -ed ou -ing qui convient.

1. She was confus… by his ambiguous remarks.
2. It’s very frustrat… to feel like you’re not making progress.
3. She was devastat… when he left her for another woman.
4. He was stunn… when they told him he had won the first prize.
5. These refugees are living in appall… conditions.
6. This abridg… version is easy to read.
7. San Francisco is an amaz… city.
57 - Displeasure 121
Expressing oneself
58 These young people are expressing
themselves in several ways: eye
contact and hand holding. The
young woman is carrying a placard on
her back warning people about the
risks of lung cancer for women.
A Facial expressions
a grin un large sourire to frown \fraÁn\ froncer les sourcils
to wink at sb faire un clin d’œil à qqn to pull a face, to pout faire la moue
to make* faces at faire des grimaces to sob sangloter
to put* out one’s tirer la langue bland impassible [expression]
tongue at grim grave
to purse one’s lips pincer les lèvres sullen \"sØlEn\ renfrogné
to glare at lancer un regard furieux
➦ We are all pretending. The important thing is to keep a straight face. (Maurice Valency)
Nous faisons tous semblant. L’important est de garder son sérieux.
➦ The President appeared grim-faced before the meeting in the White House Cabinet Room.
Le Président avait le visage grave avant la réunion dans la salle du Conseil à la Maison Blanche.
B The voice
to howl/ to scream at sb hurler contre qqn to hum fredonner
to shriek pousser un cri perçant to mumble marmonner
to wail brailler to moan, to groan gémir
to roar with laughter rire aux éclats to hush, to shut* up faire taire, se taire
to giggle rire bêtement high-pitched aigu
to sneer ricaner shrill perçant
to chuckle glousser harsh dur
to stammer, to stutter bégayer hoarse \hO…s\ enroué
to whisper murmurer soft doux
➦ The voice pitch is determined by the vibratory frequency of the vocal folds.
La hauteur de la voix est déterminée par la fréquence des vibrations des cordes vocales.
➦ Words mean more than what is set down on paper. It takes the human voice to infuse them with deeper
meaning. (Maya Angelou)
Les mots ont plus de sens que ce qui est figé sur le papier. C’est à la voix humaine de leur insuffler un sens plus
profond.
➦ His name sounds French but he is English.
Son nom a l’air français mais lui est anglais.
Adjectifs composés
Un certain nombre d’adjectifs composés décrivant des caractéristiques physiques ou mentales sont formés à partir
d’un adjectif suivi d’un nom + -ed :
high (adjectif) + pitched (nom + -ed) fi high-pitched
narrow-minded (étroit d’esprit)
black-haired (aux cheveux noirs)…
122
CHECK POINT
1 Retrouvez les mots correspondant aux définitions suivantes. A B
1. a wide smile: ……
2. to laugh in a childish way: ……
3. to show displeasure or disappointment: ……
4. to cry noisily: ……
5. a face that shows no emotion: ……
6. to close and open one eye quickly: ……

1. C’est inutile de lui hurler après.
2. Il a marmonné des excuses (an apology) et il est parti.
3. Les supporters se sont enroués à force de crier (shouted themselves).
4. Tu ne peux pas les faire taire ?
5. Elle a une voix perçante lorsqu’elle est exaspérée (to get upset).
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Choisissez les mots appropriés pour compléter ces extraits d’articles de presse sur les
différentes manières de communiquer. Vérifiez vos réponses sur le site.
1. The difference/similarity between the words people speak and our understanding of what they are
saying comes from non-verbal communication, otherwise known as “body/mind language”.
Mind Tool.
2. It’s not just what you say, it’s how/why you say it. When we speak, other people “read” our voices in
addition to listening to our words. Things they pay attention to include your timing and pace, how loud/
far you speak, your tone and inflection, and shrieks/sounds that convey understanding, such as “ahh”
and “uh-huh.”
Nonverbal Communication, Helpguide.org.
3. Contrary to what one might expect, research shows that when people speak with a lower/higher pitch
they feel more powerful.
4. While good/wrong eye contact is praised and expected in the West, it is seen as a sign of disrespect/
honesty and challenge in other cultures, including Asian and African. The more/less eye contact these
groups have with an individual, the more respect they show.
Kris Rugsaken, Body Speaks, 2014.
5. By the time most of us are adults, we’ve learned to show/mask our true feelings — at least as they
show up in our face/hands – because we have to get along at work, at home, and in social settings. So
we pretend to be interested, we pretend to smile, we assume a boring/bland expression when we’re
actually peeved (agacé), and so on.
www.forbes.com, October 25, 2012.
BUILD UP
4 Trouvez les contraires des adjectifs composés figurant dans les phrases suivantes.
1. She is very narrow-minded.
2. He was dancing with a short-haired woman.
3. Why does she love such a weak-willed boy?
4. I felt heavy-hearted when I heard the news.
5. How come he is so high-spirited (gai)?
6. Are frogs hot-blooded animals?
7. This is a short-sighted approach.
58 - Expressing oneself 123

Books
59 The Thomas Hughes Public Library
(1882) in the utopian colony of Rugby
(Tennessee) is a period library (une
bibliothèque d’époque), frozen in time,
virtually unchanged since the end of
the 19th century.
A Texts and authors

fiction les romans, la fiction to print imprimer
a novel by un roman de to bind* relier
a romance un roman à l’eau de rose a hardback un livre relié
a short story une nouvelle a paperback un livre de poche
a tale un récit, un conte out of print épuisé
comics les bandes dessinées an ebook un livre électronique
a play une pièce de théâtre an e-reader une liseuse
a playwright un dramaturge
➦ The Pulitzer Prize established by the American journalist Joseph Pulitzer has been awarded since 1918
for distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing with American life.
Le prix Pulitzer créé par le journaliste américain Joseph Pulitzer est attribué depuis 1918 à un auteur américain
pour une œuvre de fiction particulièrement remarquable ayant de préférence pour sujet la vie américaine.
➦ POLONIUS – What do you read, my lord?
HAMLET – Words, words, words.
Shakespeare, Hamlet, act II, scene 2.
B Style and literary criticism

the setting le décor gifted doué
the plot l’intrigue engrossing captivant
a character \"kœrEktE\ un personnage matter-of-fact prosaïque
the narrator \nE"reItE\ le narrateur commonplace banal
a device un procédé tedious ennuyeux
to describe \dI"skraIb\ décrire to praise faire l’éloge de
to depict dépeindre to disparage dénigrer
to allude to, to refer to faire allusion à a blunt criticism une critique acerbe
to embody incarner a reviewer un critique [roman, théâtre, gastronomie ]
➦ The Lost Continent by Bill Bryson is described as “an unsparing and hilarious account of one man’s
rediscovery of America and his search for the perfect small town”.
Le Continent Perdu de Bill Bryson est décrit comme « un récit implacable et hilarant de la redécouverte de l’Amé-
rique par un homme seul en quête de la petite ville parfaite ».
-ic et -ical
Les suffixes -ic et -ical forment des adjectifs souvent à partir de noms : artistic, musical. Ces adjectifs sont
accentués sur l’avant-dernière syllabe.
Parfois les deux suffixes ont un sens identique (symbolic = symbolical), parfois un sens différent :
a comic strip (comique, humoristique) ≠ comical (qui provoque le rire)
economic (qui appartient au domaine de l’économie) ≠ economical (bon marché)
electric (qui fonctionne à l’électricité) ≠ electrical [autres cas]
124
CHECK POINT
1. Barbara Cartland often billed as the Queen of …… enchanted millions of readers with her dashing
heroes, beautiful heroines, and of course, her trademark happy endings.
2. Ernest Hemingway was …… the Nobel …… in literature in 1954.
3. …… are a collection of multiple drawings that tell a story.
4. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was an English poet, …… , and actor, widely regarded as the greatest
writer in the English language.
5. Bookfinder.com can help you find used books, …… …… …… books (épuisés), textbooks, rare books
and new books.
2 Trouvez les mots dont voici la définition. B

1. also called the storyline; it’s the plan, scheme, or main story of a literary or dramatic work: ……
2. to give a tangible or visible form to an idea, quality, or feeling: ……
3. something in a literary work designed to achieve a particular artistic effect: ……
4. taking up the attention completely: ……
5. to speak contemptuously of: ……
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Classez les phrases suivantes en deux catégories : pour ou contre l’utilisation

d’un support électronique de lecture. Puis traduisez les phrases 1, 5 et 8.
1. A well-designed book jacket can stop you. It may make you smile or pause for a second, or surprise
you. You might even want to pick up the book and look inside, and possibly buy it.
2. It’s like having a library in one small source.
3. Thousands of books can be downloaded for free. So it’s much cheaper.
4. “I would definitely recommend The Hours. I’ve read it twice.” “Can I borrow it?” “Sorry, it is on my
e-reader.”
5. There is something unique about its feel, its smell.
6. They save trees, millions of them.
7. You can read them in bed without disturbing anyone, because you don’t need to turn a lamp on.
8. I personally own every digital device you can imagine, but I still love to be surrounded by printed books.
I feel smarter when I see great writers staring down at me from a shelf.
Cloth, less expensive than leather, was used Does the biggest pleasure come from what we read, or
in the 19th and 20th centuries as binding material. from on what we read?
BUILD UP

1. Le développement économique devrait réduire l’inégalité des chances (disparity in opportunities).
2. Je viens de lire une nouvelle triste et pourtant comique.
3. Les véhicules électriques ont de nombreux avantages sur (over) les véhicules traditionnels.
4. Elle est sceptique quant à cette idée.
5. Ils recherchent des méthodes de production plus économiques.
59 - Books 125
Museums and music
60 The Milwaukee Art Museum: the
Quadracci Pavilion, a postmodern
addition, was designed by Spanish
architect Santiago Calatrava. A wing-
like sunscreen unfolds and folds
twice daily.
A Museums and the price of art

the visual arts les arts plastiques to daub barbouiller
a masterpiece un chef-d’œuvre to carve, to sculpt sculpter
an exhibition une exposition a fake, a forgery un faux
on display exposé an art dealer un marchand d’art
the canvas la toile an auctioneer un commissaire-priseur
entitled intitulé an auction sale une vente aux enchères
a landscape un paysage to bid* for faire une enchère de
a still life une nature morte a bidder un enchérisseur
a brushstroke un coup de pinceau
➦ In this museum you’ll find a fascinating collection of exhibits and models about whales.
Dans ce musée, vous trouverez une collection fascinante d’objets et de modèles réduits concernant les baleines.
➦ Conceptual art is very different from traditional art. Rather than creating an art object, the artist’s intent
is to convey a concept.
L’art conceptuel est très différent de l’art traditionnel. Plutôt que de créer un objet d’art, l’intention de l’artiste
est de transmettre un concept.
B Music
a concert hall une salle de concert A, B, C… la, si, do…
a concert venue \"venju…\ un lieu de concert a chord un accord
an orchestra un orchestre [classique] to tune accorder [un instrument]
a conductor un chef d’orchestre a choir \kwaIE\ une chorale
the score la partition a brass band une fanfare
the lyrics les paroles to lip-synch \"lIpsINk\ chanter en playback
the rhythm le rythme to top the chart être en tête des ventes
➦ If you have pre-ordered your tickets online, you can collect them from the box office.
Si vous avez acheté vos places en ligne à l’avance, vous pouvez les retirer au guichet.
➦ The Proms is an eight-week summer season of daily orchestral classical music concerts held annually,
predominantly in the Royal Albert Hall in London.
➦ “Proms” is short for “promenade concerts”, because originally they were outdoor concerts given in
London’s gardens, where the audience could stroll around while listening (or not) to the orchestra.
« Proms » est un raccourci de « concerts-promenades », parce qu’à l’origine c’était des concerts en plein air dans
les jardins de Londres, où le public pouvait se promener en écoutant l’orchestre (ou pas).
to bid \bId\ ➞ a bidder \"bIdE\

Lorsqu’un mot d’une seule syllabe se termine par consonne + voyelle + consonne (sauf x et w), on double la
consonne quand on ajoute un suffixe (-ed, -er, -est, -y…) : stop ➞ stopped, fun ➞ funny, big ➞ biggest.
126
CHECK POINT
1. The Mount Rushmore National Memorial (South Dakota) is a sculpture featuring the heads of four U.S.
presidents …… into the granite face of Mount Rushmore.
2. Mona Lisa is “the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the
most parodied …… in the world”. (The Independent)
3. A …… …… is a painting that depicts commonplace objects, especially natural objects like flowers,
dead animals or shells. But they can also be man-made, like books, jewelry, etc.
4. The Museum of Art …… , in Vienna, is filled with faked paintings. It is unique in Europe.
5. An art …… is a person or company that buys and sells works of art.
2 Trouvez les mots correspondant à ces définitions. B

1. a person who directs an orchestra or chorus: ……
2. the words of a song: ……
3. a document showing all the notes of a piece of music: ……
4. to adjust a musical instrument: ……
5. a combination of musical tones sounded simultaneously: ……
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Classez les arguments suivants selon qu’ils s’inscrivent pour ou contre l’art de rue.
Soulignez les segments pertinents puis traduisez la phrase qui correspond le mieux
à votre propre opinion.
What is Street Art? Would you call it vandalism or public art?
1. Street art is not limited to museums or galleries. It’s difficult to collect.
You can’t really buy it as a trophy.
2. Graffitists want to leave a message in a public place in order to reach as
many people as possible.
3. To many people, places with graffiti look dirty and can give you a feeling
of insecurity. The places may look abandoned and therefore unsafe.
4. Street art often appears on areas that would normally be eyesores, like a
long concrete wall. And so, it brings beauty to our surroundings.
5. “And the words of the prophets are written on the subway walls…”
Simon and Garfunkel, The Sounds of Silence.
6. Artists who paint on the street or on walls are merely expressing them-
A yarn bombed tree (couvert
selves. They’ve never hurt anyone and don’t intend to.
de tricot graffiti) in Rotorua
(New Zealand).
4 Traduisez ces titres d’articles de presse.
1. The Unsung Heroes of the Spotify Generation.
2. Pianist’s new album links Romantic-era chamber music and modern-day pop.
3. Music Education Could Help Close The Achievement Gap Between Poor And Affluent Students.
4. Why Your Brain Craves Music.
5. Met Competition Features Nation’s Top Opera Talent.
BUILD UP
5 Redoublez la consonne lorsque c’est nécessaire.

1. They hop…ed across to London for the weekend.
2. She was hop…ing for the best.
3. She loves swim…ing.
4. Life can be so sweet on the sun…y side of the street.
5. Is it worth help…ing her?
60 - Museums and music 127

The cinema and television
61 Forever Marilyn, the giant statue of
Marilyn Monroe designed by Seward
Johnson, was displayed for two years
in Palm Springs (California).
A The cinema (the movies)

a director un réalisateur to dub doubler
to screen porter à l’écran a subtitle un sous-titre
the cast la distribution a trailer une bande-annonce
an extra un figurant to release sortir [un film]
the set, the scenery le décor the release la sortie
the shooting le tournage a show une séance [de cinéma]
a close-up un gros plan U(niversal) rating tout public
a stunt une cascade PG (parental guidance) surveillance parentale
the credits le générique rating recommandée
the soundtrack la bande-son
➦ Orson Welles’s Citizen Kane is said to be technically innovative, especially in its use of deep focus.
On dit du film Citizen Kane d’Orson Welles qu’il est innovant sur le plan technique, surtout dans son utilisation
de la profondeur de champ.
➦ Charlie Chaplin started acting in films in the 1910s and soon became a worldwide cinematic idol. He is
best known for his tramp character.
Charlie Chaplin a commencé à jouer dans des films dans les années 1910 et il est rapidement devenu une idole
internationale. Il est surtout connu pour son personnage de vagabond.
B Television and series

a TV viewer un téléspectateur a live \laIv\ broadcast une émission en direct
a newscaster, un présentateur a quiz/game show un jeu télévisé
an anchorman, de journal independent TV les chaînes privées
a newsreader to channel hop zapper
a compere \"kÅmpeE\, a host un animateur video on demand la vidéo à la demande
hard news l’information (VOD) (VOD)
sérieuse a streaming platform une plateforme
infotainment l’information de streaming
divertissement to take* out a prendre
a series \"sIEri…z\ une série subscription to un abonnement à
a repeat, a rerun une rediffusion an episode un épisode
➦ In the United States, the largest broadcast television networks are the traditional Big Three: ABC, CBS
and NBC.
➦ Internet streaming television has changed the way viewers watch their favourite programmes.
La télévision en streaming via Internet a changé la manière dont les téléspectateurs regardent leurs émissions
préférées.
Series…
Les noms series, species, means (moyen), crossroads (carrefour), works (usine)… sont dénombrables.
Ils se terminent par un -s au singulier et ne changent pas au pluriel : a series (sg)/series (pl.).
Le nom news est un nom indénombrable : il s’accorde donc au singulier (No news is good news).
« Une nouvelle » se dit a piece of news.
128
CHECK POINT
1. Quand est la prochaine séance ?
2. Beaucoup de gens prêtent (to pay) peu d’attention au générique.
3. Les cinquante jours de tournage se dérouleront en Pologne.
4. C’est bien Sean Penn le réalisateur de Into the Wild ?
5. On peut regarder les bandes-annonces des nouvelles sorties sur Comingsoon.net.
2 Donnez le synonyme (=) ou l’antonyme (≠) des mots suivants. B

1. a compere = …… 4. to zap = ……
2. state-owned television ≠ …… 5. pre-recorded ≠ ……
3. a quiz show = …… 6. a newsreader = ……
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Choisissez les termes appropriés pour compléter ce texte. Attention : parfois plusieurs
ou tous conviennent ! Vérifiez vos réponses à l’aide du fichier audio.
Bollywood films…
Masala is a famous Indian spice/coffee/food mix. In India, some films are called “masala films” because
they provide a mixture of several things that the Indian moviegoers/filmgoers/cinemagoers appreciate,
like action, comedy, tragedy, novels/romance, dances, songs, love triangles/rectangles… In most Indian
films, you get the typical hero, needless to say a man, who manages to fight off/defeat/befriend the
villains/baddies all by himself. They last about three hours with an intermission/an interval/a break.
4 Complétez le texte avec les mots suivants : advice • comments • edge • emotional •
mock • return.
Not all audiences behave the same way. We are used to the reserved British filmgoers. Things are quite
different in Indian cinemas, where viewers often shout out …… to the screen, give …… to the characters,
boo them or cheer them. They sometimes …… the hero, for example when he stands at the …… of a cliff
and tells the woman he loves that he will jump if she doesn’t …… his love. It’s fairly common for viewers to
shout “Jump!” or even “Jump, you chicken!”, in such an …… moment.
5 Lisez ce texte puis relevez les segments précis qui décrivent d’une part le plaisir
du spectateur, d’autre part l’ambiguïté de ses sentiments.
Reality TV…
Reality TV has become the public executions of our times. We sit on the edge of our seats waiting eagerly
for the guillotine to fall, yet don’t want the end to come too quickly. We want to savor the lingering death
of humiliation and rejection. And when the “execution” finally occurs, we feel conflicted in enjoying others’
“deaths”, yet relief in our continued existences, guilty for the exhilaration we feel, yet giddy (ivres) in
knowing that we are “survivors” of our own reality show called Life. In these times of economic and global
uncertainty, thanks to the contestants’ symbolic deaths on reality TV, we can return to our lives feeling
somehow better, safer… that we are going to be okay.
The Power of Prime, Psychologytoday.com, January 31, 2011.
BUILD UP
6 Ajoutez un -s si c’est nécessaire.

1. His car is his only mean… of transport.
2. He is new… here.
3. Turn right at the crossroad… .
4. He is looking for work… .
5. Is the lynx an endangered specie… ?
61 - The cinema and television 129

Architecture and photography
62 The Walt Disney Concert Hall (2003)
in downtown Los Angeles was
designed by Frank Gehry. His works
are cited as being among the most
important works of contemporary
architecture.
A Architecture
concrete \"kÅNkri…t\ du béton the nave la nef
a flat roof un toit en terrasse the aisles \aIlz\ les bas-côtés
the eaves le rebord du toit, l’avant-toit a pillar un pilier
a beam une poutre a capital un chapiteau
a steeple un clocher a stained glass window un vitrail
the spire la flèche a cloister un cloître
a flying buttress un arc-boutant Romanesque roman [art]
➦ “Form follows function” architect Louis Sullivan declared in 1896. In 1939, Frank Lloyd Wright argued
that “form and function are one.” He believed that every building should grow naturally from its environment.
« La forme suit la fonction » a déclaré l’architecte Louis Sullivan en 1896. En 1939, Frank Lloyd Wright a répondu
que « forme et fonction ne font qu’un ». Il pensait que tout bâtiment devrait être la prolongation naturelle de son
environnement.
B Photography
photography \fE"tÅgrEfi\ la photographie [art] a photo editor un logiciel de retouche
a photograph, a photo, une photo to doctor/to retouch a retoucher une photo
a picture picture
a lens \lenz\ un objectif to crop rogner, recadrer
the shutter/the shutter le déclencheur to tamper, to fake falsifier
button
digital art l’art numérique blurred, fuzzy flou
➦ A camera is a save button for the mind’s eye. (Roger Kingston)

Un appareil photo est une sauvegarde pour l’esprit.
➦ The camera is an instrument that teaches people to see without a camera. (Dorothea Lange)
L’appareil photo est un instrument qui apprend aux gens à voir sans lui.
➦ A lot of photographers think that if they buy a better camera they’ll be able to take better photographs. A
better camera won’t do a thing for you if you don’t have anything in your head or in your heart. (Arnold Newman)
De nombreux photographes pensent que s’ils achètent un meilleur appareil, ils pourront prendre de meilleures
photos. Un meilleur appareil ne fera rien pour vous si vous avez la tête ou le cœur vide.
Les mots nouveaux

En anglais, comme en français, de nouveaux mots puisent leur origine dans les nouvelles pratiques. Quelques
exemples : to Photoshop (to retouch) ; to Google (faire une recherche sur Google) ; to text (envoyer un texto) ;
to bookmark a page (ajouter une page aux favoris).
130
CHECK POINT
1 Retrouvez le sens figuré des mots en gras puis traduisez les phrases suivantes. A
1. He sat forward steepling his fingers and said: “I don’t know; you might tell me more…”
2. His argument is buttressed with solid facts.
3. I’d rather have an aisle seat on this long flight.
4. You eavesdropped from behind the kitchen door, didn’t you?

1. Cette photo a manifestement été retouchée.
2. Une image floue peut-elle être belle ?
3. L’artiste américain Louis Comfort Tiffany reçut une médaille d’or à l’Exposition Universelle
de 1900 pour ses vitraux Les quatre saisons.
4. Il est photographe ou artiste numérique ?
5. Les photographes paysagistes (entre autres) paient souvent un prix élevé pour des objectifs à haut
pouvoir de résolution (high resolution).
6. Un bon déclencheur est surtout utile pour de longues expositions.
7. Mon photographe a dû rogner la photo pour qu’elle entre dans le cadre.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Voici des citations d’architectes célèbres. Faites correspondre chacune d’elles

à l’une des idées ci-dessous (il ne s’agit pas de traductions).
1. The mother art is architecture. Without an architecture of our own we have no soul of our own civili-
zation. (Frank Lloyd Wright)
2. Architecture is a very dangerous job. If a writer makes a bad book, eh, people don’t read it. But if you
make bad architecture, you impose ugliness on a place for a hundred years. (Renzo Piano)
3. Architecture should speak of its time and place, but yearn for timelessness. (Frank Gehry)
4. I would like my architecture to inspire people to use their own resources, to move into the future.
(Tadao Ando)
5. The long path from material through function to creative work has only one goal: to create order out
of the desperate confusion of our time. (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe)
a. Atteindre l’intemporalité est le but de l’architecture.

b. L’architecture est l’âme propre d’une civilisation.
c. L’architecture que je crée a pour but d’inciter les gens à se projeter dans l’avenir.
d. Le seul but est de créer de l’ordre dans le chaos qui nous entoure.
e. Vous encourez le risque d’imposer la laideur pour une centaine d’années.
4 Insérez ces mots dans le paragraphe suivant : ethics • language • intentionally •

purpose • genuine • photographs.
Is it real or is it Photoshop?
It’s part of human nature to make things up. It started with ...… . And inventing things is often fun! Most of
us enjoy telling stories, which doesn’t mean that we’re liars. It’s the same with art. The …… artist doesn’t
…… want to mislead anyone or misrepresent anything.
The only problem is when the artist lies about his or her intentions, when he or she tries to manipulate us,
as when he or she puts together two separate …… of two people to make it look like they are friends. In
this case, the …… of the photographer is clearly to deceive the viewer. Then it becomes a question of …… .
62 - Architecture and photography 131

Pleasures of the table
63 This plate is typical of pub grub:
steak and kidney pie, broccoli and
mashed potatoes.
A Eating out
catering la restauration a food court une aire de restauration
a diner \"daInE\ un petit restaurant all-you-can-eat à volonté
a take-away un restaurant de plats fusion food la cuisine multiculturelle
à emporter vegan \"vi…gEn\ food la nourriture végétalienne
a deli, a delicatessen un traiteur health food la nourriture diététique
a food booth/truck/cart un restaurant mobile pub grub, pub food la nourriture de pub
a gourmet restaurant un restaurant cuisine \kwI"zi…n\ la cuisine [art culinaire]
gastronomique home delivery la livraison à domicile
➦ According to a 2007 study from the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), 2.5 billion people eat street
food every day.
Selon une étude de la FAO datant de 2007, deux milliards et demi de personnes mangent de la nourriture de rue
tous les jours.
➦ Good food is a global thing and I find there is always something new and amazing to learn.
I love it! (Jamie Oliver)
La bonne nourriture est un phénomène mondial et je trouve qu’il y a toujours des choses nouvelles et étonnantes
à apprendre. J’adore ça !
B Dishes and the taste of food

a set menu \"menju…\ lunch une formule déjeuner crispy croustillant
today’s special le plat du jour crunchy croquant
a side dish un accompagnement juicy juteux
a combo une assiette composée yummy super bon
baked cuit au four greasy gras
breaded pané mushy ramolli
deep-fried frit bland fade
➦ Would you like the apple pie à la mode?

Voulez-vous de la glace avec la tarte aux pommes ?
➦ The dinner was so long that the desserts were complimentary.
Le dîner a été si long qu’on nous a offert les desserts.
➦ Are these drinks to go or to stay?
Ces boissons, c’est à emporter ou à consommer sur place ?
➦ Every year just before Thanksgiving the president of the United States pardons a turkey.
Tous les ans, juste avant Thanksgiving, le président des États-Unis gracie une dinde.
Crispy, crunchy, juicy…

Le suffixe -y est très courant pour former un adjectif à partir d’un nom.
Il exprime l’idée de « qui a la qualité de » : rain (la pluie) ➞ rainy (pluvieux).
132
CHECK POINT
1 Retrouvez les mots correspondant aux définitions suivantes. A
1. a restaurant considered to serve the highest quality food: …… ……
2. an area within a building (such as a shopping mall) where there are many small restaurants that share
a large area of tables for their customers: …… ……
3. food prepared by using the techniques and ingredients of ethnic or regional cuisines: …… ……
4. food served in pubs: …… ……
2 Traduisez le plus vite possible. B

1. baked potatoes – 2. deep-fried chicken – 3. breaded fish – 4. crispy bacon – 5. crunchy baby carrots
– 6. a juicy burger – 7. a kid-friendly yummy recipe
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Des repas à la maison ou à l’extérieur ? Traduisez les phrases suivantes.

1. Not only will your health improve by forgoing high-calorie meals at restaurants, so will your finances!
Eating healthy meals at home can cut your food budget dramatically. (Daily Health Post)
2. Having a meal in a restaurant can be an enjoyable and celebratory event, an occasional break from
the tedium of cooking at home. (Paula Martinac, sfgate.com)
3. With hectic work and family schedules, many Americans find it hard to carve out the time to prepare
meals at home. (Paula Martinac, sfgate.com)
4. Restaurants are in business to make money and calorie counting is not at the top of the list.
4 Voici deux ardoises de restaurants.

1. À votre avis, 2. Traduisez ce texte
quel mot a été proposé à l’extérieur
effacé de cette d’un restaurant en
ardoise : oyster Nouvelle-Zélande. Il
(huître), mussel vous faudra peut-être
(moule) ou snail recourir au diction-
(escargot) ? naire !
5 À propos de quelques abréviations…

1. Il est courant, dans les restaurants australiens, de lire sur la porte BYO. À quoi correspond cette
abréviation ? Buy your own wine. • Bring your own wine. • Bring your own food.
2. Si vous demandez a BLT, que va-t-on vous servir ? Un sandwich composé de : Bread, Lentils and Tuna
fish • Bacon, Lettuce and Tomato • Beets, Lamb and Turkey
3. À quoi correspond l’abréviation KFC ? King Food Corporation • Kentucky Food Chain • Kentucky
Fried Chicken
BUILD UP

1. San Francisco is often foggy in the evening. 4. This curry was very tasty.
2. The flight was rather bumpy (a bump : une bosse). 5. His clothes are baggy.
3. I think she is too skinny.
63 - Pleasures of the table 133

Sports
64 Dog mushing or sledding is
Alaska’s official state sport:
dozens of races take place each
winter; the most famous is the
Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race.
A Sports competition
an event \I"vent\ une épreuve tough \tØf\ rude, dur
a sportsman un sportif rough \rØf\ brutal
a contestant un concurrent to host accueillir
a substitute un remplaçant to score marquer
a ref(eree) un arbitre to dodge esquiver
a jersey un maillot to retire abandonner
a venue un lieu, une salle to catch* up with rattraper
a field, a pitch un terrain to rank se classer
a grandstand une tribune a crushing defeat une écrasante défaite
➦ Performance-enhancing drugs are an illusion. I wish I had never gotten involved with steroids. It was
wrong. It was stupid. (Mark McGwire)
Les drogues destinées à améliorer les performances sont une illusion. Je regrette d’avoir touché aux stéroïdes.
C’était une erreur. C’était idiot.
➦ In sports, people reach their peak very early. You have to move on. I don’t know if I will ever surpass what
I did at the Olympics, but I’m still doing the work I always wanted to do. (Greg Louganis)
En sport, on atteint son maximum très tôt. Il faut continuer. Je ne sais pas si un jour je surpasserai ce que j’ai fait
aux Jeux Olympiques, mais je fais encore le travail que j’ai toujours voulu faire.
B Indoor and outdoor sports

football [GB], soccer [US] le football love-15 zéro-quinze [tennis]
a rugby player un rugbyman deuce \dju…s\ égalité
the kick-off le coup d’envoi a hurdle une haie [course]
a scrum une mêlée fencing l’escrime
a try un essai ice-skating le patinage sur glace
a three-nil victory une victoire trois à zéro hang-gliding le parapente
the umpire l’arbitre [tennis] bungee-jumping le saut à l’élastique
on clay sur terre battue
➦ Football is a gentleman’s game played by ruffians (des brutes), and rugby is a ruffian’s game played by
gentlemen. (Old British saying)
➦ The tennis ball doesn’t know how old I am. The ball doesn’t know if I’m a man or a woman or if I come from
a communist country or not. Sport has always broken down these barriers. (Martina Navratilova)
Mots se terminant par -ough

Attention à leur prononciation dont voici quelques exemples.
\Åf\ cough \aÁ\ plough
\Øf\ tough, enough, rough \EÁ\ although, borough, though
\ru…\ through
134
CHECK POINT
1 Retrouvez le sens figuré des mots en gras puis traduisez les phrases suivantes. A B
1. They broke the law by dodging tax.
2. I hadn’t seen my Australian friends for a whole year, I was glad to catch up with them
at the party.
3. The steak was tough.
4. The rough weather makes life difficult in those mountains.
5. This famous actress has been hosting a TV show for a year.
6. The young singer had to fight her way through the scrum of photographers.
7. Getting a driving licence will be the most difficult hurdle to overcome.
8. The ceremony marked the kick-off of a new project.
2 A rugby player est un rugbyman. Comment diriez-vous « un footballeur », B

« un basketteur », « un tennisman » ?
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Prenez connaissance des citations suivantes. Reliez-les ensuite aux idées exprimées
dans les phrases a-d.
1. Serious sport has nothing to do with fair play. It is bound up with hatred, jealousy, boastfulness,
disregard of all rules and sadistic pleasure in witnessing violence: in other words it is war minus the
shooting. (George Orwell)
2. The difference between the old ballplayer and the new ballplayer is the jersey. The old ballplayer
cared about the name on the front. The new ballplayer cares about the name on the back.
(Steve Garvey)
3. I know when I have kids, when I’m older, I’m going to encourage them to play sports because
I think it teaches you a lot. It teaches you discipline, teamwork, and that there’s really no “I” in team.
(Gregg Sulkin)
4. The sport of horse racing which, at its best, showcases the majestic beauty of this animal
and the athleticism of jockeys, has reached an alarming level of corruption and exploitation.
(Tom Udall)
a. Les joueurs d’aujourd’hui sont très attentifs aux marques qui les sponsorisent.
b. Les courses de chevaux sont corrompues.
c. La violence domine le sport.
d. On ne peut pas pratiquer un sport et être égoïste.
4 Dans les phrases suivantes, relevez les segments qui peuvent être utilisés
pour débattre de la question : Is there too much money in professional sport?
Classez-les sous les rubriques : Yes there is… ou No there is not…
1. They work hard and they train every day, so they deserve to be paid for that.
2. Yes, they’re overpaid but it’s the fault of the fans who spend so much money on plain entertainment.
3. There are so many problems going on around the world. The amount of their pay has gotten out of
hand.
4. They have to pay taxes, health insurance, their trainers. They are finished with their career earlier than
other people.
5. Many star athletes today have used their large amounts of money to set up charities and foundations
to support humanitarian causes.
6. By getting so much money, they think they are the most valued members of society and believe they
can get away with anything.
Yes there is too much money: ……
No there is not too much money: ……
64 - Sports 135
Travelling
65 A cruise in the Svalbard (formerly known
by its Dutch name Spitsbergen) on board
the sailing ship (a schooner) Noorderlicht
affords the opportunity of walrus
watching…
A Getting there
a journey \"dZ∏…ni\ un voyage, un trajet non-refundable non remboursable
a route \ru…t\ un itinéraire to stop over at faire escale à [en avion]
a coach trip une excursion en car to call at faire escale à [en bateau]
a round trip ticket un billet aller-retour a liner un paquebot
hiking la randonnée a berth une couchette
a seasoned traveller un voyageur chevronné a porthole un hublot
to be* headed for se diriger vers to weigh anchor lever l’ancre
to be* bound for partir à destination de \weI "œNkE\
to book ahead réserver to dock arriver à quai
➦ The origin of the adjective “posh” would be that on the ships from England to India and back, the port
cabins were mostly in the shade when travelling out (easterly) and the starboard ones when coming home.
So the best and most expensive cabins were POSH (port out starboard home).
L’origine de l’adjectif posh (chic, cher) serait que sur les bateaux qui faisaient l’aller-retour entre l’Angleterre et les
Indes, les cabines à bâbord étaient la plupart du temps à l’ombre quand on voyageait vers l’est et les cabines à
tribord l’étaient à leur tour quand on rentrait en Angleterre. Aussi les meilleures et les plus chères étaient POSH
(Port Out Starboard Home).
B Staying somewhere
a package holiday un voyage organisé an en-suite bathroom une salle de bain privée
a resort un lieu de villégiature an extra pillow un oreiller de plus
a spa une ville thermale a cot un lit d’enfant
a camp site un camping to vacate a room libérer une chambre
an RV (recreational un camping-car to unwind* se détendre
vehicle), a motorhome off the beaten track hors des sentiers battus
self-catering un logement remote lointain, reculé
accommodation indépendant unspoilt intact
overpriced trop cher crowded encombré de monde
no vacancies complet
full board en pension complète
➦ The Grand Tour defined by the New York Times in 2008: “Three hundred years ago, wealthy young
Englishmen began taking a post-Oxbridge trek through France and Italy in search of art, culture and the
roots of Western civilization.”
Le Grand Tour défini par le New York Times en 2008 : « Il y a trois cents ans, de jeunes et riches Anglais com-
mencèrent à parcourir la France et l’Italie après leurs études à Oxford ou Cambridge en quête d’art, de culture
et des racines de la civilisation occidentale. »
Self-
Le préfixe self- exprime l’idée de réflexivité : self-confidence (la confiance en soi) ; self-satisfied (autosatisfait) ;
self-control (le contrôle de soi).
Le nom self désigne l’ego, le moi : He is back to his old self again. (Il est de nouveau lui-même.)
136
CHECK POINT
1. Nous lèverons l’ancre à 6 heures du matin.
2. C’est complet. Vous auriez dû réserver.
3. Nous avons fait escale six heures à Chicago.
4. Quel est l’itinéraire le plus direct pour aller au centre-ville ?
5. Vous aurez une réduction si vous prenez un aller-retour.
2 Complétez ces phrases avec les mots : spa • off the beaten track • self-catering •
unwind • resorts. B
1. Looking for a beautiful and unique destination where you can shop until you drop but also relax and
…… ? Then, go to Bath, the ultimate …… break destination for thousands of years.
2. Hawaii …… accommodation provides all the facilities you need for your home-away-from-home.
3. Most of the 5 star hotels and …… in Goa are located in south Goa, which is great if you want to get
away from it all.
4. If you’re after a truly unique experience, a real …… cultural experience, to discover places very few
outsiders have travelled, then these are the tours for you.
3 Cette petite carte était posée sur la table de nuit

dans une chambre d’hôtel en Nouvelle-Zélande.
Un mot a été effacé : lequel ? B
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
4 Choisissez les termes qui conviennent pour compléter ces citations sur le tourisme.
1. I don’t look down/up on tourism. I live in Hawaii where we have 7 million visitors a year. If they weren’t
there, there would be no economy. So I understand why a tourist economy is insignificant/necessary.
(Paul Theroux)
2. The global phenomenon of poverty tourism - or “poorism” - has become less/increasingly popular
during the past few years. Tourists pay/are allowed to be guided through the favelas of Brazil and the
shantytowns of South Africa. The recently opened Los Angeles Gang Tour carries visitors through battle-
scarred territories of country/urban violence and deprivation. (Leslie Jamison)
3. Some 898 million international tourists are invading/protecting beaches, historic monuments, great
cities and even smaller/greater wilderness areas, doing irreversible damage. (Elizabeth Becker)
BUILD UP
5 Associez les noms ou adjectifs composés suivants aux définitions ci-dessous :

self-sufficient • self-centered • self-taught • self-reliance • self-evident • self-pity.
1. educated by your own efforts: ……
2. independent: ……
3. the ability to depend on yourself to meet your own needs: ……
4. true, requiring no explanation: ……
5. a negative emotion felt when you think you are a victim of unfortunate circumstances: ……
6. concerned chiefly with one’s own interest, selfish: ……
65 - Travelling 137
À propos
de la langue
anglaise
Une brève histoire de l’anglais
66 In 1966, Guinness chose to advertise
their famous stout by celebrating the
anniversary of the Norman Conquest as
it is related in the Bayeux Tapestry.
Notice the pun: “battle/“bottle”.
Le tableau suivant retrace très brièvement les origines de la langue anglaise.
55 BC Roman invasion of Britain. Local people speak Celtic

languages.*
436 AD The Romans withdraw.
* Very few words in English are of Celtic origin except place names such as York or Avon.
450-1100 AD The Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes push away the The invading tribes speak
Celtic speakers to what is now Wales, Scotland and Germanic languages, which
Ireland. * produced “Old English” (5th century
to 11th century).
9th century The Vikings conquer most of the territories north of
London. **
* Approximately one third of Anglo-Saxon vocabulary survives into modern English, including many of the most
basic, everyday words: earth, house, food, sing, night…
** Words derived from Norse or Danish include anger, cake, die, egg, freckle, knife, shame, shoulder, ship, silver,
skirt, smile, take…
1066 William the Conqueror (from Normandy) conquers Norman French becomes the
England. language of the court and of the
ruling classes.*
* Thousands of French words were absorbed into the English vocabulary: crown, castle, court, parliament, army,
grief, honest, beauty, banquet, art, poet, romance, coast, duke…
Many words were borrowed from Latin too, during the Middle Ages, when that language spread all over Europe.
1348 English replaces Latin as the language of instruction. Middle English

1362 English replaces French as the language of law.
1388 Chaucer starts writing the Canterbury Tales
considered one of the most important literary works
in English.
1400-1500 A sudden change in pronunciation occurs with Early modern English
vowels being pronounced longer, like the letter “i”,
which changed from \I\ to \aI\.
1564 William Shakespeare is born.*
1500-1800 The British have contacts with many peoples from
around the world. **
* Shakespeare coined new words and expressions that have remained in modern English: to dwindle (diminuer),
gloomy (lugubre), fretful (agité), it’s high time… (il est grand temps que…), Good riddance (bon débarras), an
eyesore (une horreur), the game is up (tout est perdu).
** With these fresh findings come new words from across the globe, including macaroni, violin from Italian;
magazine, sherbet (un sorbet) from Arabic; coffee, yoghurt, kiosk from Turkish; tomato, potato, tobacco from
Spanish; waltz, delicatessen from German, robot from Czech.
140
CHECK POINT
1 Complétez la suite du tableau de gauche avec les termes suivants : technology •
globalization • dictionary.
1828 Webster publishes his American English …… .
1800-1947 The Industrial Revolution and …… create a need for new words. *
20th-21st century New words appear, due to technology, fashion and …… .
* Newly coined words include biology, caffeine, cityscape, centigrade, watt, bacterium, chromosome and
claustrophobia.
2 Complétez les phrases suivantes avec un de ces mots d’origine latine : versus • Census
• millenium • Museum • climax.
1. The latest …… Bureau estimate recorded California’s official population as 37,691,912.
2. The Metropolitan …… of Art, which includes its Main Building on Fifth Avenue and The Cloisters museum
and gardens in northern Manhattan, dates back to 1866.
3. The Dome on the Greenwich peninsula is a large dome-shaped building, originally used to house a
major exhibition celebrating the beginning of the third …… .
4. Control …… freedom: what is the wise course?
5. At the age of 45, he reached the …… of his career.
3 Les paysans anglo-saxons les élevaient, les seigneurs normands les mangeaient.
Complétez le tableau suivant.
live animal ox – cow …… calf ……
meat …… mutton …… pork
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
4 Traduisez ces titres de pièces de Shakespeare ou ces phrases qui en sont extraites et
que (presque) tous les anglophones connaissent.
1. Much ado about nothing
2. “It’s all Greek to me.” (Julius Cesar)
3. “The world’s my oyster.” (The Merry Wives of Windsor)
4. “This is a sorry sight.” (Macbeth)
5. “All the world’s a stage.” (As you like it)
6. All is well that ends well
7. “Now is the winter of our discontent.” (Richard III)
5 Du français et du latin dans les devises de l’Angleterre et des États-Unis. Remettez les
devises à leur place : E pluribus unum (Out of many, one) • “Dieu et mon droit” • “Honni
soit qui mal y pense”. Puis vérifiez vos réponses à l’aide du fichier audio.
1. …… is the motto (la devise) of the British monarch. It refers to the divine right of the monarch to govern.
It’s supposed to have been used by Richard the Lionheart, who reigned from 1189 to 1199, as a battle
cry. It became the official motto of English monarchs in the 15th century.
2. One legend claims that whilst dancing the Countess of Salisbury lost her garter, which caused some
courtiers to snigger. King Edward III (1312-1377) then picked it up and tied it to his own leg, exclaiming
…… . This phrase quickly became the motto of the Order of the Garter, the world’s oldest national
order of knighthood, first instituted in 1344.
3. …… is the motto suggested by the committee Congress appointed on July 4, 1776 to design “a seal
for the United States of America”. The motto implies that there’s one nation despite the diversity of
its people.
66 - Une brève histoire de l’anglais 141

Quelques origines
67
Wellies are drying outside Brooke
Camp’s trading post (Alaska).
A Noms dont l’origine est un nom de personne

wellingtons (wellies) [GB] Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1769-1852), was a British soldier and
(des bottes en caoutchouc) statesman.
a sandwich John Montagu, the 4th Earl of Sandwich (1718-1792), would spend long hours
(un sandwich) at the gaming tables. In order to carry on with his gambling and not waste
time having lunch, he would order a bread and meat concoction.
Adjectifs dérivés de noms propres

Certains adjectifs sont dérivés du nom de personnalités historiques ou littéraires célèbres pour qualifier ce qui est
« à la manière de… » :
Machiavelli ➞ Machiavellian, Dickens ➞ Dickensian, Orwell ➞ Orwellian, Freud ➞ Freudian,
Napoleon ➞ Napoleonic, Kafka ➞ Kafkaesque.
B Noms dont l’origine est un nom de lieu

bedlam Bedlam was the name of a famous London mental hospital.
(un tohu-bohu, un chahut)
suede It was borrowed in the 17th century from the French Suède (Sweden) in the
(du daim) expression gants de Suède.
denim The word comes from the French Serge de Nîmes. This sturdy fabric was
(de la toile de jean) originally made in the French city of Nîmes.
gipsy The word is an alteration of “gypcian”, a dialectal form in Middle English of
(bohémien) “egypcien” (Egyptian), from the supposed origin of these people.
tawdry “Audrey” was a later form of “Etheldrida” (died in 679), patron saint of
(de mauvais goût, clinquant) Ely, where tawdry laces (dentelles), along with other cheap finery, were
traditionally sold at a fair.
C Faux emprunts
Le français a emprunté et emprunte de nombreux termes à l’anglais en conservant leur sens (Internet, du chewing-
gum, un best seller…). Attention cependant à un certain nombre de faux amis.
camping activité de camper un camping a campsite, a campground

baskets des paniers des baskets trainers, tennis shoes, sneakers [US]
smoking l’action de fumer un smoking a tuxedo, a dinner jacket
lifting action de lever un lifting a facelift
un parking a car park un coca light a diet coke

un recordman a record holder un rugbyman a rugby player
142
CHECK POINT
1 Complétez les phrases suivantes. A B C
1. The exhibition had never seen so many visitors at one time. It was total …… .
2. It’s muddy, you should slip on your …… to work in the garden.
3. His jacket was made of soft, supple …… the colour of chestnuts.
4. The sea front is now full of …… souvenir shops and lousy coffee shops.
5. The building has been given a complete …… , which gives it a more contemporary look.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
2 Assemblez les mots donnés dans la colonne de gauche avec les données
de la colonne de droite puis complétez les noms propres dont ils proviennent.
From the name of…
1. a teddy bear a. the Hungarian inventor of ballpoint pens: Jozsef ……
2. a hoover b. the city in Italy where they were made: G……a
3. a mac(kintosh) c. the Scottish engineer who first proposed compacted crushed stone as a road
covering: John Loudon ……
4. a boycott d. the President who spared the life of a bear cub on a hunting trip: Theodore
Roosevelt, nicknamed Teddy.
5. a biro e. an English land agent in Ireland who was ostracized for refusing to reduce rents in
the 1880s: Captain Charles ……
6. jeans f. an engineer who invented a method for making waterproof garments: Charles ……
7. a derrick g. an American businessman who produced vacuum cleaners: William Henry ……
8. macadam h. a 17th century hangman; the word originally referred to a gallows (un gibet):
Goodman ……
3 Les phrases suivantes sont-elles correctes ? Corrigez-les si besoin est.

1. The parking was full so I had to drive round the block several times before I could find a free space.
2. He’s planning a safari in Kenya for the holidays.
3. He was ahead of his planning.
4. Will you wear a smoking for her wedding?
5. This famous tennisman retired when he was 30.
6. Don’t buy another dress, your dressing is full!
7. Who is the current world recordman in high jump?
4 Cette publicité photographiée à Montréal pour la

voiture “FIT” comporte un jeu de mot sur un adjectif
emprunté à l’américain. Lequel ?
BUILD UP
5 Complétez ces phrases à l’aide des adjectifs dérivés de noms propres

donnés en page de gauche.
1. Ultimately, we will find ourselves in an …… world where “all animals are equal but some are more
equal than others”.
2. It is a verbal or memory mistake believed to be linked to the unconscious mind. It is a …… slip.
3. This campaign marked the end of the …… domination in Italy.
4. Those inquiries have been secretive, bureaucratic, …… .
5. The working conditions of some miners can only be described as …… situations.
67 - Quelques origines 143

Binômes
68 Buy and save! There’s a popular
phrase that says “The more you
buy, the more you save”. For
example, it might be cheaper to
buy ten courgettes than one in
the long term due to the lower
cost per item.
A Binômes composés de noms, de verbes ou d’adjectifs

• Les binômes sont des expressions figées comportant deux mots de même nature, le plus souvent reliés par and.
L’ordre des mots est très rarement inversé. Les deux mots ont un sens proche ou sont souvent associés.
peace and quiet la quiétude, le repos fish and chips du poisson avec frites
law and order l’ordre public pros and cons le pour et le contre
life and times la vie et l’époque lost and found (objects) les objets trouvés
safe and sound sain et sauf men and women hommes et femmes
salt and vinegar du sel et du vinaigre wait and see on verra bien
➦ Time to get ready for school. Come on, rise and shine!
C’est l’heure de te préparer pour l’école. Allez, debout !
• Certains binômes sont fondés sur la rime ou l’allitération.

odds and ends des bricoles fair and square juste et loyal
hustle and bustle un tourbillon d’activités, high and mighty arrogant
l’effervescence to leave* sb high laisser qqn en plan
spick and span impeccable and dry
trials and tribulations les tribulations tit for tat un prêté pour un rendu
rest and relaxation la paix et le bien-être
➦ Don’t act so high and mighty!

Ne te donne pas de grands airs.
➦ This is Europe’s strength, which we must preserve through thick and thin. (europarl.europa.eu)
C’est la force de l’Europe, que nous devons préserver contre vents et marées.
➦ Fluctuations in oil prices are part and parcel of the oil industry.
Les fluctuations du prix du pétrole font partie intégrante de l’industrie du pétrole.
B Binômes composés de mots grammaticaux

ups and downs les hauts et les bas back and forth aller-retour, de long en large
ifs and buts des objections up and about sur pied
ins and outs les tenants et les aboutissants dos and don’ts ce qu’il faut faire et ne pas faire
down and out dans la misère, indigent now and again de temps à autre
➦ Our democracies are slowly but surely infiltrated by dirty money.

Nos démocraties sont infiltrées lentement mais sûrement par de l’argent sale.
➦ I collected these articles here and there last week.
J’ai recueilli ces articles ici et là la semaine dernière.
➦ We sat around talking about this and that.
On était assis, à parler de tout et de rien.
144
CHECK POINT
1 Complétez ces phrases à l’aide des binômes suivants : do’s and don’ts • pros and cons
• safe and sound • down and out • high and dry • tit-for-tat • R&D (Research and
Development) • life and times • ifs or buts. A B
1. In their declaration, they are saying “yes” to human rights with no ……………… .
2. ……………… in Paris and London, by George Orwell, is a memoir on the theme of poverty in the two
cities.
3. Did you carefully weigh the ……………… before making this decision?
4. The United States condemns the ……………… spiral of violence.
5. This book documents Abraham Lincoln’s ……………… .
6. Over the past five years, the government has committed $910 million to fund advanced ………………
projects.
7. The video provides a list of ……………… for the consumer.
8. When the factory closed, the community was left ……………… .
9. Both her brothers came home ……………… after the war.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
2 Formez des binômes en utilisant un mot de la colonne de gauche avec un mot

de la colonne de droite. Traduisez les binômes ainsi formés.
1. pick and • for all
2. sick and • butter
3. leaps and • choose
4. rise and • forth
5. back and • fall
6. once and • bounds
7. bread and • off
8. on and • tired
3 Au Japon, il est parfois un peu difficile de comprendre les binômes !

Dans cet avis photographié, relevez ce qui est grammaticalement incorrect
et ce qui nuit à la compréhension de l’information.
4 Joignez les deux termes à l’aide de and, or ou but. Traduisez les expressions obtenues.
1. sooner …… later 7. sink …… swim
2. first …… foremost 8. slowly …… surely
3. friend …… foe 9. black …… blue
4. strange …… true 10. wash …… wear
5. dead …… alive 11. heads …… tails
6. all …… nothing 12. hugs …… kisses
68 - Binômes 145
Homographes/-nymes /-phones
69
On this road sign in Alaska, the slogan is
a play on two homophones: brake (frein
de voiture) and give sb a break (laisser
qqn tranquille). You might translate:
« Freinez votre élan ! »
A Quelques homographes
Les homographes sont identiques par leur graphie mais pas par leur sens ni par leur prononciation !
close \klEÁs\ proche minute \"mInIt\ une minute
close \klEÁz\ fermer minute \maI"nju…t\ infime, minime
desert \"dezEt\ un désert row \rEÁ\ une rangée/ramer
desert \dI"z∏…t\ abandonner, déserter row \raÁ\ une dispute
lead* \li…d\ mener, conduire tear* \teE\ déchirer, une déchirure
lead \led\ du plomb tear \tIE\ une larme
live \lIv\ vivre wind \wInd\ le vent
live \laIv\ vivant, en direct wind* \waInd\ serpenter/remonter [une montre]
B Quelques homophones
Les homophones sont identiques par leur prononciation mais pas par leur graphie ni par leur sens !
\aIl\ aisle nef, couloir isle île
\E"laÁd\ aloud à haute voix allowed autorisé
\beE\ bear* supporter bare nu
\breIk\ break* casser brake freiner
\"sIErIEl\ cereal céréale serial feuilleton
\daI\ die mourir dye teindre
\hO…s\ hoarse enroué horse cheval
\hEÁl\ hole trou whole entier
\saIz\ size taille sighs soupirs
\sti…l\ steal* voler steel acier
\weIt\ wait attendre weight poids
\wItS\ which que [pronom relatif] witch sorcière
C Quelques homonymes
Les homonymes sont identiques par leur graphie et leur prononciation mais pas par leur sens !
bear un ours porter, supporter
change un changement de la monnaie
date une date [dans le temps] un rendez-vous, une datte [fruit]
down en bas, vers le bas le duvet
fine beau, fin une amende
light lumière clair, léger, facile
sink un évier sombrer
sole une semelle seul
wave une vague faire un geste de la main, agiter
146
CHECK POINT
Choisissez la bonne prononciation. Vérifiez vos réponses à l’aide du fichier audio. A
1
1. These regulations limit the concentration of lead \li…d\ • \led\ in petrol.
2. Why did you tear \tIE\ • \teE\ up his letter?
3. Her wedding was planned in minute \maI"nju…t\ • \"mInIt\ detail.
4. She was close \klEÁz\ • \klEÁs\ to tears.
5. The Serpentine River, which winds \wIndz\ • \waIndz\ through Hyde Park, provided
a focal point for the Great Exhibition of 1851.
6. He won the Wimbledon championships three times in a row \raÁ\ • \rEÁ\.
2 Choisissez le mot qui convient. B

1. What kind of cereal/serial do you have for breakfast?
2. The Liverpool supporters shouted themselves hoarse/horse.
3. Stainless steal/steel is sometimes called inox steel/steal.
4. The Bridge of size/sighs is located in Venice but there are two Bridges of sighs/size in England: one
in Oxford, the other in Cambridge.
5. You can take a brake/break now but be back in five minutes.
3 Traduisez les phrases suivantes. C

1. A detailed itinerary for this trip will be published at a later date.
2. For this expedition we recommend very warm clothing: down jacket, hat, mittens…
3. I gave the driver a fifty-dollar bill and told him to keep the change.
4. What happens if I do not pay my foreign traffic fine?
5. Store in the original packaging in order to protect from light and moisture.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
4 Les phrases suivantes sont-elles correctes ? Corrigez-les si elles sont fausses.

1. Its high time you made up your mind.
2. He went back and fourth.
3. I wonder whether she will come.
4. I’m astounded by people who want to know the universe when it’s so hard to find your way around
Chinatown. (Woody Allen)
5. This company wants to have it’s cake and eat it.
6. There plane was three hours late and they were glad to get there at long last.
7. Jonathan, who’s usually late, was early for once.
8. Do you know Fiona, who’s father works with yours?
9. You were in Ireland. What was the whether like?
5 Cette pancarte photographiée en Inde comporte une erreur fondée sur deux mots très
proches. Lesquels ?
69 - Homographes/-nymes /-phones 147

Onomatopées et interjections
70
A sea otter is crunching on a
starfish in Valdez harbour (Alaska).
A Quelques onomatopées
Une onomatopée est un mot dont le son évoque ce qu’il désigne.
• cr- en début de mot : évoque souvent le bruit de quelque chose qui craque
to crackle grésiller, crépiter to crush froisser, écraser
to crunch crisser, croquer to crack faire claquer, casser [un œuf]
crispy croustillant to creak grincer, craquer [parquet]
• sp- ou dren début de mot : décrit souvent le son de l’eau

to splash éclabousser a spring une source
to spray pulvériser to spurt gicler
to sprinkle asperger to drip tomber goutte à goutte, s’égoutter
to squirt jaillir, gicler to drizzle bruiner
to spill* renverser un liquide drenched trempé
• cl- en début de mot : évoque souvent un choc entre des objets métalliques ou en verre
a clang, a clank un cliquetis to click faire un bruit métallique
a clap une tape to clink tinter
a clatter un martèlement, un bruit de vaisselle
• when début de mot : évoque souvent un souffle d’air

a whiff une bouffée to whisper murmurer
a whizz un sifflement to whirr vrombir
to whip fouetter a whimper un gémissement
Quelques bruits d’animaux

A dog barks when he is disturbed. • A sheep baas. • Bees buzz. • A young bird chirps. • A snake hisses.
• A cow moos. • A cat purrs when he or she is happy. • A duck quacks.
B Quelques interjections
Si vous désirez en apprendre davantage, lisez des bandes dessinées…
Phew, that smells awful! Oops, I made a mistake!
Eek! I saw a spider. Bingo, that’s what I was looking for!
Tsk, tsk, tsk, what a bad decision that was! “Achoo!” “God bless you.”
Ugh, that drink tastes terrible. Wow, that’s a great idea!
Huh? You don’t like it, huh? Gee, it’s hot! [US]
Ouch! That hurts, stop it. “Snap, Crackle, Pop, Rice Krispies.”
Ahem… could I have your attention please? “Plop, plop, fizz, fizz, oh what a relief it is.” [slogan of
Alka Seltzer, US]
148
CHECK POINT
1 Complétez les phrases suivantes avec une onomatopée. A B
1. “Nightingale Floors” (parquets rossignols) were used in some Japanese castles to …… and sing when
walked upon. This warned of intruders.
2. A Bigger …… is a large painting by British pop artist David Hockney. It shows a swimming pool disturbed
by a large …… of water created by a figure that’s disappeared under the water. [utiliser deux fois le même
mot]
3. Don’t be so upset: it’s no use crying over …… milk.
4. I heard the tyres of his car ……ing on the gravel outside: he was back home.
5. They were washing up, I could hear the …… of dishes in the kitchen.
6. You do not need to iron this shirt: the material is ……-dry.
7. What would breakfast be without …… bacon and eggs?
2 Traduisez. A B
1. The sergeant barked orders at the new recruits.
2. Their new line of products is generating a buzz.
3. I was sitting in his gorgeous new Jaguar. Suddenly, he said: “Listen, it purrs!”
4. The orator was hissed off the platform.
5. “This is the way the world ends/Not with a bang but a whimper…” (T. S. Eliot, The Hollow Men)
3 Attribuez une des onomatopées suivantes à chacune de ces photos :

Eek! • Ouch! • Huh? • Splash • Oops! A B
1. …… 2. ……
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
4 Faites coïncider les interjections avec ce qu’elles expriment puis traduisez-les.

1. Ahem • expresses relief
2. Eek • is used to gain attention
3. Oops • expresses an unpleasant surprise
4. Ouch • signals pain
5. Phew • calls attention to an error
6. Ugh • expresses pleasure
7. Wow • is an exclamation of disgust
5 Complétez les phrases avec l’interjection qui vous paraît appropriée :

Sh… • Er \∏…\… • Yoo-hoo • Hurray • Mmm • Yum… • Hey…
1. “Well, you know, yes …… the thing is…”
2. “ …… ! There’s something that might interest you!”
3. “You’ve won? …… !”
4. “Would you like some cheesecake?” “ …… yes please, it looks delicious.”
5. After tasting it: “ …… it is delicious.”
6. “ …… , keep your voice down, my cat is sleeping.”
7. “ …… , did you hear me?”
70 - Onomatopées et interjections 149

Quelques comparaisons courantes
71
As free as a bird…
Ces expressions sont de véritables clichés. N’en abusez pas lorsque vous rédigez mais il est bon de les connaître
car elles font partie intégrante de la culture de la langue parlée. Notez les différences avec le français.
A (As…) as
comparison meaning
as hungry as a wolf very hungry
as sick as a dog very sick
as quiet as a mouse very quiet
as happy as a lark (une alouette) very happy
as blind as a bat (une chauve-souris) who can’t see well
as stubborn as a mule obstinate
as busy as a bee (une abeille) very busy
as snug as a bug (une mite) in a rug (un tapis) warm and comfortable
as red as a beetroot (une betterave) very red
as white as snow white and beautiful
as white as a sheet (un drap) pale from horror or fear
as thin as a rake (un rateau) very thin
Le premier as peut être supprimé : I can’t go to the beach tomorrow. I’ll be busy as a bee/I’ll be as busy as
a bee. (Je ne pourrai pas aller à la plage demain. Je serai très occupé.)
B Like
comparison meaning
to sleep* like a log (une bûche) to sleep very well
to be* like a bull (un taureau) in a china shop to be very clumsy
to eat* like a bird to eat very little
to drink* like a fish to drink a lot of alcoholic beverages
to know* sth like the back of one’s hand to know sth very well
to work like a dream [speaking of a plan, a machine] to work very well
to be* like a cat on a hot tin roof to be jumpy and nervous
C Collocations
comparison meaning
a birdbrain a stupid person [péjoratif]
to have* butter fingers to be* very clumsy [péjoratif]
to have* an eagle eye to notice many things, even small details
150
CHECK POINT
1 Complétez les phrases en employant une comparaison. A B
1. I can’t read this text: the print is too small and I am as blind as …… …… .
2. She drank like …… …… at the party and then she was as sick as …… …… on the way home.
3. She turned as white as …… …… when she learned that her son had been rushed to hospital.
4. The hotel was very tidy, the sheets were as white as …… .
5. Why do you always refuse my suggestions? You really are as stubborn as …… …… .
6. He smiled at her, she turned as red as …… …… .
7. It’s very quiet here, I slept like …… …… .
8. “Don’t wake me up please if you come home late.” “I promise, I’ll be as quiet as …… …… .”
2 Voici trois photos. Composez une légende comprenant une comparaison

appropriée. A B
1. She is …… …… …… 2. This vintage car still works like 3. He is as …… …… …… …… ……

…… . …… …… . …… …… .
3 Faites correspondre les comparaisons et leur sens. C

1. lion-hearted • somebody very dear
2. an ugly duckling • experiencing ups and downs
3. a hail (la grêle) of abuse • very brave, courageous
4. a heart of stone • somebody who is not attractive or successful but
5. the apple of somebody’s eye who is likely to become attractive or successful
6. on a rollercoaster (montagnes russes) • a lot of abuse
of emotions • very cold and unfeeling
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
4 Formez des comparaisons en associant un terme de gauche à un terme de droite puis

traduisez les expressions en français.
1. ugly • toast
2. warm • silk
3. soft • sin
4. solid • an ox (un bœuf)
5. gentle • an arrow (une flèche)
6. strong • a rock
7. straight • a lamb
5 Lisez les phrases suivantes puis traduisez-les.

1. Her elder son is the apple of her eye.
2. You’ve broken another glass; you really have butter fingers!
3. Over the last few years the popularity of the pro Europeans has been on a roller coaster.
4. The ugly duckling eventually became a beautiful swan.
5. That “birdbrain” just drove right through three rows of traffic lights and into a front garden.
71 - Quelques comparaisons courantes 151

Proverbes
72 “Birds of a feather flock together.”
(Qui se ressemble s’assemble.)
Here you can see King penguins (des
manchots royaux) in South Georgia,
a British Overseas Territory in the
Southern Atlantic ocean.
Il est important de connaître les proverbes les plus usuels car ils font partie de la langue parlée. Certains ne sont
pas toujours cités intégralement ; le début suffit souvent à l’interlocuteur pour saisir le sens du message.
A Proverbes comprenant do ou don’t

Do as I say, not as I do. Fais ce que je dis, non ce que je fais.
Don’t count your chickens before they’re hatched. Il ne faut pas vendre la peau de l’ours avant de l’avoir
tué.
Don’t judge a book by its cover. Il ne faut pas se fier aux apparences.
Don’t put all your eggs in the same basket. Il ne faut pas mettre tous ses œufs dans le même
panier.
Don’t put the cart before the horse. Il ne faut pas mettre la charrue avant les bœufs.
Don’t bite the hand that feeds you. Il ne faut pas cracher dans la soupe.
When in Rome, do as the Romans do. Autre pays, autres mœurs.
B Proverbes comprenant un modal

You can’t make an omelette without breaking eggs. On ne fait pas d’omelette sans casser des œufs.
Beggars can’t be choosers. Nécessité fait loi.
All good things must come to an end. Toute bonne chose a une fin.
Accidents will happen. Un malheur est vite arrivé.
As you sow, so shall you reap. On récolte ce qu’on sème.
Boys will be boys. Il faut que jeunesse se passe.
C Autres structures
A friend in need is a friend indeed. C’est dans le besoin qu’on reconnaît ses amis.
A penny saved is a penny earned. Il n’y a pas de petit profit.
A debt paid is a friend kept. Les bons comptes font les bons amis.
Easy come, easy go. Ça va, ça vient… C’est la vie.
Forewarned is forearmed. Un homme averti en vaut deux.
First come, first served. Premier arrivé, premier servi.
Out of sight, out of mind. Loin des yeux, loin du cœur.
He who laughs last laughs best. Rira bien qui rira le dernier.
The early bird catches the worm. L’avenir appartient à ceux qui se lèvent tôt.
Better late than never. Mieux vaut tard que jamais.
Charity begins at home. Charité bien ordonnée commence par soi-même.
Where there’s a will there’s a way. Quand on veut, on peut.
152
CHECK POINT
1 Retrouvez les proverbes anglais à partir de ces gloses. A B C
1. If someone helps you, be careful not to say bad things about them.
2. Saving money is like making money.
3. Be patient. Wait until you’ve succeeded to think about what to do next.
4. If you’re asking for a favour from someone, take whatever they give.
5. Don’t risk all your time or money in one plan.
6. Wake up early and start work early if you want to succeed.
2 Complétez les proverbes suivants. A C

1. Where there’s a …… there’s a way. 5. First …… , first served.
2. A debt paid is a …… kept. 6. Out of …… , out of mind.
3. Do as I say, not as I …… . 7. Don’t put the …… before the horse.
4. Better …… than never. 8. When in …… , do as the Romans do.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Un certain nombre de proverbes contiennent des noms d’animaux. Retrouvez de quel

animal il s’agit : leopard • camel • dogs • bird • fish • swallow (hirondelle) • cat.
1. Let sleeping …… lie.
2. One …… doesn’t make a summer.
3. It’s the last straw that breaks the …… ’s back.
4. When the …… is away the mice will play.
5. A …… in the hand is worth two in the bush.
6. A …… can’t change its spots.
7. There are plenty more …… in the sea.
Traduisez maintenant les proverbes que vous venez de reconstituer.
4 Faites correspondre les proverbes ci-dessous et leur sens.

Proverbe Sens
1. The pen is mightier than the sword. a. Everybody needs help from other people.
2. No man is an island. b. When two people cooperate, they have better ideas.
3. There’s no place like home. c. You can’t oblige someone to accept your help.
d. You have to work a lot to earn money. It doesn’t come
4. God helps those who help themselves.
without effort.
5. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. e. The best place to be is your own home.
f. Trying to convince with words is more effective than
6. Two heads are better than one.
fighting.
7. You can lead a horse to water but you g. Different people have different ideas about what is
can’t make him drink. beautiful.
h. Don’t wait for a miracle. Work hard if you want to
8. All’s well that ends well.
succeed.
9. Call a spade a spade. i. Speak honestly and directly.
10. Money doesn’t grow on trees. j. A difficult situation has ended with a positive result.
72 - Proverbes 153
L’anglais journalistique (journalese)
73
Eye-catching headlines are
characteristic of most newspapers.
A Les titres (headlines)

Un titre se doit d’être accrocheur et assez bref. Parfois, on n’en comprendra le sens qu’en lisant le début de
l’article.
• Spécificités grammaticales les plus courantes

emploi du présent pour se référer à des événements Typhoon Lashes Northeast Philippines, Landslides
passés, omission des auxiliaires Feared (Reuters)
emploi de l’infinitif pour faire allusion à des Inquiry To Be Held Into Election Poll Accuracy (Sky
événements à venir News)
omission des articles Dog rescued from house fire (CNN)
omission du verbe say Election Results “Could Trigger New Scottish
Referendum” (Sky News)
• Spécificités lexicales
prédilection pour les mots courts “poll” pour “election”, “blast” pour “explosion”
pour cette même raison, utilisation d’archaïsmes “foe” pour “enemy”, “agog” pour “impatient”
utilisation de jeux de mots pour attirer le lecteur From Russia with… gloves. Siberian weather to hit
UK (The Daily Mirror)
[Jeu de mot sur le titre du film From Russia with Love, deuxième
film autour du personnage James Bond.]
B Quelques termes très employés dans la presse

the aftermath les suites dyed-in-the-wool bon teint
all-time sans précédent groundwork les bases
backlash des répercussions, impending imminent
une réaction violente a mainstay un pilier
a benchmark un critère overkill exagéré
a deadlock une impasse a toll un bilan, un prix négatif
to backfire avoir un effet imprévu to pool mettre en commun

to defuse désamorcer to scupper faire échouer
to endorse soutenir to shelve mettre au placard
to flare up s’embraser to skyrocket monter en flèche
to map out planifier to tackle s’attaquer à [problème]
to monitor surveiller to vet examiner avec soin
cut and dried clair et net to sit* on the fence ne pas prendre parti
to pave the way for préparer le terrain pour a knock-on effect un effet domino
to pay* lip service to reconnaître pour la a losing battle un combat perdu d’avance
forme
to ride* high in the caracoler en tête des
polls sondages
154
CHECK POINT
1 Réécrivez ces titres en rétablissant les formes grammaticales usuelles. A
1. Picasso painting sets record for art at auction, selling for $179M (USA Today)
2. RMT (Rail, Maritime and Transport) union to announce decision on “most disruptive (perturbateur)
industrial action in living memory” (The Independent)
3. Woman CRUSHED by giant advertising billboard on London street (The Daily Express)
4. PM ‘risking recession to get support from party’, TUC leader

1. They have to vet any expenditure exceeding 700 euros.
2. A diplomatic initiative is necessary to try and break the deadlock.
3. The issue of pension reform is not cut and dried.
4. The new party is riding high in the polls.
5. Margaret Thatcher (1925-2013) was a dyed-in-the-wool conservative.
6. The President’s popularity is at an all-time low.
7. Some fear that the government is fighting a losing battle and warn that low pay makes police officers
vulnerable to corruption.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
3 Faites correspondre ces titres d’article avec leur sujet. Explicitez ensuite le jeu de mots
dont ils se servent. Puis vérifiez vos réponses à l’aide du fichier audio.
1. “Burning questions on tunnel safety unanswered” (The Guardian)
2. “Gord help us now” (The Daily Express)
3. “On board but never bored” (The Financial Times)
4. “Material obsessions” (The Financial Times)
5. “Zing and yang” (The Financial Times)
6. “From fact to friction” (The Financial Times)
a. a new mega ship which offers endless entertainment
b. a berry which can spice up a dressing for raw fish
c. what historians and novelists can learn from each other
d. the possibility of fires in the Channel tunnel
e. Gordon Brown’s arrival at 10 Downing Street
f. fabrics in every texture ruled the runway at Milan fashion shows
4 Les noms de lieu sont souvent utilisés dans la presse pour désigner les institutions
qui y sont installées. Retrouvez ce que désigne le lieu indiqué.
1. Buckingham Palace • la presse britannique
2. Stormont • la présidence américaine
3. Fleet street • le gouvernement britannique
4. Westminster • la royauté, la famille royale
5. Broadway • l’Assemblée nord-irlandaise
6. Capitol Hill • le Parlement britannique
7. White Hall • les gens ordinaires (États-Unis)
8. Madison avenue • le monde du théâtre (New York)
9. The Oval Office • le Congrès américain
10. Main Street • le monde de la publicité aux États-Unis
73 - L’anglais journalistique (journalese) 155

Tableaux de synthèse
Verbes ou expressions suivis de V-ing : She enjoys meeting people.

1 They kept calling us. I don’t mind going with you.
Verbes qui supposent une expérience vécue

acknowledge : reconnaître
admit : admettre
appreciate : apprécier
be worth : valoir la peine
can’t bear : ne pas supporter
can’t help : ne pas pouvoir s’empêcher de
can’t stand : ne pas supporter
deny : nier/refuser
dislike : ne pas aimer
enjoy : prendre plaisir à
hate : détester
it’s no good/no use : il est inutile de
miss : s’ennuyer de
spend time : passer du temps
tolerate : tolérer
Verbes qui décrivent une action ayant déjà commencé

finish : finir
give up : cesser de, abandonner
keep : ne pas arrêter de
keep on : continuer à
stop : arrêter
Verbes qui signalent du déjà envisagé

avoid : éviter
consider : envisager
contemplate : songer à
imagine : imaginer
involve : impliquer
mind : voir une objection à
prevent : empêcher
risk : risquer
suggest : suggérer
Verbes ou expressions suivis de to + V-ing : I am used to getting up early.

2
it amounts to doing sth : cela revient à faire qqch.
be accustomed to doing sth : être habitué à faire qqch.
be addicted to doing sth : s’adonner à qqch.
be used to doing sth : être habitué à faire qqch.
get round to doing sth : arriver à faire qqch.
get used to doing sth : s’habituer à faire qqch.
look forward to doing sth : avoir hâte de faire qqch.
object to doing sth : ne pas vouloir faire qqch.
prefer doing sth to doing sth : préférer faire qqch. à faire qqch.
take to doing sth : se mettre à faire qqch.
156
Verbes suivis de to + verbe : Do you refuse to obey?
3
agree : être d’accord
appear : sembler
choose : choisir de
consent : consentir à
decide : décider de
fail : omettre de
hope : espérer
manage : réussir à
refuse : refuser de
swear : jurer de
Verbes suivis soit de to + verbe, soit d’un complément

4 + to + verbe : I want to leave./He wants them to leave.
ask : demander
beg : demander, supplier
expect : s’attendre à
help : aider
intend/mean : avoir l’intention de/vouloir que
offer : proposer
prefer : préférer
promise : promettre
propose : proposer
wait : attendre
want : vouloir
wish : souhaiter
Verbes nécessitant un complément avant to + verbe :

5 She persuaded him to read the letter.
advise : conseiller
allow : autoriser
compel : contraindre
encourage : encourager
force : forcer
invite : inviter
oblige : obliger à
order : ordonner
persuade : persuader
recommend : recommander
remind : rappeler qqch. à qqn
teach : enseigner
tell : dire
warn : prévenir
Tableaux de synthèse 157

Quelques verbes + prépositions
6
• Verbe + about + complément
care about sth/sb (s’intéresser à qqch./bien aimer qqn), talk about sth/sb (parler de qqch./qqn),
think about sth/sb (penser à qqch./qqn)
• Verbe + after + complément
look after sth/sb (s’occuper de qqch./qqn), take after sb (ressembler à, tenir de qqn)
• Verbe + at + complément
stare at sth (regarder fixement qqch.), laugh at sb (se moquer de qqn), shout at sb (crier sur qqn)
• Verbe + for + complément
ask sb for sth (demander qqch. à qqn), blame sb for sth (reprocher qqch. à qqn), thank sb for sth
(remercier qqn pour qqch.), pay for sth (payer qqch.), wait for sth/sb (attendre qqch./qqn)
• Verbe + from + complément
borrow sth from sb (emprunter qqch. à qqn), buy sth from sb (acheter qqch. à qqn),
escape from sth (s’échapper de qqch.), prevent sb from doing sth (empêcher qqn de faire qqch.),
suffer from sth (souffrir de qqch.)
• Verbe + in + complément
take part in sth (participer à qqch.), succeed in sth (réussir dans qqch.)
• Verbe + into + complément
divide into sth (diviser par qqch.), drive into sth (heurter qqch. avec sa voiture),
run into sb (rencontrer qqn par hasard), translate into English (traduire en anglais)
• Verbe + of + complément
accuse sb of sth (accuser qqn de qqch.), dream of sth/sb (rêver de qqch./qqn),
remind sb of sth (rappeler qqch. à qqn), think of sth/sb (penser à qqch. /qqn)
• Verbe + off + complément
get off [a plane] (descendre [d’un avion])
• Verbe + on + complément
depend on sth/sb (dépendre de qqch./qqn), get on(to) [a train] (monter [dans un train]),
rely on sth/sb (compter sur qqch./qqn)
• Verbe + to + complément
announce sth to sb (annoncer qqch. à qqn), belong to sb (appartenir à qqn), describe sth to sb (décrire
qqch. à qqn), suggest sth to sb (suggérer qqch. à qqn)
• Verbe + with + complément
agree with sb (être d’accord avec qqn), cover with sth (couvrir de qqch.), fill with sth (remplir
de qqch.), provide sb with sth (fournir qqch. à qqn), trust sb with sth (confier qqch. à qqn)
Verbes qui se construisent comme give :

7 Leila gave Fred the keys./Leila gave the keys to Fred.
bring (apporter), feed (nourrir), give (donner), lend (prêter), offer (offrir), pay (payer), present
(présenter), promise (promettre), read (lire), sell (vendre), send (envoyer), show (montrer),
take (apporter), teach (enseigner), tell (raconter), write (écrire)
158
Verbes qui se construisent comme buy :
8 Randolph bought Liz a ticket. / Randolph bought a ticket for Liz.
book (réserver), build (construire), buy (acheter), choose (choisir), cook (cuisiner), do (faire),
fetch (aller chercher), find (trouver), get (obtenir), keep (garder), leave (laisser), make (faire),
order (commander), play (jouer), reserve (réserver), save (mettre de côté)
Les adverbes
9
Adverbes de lieu somewhat : quelque peu
too : trop
above : plus haut
totally : totalement
behind : derrière
utterly : complètement
here : ici
very : très
there : là/là-bas
upstairs : en haut Adverbes de liaison
Adverbes de temps actually : en fait
and then : ensuite
afterwards : après/par la suite
anyway : de toute façon
already : déjà
besides : d’ailleurs
eventually : finalement/en fin de compte
firstly, secondly : premièrement,
now : maintenant
deuxièmement
once : autrefois
hence : d’où
soon : bientôt
incidentally : à propos
still : encore
moreover : de plus
then : alors
so : ainsi
today : aujourd’hui
somehow : pour une raison ou pour une
weekly : chaque semaine
autre
Adverbes de fréquence therefore : par conséquent
thus : ainsi
always : toujours
never : ne... jamais Adverbes de liaison exprimant un contraste
now and then : de temps à autre all the same : quand même
occasionally : de temps en temps however : cependant
often : souvent nevertheless : néanmoins
rarely/seldom : rarement otherwise : sinon
sometimes : parfois still : cependant
usually : d’habitude though (en fin de phrase) : pourtant
It’s not difficult though.
Adverbes d’ajout
Ce n’est pourtant pas difficile.
also (en début de phrase) : en outre (and) yet : (et) pourtant
also, too : aussi
as well : également Adverbes de phrase
else : d’autre [What else? Quoi d’autre ?] admittedly : certes/il faut le reconnaître
in addition : de plus certainly : certainement
clearly : de toute évidence
Adverbes de degré
definitely : sans aucun doute
a little/a bit/slightly : un peu (un)fortunately : (mal)heureusement
almost/nearly : presque frankly : franchement
enough : assez hopefully : je l’espère
even : même maybe : peut-être
extremely : extrêmement naturally : naturellement
fairly : relativement obviously : manifestement
hardly/scarcely : à peine of course : bien sûr
highly : grandement personally : à mon avis
pretty : assez probably, presumably : vraisemblablement
quite : tout à fait/[parfois] plutôt surely : sûrement
so : tellement surprisingly : de manière surprenante
Tableaux de synthèse 159

Les principales particules : around, along…
10
PARTICULE VALEUR PRINCIPALE EXEMPLE
about dans différentes directions walk about : se promener

across à travers (espace à deux walk across : traverser
dimensions – une rue par exemple)
along idée d’avancer le long de qqch. move along : avancer
around/round idée de circularité look round : regarder autour de soi
away idée d’éloignement move away : s’éloigner
back idée de retour come back : revenir
down mouvement vers le bas / go down : descendre
idée de diminution turn the radio down : baisser la radio
in idée d’intérieur come in : entrer
off idée de séparation/ take off : décoller
de coupure/de rejet cut off electricity : couper
l’électricité
be put off : être rebuté
on mouvement vers une surface put (clothes) on : mettre
(des vêtements)
idée de continuité/de mise work on : continuer de travailler
en marche turn sth on : allumer qqch.
out mouvement vers l’extérieur move out : déménager
over mouvement au-dessus de qqch. lean over : se pencher en avant
through à travers (espace à trois dimensions) go through : traverser
up vers le haut/ look up : lever les yeux
idée d’achèvement drink up : vider son verre
Les principaux préfixes : re- (reappear), de- (deforestation)…

11
PRÉFIXE VALEUR PRINCIPALE Fiche 60 EXEMPLE
counter- opposition counterattack : contre-attaque

de- idée de changement négatif dehumanize : déshumaniser
dis- négatif disobedient : désobéissant
disagree : ne pas être d’accord
fore- vers l’avant foreground : premier plan
foresee : prévoir
il-/im-/in-/ir- négatif illogical : illogique ; impolite : impoli
incredible : incroyable
irresponsible : irresponsable
mis- de manière fausse misbehave : se conduire mal
out- à l’extérieur ou dépassement outlive sb : survivre à qqn
outpatient : malade externe
over- excès ou au-dessus overstate : exagérer
overstatement : exagération
re- répétition rewrite : récrire
un- négatif unfair : injuste
unbutton : déboutonner
under- au-dessous ou insuffisance underground : en sous-sol
underestimate : sous-estimer
up- mouvement vers le haut up-market : haut de gamme
uproot : déraciner
160
Corrigés
01 The universe En 2014, à l’occasion de son centenaire, le canal de Panama
a ouvert ses nouvelles écluses aux immenses navires de fret
qui ne pouvaient pas traverser l’isthme.
1 1. Newton was sitting under an apple tree, an apple fell on
6. The government is looking for ways of stopping the rising
his head, and he suddenly thought of the Universal Law of
tide of protest.
gravitation: that is what the legend says.
Le gouvernement cherche des moyens d’arrêter la vague de
2. A shooting star is another name for a meteoroid as it
protestation qui monte.
enters the atmosphere, becoming a meteor.
3. A light year is equal to just under 10 trillion kilometres. 3 1. The earth has music for those who listen.
2. Flowers are the earth laughing.
2 1. rust – 2. slate – 3. flint – 4. peat
3. I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately,
3 1./b. in the twinkle of an eye: en un clin d’œil to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not
2./f. a dazzling speed: une vitesse vertigineuse learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, dis-
3./e. the shadow of a doubt: l’ombre d’un doute cover that I had not lived.
4./c. sparkling clean: d’une propreté étincelante 4. In a sense, each of us is an island. In another sense, how-
5./a. a glimmer of hope: une lueur d’espoir ever, we are all one. For though islands appear separate, and
6./d. a flash of inspiration: un éclair de génie may even be situated at great distances from one another,
4 “agency”: phénomène/processus/cause they are only extrusions of the same planet, Earth.
“to shy away”: éviter 5. It suddenly struck me that that tiny pea, pretty and blue,
“may hold”: peuvent être pertinentes/valables was the Earth. I put up my thumb and shut one eye, and my
“self-contained”: autonome thumb blotted out the planet Earth. I didn’t feel like a giant. I
5 1. This sad piece of news left her speechless. felt very, very small.
2. “To lose one parent, Mr Worthing, may be regarded as a 4 1. He was dismissed: the boss said he was underperforming.
misfortune. To lose both looks like carelessness.” 2. Everything in this store is overpriced, I can’t afford to
3. Marilyn Monroe is a screen icon whose ageless beauty shop there.
still enthrals audiences today. 3. This child is overweight: he should stop drinking Coke.
4. At college she felt isolated and friendless. 4. Overfishing has major effects on ecosystems.
5. Asthma attacks can lead to episodes of extreme breath- 5. They declared they were overworked and underpaid.
lessness. 6. During the pandemic, the hospitals were filled
6. Without a worthy goal, life becomes aimless. to overflowing.
7. Is the United States still the land of endless opportunities?
03 The climate
02 The Earth
1 1. sweltering/c. suffocating
1 1. Il y a eu une forte augmentation du prix de l’essence 2. lightning/f. flashes of light followed by thunder
récemment. 3. a drought/e. a long period of time with no rain
2. Malheureusement, ce pays est à la merci des fluctuations 4. drizzle/g. very light rain
du contexte mondial. 5. chilly/a. cold enough to make you feel uncomfortable
3. La crise fait augmenter le nombre de chômeurs. 6. to abate/b. to become less intense
4. Les affaires sont calmes. 7. a gale/d. a very strong wind
5. L’entreprise est dans une situation si désespérée qu’elle 2 1. A strong earthquake near Alaska’s Aleutian Islands trig-
ne peut même pas payer ses employés. gered a tsunami warning Monday, but only small waves mea-
2 1. They find it difficult to adapt to the norms of mainstream suring several inches hit coastal communities.
society. 2. A monstrous tornado at least a half-mile wide roared
Ils trouvent difficile de s’adapter aux normes de la société through the Oklahoma City suburbs Tuesday, flattening entire
dominante/traditionnelle. neighborhoods and destroying an elementary school.
2. These problems spring from a misunderstanding. 3. From May through September of 1993, the Midwest suf-
Un malentendu est à la source de ces problèmes. fered record flooding, resulting in the deaths of at least 50
3. Then, the enterprise became a bubble on a whirlpool of people and damages approaching $15 billion.
speculation. 4. The death toll from strong winds and monsoon rains
Ensuite l’entreprise est devenue une bulle d’air dans un tour- across Sri Lanka’s coastal belt rose to 27 while another
billon spéculatif. 29 fishermen are missing.
4. Those studies are absolutely wrong, shallow and short- 5. Landslides are common in mountainous Nepal during the
sighted. monsoon season.
Ces études sont complètement fausses, superficielles et ne 3 I shall never forget the poor gentleman who once travelled
tiennent pas compte du long terme. with me on the Channel boat. Only the two of us were on
5. In 2014, on the occasion of its Centennial, the Panama deck as a violent storm was raging. A tremendous gale was
Canal opened its new locks to the huge cargo ships that lashing mountainous seas. We huddled there for a while,
could not cross the isthmus. without saying anything. Suddenly a fearful gust blew him
Corrigés 161
overboard. His head emerged just once from the water
below me. He looked at me calmly and remarked somewhat
casually: “Rather windy, isn’t it?” Mexico the Mexicans a Mexican Mexican
4 Afghanistan Blizzard (2008)
“with regards to casualties”: pour ce qui est du nombre de Japan the Japanese a Japanese Japanese
pertes humaines
“some were frozen to death”: certains sont morts de froid Korea the Koreans a Korean Korean
“frostbite amputations”: des amputations à la suite d’engelures
Poland the Poles a Pole Polish
5 1. an afterthought – 2. an aftertaste – 3. an aftereffect –
4. an afterword – 5. afterlife Israel the Israelis an Israeli Israeli
a Welshman/-
Wales the Welsh Welsh
04 The conquest of the world woman
Turkey the Turks a Turk Turkish
1 northern – eastern – western
2 1. The Magellan-Elcano expedition circumnavigated the world 2 1. Maria Callas was an American-born Greek soprano.
for the first time in history. They sailed from Spain in 1519 and 2. John Maxwell Coetzee is a South African novelist who was
returned in 1522. awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature. He became an
2. The magnetic compass was invented by the Chinese Australian citizen in 2006.
during the Han Dynasty (starting about 206 BC). 3. Albert Einstein was born in Germany in 1879, he died in
3. The trade winds have been used by captains of sailing 1955 in New Jersey.
ships for centuries. They enabled the Europeans to create 4. James Cook discovered New Zealand in 1770. He became
new empires in the Americas. the first European who encountered Aborigines.
4. From the early 1830s to 1869 the Oregon Trail was used 5. Vincent Willem van Gogh (1853-1890) was a post-
by about 400,000 settlers, farmers, miners and their famil- Impressionist painter of Dutch origin.
ies. They made the trip in covered wagons pulled by mules 6. Most of the workers employed in the building of the first
and oxen. transcontinental railway in the USA were Chinese or Irish.
5. In the early sixteenth century, when the first European
3 An old popular joke
settlers arrived, North America was inhabited by Indians, Heaven is where the cooks are French, the police are British,
also known as Native Americans. The tribes of the Iroquois the mechanics are German or Swiss, the lovers are Italian and
and Cherokees lived in the fertile eastern areas. The Navajo everything is organized by the Germans or Swiss.
and Hopi lived in the south-west. Hell is where the cooks are British, the police are German,
3 1. “the North American continent west of the Missouri River”, the mechanics are French, the lovers are Swiss, and every-
“that land west of the Missouri River” thing is organized by the Italians.
2. “the known and the unknown”, “the settled and the wild” 4 Stereotypes
3. “a place where you are on your own, where the rules are Those who say that Canadians are boring are probably the
not yet made”, “a mental realm of new ideas” same people who think that the Canadian capital is Toronto,
4. “dry, perhaps even arid, where crops grow with a struggle” that Canadian culture is based around Celine Dion, and that
4 1. Her Excellency Ms. Rosemary Banks presided over the Canadians live in igloos.
New Zealand delegates: she was chairperson/chairwoman of The truth is, the climate is not the only thing that is cooler in
the Delegation of New Zealand. this country. Canada offers a wide range of exciting activities
2. The president’s spokesman/spokeswoman/spokesper- such as snowboarding, kayaking and many other sports for
son said that the speech was scheduled for Wednesday. the adventurous.
3. The United States is sometimes called the policeman of You’ll also not run out of reasons to laugh in this more-than-
the world. maple country. After all, many comedians in Hollywood are
4. Sir Winston Churchill is recognized as one of the greatest Canadians — Mike Myers, John Candy, Matthew Perry, Eugene
statesmen of the 20th century. Levy and Jim Carrey among others. Their names hardly sound
5. Emma is a sportswoman at heart. She enjoys playing boring, do they?
rugby, skiing and surfing.
06 The world’s population

05 Nations and countries
1 1. In Australia, there are 25.6 million inhabitants, 50 million
1 kangaroos and 65 million sheep.
2. In 2018, according to the WHO (World Health Organization),
life expectancy was 84.1 years in Japan, 78.5 in the USA and
a Frenchman/- 53.9 in Sierra Leone.
France the French French
woman 3. Nine asylum seekers were found hidden under a Eurostar
an Irishman/- train yesterday.
Ireland the Irish Irish 4. Fifteen million people are stateless. No country recognizes
woman
them as nationals. They are some of the most invisible people
Russia the Russians a Russian Russian
on the planet.
162
2 1. the birth rate – 2. the growth rate – 3. the replacement 08 War
rate – 4. the death rate – 5. the literacy rate – 6. the unem-
ployment rate – 7. the survival rate 1 1. This question has been avoided because it is highly sensi-
3 1. “They are Americans in their heart, in their minds, in every tive and could derail talks.
single way but one: on paper.” 2. The peace process is getting bogged down and tensions
2. “[They] have no idea that they’re undocumented until they are rising again.
apply for [a job or] a driver’s license [or a college scholar- 3. We’ll do everything we can to get out of the deadlock we
ship].” have been facing for far too long.
3. “Put yourself in their shoes.” 4. The long-standing Indian-Pakistani feud over Kashmir
4. “to suddenly face the threat of deportation” remains contentious and fractious.
5. “if your parents brought you here as a child, you’ve been 5. The high illiteracy rate and the low level of education bode
here for five years and you’re willing to go to college or serve ill for the future.
in our military” 2 1. The last American POW from the Afghanistan war has just
4 1. membership – 2. ownership – 3. dictatorship – been released.
4. censorship 2. Dogfighting/Air combat first appeared during World War I,
shortly after the invention of the airplane.
3. The estimated number of USSR casualties during World
07 International relations War II stands at 26.6 million.
4. Try to remain in control and not retaliate.
1 1. an adviser/an advisor – 2. a host country – 3. an envoy 5. The war broke out in 1939 when Germany invaded Poland.
– 4. to endorse – 5. a counterpart – 6. a thaw – 7. to hold a 3 1. “the plane to ’Nam set him down” – “stepping off the
summit plane” – “their incoming jetliner” – “the plane that had borne
2 1. to top the agenda: venir en tête des préoccupations – 2. to him in”
put together an agenda: mettre au point un ordre du jour – 3. 2. “riotously alive”: débordant de vie – “close”: étouffant –
an item on the agenda: un point à l’ordre du jour – 4. the “missing limbs”: leurs membres amputés – “[the] countervai-
medical corps: le service de santé – 5. the intelligence corps: ling sense”: le sentiment contradictoire
le service de renseignements – 6. the press corps: le service 4 1. unaware – 2. impersonal – 3. illegal – 4. uncertain –
de presse 5. immature – 6. unbeatable – 7. unexpected – 8. illegitimate
3 These nations are using food to project power around the world. – 9. irregular – 10. unthinkable
And it’s working.
“Noodle diplomacy” and “chopstick diplomacy” may be
new phrases, but the concept that food and diplomacy go 09 Modern warfare
together is as old as, well, food.
Even the ancient Romans knew the best way to make peace 1 1. The explosive payload of those bombs could destroy sev-
with an enemy was to share a good meal. It’s just taken us eral cities.
until relatively recently to come up with a word for it: gastro- 2. A drone is an unmanned aerial vehicle or ship.
diplomacy. 3. Asymmetric warfare is a conflict between countries or
But now that we’ve got one, we’re not wasting time. At least groups with very different military capabilities and strategies.
five countries — Thailand, South Korea, Peru, Taiwan and 4. Their military base was an easy target for an air attack.
the United States — have “official” culinary diplomacy pro- 5. Would wars fought by remotely operated robots make the
grams, and colleges are even teaching courses in how to eat world a safer place?
your way to cultural understanding. 6. A spy satellite can keep a given target in sight at all times.
Thailand should be credited with reviving the ancient trend 2 1. Unexploded ordnance is/are still wreaking havoc in this
in 2002, with its “Global Thai program”. The idea was to country.
increase the number of Thai restaurants worldwide, which 2. Selon l’UNESCO, 3 000 à 7 000 objets qui ont été pillés au
The Economist presaged would “not only introduce delicious Musée national d’Irak n’ont toujours pas été retrouvés.
spicy Thai food to thousands of new tummies and persuade 3. These children are shell-shocked.
more people to visit Thailand, but it could subtly help deepen 4. In Europe, many refugees don’t even reach dry land.
relations with other countries.” 5. 120 000 soldats ont été mutilés ou tués.
4 1. In the summer of 1940, Great Britain remained alone to 6. La Convention de Genève de 1949 interdit, entre autres, la
fight off a possible German invasion. prise d’otages.
2. They have sacrificed their ecological potential to achieve 3 1. a. Femmes et enfants, victimes des conflits modernes : § 3
an economic take-off. b. La guerre moderne, à distance des champs de bataille : § 2
3. When the economy slowed down, a lot of families were c. Les parfaits petits soldats : § 1
unable to pay off their loans. d. La guerre : empreintes à long terme : § 4
4. Please switch off your mobile phones during the meeting. 2. “landmines were perfect soldiers”: les mines antipersonnel
5. Flooded roads cut off at least 90 villages. étaient de « parfaits soldats »
6. Would you mind taking your feet off that seat? “Does the use of UAVs promote a feeling of being ‘removed
7. The policewoman was off duty and at home with her family from the battlefield’?” Est-ce que l’utilisation de drones
at the time of the accident. accroît le sentiment d’être loin du champ de bataille ?
Corrigés 163
“debris-strewn bodies of women”: des corps de femmes cou- 2 1. Protestantism is a denomination of the Christian faith.
verts de débris 2. The Pilgrim Fathers are settlers who arrived in
“the stiffening in your spine”: le raidissement de votre Massachusetts at the beginning of the 17th century/in the
colonne vertébrale early 17th century.
3. In a game you’re expected to abide by the rules.
10 Peace 4. I swear (that) I didn’t see you. I didn’t have my glasses
on./I wasn’t wearing my glasses.
5. It’s a holy/hallowed place, a shrine. Some people go there
1 1. the withdrawal – 2. to prevail (over), to gain the upper hand
to redeem their sins.
– 3. a setback – 4. to yield – 5. de-escalation – 6. disarma-
6. You can be a secular person/You can be secular and pray/
ment – 5. to rout
worship all the same.
2 1. Ils espèrent pouvoir atteindre le but fixé dans leur récent
communiqué commun. 3 1. America was first colonized by Puritans. Most of our earli-
est immigrants, and many since, have come here in order to
2. Le discours du Président/de la Présidente avait pour but
practice their religious beliefs as they please. Our culture has
d’apaiser l’opinion internationale.
always been, and will most likely always be, profoundly influ-
3. Au fond, le concept stratégique de dissuasion a pour but
enced by religion.
d’éviter la guerre.
2. Christian, Jew, Muslim, shaman, Zoroastrian, stone,
4. Le Mémorial des Anciens Combattants du Vietnam porte
ground, mountain, river, each has a secret way of being with
les noms de plus de 58 000 soldats américains qui sont
the mystery, unique and not to be judged.
morts dans la très controversée Guerre du Vietnam.
3. Religion enables us to ignore nothingness and get on with
5. La Trêve de Noël fut une série de cessez-le-feu officieux,
the jobs of life.
qui eurent lieu sur le Front de l’Ouest aux environs de Noël
1914, pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. 4 1. During WW II, the evacuees had to leave their families and
homes behind.
3 Le 6 août 1945 à 8 h 15 du matin, la première bombe atom-
2. Every trainee is assisted by an experienced professional.
ique fut larguée sur Hiroshima. Sadako Sadaki avait deux
3. The company has received many awards as a top achiever
ans. Elle se trouvait à deux kilomètres du lieu de l’explosion
in this field.
mais ne fut pas blessée. En 1955 on diagnostiqua qu’elle
4. Some names were changed to protect the identities of the
était atteinte d’une leucémie due aux retombées radioactives.
interviewees.
Une de ses amies lui raconta une histoire qui dit que si on
5. The letter was refused by the addressee and sent back to
fabrique 1000 grues de papier on verra son vœu le plus cher
the addresser.
exaucé. Elle parvint à en faire 644 mais mourut en octobre
6. These Web content developers have tried to make their
1955. Ses camarades de classe collectèrent des fonds dans
pages more accessible for people with disabilities.
tout le pays et un monument dédié à Sadako fut érigé dans le
7. The interviewer used an online questionnaire and entered
Parc du Mémorial de la Paix à Hiroshima. Des milliers d’enfants
the responses directly into his laptop.
envoient des grues de papier qui sont exposées tout autour du
monument. « J’écrirai Paix sur tes ailes et tu voleras au-dessus
du monde entier, » avait dit Sadako. 12 The English landscape
4 1. Some politicians say we should have loosened our ties with
the United States. Do you think our ties with the U.S. are too 1 Poppies est le mot effacé de ce poème qui serait à l’origine
strong? de la coutume du Poppy Day.
2. The data gathered through this survey will deepen our 2 1. The daffodil is one of the emblems of Wales.
knowledge of the various aspects of energy consumption. 2. Ivy is a vine/a creeper.
3. It will take some time to straighten things out. 3. An oak leaf is the symbol of the National Trust.
4. A compromise was reached and they decided to shorten 4. Foxglove is used in the making of some medicines.
the transition period. 5. Lily of the valley is a highly poisonous plant.
5. The brightening economic conditions have not translated
into accelerating wage growth. 3 1. a. “A feeling for country life is supposed to relate to a feel-
ing for the nation…” (§ 2)
b. “Here it is not regarded, as in other nations, as merely an
11 Religions and beliefs alternative to, or escape from, the town.” (§ 3)
c. “(The landscape is seen as) pretty and charming rather
1 1. The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer is the story of a than grandiose and magnificent.” (§ 3)
group of thirty pilgrims who travel together to visit a shrine d. “you often hear them say that they would like to live in a
in Canterbury Cathedral. rural area, preferably in a cottage.” (§ 1)
2. Spammers do not abide by laws or regulations. 2. “they love their back gardens, because a garden is nature,
3. They pray in order to redeem themselves from their sins. on a small scale though”: ils aiment le jardin à l’arrière de leur
4. Quakers hold to a way of life rather than a dogma or a maison parce qu’un jardin, c’est de la nature, même à échelle
creed. réduite.
5. Lumbini in Nepal where the Buddha was born is hal- “ideally a small-scale, intimate and unthreatening mix of
lowed/holy ground. the farmed and the wild”: dans l’idéal, un mélange à petite
6. Some environmentalists predict an environmental dooms- échelle, intime et apaisant, de terre cultivée et d’espace sau-
day scenario. vage.
164
4 1. Barbour is one of the best country wear brands. 3 1. a. Non : “For transport to be sustainable, city dwellers will
2. The country fair takes place on June 27th. have to rely more and more on […] shared electric cars.”
3. They opened a country branch in 2022. L’article parle de voitures électriques partagées.
4. She is Secretary of State for town and country planning. b. Non : “in the not-so-distant future, people will be able to
5. Balmoral Castle is the Queen’s Scottish country estate. order a small driverless electric car with an application.”
Il s’agit d’un avenir assez proche.
c. Oui : “Many cities pride themselves on having become
13 Urbanization ‘pedestrian friendly’.”
De nombreuses villes s’enorgueillissent d’être devenues res-
1 1. populous – 2. an inhabitant – 3. to be located/to lie – pectueuses des piétons.
4. sports facilities – 5. public transport system 2. “they will be better off with fewer cars” : elles se porteront
2 1. Our capital city is located on the main island. mieux avec moins de voitures
2. It’s the most populous city in the country. “clean public transport” : des transports publics propres/non
3. It has high-quality sports facilities. polluants
4. The airport can be reached in about forty minutes. 4 1. Shall we walk there?/Shall we go there on foot?
5. We have a very good public transport system. 2. I’ll go into town by boat rather than by bus.
3 I live in a picturesque town in New England. It has quite a 3. Paul drives to work./Paul goes to work by car.
few stylish buildings. In the daytime, it’s a lively/bustling 4. It’ll be quicker/faster by train.
town and its shops are often packed/crowded, especially on 5. Patricia flies to Toronto every month.
Saturday afternoons. My aunt Stacey doesn’t like it, though.
She thinks it’s dangerous/unsafe, dirty/filthy and decrepit/
run-down! She even says my street has a sinister/dreary 15 Living together or not
appearance. So, she never goes downtown/to the town cen-
tre. She claims that it is beset by violence and vandalism! 1 1. They come from a poor/deprived background.
2. I live in a tower block/a high rise near the river.
4 1. “basic services like safe drinking water, electricity, sanita-
3. The shanty town/slum was demolished/knocked
tion or sewage system”
down last year.
2. “[…] how could this city cope with even more people and
4. I live in a leafy neighbourhood/borough/district.
slums?” Comment cette ville pourrait-elle s’en sortir avec
5. The system is currently being improved/upgraded.
encore plus de monde et de bidonvilles ?
2 Most local governments are intent on better understanding
5 1. Les prix de l’immobilier ont baissé ces derniers mois.
the myriads of communities that live under their jurisdiction.
2. Le train pour Washington D.C. était en retard parce que la
Some town halls encourage social mixing in deprived neigh-
locomotive est tombée en panne.
bourhoods through settlement policies or in affluent neigh-
3. Ta radio me rend fou/folle. Baisse le son !
bourhoods through council housing, also known as public
4. Ils m’ont proposé un emploi à Cambridge mais je l’ai refusé
housing in the U.S.
parce que je veux vivre dans une grande ville.
Cities tend to encourage social interaction in public places
5. Ma belle-famille me regarde de haut parce que je n’ai pas
like cafés, bars, restaurants and youth clubs, and in commu-
fait d’études.
nity spaces like markets and shopping centres and urban
parks. Cultural pursuits may also bring people together,
14 Urban transport through music, film, theatre and art. Town planners under-
stood early on the importance of town squares in commu-
1 1. In Chicago, commuters are encouraged to use alternative nity life. They provide gathering places for families, social
means of transport/transportation, rather than their car. groups as well as for individuals of all ages and economic
2. Getting around New Orleans by tram/streetcar is a great status.
way to see the city. 3 1. Oui : “you will find […] many amenities, like a swimming
3. The carriage/The car was full, so I asked the ticket ins- pool, a tennis court, a gym and possibly a small shopping
pector if I could sit in First Class. centre and a health centre”
4. Please click here to download the train timetable/sche- 2. Oui : “some people […] feel ‘protected from the outside
dule. world’ ”
5. I work in the city centre/downtown but I live in the 3. Non, au contraire, les gens qui y habitent ont du mal à
suburbs. accepter la diversité du monde : “[they] belong to a world of
2 1. pavement : ne concerne pas le transport […] uneasiness in accepting the world and its diversity”.
2. lane : ne concerne pas un moyen de locomotion 4 1. In the majority of countries people legally reach adulthood
3. bike lane : non destiné aux piétons at 18.
4. to ask for directions : n’implique pas directement l’idée de 2. More often than not you lose your livelihood when you
déplacement lose your job.
5. truck : transport de marchandise 3. The opposite of truth is falsehood.
4. In all likelihood, the sanctions will not work.
5. We live in a friendly neighbourhood.
Corrigés 165
16 Energy 4 profit
the pipeline “would double imports of dirty tar sands oil
1 1. Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons formed from the remains of into the United States and transport it to refineries on the
dead plants and animals. Gulf Coast and ports for international export.”
2. There are still places on earth where miners dig coal with plans
crude pickaxes and load it onto donkeys to be transported to
“building the northern section of an oil pipeline that
the surface.
would trek close to 2,000 miles from Alberta, Canada, to
3. A power station (also referred to as a power plant) is an
the Gulf Coast of Texas.”
industrial facility for the generation of electric power.
4. Shale gas has become an increasingly important source consequences in terms of ecology
of natural gas in the United States since the start of this cen- “Pollution from tar sands oil greatly eclipses that of
tury. conventional oil.”
5. An inexhaustible resource cannot be entirely consumed “Ninety-five percent of the water used to extract the oil is
or used up. so polluted that the water must be stored in large human-
6. Crude oil, biofuels, kerosene, propane, natural gas, coal, made pools.”
nuclear elements are non-renewable resources.
“[The Boreal forests’] biodiversity is threatened by the
2 1. a windfarm pipeline.”
2. geothermal energy
3. to conserve “Indigenous communities have been forced off their land,
4. to switch to but also those living downstream from the ponds have
5. to soar seen spikes in rates of rare cancers, renal failure, etc.”
3 1. “First of all, it aims at reducing energy and material output 5 1. We have to change our behaviour, as painful as that may
in the world, which is required to face the existing biophysical be.
constraints.” 2. Emma will only talk if she has something meaningful to
2. “Degrowth also tries to tackle social issues. Proponents say.
of degrowth would like to replace our prevalent growth- 3. I’ll never cheat on you. I’ll always be faithful to you.
based approach with the idea of ‘frugal abundance’.” 4. For many of us, clean water is so plentiful that we rarely
3. “It supports the global environmental justice movement, pause to consider what life would be like without it.
which has strong roots in southern countries. As environ- 5. If you can see your e-mail on the page, your login was suc-
mental rights activists say ‘Leave oil in the soil, coal in the cessful.
hole, South or North.’ ”
“Degrowth also campaigns for a more equitable redistribution
of wealth around the world, in order to lessen the North/ 18 Other environmental degradation
South divide.”
1 Dites non aux sacs en plastique. Les déchets en plastique
4 1./f. dégivrer : defrost
finissent dans la nature. Aidez-nous à réduire le nombre de
2./c. déconstruire : deconstruct
décharges sauvages. Brûler du plastique pollue l’atmosphère
3./a. diminuer : decrease
et endommage les nappes phréatiques.
4./e. priver : deprive
5./d. décoloniser : decolonize 2 High concentrations of floating plastic debris have been
6./b. souiller, abimer : defile reported in remote areas of the ocean, increasing concern
about the accumulation of plastic litter on the ocean surface.
Since the introduction of plastic materials in the 1950s, the
17 Pollution global production of plastic has increased rapidly and will
continue in the coming decades. However, the abundance
1 1. Two in three farm animals in the world are now factory and the distribution of plastic debris in the open ocean are
farmed. still unknown, despite evidence of affects on organisms rang-
2. In 2011, a massive earthquake and tsunami in Japan trigge- ing from small invertebrates to whales.
red the meltdown of reactors at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear 3 1. “sonar” – “satellite-navigation systems”
plant. 2. “to peer”: scruter – “to plot”: déterminer – “concealed”:
3. Currently, nuclear waste created in the U.S. is stored cachés – “a hot spot”: une zone – “to target”: prendre pour
underwater in pools near nuclear power plants. This waste cible – “they gather”: ils se rassemblent
will eventually be stored deep underground. 4 1./d. an assistant: a person who helps someone
4. In France, in 2022, urban sprawl is claiming farmland at
2./b. compliant: docile, obedient
the rate of ca 25,000 hectares a year.
3./f. fragrant: sweet smelling
2 1. un GPS – 2. l’économie mondiale – 3. un leader mondial – 4./c. significant: meaningful
4. un réseau aérien mondial – 5. le village planétaire 5./a. an accountant: someone whose job is to keep the
3 Crissement de pneus, grincements de freins, vacarme de financial records of a business
radios, vrombissements d’avions, hurlement de sirènes : voici 6./e. an attendant: a person employed to serve people in a
autant de sources de pollution sonore éprouvantes pour les public place
nerfs.
166
19 Biodiversity at risk 3 Moins égal plus
Le centre d’accueil Eielson en Alaska n’utilise que des pan-
1 1. Animal species have always disappeared. neaux solaires, de l’hydroélectricité et de la lumière naturelle.
2. 65 million years ago, a plethora of plants and animals, Il a été construit avec des matériaux recyclés et produits
among which dinosaurs, became extinct. localement. Son chauffage, sa ventilation et sa tuyauterie
3. Some seals lack food because of intensive fishing. sont très économes en énergie. Le bâtiment requiert très peu
4. Poachers kill herds of elephants to trade their tusks’ ivory. de combustibles fossiles pour son fonctionnement.
5. Gorillas and other monkeys are hunted for meat, tigers and 4 • “packaging increases the price of the goods you buy”
polar bears for their skin. • “Packaging wastes resources at every level: production,
2 1. Rainforests, which are the Earth’s oldest living ecosystems, storage and transport.”
cover only 6 % of the Earth’s surface and yet they contain • “you pay a tax to the council for the disposal of your rub-
more than half of the world’s plant and animal species. bish.”
2. Some rain forests, including the Amazon, began experien- 5 1. This hospital was rebuilt in 2020.
cing drought in the 1990s, possibly due to deforestation and 2. When the climate warms (up), glaciers recede.
global warming. 3. Can you help me refold this map, please?
3. Slash-and-burn is an agricultural technique that involves 4. I wish I could relive this moment.
the cutting and burning of plants in forests or woodlands to 5. She never regained consciousness.
create fields.
3 1. Trees are important to the water cycle. They absorb rain
fall and produce water vapor that is released into the atmos- 21 Science and research
phere. Trees also lessen the pollution in water.
2. When cattle ranchers clear rain forests to raise beef 1 1. In 1609, the famous scientist Johannes Kepler published
to sell to fast-food chains that make hamburgers to sell to his first two laws of planetary motion.
Americans, who have the highest rate of heart disease in the 2. Anders Celsius was a Swedish astronomer, physicist and
world (and spend the most money per GNP on health care), mathematician.
we can say easily that business is no longer developing the 3. These scientific advances have been used by a number of
world. We have become its predators. companies to restructure their businesses.
3. The tropical rain forests are a telling example. Once cut 4. The containers lost at sea contained dangerous chemicals.
down, they rarely recover. Rainfall drops, deserts spread, the 5. Quantum mechanics is the part of physics that tells us
climate warms. how the things that make up atoms work.
4. Forests are the world’s air-conditioning system - the lungs 2 1. a blueprint
of the planet - and we are on the verge of switching it off. 2. a field
5. [Destroying rain forest for economic gain] is like burning a 3. to infer
Renaissance painting to cook a meal. 4. random
4 1. Some parking spaces are reserved for the disabled. 5. a clue
2. When he told her he was going away, she looked at him in 3 1. Non : “helps severely paralyzed people to make their way
complete disbelief. using only tongue movements” (les mouvements de leur
3. He was dismissed because he refused to work. langue)
4. Scientific discoveries have discredited this belief. 2. Oui : “A synthetic glue […] could be used to repair tissues”
5. She looked so nervous. That’s when I began to distrust her. 3. Oui : “[The] prosthesis allows a paralyzed person to move
their legs voluntarily.”
4. Non : “The wireless brain-computer interface […] could
20 Green living allow people to control robotic arms.” wireless = sans fil
4 1. Biology is the science of life and of living organisms.
1 1. The People’s Trust for endangered species asserts that
2. Genetics is the science of heredity, dealing with resem-
you can protect them by taking a few minutes to count stag
blances and differences of related organisms.
beetles, assess the state of your local orchard or hunt for
3. Cybernetics is the scientific study of how people, animals,
dormice.
and machines control and communicate information.
2. In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson signed a bill that man-
4. Aerodynamics is a science that studies the movement of
dated the National Park Service “to conserve the scenery
air and the way that objects move through air.
and the natural and historic objects and wildlife therein”.
5. Alchemy is a “science” that was used in the Middle Ages
3. The global trust Friends of the Earth is a part of the
with the goal of changing ordinary metals into gold.
world’s largest environmental network, with activists in
74 countries.
2 1./d. user-friendly : dans la description d’un logiciel 22 Space exploration
2./a. dolphin-friendly : sur une boîte de conserve de thon (le
thon a été pêché sans utiliser de filets qui piègent aussi les 1 1. to dock sth (with)
dauphins) 2. the blastoff
3./c. child-friendly : sur une publicité pour un restaurant 3. weightlessness
4./b. pet-friendly : sur l’annonce de location d’une maison de 4. the splashdown
vacances 5. space junk
Corrigés 167
2 2010, October 10 6. Vampires are said to feed on the blood of living creatures.
Virgin Galactic, a private company, announced the suc- 2 1. Les ratons laveurs de l’Ontario n’ont plus la rage depuis
cessful first flight of a suborbital plane designed to take septembre 2005.
private citizens on space flights. 2. Le témoin dit que le meurtrier avait les cheveux gris et
boitait.
2011, July 8
3. J’ai une ampoule à la main à force d’avoir trop joué au
The space shuttle Atlantis became the last American tennis.
space shuttle to be launched into space. 4. À la fin du XIXe siècle, les immigrants tuberculeux étaient
2012, August 6 envoyés à l’hôpital d’Ellis Island.
NASA’s Curiosity rover successfully landed on Mars. 5. Elizabeth Taylor est morte d’un arrêt cardiaque en 2011.
6. Au XIVe siècle une pandémie de peste venue de Chine s’est
2013, December 24
propagée en Asie, en Europe et en Afrique.
NASA astronauts wrapped up successful repairs at the
3 1. “the smell of singed animal hair”: l’odeur de brûlé des poils
International Space Station after a rare Christmas Eve
d’animaux
spacewalk to fix an equipment cooling system.
2. “has rekindled concerns”: a ravivé des craintes
2014, November 12 3. “an outbreak of the deadly Ebola fever”: une épidémie de
Rosetta’s Philae lander, built by the European Space la fièvre mortelle Ebola
Agency (ESA), is the first spacecraft to make a soft land- 4. “put the death toll at 63”: estiment le nombre de morts
ing on a comet. à 63
2015 5. “bushmeat”: la viande de brousse
Space agencies around the world are using satellite 4 1. Many people with Ø asthma also have allergies.
images and other technologies to aid rescue efforts and 2. She sneezes, has a runny nose: she has caught a cold.
learn more about the April 25 earthquake in Nepal. 3. There are around 54,000 new cases of Ø leukemia each
year in the U.S.
2021
4. When he has a severe headache he needs to rest in a dark
Successful launching and orbit positioning at the room.
Lagrange point of the James Webb telescope. 5. People who are overweight are at risk of Ø heart disease.
6. Ø Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive degenerative disor-
3 Health and Medicine
3. WARP 75 used to relieve pain in bone marrow transplant der.
patients, and to combat the symptoms of bone atrophy, mul-
tiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease. 24 Addiction
Public Safety
2. A reliable anti-icing and deicing system which allows pilots 1 1. liquor – 2. to mainline, to get a fix – 3. an opiate – 4. driv-
to safely fly through ice encounters. ing under the influence – 5. to get a rush
4. Steel coatings devised to make high-rise buildings and 2 1. This gambling addict has had herself banned from casinos.
public structures safer. 2. It is estimated that five percent of the world population is
Consumer, Home, and Recreation affected by shopping addiction, also known as “compulsive-
1. Products based on microalgae used in enriched baby food. buying disorder”.
5. A material commonly known as “memory foam”; it is incor- 3. In the UK, the Food Standards Agency requires high-caf-
porated into a host of widely used and recognized products feine energy drinks to contain a health warning stating that
including mattresses, pillows. these drinks are unsuitable for children and pregnant women.
8. A cordless miniature vacuum cleaner. 4. Some leaders get hooked on/addicted to power and
money.
Environmental and Agricultural Resources 5. If you can’t go cold turkey on TV watching, you can cer-
6. Silicon-based cells used in harnessing solar energy. tainly cut back on TV time gradually.
7. A product used to safely and permanently clean
3 Pour
petroleum-based pollutants from water.
1. “Prohibition does not work”
2. “concerns the individual, not the legislator”
23 Anatomy and diseases 4. “leads to the growth of a criminal underworld.”
5. “the criminals [will be] put out of business”
1 1. A skull and crossbones is often used to illustrate warning
Contre
labels about toxic substances. 3. “Saying that drug use doesn’t harm anyone but the user is
2. Industry is the backbone of the Chinese economy. completely wrong”
3. This toothpaste effectively removes plaque without irritat- 6. The goal of the state is to protect citizens’ health and not
ing gums. to expose them to risk.
4. Achilles’ mother held him by the heel when dipping him 4 “too many Canadians end up with criminal records”: trop de
into the Styx, which was supposed to give powers of invulner- Canadiens se retrouvent avec un casier judiciaire
ability. “prosecuting these offenses is expensive”: poursuivre ces
5. A few years ago, she slipped on a banana skin and twisted infractions coûte cher
her ankle badly.
168
“the proceeds from the illegal drug trade support organized 3. Selon Mashable, le gouvernement indien a mis sur le mar-
crime”: les recettes provenant du commerce des drogues illé- ché une nouvelle tablette, Aakash, surnommée « la moins
gales aident le crime organisé chère du monde ».
5 alcoholic [contraction de alcohol et de -holic] – shopaholic – 4 cyberwarfare: la cyber-guerre, la guerre de l’information
webaholic – coffeeholic – movieholic – moneyholic e-business: le commerce en ligne
cyberspace: le cyberespace, l’espace virtuel
e-banking: les services bancaires en ligne, les banques élec-
25 Care and cures troniques
cybercrime : la cybercriminalité
1 1. Can I get this drug without a prescription? e-commerce : le cybercommerce
2. The cure is sometimes worse than the disease.
3. Fortunately, the skin graft she received took without com-
plications. 27 Economic sectors
4. He is fighting for his life in an intensive care unit.
5. I’m afraid this type of injury can be healed only by time. 1 1. In the daytime I work as a farmer and woodcutter. At
2 1. a stem cell – 2. a long-term effect – 3. thorny – 4. to tam- weekends I sometimes work as a waiter in a local restaurant,
per with – 5. contentious but my dream is to be a fisherman.
2. There’s been a sharp decline in unemployment. The
3 1. Non : “new computer modelling and bioengineering tech-
labour force has increased by 2 percent.
niques could make animal testing obsolete”
3. They’re looking for construction workers, not auto wor-
2. Oui : “new computer modelling and bioengineering
kers, unfortunately.
techniques could make animal testing obsolete”
4. My neighbour is a computer specialist/IT engineer and
3. Oui : “The idea is to create chips that can simulate how a
her husband an estate agent.
whole body would react to a new drug. They are like humans
on a chip, in which the vital organs are integrated.” 2 1. Coal and iron are raw materials.
4. Non : “These mini hearts are thought to be more efficient 2. Ore is rock or soil from which metal can be obtained.
to test new drugs, as they are closer to real human hearts 3. Steel is an alloy that is used for making tools and cars.
than the hearts of animals.” 4. Tar is a very thick, black liquid that becomes hard when it
5. Oui : “they could reduce the time it takes to move towards cools and that is used especially for road surfaces.
clinical trials, with human volunteers.” 5. Unleaded petrol produces fewer harmful substances than
most fuels when it is burned.
4 1. car-free/d. un centre-ville – 2. rent-free/b. un logement –
3. pain-free/a. un examen médical – 4. tax-free/f. un parfum 3 1. a. Oui : “It was a key component of the Industrial
– 5. smoke-free/c. une aire de jeux pour enfants – 6. gluten- Revolution”
free/e. une barre chocolatée b. Oui : “Coal burning produces millions of tons of solid
waste products/coal pollution costs the European Union over
40 billion euros each year.”
c. Non : the text doesn’t say that it’s cheap, and “coal pollution
26 The digital world costs the European Union over 40 billion euros each year.”
d. Non : it was mainly used “to fuel steam engines and fur-
1 1. She brossed browsed on the Internet boutique but didn’t naces (fourneaux d’usines)”
find what she was looking for. 2. “a key component”: une composante essentielle
2. Just wait for your computer to boot up. “to fuel steam engines and furnaces”: pour alimenter des
3. UBS USB flash drives are often used for storage, data machines à vapeur et des fourneaux
back-down backup and transfer of computer files. “Cutting air pollution would have beneficial long-term eco-
4. Please log on out before you leave. nomic impacts for individuals.” Réduire la pollution de l’air
5. ICT means Information and Computers Communications aurait des retombées économiques bénéfiques sur le long
Technology. terme pour les particuliers.
6. The virus was delivered in the form of an email attachment. 4 1. The female judge was very understanding when I talked to her.
7. They backed hacked into his computer to get sensitive 2. The male cleaner was pleased with his work.
information about him and his business. 3. The waitress married a waiter and their children/kids all
8. Did you google the cheapest flights to New York? became computer specialists.
9. FAQ are Frequently Answered Asked Questions. 4. The spokeswoman was accompanied by the female director.
2 Facteurs économiques : § 2
Facteurs géographiques : § 3
28 Farming
Facteurs psychologiques : § 1
Facteurs politiques : § 2
1 1. California started making wine in the 18th century when
3 1. Certaines organisations caritatives comme « Des ordina- Spanish missionaries planted the first vineyards to produce
teurs pour l’Afrique » rénovent de vieux ordinateurs avant de wine for Mass.
les envoyer dans des écoles et des universités pour soutenir 2. Angus cattle are a breed of cattle commonly used in beef
des projets communautaires. production.
2. La société « Un portable par enfant » produit des portables 3. On this farm, you can pick your fresh morning free-range
connectés peu onéreux et peu gourmands en énergie. eggs at the chicken coop.
Corrigés 169
4. Florida is the largest producer of oranges in the U.S., but 4. Andrew Carnegie was a self-made steel tycoon.
its orange groves are under the attack of a disease known Andrew Carnegie était un magnat de l’acier qui avait réussi
as “citrus greening”. par lui-même.
5. There are four main ingredients in beer: barley, water, 5. Some disasters are natural, others are man-made.
hops and yeast. Certaines catastrophes sont naturelles, d’autres sont provo-
6. In the wild West, livestock/cattle grazed freely, competing quées par les hommes.
for fodder/hay and water. The barbed wire changed the West
from vast and undefined prairies to a land of farming.
2 • Many foods, including an estimated 88 percent of the corn
30 Economic policies
crop in the United States, contain ingredients that have plants
1 1. In an underground economy, goods and services are
or animals that were genetically modified, typically to increase
traded illegally.
disease resistance or extend shelf life. Opponents argue that the
2. Private ownership of enterprises is encouraged in a capi-
process may be harmful to humans. Supporters contend there
talist system.
is no evidence of that. Sixty countries, including the European
3. A synonym of “command economy” is “planned economy”.
Union, require labeling.
4. My neighbour is a big fan of barter. For example, he wants
• “to increase disease resistance or extend shelf life”: pour
me to mow his lawn in exchange for eggs.
augmenter la résistance aux maladies ou prolonger la durée
5. Protectionism contrasts with free trade.
de conservation
6. The government is worried about next year’s economic
3 Ce poème empreint de beaucoup d’ironie a pour titre The outlook/prospect, because the economy seems to be slow-
Song of the Battery Hen. ing down.
Voici ce qu’Edwin Brock a écrit sur sa composition : “It was writ-
2 1. foreign trade – 2. outsourcing – 3. trade surplus –
ten… when I was staying on a farm in Worcestershire. The farmer
4. a downturn – 5. the per capita income
showed me his battery house with some pride and when I made
the usual clichéd comment about the poor bloody hens he said: 3 1. Non : “Even the most capitalist nations regulate one way or
‘Do you know we had an experiment one day, we left the flaps of another.”
all the cages up to see what the hens would do. Well, they looked 2. Non : “In the U.S., where we can safely say that the vast
around and walked right back in.’ ” majority of people are ardent supporters of capitalism”
3. Oui : “[The U.S. federal government] prohibits sex-based
4 1. a roadhouse : un relais – 2. a lighthouse : un phare –
wage differentials between men and women employed in the
3. a jailhouse : une prison – 4. a dollhouse : une maison de
same establishment who perform jobs requiring equal effort,
poupées – 5. a coffeehouse : un café – 6. a slaughterhouse :
skill, and responsibility.”
un abattoir
4. Non : “contrary to common belief, the role played by
governments in the economy tends to increase rather than
29 Industrial production decrease.”
4 1. la fuite des capitaux – 2. des économies d’échelle –
1 1. une lime à ongles – 2. un marteau-piqueur – 3. un coupe- 3. l’impôt sur le revenu – 4. la flexibilité du marché du travail
boulons – 4. un tour à bois – 5. un grutier – 6. arracher vio- – 5. les prix à la production – 6. le pouvoir d’achat – 7. le
lemment déficit commercial – 8. l’impôt sur la fortune – 9. les normes
de sécurité – 10. la législation sur la concurrence
2 1. a locksmith – 2. a plumber – 3. a joiner, a carpenter – 4. a
bricklayer, a builder, a mason – 5. a craftsman/woman – 6. a
mechanic 31 Working life
3 1. a. Oui : “The car industry automates approximately 80 per-
cent of its assembly processes”. Pour les autres industries, 1 to take on to hire
les chiffres sont moins élevés : “only around ten percent”.
to look for a job to apply
b. Non, pas encore : “Specialized robots would know where
things are stored” to turn down to reject
c. Oui : “Tailor-made robots could help close this gap by a trainee an intern
reducing setup times for automation in industries that rely on a luncheon voucher a meal ticket
customization and whose products have short life cycles.”
an applicant a candidate
d. Non : “human workers would still be in control”
2. “such products are highly customized”: de tels produits a CV a résumé
sont faits le plus souvent sur commande a job centre an employment service
“how to reconfigure an assembly line”: comment reconfigurer qualification a diploma, a degree
une chaîne de montage
a period of training apprenticeship
4 1. This cheese is hand-made in the traditional manner.
Ce fromage est artisanal, fabriqué de manière traditionnelle. the work force labour
2. Tunisia exports a lot of ready-made clothes. 2 1. Analysts say the company could clinch/make/sign a deal
La Tunisie exporte beaucoup de vêtements de confection. within weeks.
3. The star was wearing a $ 5,000 custom-made tuxedo. 2. She’s an entrepreneur. She’s famous for buying out small
La star portait un smoking fabriqué sur mesure, d’une valeur firms.
de 5000 dollars. 3. The company made a takeover bid for a rival firm.
170
4. My wife doesn’t run the company, but she’s a senior exe- 3. The government, who are no longer supported by the MPs,
cutive. are going to resign./The government, which is no longer sup-
5. I’m on the payroll of a large multinational. I have a good ported by the MPs, is going to resign.
salary. 4. The staff is/are on strike. They intend to take to the streets
6. We’re all in favour of cutting red tape but we don’t know and demonstrate.
how!
3 1. Non : “Unemployment in the UK has been very low for 33 World trade
some years.”
2. Oui : “It’s true that record numbers of women are now in 1 1. If you impose quotas, exports will suffer too.
work in Britain.” 2. They say that a negative balance of trade/trade balance is
3. Non : “female pensioners are forced to work because their detrimental to the economy.
pension is too low.” 3. In a sheltered market, customs duties can be exorbitant/
4. Oui : “There is a lack of high-quality, well-paid jobs, espe- extortionate.
cially for women” 4. The United Arab Emirates has a trade surplus/a favourable
5. Oui : “If you want to work as a cleaner or childminder, you balance of trade thanks to the oil trade.
can find a job overnight.” 5. The Canadians’ purchasing power has gone up 3%.
4 1. Mon mari est entrepreneur. Il adore créer de nouvelles 2 1. You use the word “brand” for all products, as in “This is my
affaires/entreprises. favourite brand of deodorant.” It’s different for cars, though.
2. « Quelle est votre profession ? » « Je suis dentiste. » You say “My favourite car make is Rolls Royce.”
3. C’était facile : j’ai envoyé un CV et le lendemain ils m’ont 2. I need an invoice for this flight to get reimbursed.
proposé un emploi. 3. Retailers often buy their goods from wholesalers/whole-
4. Est-ce que votre nouvelle société fournit une voiture de sale suppliers.
fonction ? 4. We have a ten percent profit margin on sales, which isn’t
5. Mon fils est apprenti charpentier. bad.
5. The goods are kept in storage until ready for delivery.
3 More expensive and not for the right reasons: § 3
32 Labour relations
The organizations are looking into it: § 4
Helping developing countries’ exports: § 1
1 1. In democratic countries, workers can join a trade/labor
Sustainable and environmentally friendly: § 2
union and they’re allowed to walk out.
What about women then? § 3
2. The last-ditch talks achieved nothing. They have once
Who really gains from so-called fair trade? § 3
again reached a deadlock.
3. The fast food workers took to the streets. The demons- 4 1. a wine shop – 2. a butcher’s shop – 3. a coffee shop –
tration gathered over 2,000 people. 4. a sweet shop – 5. a beauty shop – 6. a bookshop –
4. Some employees said they didn’t feel like resuming work. 7. a bird shop – 8. a body shop (body : carrosserie d’une
5. Her firm owes her more than $2,000 and so she may file a voiture) – 9. a pet shop – 10. a clothes shop – 11. a second-
wage claim. hand clothes shop – 12. a shoe repair shop
En anglais américain, on préfère nettement le nom store : a
2 1. I am a cleaner. My wife and I get the same wages.
bookstore, a wine store, etc.
2. I’m a judge. I can’t complain about my salary.
3. I like your job. How much money do you get/make/earn?
4. I think I’ll get an incentive bonus this year. 34 The consumer society
5. Your entitlement to sick pay depends on your employment
contract. 1 1. I changed channels during the break/commercial.
6. Because of the pay settlement my annual income should 2. He’s a man who works in advertising/an adman. He
not diminish. loves his job.
3 1. Non : depuis 1926 et non depuis l’hiver 1978-1979. 3. This advertisement/ad/advert is truly misleading.
“The ‘1926 general strike’ […] was the only general strike in 4. This advertising company always thinks up new ways to
British history.” encourage the sale of/promote their products.
2. Non : il y a eu une seule grève générale au Royaume-Uni. 5. There’s been a lot of excessive promotion/hype about
3. Oui en partie uniquement : le mécontentement était sur- her latest album.
tout dû aux grèves très fréquentes (“widespread strikes”) et à 2 1. Of course I know the strengths and weaknesses of our
l’état de l’économie (“the economy was in a bad shape”). company/firm.
Voici la traduction des deux vers de Shakespeare : 2. If you want to stay ahead of your customers, you have to
“Now is the winter of our discontent adjust your goods/products continually/permanently.
Made glorious summer by this sun of York.” 3. We can’t afford to ignore the competition or the needs of
Voici l’hiver de notre déplaisir our customers/our customers’ needs.
Mué en glorieux été par ce soleil d’York. 4. Risk-taking is part of the job.
5. To succeed in this new world, all you need to do is choose
4 1. The police are already here. Apparently/It seems that
a niche that will draw attention to you.
they’ve been waiting for us for over ten minutes.
2. People say that this party wants/want to restrict the right 3 1. Non : Some people want to fight consumerism:
to strike. “Opponents of the consumer society”
Corrigés 171
≠ “Others say that we should focus on fighting the excesses NIMBY Pas près de chez moi. Not in my backyard
of consumerism, rather than consumerism itself.”
2. Oui : “They blame big corporations that encourage irre-
OMG Oh mon Dieu ! Oh my God!
pressible desires to own as many objects as possible or to TMI Moins de détails ! Too much information!
consume as much leisure as we can.”
3. Oui : “Some people are prepared to sacrifice significant
time and money for a status symbol.”
36 Money matters
4. Non : “eco-conscious shopping” can fight “the excesses of
consumerism” or “overconsumption”, but there is no mention 1 1. I’m sorry but we don’t take credit cards, nor cheques. It’s
of saving the planet. cash only.
2. We’re a bit hard up at the moment. So, we’re short of
4 1. Les Romains ont envahi la Grande-Bretagne en l’an 43 de
cash.
notre ère. 3. You can say “cash machine”, “cash dispenser”, “ATM”,
2. Il y a un grand magasin de bricolage au coin de la rue. “hole in the wall” or “cash point”!
3. Merci d’avoir une pièce d’identité à la main avant d’arriver 4. A synonym for “take money out” is “withdraw money”.
à la porte d’embarquement. 5. “My new TV was dirt cheap, £50.” “£50? That’s cheap as
4. Je m’appelle Miranda, alias « Little Miranda ». chips.”
5. Mes voisins ont disparu de la circulation/sont aux abon- 6. You can say “I’ll repay you” or “I’ll reimburse you” or “I’ll
nés absents. Ils sont peut-être en vacances. pay you back.”
2 1. I took out a $50,000 mortgage (fifty-thousand dollar mort-
35 Fashion gage) to buy my apartment/flat.
2. I’ve got a steady income but my outgoings are very high!
1 1. I’m wearing a red scarf. I need to buy a matching belt. 3. I’ve got an overdraft in my current account. I have to trans-
2. You’ve got a beautiful figure. You should buy tight trou- fer money from my savings account.
sers. 4. The bank lent me 1000 (a thousand/one thousand) euros
3. This is the place for trendy clothes. All hipsters come last month. I still need to borrow 500 (five hundred).
here. 3 1. Pros
4. Bright colours are the latest fad/craze this summer. “it would lead to a safer society”/“electronic payments
5. It’s very fashionable. Everyone’s wearing it. have caused the rate of burglary, assault and larceny to fall
6. I think it’s vulgar. It’s too ostentatious/showy. recently. It would drop dramatically if we got rid of cash
2 1. African fabrics are fashionable/are in this season. altogether.”/“all transactions would be visible”/“It would
2. Our customers buy second-hand clothes simply because also mean the end of undeclared work.”
they’re cheaper. Cons
3. People dress up more in England than in France to go to “This would imply that more and more individuals are
the theatre. equipped with portable card readers to accept virtual pay-
4. Everyone was wearing jeans and I felt a bit overdressed in ments, even your kids”/“it’s important for young children to
my suit. have coins, as they’re tangible and they really mean some-
5. Glasses are fashion accessories. thing to them.”/“buskers and wishing fountains”
6. Victoria Beckham (has) presented her first woollen collec- 2. payments made electronically – portable card readers –
tion in a New York fashion show. virtual payments – electronic payments – digital money
3 1. “about 90% of people with anorexia are women” 4 1. Did your country ever win the World Cup?
2. “many models develop fears of putting on weight and the- 2. I earn/make a good living but I don’t consider myself rich.
refore of losing their jobs” 3. All we can do is look at who stood to gain from the crime.
3. “Things may be improving, though, as when fashion lead- 4. Congratulations on your new job! How much do you earn/
ers require a minimum mass index for models, or when make?
magazine editors decide not to feature models who appear 5. Liz Rossetti is confident she will win the next election.
unhealthily thin in the publications.” 6. This is a win-win situation. We’ll all benefit from the new
4. “Some former models speak out against (dénoncent) the agreement.
fashion industry’s encouragement of unhealthily thin models 7. Australian women gained the right to vote in 1902.
and its influence on teenagers who may identify with them, 8. They make/earn over $150,000 a year.
and who may equate beauty with skinniness and with happi-
ness.”
5. “Anorexic models are very likely to develop a variety of 37 The world of finance
health problems, leading to depression and even death.”
4 1 1. an income tax – 2. VAT (value added tax) – 3. bankruptcy –
4. to bail out – 5. assets and liabilities
XOXO Bises. X = bises, O = accolade
2 1. a connection: pas le vocabulaire de la bourse
WYWH J’aimerais que tu sois là. Wish you were here 2. to plummet: seul verbe qui n’indique pas
TX Merci. Thanks une augmentation
Meilleurs amis pour 3. to rise: seul verbe qui n’indique pas une chute
BFF Best friends forever 4. important: pas le vocabulaire de la bourse
toujours.
JK Je rigole. Just kidding
172
3 1. se dégrader : to deteriorate – la baisse du pouvoir d’achat : 3./§ 2 The baby boomers want to “make the most of palliative
reduced purchasing power – l’absence de toit : homeles- care to live better in fewer days, and then die with dignity.”
sness – moins d’offres d’emploi : fewer job opportunities – 4./§ 1 “if they are going to die, they would like to die at home.”
la chute de la production industrielle : decreasing industrial 4 1. They were buried yesterday, two days after they died.
production 2. Only the forgotten are truly dead.
2. “If the worst comes to the worst, a whole city can go ban- 3. I am not afraid of death, I just don’t want to be there when
krupt, like Detroit in the USA.” Dans le pire des cas, c’est it happens.
toute une ville qui peut faire faillite, comme Détroit aux États- 4. The dead do not hurt you; only the living do.
Unis.
4 1. Je ne dirais pas qu’il est vieux. Il est plutôt âgé, il a proba-
40 Women and men
blement une soixantaine d’années.
2. Sa chemise était verdâtre.
1 1. a male preserve – 2. the breadwinner – 3. household
3. On pourrait se retrouver vers les 8 heures.
chores – 4. patronizing – 5. to be trapped
4. J’ai fait la connaissance d’un homme dans les cinquante
ans la semaine dernière. 2 1. Will he be equal to the job?
5. Mon nouveau petit copain est plutôt grand, avec de beaux 2. The pay gap is still huge.
yeux marron. 3. She is a high-flying musician.
4. She is a supermom: she has found the perfect work-life
balance.
38 Youth 3 1. Oui : “companies pay men a higher salary if their wives
stay home.”
1 1. to hang out – 2. self-conscious – 3. rebellious – 4. to come 2. Non : “they are highly educated”
of age – 5. inquisitive, involved – 6. fit 3. Oui : “There are no other options than to take measures to
2 1. Spending my gap year in Australia was a rewarding try keeping women on the working track.”
experience. 4. Non : “This is not a feminist point of view but the objective
2. She has lost her job but she is resilient. analysis of an economist.”
3. A year ago, he volunteered in a school in Zimbabwe. 4 Jeu de mot sur les deux sens de right : droite ≠ gauche et to
4. Challenge yourself to reach your goals. be right : avoir raison.
3 1./§ 1 : “They have known nothing… the interactions they
have.”
2./§ 1 : “they are conservative in their spending”/ 41 Family relationships
§ 2 : “they are keen to look after their money”
3./§ 1 : “after witnessing their parents or friends’ parents 1 1. We entered into a civil union/partnership three years ago.
lose jobs in the Great Recession.”/§ 2 : “they have grown up 2. I lived in a single-parent family for ten years. My mother
in a world in political and financial turmoil.” met my stepfather, her husband, when I was twenty.
4./§ 2 : “more mature [they] want to change the world.” 3. The number of stepfamilies/blended families has gone up
over 10% (ten percent) in the last three years.
4 1. The young do not expect everything from their parents.
4. People always talk about the death of the family, but it is
2. I would do anything to get back my youth.
postponed with each new generation.
3. The youth of today/Today’s youth admire Malala Yousafzai.
5. Divorce is no longer taboo and couples split up more easily
4. This young person/young man is tech savvy.
than in the past.
2 1. Fifties: They lived happily ever after their wedding. Divorce
39 Old age and death was unthinkable.
c. Marriage has to last for life. Family life is stable and confor-
1 1. When I retire, I’ll take to travelling. mist. Divorce carries a stigma.
2. I do not want to die mentally impaired. 2. Sixties: Decadence, dissent and freedom.
3. This female pensioner/retiree is full of pep. d. It’s a time of “free love”. The family as the moral mirror of
4. She doesn’t care about wrinkles and greying hair/going society is pretty much shattered. So is the traditional trilogy
grey. for women “housework, motherhood, husband”.
5. Life expectancy is increasing fast/quickly. 3. Seventies: The “me” decade.
2 1. to be cremated/e. ashes b. The single-parent family is born. The divorce rate shoots
2. a cemetery/c. graves up from 45,794 in England and Wales in 1968 to 143,667 in
3. a will/b. an heir 1978 – divorce is overwhelmingly initiated by women, who
4. a coffin/a. to bury are no longer ready to sacrifice themselves for their family.
5. to mourn/d. to grieve for 4. Eighties: Children first (or not); marriage second.
f. Couples no longer feel the pressure to get married when
3 1./§ 3 “where treatment has not got at least a 95 per cent they have children. Legislation puts the child first in family
chance of my returning to a totally independent life, I don’t life, rather than assuming that marriage is the only form of
want to live.” protection.
2./§ 4 “Dying used to be an integral part of social life. It is 5. Nineties: The family inside out, i.e. the family is redefi-
now a source of terror and people try to hide death as much ned.
as they can.”
Corrigés 173
e. New families emerge, like single-parent families, step fami- 43 Social progress
lies and gay parents. The new trends fail to bring back the
housewife and the breadwinner father.
1 1. Sanitation is a system that takes dirty water and other
6. Noughties (2000s): No more confetti, because wed-
waste products away from our homes.
dings are no longer what they used to be. Surrogacy is
2. A non-profit organisation is not interested in making
something people talk about more and more.
money.
a. Families come in all shapes and sizes and include circles of
3. There aren’t enough shelters for the homeless in this city.
friends. Marriage rates continue to plunge. “Wombs to rent”
4. I’m not sure we do enough for the elderly in our society.
cause ethical dilemmas with greater frequency.
5. Life expectancy is steadily increasing in the EU. It’s close
3 1. Dans les contes de fées, les belles-mères sont représentées to 80 years on average.
comme des méchantes femmes, comme dans Cendrillon ou
2 1. How can we ameliorate/improve the lives of our fellow
Blanche Neige. Leurs victimes sont le plus souvent les belles-
citizens?
filles. Parfois elles détestent aussi leurs gendres.
2. The civil rights movement supported/advocated
2. Ce n’est jamais facile d’être un beau-père ou une belle-
equality before the law in the U.S. in the 60s. It now
mère.
supports/advocates all the rights of minorities.
3. Ma belle-famille m’adore. À vrai dire, je suis une belle-fille
3. Human progress/advancement has come a long way
parfaite.
since the days of the cave man.
4. J’aime bien ma belle-mère mais je trouve mon beau-père
4. They are strong defenders/proponents of social pro-
un peu ennuyeux.
gress.
5. I’ve always considered her advice important./I’ve always
42 Social inequality valued her advice.
3 1. Oui : “Many international organisations set great store by
1 unfair/unjust • unbiased/fair • have-nots/poor • gap/dif- solidarity.”
ference • uneven/unequal • lack/absence • wealth/money 2. Non : “[solidarity] should underlie relations between
2 1. It’s difficult not to feel left out in this group of ambitious peoples in the twenty-first century.”
people. 3. Oui : “The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European
2. The imbalance between the various groups tends to widen. Union contains a chapter titled ‘Solidarity’.”
3. This unfair/biased system is going to impact thousands of 4. Non : In the United Nations solidarity is defined in terms
people. of “relations between peoples”, and adresses issues such
4. It’s a divisive societal issue. as “poverty and growing inequality, climate change […] and
5. I felt a lot of resentment at the time, probably because of health”. In the European Union, it is in terms of “workers’
low self-confidence. rights, […] health care, social assistance, environmental pro-
tection and consumer protection”.
3 1. Their future should not depend on their colour.
4 1. Je n’ai vu personne de toute la journée.
And yet… “Many studies point out the gulf that exists between
black students and their white classmates in U.S. public 2. Est-ce qu’il y a quelqu’un à la maison ?
schools.” 3. S’il te plaît, ne le dis à personne.
2. Their future should not depend on their gender. 4. Toute personne qui veut passer son permis de conduire
And yet… “A 2015 survey of more than 70,000 managers doit d’abord s’enregistrer en ligne.
highlighted the large gender pay gap in the UK, despite unde- 5. Est-ce que je peux faire quoi que ce soit pour vous aider ?
niable women’s gains. Male managers earn at least 20% more 6. Je n’ai rien dit, promis.
than their female counterparts.” 7. De nos jours, on peut voyager partout dans le monde en
3. Their future should not depend on their economic status. quelques heures.
And yet… “It is obvious that the son of a successful lawyer in 8. Je ne veux aller nulle part.
the U.S. – and probably in all countries – is far more likely to
become highly successful than the son of a shop assistant.” 44 Discrimination and civil rights
4. Their future should not depend on their postcode.
And yet… “there are significant gaps in life expectancy
1 1. Tous les êtres humains naissent libres et égaux en dignité
depending on your zip code.” (postcode [GB]/ zip code [US])
et en droits.
4 1. Le concessionnaire a dit que ma voiture valait 500 dollars. 2. Tout individu a droit à la vie, à la liberté et à la sécurité de
2. Il est bon de rappeler qu’il peut faire très froid à New York sa personne.
en janvier. 3. Tous sont égaux devant la loi et ont droit sans distinction à
3. La National Portrait Gallery mérite vraiment une visite. une égale protection de la loi.
4. J’ai dû faire la queue pendant quatre heures, mais ça en 4. Face à la persécution, toute personne a le droit de cher-
valait la peine. cher asile et de bénéficier de l’asile en d’autres pays.
5. « Je prends combien d’essence ? – À peu près pour
2 1. In the past, Catholics were discriminated against in the UK.
40 livres. »
2. If a government takes affirmative action, it gives prefe-
6. Je sais que tu ne veux pas que j’en parle, mais si tu veux
rence to some minorities.
mon avis, tu devrais te trouver un nouveau coiffeur.
3. Child abuse is severely punished in most countries.
4. The workers are holding a demonstration to protest
against nonpayment of their salaries.
174
5. People who are afraid of being prosecuted from their home 2 1. My aim is to impart theoretical knowledge about this subject.
countries are eligible to apply for political asylum. 2. Thanks to/Because of continuous assessment I won’t fail/
3 1. Non : “she was arrested and fined for it.” I’m not going to fail my exams.
2. Oui : “facilities (équipements) and services could be sepa- 3. We’re somewhat self-taught people when we attend dis-
rated along racial lines, if the facilities and services provided tance learning classes.
to each group were equal.” 4. I have to take an optional language test this afternoon.
3. Non : “So bus segregation was ended, but other forms of 5. Lack of basic literacy skills diminishes/will diminish the
segregation and discrimination remained” development of the individual.
4. Non : “[there were] two separate sections on buses: one 3 1. “Many parents face a difficult choice: either put money
for coloured people and one for whites [but they took the aside for their own retirement or for their children’s
same buses]” education.”
4 1. I’m doing a course in women’s studies. 2. “Some economists claim that students’ debts are
2. Men’s clothing is on the second floor. detrimental to the economy, because they push back the
3. People had to fight for women’s suffrage. moment they can buy a home, start a family or borrow money
4. I can’t see the children’s menu. to start their own business.”
5. I found this bird’s nest in the doghouse. 3. “Some politicians, especially in the Democratic Party, find
6. I no longer drink cow’s milk, only goat’s milk. this system absurd and would like the government to fund
access to higher education, which, they claim, will make the
U.S. richer and more competitive…”
45 Social welfare
4 1. I am out of the office/not in the office/not at the office
until 30th August.
1 1. The legal age when you can retire on a full pension is called
2. My girlfriend is out of this world/wonderful! I love her so
the full retirement age.
much.
2. An occupational hazard is something that you may expe-
3. Millions of children of primary school age are out of
rience as a result of doing your job.
school/not at school/not in school around the world.
3. One way of translating la Sécurité sociale française is “the
4. Your computer looks so out of date/old-fashioned.
French public welfare system”.
5. Some people prefer out-of-town shopping centres/non-
4. A pension is a sum of money paid by a private company or
central shopping centres.
the government to a person who is retired.
6. You’ve chosen too many classes. You must be out of your
5. If you make a living wage you earn enough money to buy
mind/crazy.
what is necessary in order to live.
6. My brother is on social security or on welfare as the
Americans would say because he is too ill to get a job. 47 The law and the courts
2 1. une allocation chômage – 2. une allocation de maternité –
3. une allocation familiale – 4. une allocation logement – 5. une 1 1. They violated/broke the law and were punished accord-
allocation pour enfant à charge – 6. les prestations de santé ingly.
3 1. Non : “half of the developing world lack[s] even a simple 2. According to law/By law, you’re entitled to receive a free
latrine.” copy.
2. Oui : “For the same reason [lack of access to safe drinking 3. It is totally illegal/unlawful.
water and basic sanitation] millions of people are threatened 4. They want to make people obey/to enforce this unfair law.
by blindness.” 5. She’s a citizen who obeys the law/She’s a law-
3. Non : the article does not dissociate access to drinking abiding citizen. She never does anything wrong.
water and sanitation. 6. The villagers administered justice as they saw fit/took
4. Non : “safe drinking water” is a “precondition […] to pro- the law into their own hands before the police took action.
mote primary education” 2 1. Charlotte is an excellent barrister/lawyer/defendant. She
4 1. un enfant bien élevé – 2. venir d’une famille qui a des rela- always wins her cases.
tions – 3. J’aime mon steak bien cuit. – 4. des vacances bien 2. He was brought to process/trial/court for acts of violence.
méritées – 5. une actrice connue – 6. une famille riche 3. They wanted to prosecute/sue/charge my neighbour
because she was drunk driving.
4. The judge needed proof/probes/evidence.
46 Education 5. I feel like the sentence/verdict/condemnation was based
on emotion.
1 1. Emma and I went to the same nursery school/kindergar- 6. It’s better to acquit five guilty people/culprits/witnesses
ten/preschool. than to convict one innocent person.
2. The college I attended was for both male and female 7. You must disclose your full criminal record / your sus-
students/co-educational. pended sentence / your fine if you want to apply for British
3. This is the best high school/secondary school in the citizenship.
neighbourhood. 3 § 1: Synonyms
4. Mathematics should be obligatory/compulsory for all § 2: Types of capital crimes
students after the age of 16. § 3: A shameful first rank
5. I teach at a college of adult education/further education. § 4: For the death penalty
§ 5: Against the death penalty
Corrigés 175
4 1. two million unemployed: Il y a plus de deux millions de 3. The state of being a member of a country is called citizen-
chômeurs dans ce pays. ship. This status bestows rights and duties on that person.
2. The poor: Les pauvres méritent eux aussi d’être bien logés. 4. The army staged a coup and unseated the democratically
3. the dead: On comptait beaucoup d’enfants parmi les elected President.
morts. 5. Several opposition groups are determined to have the
4. the young: De nos jours, les jeunes se font entendre Prime minister removed from power.
davantage. 6. Did you know that Hawaii had a queen in the 19th century?
5. the blind: Je dresse des chiens pour aveugles. She was overthrown by pro-American elements in 1893.
6. the disabled: On n’a pas oublié les handicapés dans cette 2 1. Whereas Margaret Thatcher was the leader of the
ville. Conservative Party, Tony Blair was a Labour Party politician/a
7. the injured: Les blessés ont été emmenés à l’hôpital le plus member of the Labour Party. Both served as Prime Ministers
proche. of the United Kingdom.
2. The Republican Party is on the right of the U.S. political
spectrum.
48 Delinquency and criminality 3. The opposition leader claims that the government’s policy
on the conflict is indefensible.
1 1. breaking and entering/b. burglar 4. The opposite of “opposition party” is “ruling party”.
2. mugger/a. assault 5. The Democrats in the United States are supported by trade
3. ransack/e. loot unions and left-wing people.
4. stab/d. knife 6. If you feel that you’re neither left-wing nor right-wing, you
5. theft/f. steal must be a centrist.
6. arson/c. fire
3 violent: “bloody” – a murderer: “a homicide” – to murder: “to
2 “abuse”: ne signifie pas « abuser » mais « maltraiter » slaughter” – a worthless stone: “a base foul stone” – where
“assassinate”: ne s’emploie que pour des personnes célèbres he doesn’t belong: “where he is falsely set”
ou les personnalités politiques
“crime”: peut aller du petit délit (vol mineur) à l’assassinat
“delinquency”: désigne la délinquance juvénile 50 Democracy
“domestic (violence)”: la violence conjugale ; “domestic”
décrit ce qui concerne la maison (“domestic chores”: les 1 1. Guy Fawkes is a famous conspirator who wanted to blow
tâches ménagères) ou un pays (“domestic flights”: les vols up the Parliament house with gunpowder in 1604.
intérieurs) 2. The executive power is exercised by a President or a
“offence”: c’est un délit, une infraction ; « une offense » se Prime minister, with the help of the government.
dit “an insult”, “an affront”. 3. In the U.S. the president is elected for a four-year term.
3 1. “the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution protects 4. The separation of powers divides authority into three
the right of the people to keep and bear arms. In other words, branches: legislative, executive and judiciary.
the right to have a gun is an integral part of American cul- 5. Opposition MPs want to amend the bill.
ture.” 6. In the US, for a bill to become a law it needs to be signed
“In the land of the free, you should be free to protect yourself by the President.
against any person that threatens you.” 2 1. Our incumbent MP canvassed during the whole electoral
2. “In the United Kingdom, it is very difficult to have a licence campaign, but I didn’t see him at the polling station.
to own a gun.” 2. There are usually few non-voters/abstainers in our consti-
“The UK has one of the lowest rates of gun homicides in the tuency. But this time, the turnout was low.
world.” 3. My sister loves elections, opinions polls and politics in
4 1. Ils ne sont pas armés. Ne tirez pas ! general. She even collects ballot papers/ballots.
2. On a retrouvé le corps deux semaines plus tard. On lui 4. In the Brexit referendum only one Scottish constituency
avait tiré une balle dans la tête. voted to leave the European Union.
3. Plusieurs personnes ont été tuées par balle durant les 3 1. People in prison – people who are convicted of electoral
émeutes. malpractice – people who have severe intellectual disabilities,
4. Le ministre s’est tiré une balle dans le pied en en disant like people who are detained in psychiatric hospitals.
trop à la presse. 2. Même dans un pays très démocratique comme le
5. Le film a été tourné en extérieur en Alaska. Royaume-Uni, certaines personnes n’ont pas le droit de
voter : les prisonniers, les personnes condamnées pour
fraude électorale ou celles qui ont un grave handicap mental,
49 Political regimes and parties comme les personnes confinées dans des hôpitaux psychia-
triques.
1 1. Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom and Empress 4 1. an aristocrat – 2. plutocracy – 3. bureaucracy –
of India. In Victoria’s time, the UK was already a constitu- 4. a technocrat – 5. meritocracy
tional monarchy, in which the sovereign/the Queen had
relatively little political power.
2. In the 19th century, when you said “the sun never sets on
it,” you meant the British Empire.
176
51 The media 2. You build on failure. You use it as a stepping stone. Close
the door on the past. You don’t try to forget the mistake, but
you don’t dwell on it.
1 1. a press baron – 2. an op-ed – 3. a front-page story – 4. the
4. My motto is: “Forget the past and move on!” It is stupid to
gutter press
hold on to painful memories.
2 1. A daily is published every day; a weekly is published once a
4 1. The people, objects in a picture or photograph that seem
week; a monthly once a month.
nearest to you are in the foreground.
2. The minister was forced to resign after it hit the headlines
2. They are very pessimistic and foresee crises on the hori-
that she had employed several siblings.
zon of our life as a nation.
3. I like reading Sunday papers, but they tend to have a lot of
3. John Fitzgerald Kennedy’s forefathers were Irish.
advertising inserts.
4. Don’t believe the prophets who foretell the end of the
4. The entertainment section of a newspaper has articles
world.
that focus on different aspects of culture.
5. Was the foreword written by the author?
5. Could you get me two copies of The Guardian, please?
One for me and one for my sick neighbour.
6. My girlfriend is addicted to social networks. She can’t 53 Moving and doing things
stop sending texts even when we’re dining.
3 1. a. Non : “the digital age we live in is still in its infancy.” 1 “Do not trod” est impossible car “trod” est le prétérit du
b. Oui : “[social media allow] marketers to target their ads to verbe “tread” ; or “do not” (impératif négatif) est suivi de la
a more specific group of individuals.” base verbale : “do not tread” est la forme correcte. On peut
c. Non : “TV has proved far more resilient than many imag- aussi envisager qu’il s’agit d’une erreur de saisie : “do not
ined not that long ago.”/ “the traditional TV industry is still trot” (ne trottez pas) serait correct.
very strong and will be for many, many years to come.” 2 1. Comment faire pour que mon bébé de deux ans mange de
2. L’époque où les émissions télévisées attiraient plus de 100 façon équilibrée ?
millions de téléspectateurs aux États-Unis est peut-être révo- 2. Il n’avait pas l’habitude de parler en public : il butait sur
lue en raison de la multiplicité des chaînes de télévision et les mots.
des supports médiatiques… 3. Edimbourg est à un saut de puce en avion de Birmingham.
4 1. Leslie Craig était en tête de la liste des candidats. 4. Le gouvernement de ce pays a manifestement décidé de
2. Mon fils est premier de sa classe en langues. bafouer/piétiner les droits de l’homme.
3. Il se fait tard, on devrait rentrer. 5. Ce livre était tellement ennuyeux que j’ai sauté des tas de
4. Tu pourrais me passer un mouchoir (en papier) ? Je dois pages.
me moucher. 3 1. There are many reasons why you might want to undertake
5. Je ne peux pas endosser la responsabilité du comporte- postgraduate studies.
ment de mes parents. 2. After her breakdown she could no longer cope with her
6. On demande souvent aux politiciens de rentrer dans le responsibilities.
rang. 3. The debate was heated and the speaker strove to make
himself understood.
52 Remembering, imagining… 4. I had so much to do that I decided to postpone my depar-
ture to the following day.
5. Brazilian artist Lygia Clark’s works are on display at the
1 1. Who is the current President of the USA? I know that
Henry Moore Institute in Leeds.
Barack Obama was a former President.
6. Is the government ready to tackle/handle the real prob-
2. With the advent of the GPS, printed maps have become
lems?
outdated/obsolete.
7. Idleness is the root of all evil.
3. Are USB flash drives a relic of the past or are they still a
necessity? 4 Éloge du choix personnel
4. The Mars Science Laboratory has lately/recently com- § 2 : “I-I took the one less traveled by.” Quant à moi, j’ai pris
pleted one Martian year (687 Earth days) working on the Red la route la moins fréquentée.
Planet. Éloge de la marche
5. These experiments are expensive to carry out but will § 1 :“By walking… minds” ou aussi “To walk… explore it”. En
prove profitable in the long run. parcourant un lieu à pied, nous nous y exposons de manière
6. In 1790, she received a three-month sentence and was idéale pour fixer ses détails dans notre esprit./Marcher, c’est
subsequently deported to Australia. explorer le paysage.
Éloge du travail
2 1. everlasting – 2. fate – 3. to outlast – 4. to postpone/to
§ 3 : “The thing is to get the work done.” L’important (Ce qui
put off – 5. remote/far – 6. impending – 7. to look back – 8.
compte), c’est d’accomplir la tâche.
oblivion
5 1. What are you going to do after you graduate?
3 The duty to remember
2. Her husband sometimes does the cooking on Sundays.
1. Remembering the past will prevent future crimes and heal
3. Have all the arrangements for the wedding been made?
countries.
4. I’ll make a cup of coffee while you wait.
3. Forgetting the past is forgetting our roots and our basic
5. You’ve really done a good job.
structure.
6. First, I need to make the bed and then I’ll do some
The duty to forget
shopping.
Corrigés 177
54 Thinking 6. She was fond of company, very sociable and popular: she
was gregarious/easy-going/sociable.
1 1. Faux fi “quick to respond to small changes, easily upset”: 3 Graphology is not an exact science, but it can be fun! For those
définition de “sensitive” ; “sensible”: sensé. who still use a pen…
3. Faux fi “lack of knowledge or information”: définition de According to research carried out by the National Pen
“ignorance” ; “awareness”: la conscience. Company in the U.S., people with small handwriting tend
5. Faux fi “witty”: spirituel to be withdrawn, that is, shy, and meticulous. By contrast,
2., 4. et 6. Justes. outgoing people will have larger handwriting.
Do you leave large gaps between words? That’s a sign that
2 1. She knows a lot about computers. She is very know-
you don’t enjoy being crowded. You like your freedom. If the
ledgeable about computers.
words are close together, that may mean that you can’t stand
2. This argument has nothing to do with the issue. It is a red
being alone.
herring.
How do you write the letter “l”? With a wide loop or a nar-
3. I didn’t like the film: the plot is too complicated. The plot is
row one? Wide implies that you’re relaxed, spontaneous and
too intricate.
open-minded.
4. The recent events have gradually weakened people’s
Where do you place the dot over the letter “i”? If it’s high over
confidence in the government. They have undermined their
the “i”, then you tend to be imaginative. If the dot is closer
confidence.
to the letter, you tend to be organised, detail-oriented, and
5. It’s easy to see that he’s wrong. He is obviously wrong.
empathetic.
3 § 1. Marcela Louie is a whiz kid. “She’s been ahead of her The way you sign is supposed to say a lot about your person-
peers since she was a toddler. […] By the time she was two, ality too. If your signature is illegible, then you’re likely to be
Roxana says her daughter knew she wanted to be a doc- private. If it is legible, you tend to be comfortable and self-
tor. So the proud mom admits she’s not too surprised that confident.
[15-year-old] Marcela was recently granted early admission to
4 1. loathsome/c. disgusting
the University of Alberta, where she’ll be majoring in Biology
2. troublesome/d. giving trouble or anxiety
this fall.”
3. tiresome/f. causing you to feel bored or impatient
§ 2. Thinking things through can be a great thing of course.
4. handsome/b. attractive (usually for a man)
However if you’re an over-thinker, you might become
5. toilsome/e. characterized by physical effort to the point of
someone who stands still in life, someone who forgets the
exhaustion
good things that happen in life.
6. awesome/a. causing feelings of respect or fear
§ 3. Laughter yoga is fast emerging as the healing balm for
people having their life full of stress. This therapy has attrac-
ted a lot of people from all walks of life barring age as they 56 Happiness
find it a natural stress reliever.
§ 1. “her peers” (people of the same age): les jeunes de son 1 1. J’adore mes petits-enfants./Je suis une grand-mère gâteau.
âge • “she was granted early admission”: elle a été admise 2. Merci beaucoup pour ces paroles compatissantes/bien-
avant l’âge normal veillantes.
§ 2. “someone who self-sabotages”: quelqu’un qui se détruit 3. L’idée lui plaisait.
lui-même 4. Je suis ravi(e) de te revoir.
§ 3. “the healing balm”: le baume apaisant • “from all walks 5. Son/Sa colocataire est japonais(e).
of life”: de tous les horizons 6. Tu sais quoi ? Je crois qu’elle est en train de tomber amou-
4 1. friendly: amical – 2. costly: coûteux – 3. lively: animé – reuse de lui.
4. chilly: frais – 5. disorderly: désordonné. 7. Courage !/Ne te laisse pas abattre. Ce n’est pas la fin du
Ces mots sont des adjectifs ; les autres sont des adverbes. monde.
2 1. breathtaking – 2. composure – 3. elated/thrilled –
4. to long for – 5. sensitive – 6. relief
55 Describing personality
3 1. “despite the impact of Bollywood films, which tend to glo-
rify romantic love.”
1 1. unpredictable – 2. cowardly – 3. daring, bold – 4. shy –
2. “Online matrimonial sites are big business too…”
5. finicky – 6. conceited – 7. deceitful, deceptive, sneaky,
3. “Rajini mentions the caste that you want your future
devious – 8. confident
spouse to be…”
2 1. He believes anything you tell him, he is naive and easily 4. “The criteria used online are the same as those used by
deceived: he is gullible. traditional matchmakers…”
2. She bought a house just before property prices started to
4 1. How did she get out of trouble?
rise: this was a shrewd decision.
2. This rotten weather is really getting me down.
3. They constantly express negative opinions to lower
3. She is slowly getting over a bad cold.
Dorian’s reputation: their comments are disparaging.
4. It’s hard to get by with such a low salary.
4. He is not easily frightened or intimidated: he is dauntless/
5. Leave me alone! Get off my back!
bold.
6. You won’t get away with cheating on your taxes.
5. This politician will lie and trick people in order to get what
he wants: he is devious/sneaky.
178
57 Displeasure 2. It’s not just what you say, it’s how you say it. When we
speak, other people “read” our voices in addition to listening
to our words. Things they pay attention to include your timing
1 1. This novel is written in a lively style, with a sense of
and pace, how loud you speak, your tone and inflection, and
humour, sometimes biting but never spiteful/mean.
sounds that convey understanding, such as “ahh” and “uh-
2. Their faces showed weariness/boredom as the speech
huh.”
dragged on.
3. Contrary to what one might expect, research shows that
3. All the players were dejected/down-hearted after their
when people speak with a lower pitch they feel more power-
defeat.
ful.
4. I strongly dislike/ I loathe wind and rain.
4. While good eye contact is praised and expected in the
5. Tom felt miserable/wretched thinking of what he had
West, it is seen as a sign of disrespect and challenge in other
done to her.
cultures, including Asian and African. The less eye contact
6. Does she bite her nails when she is nervous/on edge/
these groups have with an individual, the more respect they
under stress/stressed out?
show.
7. What makes you feel so sad and melancholy/low?
5. By the time most of us are adults, we’ve learned to mask
8. She was very worried about/annoyed at having no news
our true feelings — at least as they show up in our face –
from her daughter.
because we have to get along at work, at home, and in social
9. He was distressed/devastated when his friend left.
settings. So we pretend to be interested, we pretend to smile,
10. She has been unsociable/withdrawn since her mother
we assume a bland expression when we’re actually peeved,
died.
and so on.
2 1. That’s a pathetic waste of opportunity.
4 1. She is very open-minded.
2. Tell me more: I can’t bear/stand the suspense any longer.
2. He was dancing with a long-haired woman.
3. Do you dread getting old?
3. Why does she love such a strong-willed boy?
4. She’s been away for a month and I am longing for her to
4. I felt light-hearted when I heard the news.
come back.
5. How come he is so low-spirited?
5. That dictator was selfish, callous and indifferent to suffe-
6. Are frogs cold-blooded animals?
ring.
7. This is a long-sighted approach.
6. You can’t bear a grudge against someone who hasn’t
done anything to you.
7. The junior executive was reluctant to take on new respon- 59 Books
sibilities since he was already overworked.
8. Bungee jumping is the last thing I would like to do; it’s too 1 1. Barbara Cartland often billed as the Queen of Romance
scary for me. enchanted millions of readers with her dashing heroes, beau-
3 Ce poème a été composé à la suite de la mort d’un ami. Son tiful heroines, and of course, her trademark happy endings.
titre est Funeral Blues. 2. Ernest Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize in liter-
La deuxième strophe citée exprime le désir qu’a le poète de ature in 1954.
voir l’univers entier se faire l’écho de sa douleur : “The stars 3. Comics are a collection of multiple drawings that tell a
are not wanted now” (Qu’à présent partent les étoiles), “Pack story.
up the moon” (Effacez la lune), “dismantle the sun” (déman- 4. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was an English poet,
telez le soleil), “Pour away the ocean” (Videz l’océan). playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer
4 1. She was confused by his ambiguous remarks. in the English language.
2. It’s very frustrating to feel like you’re not making progress. 5. Bookfinder.com can help you find used books, out of print
3. She was devastated when he left her for another woman. books, textbooks, rare books and new books.
4. He was stunned when they told him he had won the first 2 1. the plot – 2. to embody – 3. a device – 4. engrossing –
prize. 5. to disparage
5. These refugees are living in appalling conditions. 3 Pour
6. This abridged version is easy to read. 2. It’s like having a library in one small source.
7. San Francisco is an amazing city. 3. Thousands of books can be downloaded for free. So it’s
much cheaper.
58 Expressing oneself 6. They save trees, millions of them.
7. You can read them in bed without disturbing anyone,
because you don’t need to turn a lamp on.
1 1. a grin – 2. to giggle, to chuckle – 3. to pout, to pull a face –
Contre
4. to sob – 5. a bland face – 6. to wink
1. A well-designed book jacket can stop you. It may make you
2 1. Screaming at her/him is useless. (It’s useless to scream smile or pause for a second, or surprise you. You might even
est possible mais moins idiomatique.) want to pick up the book and look inside, and possibly buy it.
2. He mumbled an apology and left. 4. “I would definitely recommend The Hours. I’ve read it
3. The supporters shouted themselves hoarse. twice.” “Can I borrow it?” “Sorry, it is on my e-reader.”
4. Can’t you hush them?/Can you shut them up? 5. There is something unique about its feel, its smell.
5. Her voice is shrill when she gets upset. 8. I personally own every digital device you can imagine, but
3 1. The difference between the words people speak and our I still love to be surrounded by printed books. I feel smarter
understanding of what they are saying comes from non-ver- when I see great writers staring down at me from a shelf.
bal communication, otherwise known as “body language”.
Corrigés 179
Traduction 3. Pour beaucoup de gens les endroits graffés ont l’air sale
1. Une couverture de livre bien faite peut retenir votre atten- et peuvent donner un sentiment d’insécurité. Ces endroits
tion. Elle peut vous faire sourire, vous arrêter un instant ou peuvent sembler abandonnés et donc peu sûrs.
vous surprendre. Vous pourriez même être tenté de prendre le 4. L’art de la rue apparaît souvent dans des endroits qui
livre et de le feuilleter, et peut-être de l’acheter. seraient des horreurs, comme un long mur de béton. Et
5. Il y a quelque chose d’irremplaçable dans son contact, son comme ça, il embellit notre environnement.
odeur. 5. « Et les mots des prophètes sont inscrits sur les murs du
8. Personnellement, je possède tous les gadgets électro- métro… »
niques imaginables, mais j’aime encore être entouré de livres 6. Les artistes qui peignent dans la rue ou sur des murs ne
imprimés. Je me sens plus intelligent quand je vois de grands font que s’exprimer. Ils n’ont jamais fait de mal à personne et
auteurs me regarder du haut d’une étagère. n’ont aucune intention de le faire.
4 1. Economic development ought to/should reduce disparity 4 1. Les héros méconnus de la Génération Spotify.
in opportunities. 2. Dans son nouvel album, le pianiste relie musique de
2. I’ve just read a sad yet comical short story. chambre romantique et pop music actuelle.
3. Electric vehicles have many/numerous advantages over 3. L’éducation musicale pourrait contribuer à combler l’écart
traditional vehicles. en termes de réussite entre étudiants défavorisés et étu-
4. She is sceptical (skeptical) about the idea. diants riches.
5. They are trying to find more economical production 4. Pourquoi votre cerveau a grand soif de musique.
methods. 5. Le concours du Metropolitan (Opera) présente les meil-
leurs talents lyriques du pays.
5 1. They hopped across to London for the weekend.
60 Museums and music 2. She was hoping for the best.
3. She loves swimming.
1 1. The Mount Rushmore National Memorial (South Dakota)
4. Life can be so sweet on the sunny side of the street.
is a sculpture featuring the heads of four U.S. presidents
5. Is it worth helping her?
carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmore.
2. Mona Lisa is “the best known, the most visited, the most
written about, the most sung about, the most parodied mas- 61 The cinema and television
terpiece in the world”.
3. A still life is a painting that depicts commonplace objects, 1 1. When is the next show?
especially natural objects like flowers, dead animals or shells. 2. Lots of/Many people pay little attention to the credits.
But they can also be man-made, like books, jewelry, etc. 3. The fifty days of shooting will take place in Poland.
4. The Museum of Art Fakes/Forgeries, in Vienna, is filled 4. Sean Penn is the director of Into the Wild, isn’t he?
with faked paintings. It is unique in Europe. 5. You can watch the trailers of new releases on
5. An art dealer is a person or company that buys and sells Comingsoon.net.
works of art.
2 1. a host – 2. independent television 3. – a game show –
2 1. a conductor – 2. the lyrics – 3. a score – 4. to tune – 4. to channel hop – 5. live – 6. a newscaster, an anchor-
5. a chord man/an anchorwoman
3 Pour 3 Bollywood films
1. Street art is not limited to museums or galleries. It’s diffi- Masala is a famous Indian spice mix. In India, some films
cult to collect. You can’t really buy it as a trophy. are called “masala films” because they provide a mixture of
2. Graffitists want to leave a message in a public place in several things that the Indian moviegoers/filmgoers/cine-
order to reach as many people as possible. magoers appreciate, like action, comedy, tragedy, romance,
4. Street art often appears on areas that would normally be dances, songs, love triangles… In most Indian films, you
eyesores, like a long concrete wall. And so, it brings beauty to get the typical hero, needless to say a man, who manages
our surroundings. to fight off/to defeat the villains/ the baddies all by him-
5. “And the words of the prophets are written on the subway self. They last about three hours with an intermission/an
walls…” interval/a break.
6. Artists who paint on the street or on walls are merely
4 Not all audiences behave the same way. We are used to the
expressing themselves. They’ve never hurt anyone and don’t
reserved British filmgoers. Things are quite different in Indian
intend to.
cinemas, where viewers often shout out comments to the
Contre screen, give advice to the characters, boo them or cheer
3. To many people, places with graffiti look dirty and can give them. They sometimes mock the hero, for example when he
you a feeling of insecurity. The places may look abandoned stands at the edge of a cliff and tells the woman he loves that
and therefore unsafe. he will jump if she doesn’t return his love. It’s fairly common
for viewers to shout “Jump!” or even “Jump, you chicken!” in
Traduction
such an emotional moment.
1. L’art de la rue n’est pas réservé aux musées ou aux gale-
ries. On peut difficilement le collectionner. On ne peut pas 5 Le plaisir du spectateur
vraiment l’acheter pour en faire un trophée. “waiting eagerly”, “to savor”, “enjoying”, “[we feel] relief/
2. Les graffeurs veulent laisser un message dans un endroit giddy”, “feeling somehow better, safer… that we are going to
public pour atteindre un maximum de gens. be okay”
180
L’ambiguïté de ses sentiments 63 Pleasures of the table
“yet don’t want the end to come too quickly”, “we feel conflic-
ted/guilty”
1 1. a gourmet restaurant – 2. a food court – 3. fusion food –
6 1. His car is his only means of transport. 4. pub grub/pub food
2. He is new here.
2 1. des pommes de terre au four – 2. du poulet frit – 3. du
3. Turn right at the crossroads.
poisson pané – 4. du bacon croustillant – 5. des mini-
4. He is looking for work.
carottes croquantes – 6. un hamburger moelleux/juteux –
5. Is the lynx an endangered species?
7. une recette super bonne pour les enfants.
3 1. Non seulement votre santé s’améliorera en renonçant
62 Architecture and photography aux menus caloriques des restaurants, mais votre budget
aussi ! Manger des repas sains à la maison peut réduire vos
1 1. Il se pencha en avant en joignant les mains et dit : « Je ne dépenses en nourriture de manière considérable.
sais pas mais vous, vous pourriez m’en dire davantage… » 2. Manger au restaurant peut être un moment agréable et
2. Son argument est étayé par des faits concrets. festif, une façon de faire une pause de temps en temps dans
3. Je préférerais une place côté couloir pour ce vol long-courrier. la corvée de cuisiner à la maison.
4. Tu as écouté ce qui se disait derrière la porte de la cuisine, 3. Entre la frénésie du travail et l’emploi du temps familial,
non ? beaucoup d’Américains trouvent difficilement du temps pour
2 1. This photograph/photo/picture has obviously been doc- préparer des repas à la maison.
tored/retouched/Photoshopped. 4. Les restaurants sont une affaire d’argent ; calculer les
2. Can a blurred/fuzzy picture be beautiful? calories ne fait pas partie de leurs priorités.
3. The American artist Louis Comfort Tiffany was awarded a 4 1. Il s’agit de mussel.
gold medal at the 1900 Universal Exhibition for his stained 2. Bienvenue à l’hôtel de la Mer du Sud. Cabillaud bleu.
(glass) windows The Four Seasons. Écrevisses. Moules et bien davantage… Heures d’ouverture
4. Is he a photographer or a digital artist? du restaurant : 11h30-14h/17h30-20h. Réservation indispen-
5. Landscape photographers (among others) often pay a high sable pour le dîner.
price for high-resolution lenses. 5 1. BYO: Bring Your Own Wine
6. A good shutter button is especially useful for long expo- 2. BLT: Bacon, Lettuce and Tomato
sures. 3. KFC: Kentucky Fried Chicken
7. My photographer had to crop the picture so that it would fit 6 1. Il y a souvent du brouillard à San Francisco le soir.
in the frame. 2. Il y a eu pas mal de turbulences pendant le vol.
3 1. The mother art is architecture. Without an architec- 3. Je pense qu’elle est trop maigre (squelettique).
ture of our own we have no soul of our own civilization./ 4. Ce curry avait beaucoup de goût.
b. L’architecture est l’âme propre d’une civilisation 5. Ses vêtements sont trop amples./Il flotte dans
2. Architecture is a very dangerous job. If a writer makes ses vêtements.
a bad book, eh, people don’t read it. But if you make bad
architecture, you impose ugliness on a place for a hundred
years./e. Vous encourez le risque d’imposer la laideur pour 64 Sports
une centaine d’années.
3. Architecture should speak of its time and place, but yearn 1 1. Ils ont enfreint la loi en évitant de payer les impôts.
for timelessness./a. Atteindre l’intemporalité est le but de 2. Je n’avais pas vu mes amis australiens de toute l’année, j’ai
l’architecture été heureuse de rattraper le temps perdu en les revoyant à la
4. I would like my architecture to inspire people to use their fête.
own resources, to move into the future./c. L’architecture que 3. Le steak était dur.
je crée a pour but d’inciter les gens à se projeter dans l’avenir 4. La rudesse du climat rend la vie difficile dans ces montagnes.
5. The long path from material through function to creative 5. Cette actrice célèbre présente un spectacle télévisé depuis
work has only one goal: to create order out of the desperate un an.
confusion of our time./d. Le seul but est de créer de l’ordre 6. La jeune chanteuse a eu beaucoup de mal à se frayer un
dans le chaos qui nous entoure. chemin dans la foule des photographes.
4 It’s part of human nature to make things up. It started with 7. Obtenir le permis sera l’obstacle le plus difficile à franchir.
language. And inventing things is often fun! Most of us enjoy 8. La cérémonie a marqué le coup d’envoi du nouveau projet.
telling stories, which doesn’t mean that we’re liars. It’s the 2 a football player – a basketball player – a tennis player
same with art. The genuine artist doesn’t intentionally want 3 1. Serious sport has nothing to do with fair play. It is bound
to mislead anyone or misrepresent anything. up with hatred, jealousy, boastfulness, disregard of all rules
The only problem is when the artist lies about his or her inten- and sadistic pleasure in witnessing violence: in other words it
tions, when he or she tries to manipulate us, as when he or is war minus the shooting./c. La violence domine le sport.
she puts together two separate photographs of two people 2. The difference between the old ballplayer and the new ball-
to make it look like they are friends. In this case, the purpose player is the jersey. The old ballplayer cared about the name
of the photographer is clearly to deceive the viewer. Then it on the front. The new ballplayer cares about the name on
becomes a question of ethics. the back./a. Les joueurs d’aujourd’hui sont très attentifs aux
marques qui les sponsorisent.
Corrigés 181
3. I know when I have kids, when I’m older, I’m going to 66 Une brève histoire de l’anglais
encourage them to play sports because I think it teaches you
a lot. It teaches you discipline, teamwork, and that there’s
really no “I” in team./d. On ne peut pas pratiquer un sport et 1 Webster publishes his American English
1828
être égoïste. dictionary.
4. The sport of horse racing which, at its best, showcases
The Industrial Revolution and technology
the majestic beauty of this animal and the athleticism of 1800-1947
create a need for new words.
jockeys, has reached an alarming level of corruption and
exploitation./b. Les courses de chevaux sont corrompues. 20th-21st New words appear, due to technology,
4 There is too much money
century fashion and globalization.
2. “Yes, they’re overpaid but it’s the fault of the fans” 2 1. The latest Census Bureau estimate recorded California’s
3. “There are so many problems going on around the world. official population as 37,691,912.
The amount of their pay has gotten out of hand.” 2. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which includes its Main
6. “they think they are the most valued members of society Building on Fifth Avenue and The Cloisters museum and
and believe they can get away with anything.” gardens in northern Manhattan, dates back to 1866.
There is not too much money 3. The Dome on the Greenwich peninsula is a large dome-
1. “They work hard and they train every day, so they deserve shaped building, originally used to house a major exhibition
to be paid for that” celebrating the beginning of the third millennium.
4. “They have to pay taxes, health insurance, their trainers. 4. Control versus freedom: what is the wise course?
They are finished with their career earlier than other people.” 5. At the age of 45, he reached the climax of his career.
5. “[They] set up charities and foundations to support huma- ox – cow sheep calf pig
nitarian causes.” 3 live animal
meat beef mutton veal pork
65 Travelling 4 1. Beaucoup de bruit pour rien

2. Pour moi, c’est du chinois.
3. Le monde est à moi.
1 1. We’ll weigh anchor at 6 a.m.
4. Que ce spectacle est affligeant.
2. We are full. You should have booked ahead.
5. Le monde entier est un théâtre.
3. We stopped over at Chicago for six hours.
6. Tout est bien qui finit bien
4. What is the most direct route to the town centre?
7. Voici l’hiver de notre déplaisir/mécontentement.
5. You’ll have a discount if you take a round trip ticket.
2 1. Looking for a beautiful and unique destination where you 5 1. “Dieu et mon droit” is the motto of the British Monarch.
It refers to the divine right of the Monarch to govern. It’s
can shop until you drop but also relax and unwind? Then, go
supposed to have been used by Richard the Lionheart, who
to Bath, the ultimate spa break destination for thousands of
reigned from 1189 to 1199, as a battle cry. It became the
years.
official motto of English monarchs in the 15th century.
2. Hawaii self-catering accommodation provides all the faci-
2. One legend claims that whilst dancing the Countess of
lities you need for your home-away-from-home.
Salisbury lost her garter, which caused some courtiers to
3. Most of the 5 star hotels and resorts in Goa are located in
snigger. King Edward III (1312-1377) then picked it up and
south Goa, which is great if you want to get away from it all.
tied it to his own leg, exclaiming “Honi [un seul « n »] soit
4. If you’re after a truly unique experience, a real off the bea-
qui mal y pense”. This phrase quickly became the motto of
ten track cultural experience, to discover places very few out-
the Order of the Garter, the world’s oldest national order of
siders have travelled, then these are the tours for you.
knighthood, first instituted in 1344.
3 Le mot effacé est pillow. 3. “E Pluribus Unum” (« De plusieurs, un ») is the motto
4 1. I don’t look down on tourism. I live in Hawaii where we have suggested by the committee Congress appointed on July 4,
7 million visitors a year. If they weren’t there, there would be 1776 to design “a seal for the United States of America”. The
no economy. So I understand why a tourist economy is nec- motto implies that there’s one nation despite the diversity of
essary. its people.
2. The global phenomenon of poverty tourism - or “poor-
ism” - has become increasingly popular during the past few
years. Tourists pay to be guided through the favelas of Brazil 67 Quelques origines
and the shantytowns of South Africa. The recently opened Los
Angeles Gang Tour carries visitors through battle-scarred terri- 1 1. The exhibition had never seen so many visitors at one time.
tories of urban violence and deprivation. It was total bedlam.
3. Some 898 million international tourists are invading 2. It’s muddy, you should slip on your wellies/wellingtons
beaches, historic monuments, great cities and even greater to work in the garden.
wilderness areas, doing irreversible damage. 3. His jacket was made of soft, supple suede the colour of
5 1. self-taught – 2. self-sufficient – 3. self-reliance – 4. self- chestnuts.
evident – 5. self-pity – 6. self-centered 4. The sea front is now full of tawdry souvenir shops and
lousy coffee shops.
5. The building has been given a complete facelift, which
gives it a more contemporary look.
182
2 1. a teddy bear 68 Binômes
d. the President who spared the life of a bear cub on a
hunting trip: Theodore Roosevelt, nicknamed Teddy. 1 1. In their declaration, they are saying “yes” to human rights
with no “ifs or buts”.
2. a hoover (un aspirateur) 2. Down and Out in Paris and London, by George Orwell, is a
g. an American businessman who produced vacuum clea- memoir on the theme of poverty in the two cities.
ners: William Henry Hoover. 3. Did you carefully weigh the pros and cons before making
this decision?
3. a mac(kintosh) (un imperméable)
4. The United States condemns the tit-for-tat spiral of violence.
f. an engineer who invented a method for making water- 5. This book documents Abraham Lincoln’s life and times.
proof garments: Charles Mackintosh. 6. Over the past five years, the government has committed
4. a boycott $910 million to fund advanced Research and Development
projects.
e. an English land agent in Ireland who was ostracized for 7. The video provides a list of do’s and don’ts for the
refusing to reduce rents in the 1880s: Captain Charles consumer.
Boycott. 8. When the factory closed, the community was left high and
5. a biro (un stylo à bille) dry.
9. Both her brothers came home safe and sound after the
a. the Hungarian inventor of ballpoint pens: Jozsef Biro.
war.
6. jeans
2 1. pick and choose: choisir librement
b. the city in Italy where they were made: Genoa. 2. sick and tired: en avoir par-dessus la tête
7. a derrick 3. leaps and bounds: à pas de géant
4. rise and fall: grandeur et décadence
h. a 17th century hangman; the word originally referred to 5. back and forth: idée d’aller et venir
a gallows (un gibet): Goodman Derrick. 6. once and for all: une fois pour toutes
8. macadam 7. bread and butter: pain beurre
8. on and off: par intervalles, de temps à autre
c. the Scottish engineer who first proposed compacted
crushed stone as a road covering: John Loudon Macadam. 3 Cette pancarte comporte tout d’abord une erreur grammati-
cale : “men and women”. D’autre part, “might be replaced”
3 1. The parking car park was full so I had to drive round the n’a guère de sens : on peut penser que les plages horaires
block several times before I could find a free space. attribuées aux femmes et aux hommes peuvent être inver-
2. He’s planning a safari in Kenya for the holidays. Juste sées.
3. He was ahead of his planning schedule/program(me).
4 1. sooner or later: tôt ou tard
[“planning”: planification]
2. first and foremost: tout d’abord
4. Will you wear a smoking a tuxedo/a dinner jacket for her
3. friend or foe: ami ou ennemi
wedding?
4. strange but true: incroyable mais vrai
5. This famous tennisman tennis player retired when he was
5. dead or alive: mort ou vif
30.
6. all or nothing: tout ou rien
6. Don’t buy another dress, your dressing walk-in closet is
7. sink or swim: apprendre à se débrouiller tout seul
full!
8. slowly but surely: lentement mais sûrement
7. Who is the current world recordman record holder in high
9. black and blue: couvert de bleus
jump?
10. wash and wear: qui ne nécessite aucun repassage
4 La structure « Es-tu… » appelle l’emploi d’un adjectif. En 11. heads or tails: pile ou face
anglais “to be fit” signifie « être en forme », et aussi « être 12. hugs and kisses: bises/je t’embrasse
prêt ». En québécois, le verbe « fitter » en langage populaire
signifie « convenir » : « Ce genre de truc, ça fitte pas avec
moi » (cela ne me convient pas). Remarquez également la 69 Homographes/-nymes/-phones
cohérence entre l’idée de “fitness” et de moindre consomma-
tion. On pourrait traduire le slogan « Prêt pour la FIT ? ». On 1 1. These regulations limit the concentration of lead \led\ in
perd bien sûr le jeu de mot. petrol.
5 1. Ultimately, we will find ourselves in an Orwellian world 2. Why did you tear \teE\ up his letter?
where “all animals are equal but some are more equal than 3. Her wedding was planned in minute \maI"nju…t\ detail.
others”. 4. She was close \klEÁs\ to tears.
2. It is a verbal or memory mistake believed to be linked to 5. The Serpentine River, which winds \waIndz\ through Hyde
the unconscious mind. It is a Freudian slip (un lapsus). Park, provided a focal point for the Great Exhibition of 1851.
3. This campaign marked the end of the Napoleonic domina- 6. He won the Wimbledon championships three times in a
tion in Italy. row \rEÁ\.
4. Those inquiries have been secretive, bureaucratic, 2 1. What kind of cereal do you have for breakfast?
Kafkaesque. 2. The Liverpool supporters shouted themselves hoarse.
5. The working conditions of some miners can only be 3. Stainless steel is sometimes called inox steel.
described as Dickensian situations.
Corrigés 183
4. The Bridge of sighs is located in Venice but there are 5 1. “Well, you know, yes er… the thing is…”
two Bridges of sighs in England: one in Oxford, the other in 2. “Hey! There’s something that might interest you!”
Cambridge. 3. “You’ve won? Hurray!”
5. You can take a break now but be back in five minutes. 4. “Would you like some cheesecake?” “Mmm… yes please, it
3 1. Un itinéraire détaillé du voyage sera publié à une date ulté- looks delicious.”
rieure. 5. After tasting it: “Yum… it is delicious.”
2. Pour cette expédition nous recommandons des vêtements 6. “Sh, keep your voice down, my cat is sleeping.”
très chauds : veste de duvet, bonnet, moufles… 7. “Yoo-hoo, did you hear me?”
3. J’ai donné un billet de cinquante dollars au chauffeur et lui
ai dit de garder la monnaie.
4. Qu’est-ce qui se passe si je ne paie pas la contravention
71 Quelques comparaisons courantes
que j’ai eue à l’étranger ?
1 1. I can’t read this text: the print is too small and I am as blind
5. Garder dans l’emballage d’origine pour protéger le produit
de la lumière et de l’humidité. as a bat.
2. She drank like a fish at the party and then she was as sick
4 1. Its It’s high time you made up your mind. as a dog on the way home.
2. He went back and fourth forth. (“fourth”: le quatrième) 3. She turned as white as a sheet when she learned that her
3. I wonder whether she will come. son had been rushed to hospital.
4. I’m astounded by people who want to know the universe 4. The hotel was very tidy, the sheets were as white as snow.
when it’s so hard to find your way around Chinatown. 5. Why do you always refuse my suggestions? You really are
5. This company wants to have it’s its cake and eat it. (“its”: as stubborn as a mule.
déterminant possessif) 6. He smiled at her, she turned as red as a beetroot.
6. There Their plane was three hours late and they were glad 7. It’s very quiet here, I slept like a log.
to get there at long last. 8. “Don’t wake me up please if you come home late.”
(“their”: déterminant possessif) “I promise, I’ll be as quiet as a mouse.”
7. Jonathan, who’s usually late, was early for once.
2 1. She is happy as a lark.
8. Do you know Fiona, who’s whose father works with yours?
(“whose”: pronom relatif génitif) 2. This vintage car works like a dream.
9. You were in Ireland. What was the whether weather like? 3. He is as snug as a bug in a rug.
3 1. lion-hearted: very brave, courageous
5 Confusion entre “of” préposition et “off” particule. Il faudrait
écrire : “Take off your shoes.” (Enlevez vos chaussures.) 2. an ugly duckling: somebody who is not attractive or suc-
cessful but who is likely to become attractive or successful
3. a hail of abuse: a lot of abuse
70 Onomatopées et interjections 4. a heart of stone: very cold and unfeeling
5. the apple of somebody’s eye: somebody very dear
1 1. “Nightingale Floors” were used in some Japanese castles to 6. on a rollercoaster of emotions: experiencing ups and downs
creak and sing when walked upon. This warned of intruders. 4 1. as ugly as sin: moche comme un pou
2. A Bigger Splash is a large painting by British pop artist 2. as warm as toast: chaud comme la braise/bien au chaud
David Hockney. It shows a swimming pool disturbed by a 3. as soft as silk: doux comme de la soie
large splash of water created by a figure that’s disappeared 4. as solid as a rock: solide comme un roc
under the water. 5. as gentle as a lamb: doux comme un agneau
3. Don’t be so upset: it’s no use crying over spilled/spilt milk. 6. as strong as an ox: fort comme un bœuf
4. I heard the tyres of his car crunching on the gravel out- 7. as straight as an arrow: direct, honnête, « réglo »
side: he was back home. 5 1. Son fils aîné est la prunelle de ses yeux.
5. They were washing up, I could hear the clatter of dishes in 2. Tu as encore cassé un verre. Tu as vraiment deux mains
the kitchen. gauches.
6. You do not need to iron this shirt: the material is drip-dry. 3. Ces dernières années, la popularité des pro-Européens a
7. What would breakfast be without crispy bacon and eggs? connu des hauts et des bas.
2 1. Le sergent aboyait des ordres aux nouvelles recrues. 4. Finalement, le vilain petit canard s’est transformé en
2. On parle beaucoup de leur nouvelle gamme de produits. superbe cygne.
3. J’étais assis dans sa superbe Jaguar neuve. Tout à coup il a 5. Cette tête de linotte a brûlé trois feux rouges de suite et
dit : « Écoute, elle ronronne ». terminé dans un jardin.
4. L’orateur quitta la tribune sous les sifflets.
5. C’est ainsi que finit le monde/Pas dans un fracas mais
dans un gémissement…
3 1. Splash 2. Ouch!
72 Proverbes
4 1. “Ahem” is used to gain attention: « Euh… » 1 1. Don’t bite the hand that feeds you.
2. “Eek” expresses an unpleasant surprise: « Ah… Oh… » 2. A penny saved is a penny earned.
3. “Oops” calls attention to an error: « Oups… » 3. Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched.
4. “Ouch” signals pain: « Ouille » 4. Beggars can’t be choosers.
5. “Phew” expresses relief: « Ouf ! » 5. Don’t put all your eggs in the same basket.
6. “Ugh” is an exclamation of disgust: « Beurk… » 6. The early bird catches the worm.
7. “Wow” expresses pleasure: « Super », « Ouah ! »
184
2 1. Where there’s a will there’s a way. 2 1. Ils doivent vérifier toute dépense supérieure à 700 euros.
2. A debt paid is a friend kept. 2. Une initiative diplomatique est nécessaire pour tenter de
3. Do as I say, not as I do. sortir de l’impasse.
4. Better late than never. 3. La question de la réforme des retraites n’est pas bouclée.
5. First come, first served. 4. Le nouveau parti caracole en tête des sondages.
6. Out of sight, out of mind. 5. Margaret Thatcher (1925-2013) était une conservatrice
7. Don’t put the cart before the horse. bon teint/pure et dure.
8. When in Rome, do as the Romans do. 6. La popularité du Président n’a jamais été aussi basse.
3 1. Let sleeping dogs lie. 7. Certains craignent que le gouvernement ne mène un
Il ne faut pas réveiller chien qui dort. combat perdu d’avance et avertissent que les bas salaires
2. One swallow doesn’t make a summer. rendent les policiers vulnérables à la corruption.
Une hirondelle ne fait pas le printemps. 3 1. Burning questions on tunnel safety unanswered/
3. It’s the last straw that breaks the camel’s back. d. the possibility of fires in the Channel tunnel • jeu sur burn-
C’est la goutte d’eau qui fait déborder le vase. ing qui évoque le feu (« brûlant »).
4. When the cat is away the mice will play. 2. Gord help us now/e. Gordon Brown’s arrival at 10
Lorsque le chat n’est pas là, les souris dansent. Downing Street • détournement de l’expression God help us
5. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. now.
Un « tiens » vaut mieux que deux « tu l’auras ». 3. On board but never bored/a. a new mega ship which
6. A leopard can’t change its spots. offers endless entertainment • similarité des sons dans
Chassez le naturel, il revient au galop. board et bored.
7. There are plenty more fish in the sea. 4. Material obsessions/f. Fabrics in every texture ruled the
Un(e) de perdu(e), dix de retrouvé(e)s. runway at Milan fashion shows • material peut être adjectif
4 1. The pen is mightier than the sword./f. Trying to convince (« matériel ») ou nom (« du tissu »).
with words is more effective than fighting. 5. Zing and yang/b. A berry which can spice up a dressing
2. No man is an island./a. Everybody needs help from other for raw fish • jeu sur zing (du punch : la baie apporte un goût
people. relevé) et yin dans l’expression yin and yang.
3. There’s no place like home./e. The best place to be is your 6. From fact to friction/c. what historians and novelists can
own home. learn from each other • From fact to fiction désigne le pas-
4. God helps those who help themselves./h. Don’t wait for a sage de la réalité à la fiction. Ici fiction est devenu friction
miracle. Work hard if you want to succeed. puisqu’il s’agit de la confrontation des historiens et des
5. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder./g. Different people romanciers.
have different ideas about what is beautiful. 4
6. Two heads are better than one./b. When two people coo-
1. Buckingham Palace la royauté, la famille royale
perate, they have better ideas.
7. You can lead a horse to water but you can’t make him 2. Stormont l’Assemblée nord-irlandaise
drink./c. You can’t oblige someone to accept your help. 3. Fleet street la presse britannique
8. All’s well that ends well./j. A difficult situation has ended 4. Westminster le Parlement britannique
with a positive result.
5. Broadway le monde du théâtre (New York)
9. Call a spade a spade./i. Speak honestly and directly.
10. Money doesn’t grow on trees./d. You have to work a lot 6. Capitol Hill le Congrès américain
to earn money. It doesn’t come without effort. 7. White Hall le gouvernement britannique
le monde de la publicité
8. Madison avenue
aux États-Unis
73 L’anglais journalistique (journalese) 9. The Oval Office la présidence américaine
10. Main Street les gens ordinaires (États-Unis)
1 1. A painting by Picasso has set a record for art at auction,
selling for $179M.
2. The RMT (Rail, Maritime and Transport) union is about to
announce a decision on the “most disruptive industrial action
in living memory”.
3. A woman has been crushed by a giant advertising bill-
board on a London street.
4. The PM (Prime Minister) is risking a recession to get
support from his/her party, says/warns the TUC (Trades
Union Congress) leader.
Corrigés 185
Thèmes des Food for thought Les chiffres renvoient aux numéros de pages.
01 Origine de l’univers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 38 Génération Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Problèmes de société
À l’échelle du monde
02 Relation entre l’homme et la terre . . . . . 11 39 Vieillir dans la société contemporaine . . 85

03 Catastrophes naturelles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 40 Travail des femmes au Japon . . . . . . . . . 87
04 Notion de « frontière » . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 41 La famille des années 50 à nos jours . . . 89
05 Stéréotypes nationaux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 42 Accroissement des inégalités ? . . . . . . . 91
06 Naturalisation aux États-Unis . . . . . . . . . 19 43 Définitions de la solidarité . . . . . . . . . . . 93
07 Diplomatie par la gastronomie . . . . . . . . 21 44 Ségrégation aux États-Unis . . . . . . . . . . 95
08 Guerre du Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 45 Accès à l’eau potable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
09 Guerre moderne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 46 Coût des études aux États-Unis . . . . . . . 99
10 Pour la paix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 47 Peine de mort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
11 Religions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 48 Armes à feu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
49 Tyrannie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
La question environnementale
12 Paysage et identité anglaise . . . . . . . . . . 31 50 Droit de vote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

13 Urbanisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 51 Avenir des médias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
14 Transports en commun de demain . . . . . 35
15 Quartiers enclos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 52 Devoir de mémoire ou d’oubli . . . . . . . 111
La vie au quotidien
16 Décroissance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 53 Éloge de l’action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

17 Le projet Keystone XL de pipeline . . . . . 41 54 Manières de penser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
18 Surpêche. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 55 Graphologie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
19 Déforestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 56 Mariages en Inde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
20 Respect de l’environnement . . . . . . . . . 47 57 Douleur du deuil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
58 Manières de communiquer . . . . . . . . . 123
Sciences et techniques
21 Bionique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 59 Pour ou contre les liseuses ? . . . . . . . . 125

22 Applications de la recherche spatiale . . . 51 60 Pour ou contre l’art de la rue ? . . . . . . 127
23 Virus Ebola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 61 Bollywood • Télé-réalité . . . . . . . . . . . 129
24 Légalisation des drogues . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 62 Buts de l’architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
25 Expérimentation animale . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 63 Repas dehors ou à la maison ? . . . . . . 133
26 Fracture numérique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 64 Sport et morale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
65 Effets du tourisme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
27 Place du charbon dans l’économie. . . . . 61
Réalités économiques
À propos de la langue anglaise
28 Conditions d’élevage des animaux . . . . . 63 66 Devises en Angleterre

29 Robotisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 et aux États-Unis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
30 Libéralisme ou régulation . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 67 Noms dont l’origine

est un nom de personne . . . . . . . . . . . 143
31 Chômage en Grande-Bretagne . . . . . . . . 69
68 Binômes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
32 Histoire sociale britannique . . . . . . . . . . 71
69 Homophones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
33 Commerce équitable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
70 Interjections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
34 Société de consommation . . . . . . . . . . . 75
71 Comparaisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
35 Mode et anorexie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
72 Proverbes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
36 Monnaie électronique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
73 Titres de journaux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
37 Conséquences sociales d’une crise
financière . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Thèmes des Food for thought 187

Verbes irréguliers
infinitif prétérit p. passé
awake awoke awoken s’éveiller
be was, were been être
bear \eE\ bore borne porter
be born naître
beat beat beaten battre
become became become devenir
begin began begun commencer
bend bent bent courber
bet bet bet parier
bid bid bid faire une enchère
bind bound bound relier
bite bit bitten mordre
bleed bled bled saigner
blow blew blown souffler
break broke broken casser
breed bred bred élever
bring brought brought apporter
build \I\ built built construire
burn burnt, burned burnt, burned brûler
burst burst burst éclater
buy bought bought acheter
cast cast cast jeter
catch caught caught attraper
choose \u…\ chose \EÁ\ chosen \EÁ\ choisir
cling clung clung s’accrocher
come came come venir
cost cost cost coûter
creep crept crept ramper
cut cut cut couper
deal \i…\ dealt \e\ dealt \e\ distribuer
dig dug dug creuser
do did done faire
draw drew drawn dessiner\tirer
dream \i…\ dreamt \e\, dreamed dreamt \e\, dreamed rêver
drink drank drunk boire
drive drove driven conduire
dwell dwelt dwelt résider
eat ate \eI\ eaten manger
fall fell fallen tomber
feed fed fed nourrir
188
feel felt felt ressentir
fight fought fought combattre
find found found trouver
flee fled fled fuir
fly flew flown voler [avec des ailes]
forbid forbade forbidden interdire
forget forgot forgotten oublier
freeze froze frozen geler
get got got, gotten [US] obtenir
give gave given donner
go went gone aller
grow grew grown pousser
hang hung hung pendre
have had had avoir
hear \IE\ heard \∏…\ heard \∏…\ entendre
hide \aI\ hid \I\ hidden \I\ cacher
hit hit hit frapper
hold \EÁ\ held held tenir
hurt \∏…\ hurt hurt faire mal
keep kept kept garder
kneel knelt, kneeled knelt, kneeled s’agenouiller
know \nEÁ\ knew known savoir\connaître
lay laid laid étendre\poser
lead \i…\ led led mener
lean \i…\ leant \e\, leaned leant \e\, leaned appuyer
leap \i…\ leapt \e\, leaped leapt \e\, leaped sauter
learn learnt, learned learnt, learned apprendre
leave left left quitter
lend lent lent prêter
let let let laisser\louer
lie lay lain être allongé
light lit lit allumer
lose \u…\ lost \Å\ lost \Å\ perdre
make made made faire
mean \i…\ meant \e\ meant \e\ vouloir dire
meet \i…\ met \e\ met \e\ rencontrer
pay paid paid payer
put put put poser
quit quit quit abandonner
read \i…\ read \e\ read \e\ lire
Verbes irréguliers 189

rid rid rid débarrasser
ride rode ridden aller à cheval\à bicyclette
ring rang rung sonner
rise rose risen se lever
run ran run courir
saw sawed sawn, sawed scier
say \eI\ said \e\ said \e\ dire
see saw seen voir
seek sought sought chercher
sell sold sold vendre
send sent sent envoyer
set set set placer\fixer
sew sewed sewn, sewed coudre
shake shook shaken secouer
shine shone shone briller
shoot shot shot tirer\abattre
show showed shown montrer
shrink shrank shrunk rétrécir
shut shut shut fermer
sing sang sung chanter
sink sank sunk sombrer
sit sat sat être assis
sleep \i…\ slept \e\ slept \e\ dormir
slide slid slid glisser
slit slit slit fendre
smell smelt, smelled smelt, smelled sentir
sow sowed sowed, sown semer
speak spoke spoken parler
spell spelt, spelled spelt, spelled épeler
spend spent spent passer\dépenser
spill spilt, spilled spilt, spilled renverser
spit spat spat cracher
split split split fendre\séparer
spoil spoilt, spoiled spoilt, spoiled gâcher
spread \e\ spread spread étaler
spring sprang sprung bondir
stand stood stood être debout
steal stole stolen voler, dérober
stick stuck stuck coller, mettre
sting stung stung piquer
190
stink stank stunk sentir mauvais
strike struck struck frapper
strive strove, strived striven, strived s’évertuer
swear swore sworn jurer
sweep swept swept balayer
swell swelled swollen, swelled pousser
swim swam swum nager
swing swung swung balancer
take took taken prendre
teach taught taught enseigner
tear tore torn déchirer
tell told told dire\raconter
think thought thought penser
tread trod, treaded trodden marcher
throw \EÁ\ threw \u…\ thrown \EÁ\ lancer
understand understood understood comprendre
undertake undertook undertaken entreprendre
upset upset upset bouleverser
wake woke woken réveiller
wear \eE\ wore worn porter [vêtement]
weave wove, weaved woven, weaved tisser
weep wept wept pleurer
win won \Ø\ won \Ø\ gagner
wind \aI\ wound \aÁ\ wound \aÁ\ enrouler
withdraw withdrew withdrawn retirer
write \raIt\ wrote \rEÁt\ written \"rItEn\ écrire
Verbes irréguliers 191

Table des illustrations
Les chiffres renvoient aux numéros de pages.
Couverture
Central Park : Alex Q/AdobeStock • Étudiants : RichLegg/Istockphoto
Intérieur de l’ouvrage
Sauf mention contraire toutes les photographies sont de Michèle Malavieille.
16 stockdevil/Istockphoto
18 Statue of Annie Moore (Cobh, Ireland) by Jeanne Rynhart of Bantry(1993, Cobh Heritage Trust Ltd) – © Adagp,
Paris 2023
26 Product Exhibition Hall building: architect Jan Letzel • Hiroshima PeaceMemorial Park: architect Kenzō Tange at
Tange Lab
32 Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, California (USA), engineers: JosephStrauss, Leon Moisseiff, Charles Ellis et
Irving Morrow (1933-1937)
36 Cloud Gate by Anish Kapoor (2004), Millennium Park, Chicago, Illinois(USA) – © Anish Kapoor. All rights reserved,
DACS Adagp, Paris 2023
47 Eielson Visitor Center, Denali National Park, Alaska (USA), architects: RIM
50 ph © Nasa
56 unoL/Istockphoto
64 A Hammering Man by Jonathan Borofsky (1985), Nasher SculptureCenter, Dallas, Texas (USA)
100 oversnap/Istockphoto
114 He wishes for the cloths of Heaven by Jackie McKenna (2002), DrumcliffeCemetery, Sligo County (Ireland)
118 The Kiss by Rowan Fergus Meredith Gillespie (1989), Earlsfort Terrace,Dublin (Ireland)
125d nicolamargaret/Istockphoto
126 Quadracci Pavilion, Milwaukee Art Museum, Wisconsin (USA), architect :Santiago Calatrava (2001) – © Adagp,
Paris 2023
128 Forever Marilyn by Seward Johnson, Palm Springs, California (2012)
130 Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles, California (USA), architect: Frank Gehry (2003)
Crédits textes
9 BLACK HOLES AND BABY UNIVERSES: AND OTHER ESSAYS by Stephen Hawking © 1993 by Stephen W. Hawking.
Used by permission of Bantam Books, an imprint of Random House, a division of Penguin Random House LLC. All
rights reserved.
13 How to be inimitable, de George Mikes © Andre Deutsch, 1960
15 The idea of a “frontier”. North west of the west /www.lib.washington.edu/ © 2016 University of Washington,
Seattle, WA
17 Even today when the international community promotes diversity © 2016 nationalstereotype.com. D.R.
21 These nations are using food to project power around the world. And it’s working, by Emily Lodish on March 25,
2014 © 2009 by Global News Enterprises, LLC . D.R.
23 The plane to ’Nam © Newsweek, February 18, 1983, D.R.
31 What is the best poem about the British countryside?, 31/08/2010 © The Independent
41 Keystone XL pipeline, adapted from Friends of the earth, foe.org © Keystone XL pipeline.
43 J. Madeleine Nash © The fish crisis : the oceans that once seemed a bottomless source of high-protein…,
August 11, 1997 © TIME USA LLC. All rights reserved. Used under license
51 Data given by http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/space-exploration-timeline/. National
Geographic
53 Saliou Samb, Alphonso Toweh, Beware of bats: Guinea issues bushmeat warning after Ebola outbreak © jp.reuters.com
57 Extrait d’un article de The Guardian (23/08/2014) D.R.
63 from SONG OF THE BATTERY HEN by Edwin Brock © Edwin Brock, 1977, published by Martin Secker & Warburg
Ltd, reproduced by kind permission by David Higham Associates.
87 Japan Values Women Less – As It Needs Them More, Inter press service, www. ipsnews.net, Daan Bauvens, January
31, 2013
113
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Connery Lathem. Copyright © 1916, 1969 by Henry Holt and Company. Copyright © 1944 by Robert Frost.
Reprinted by permission of Henry Holt and Company. All Rights Reserved.
121 W.H. Auden, Song IX © 1976 by W.H. Auden. Reprinted by permission of Curtis Brown, Ltd.
Popular Culture: Reality TV Is NOT Reality, by Jim Taylor Ph.D. on Jan 31, 2011 in The Power of Prime,
129
Psychologytoday.com © Sussex Publisher. D.R.
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Michèle Malavieille • Wilfrid Rotgé
Maîtriser le vocabulaire
anglais
Un outil indispensable Lycée et
pour enrichir son vocabulaire université
et mieux s’exprimer en anglais • B2-C1
1 LES MOTS
ET EXPRESSIONS CLÉS 2 DE NOMBREUX
sur 65 thèmes contemporains EXEMPLES
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université
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Les mots clés sur 65 thèmes contemporains
Des exemples pour les apprendre en contexte

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Bescherelle.Maitriser.le.vocabulaire.anglais.contemporain

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Bescherelle.Maitriser.le.vocabulaire.anglais.contemporain

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MAÎTRISER Lycée et

Les mots clés sur 65 thèmes contemporains

Des exemples pour les apprendre en contexte

Un entraînement pour mieux s’exprimer

Tous les fichiers audio

Ce flash code vous permet aussi d’accéder

Édition : Charlotte Joumier

© Hatier, Paris, juin 2023

LES 65 FICHES THÉMATIQUES

1 Trouvez les mots correspondant aux définitions. A

A Defeat and victory 2 Traduisez les phrases suivantes. B

Des exemples pour to straighten out/ résoudre un problème objector conscience

En page de gauche, le vocabulaire à retenir et des exemples pour l’apprendre en contexte.

01 The universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9

02 The Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11

12 The English landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-31

21 Science and research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48-49

27 Economic sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60-61

52 Remembering, imagining… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110-111

53 Moving and doing things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112-113

À PROPOS DE LA LANGUE ANGLAISE

66 Une brève histoire de l’anglais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140-141

TABLEAUX DE SYNTHÈSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156-160

C Light and darkness

2 Trouvez les noms correspondant aux définitions suivantes. B

3 Associez chaque mot de gauche avec un élément de droite

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

4 Lisez le texte suivant ; le physicien britannique Stephen Hawking y expose certaines de

En tenant compte du contexte, traduisez les mots ou expressions en gras.

5 Complétez ces phrases avec un adjectif ou un nom de la liste suivante : ageless(ness) •

A Lands and seas

➦ Uganda is a landlocked country.

B Rivers and lakes

➦ They live in the downstream area of the river.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

4 Complétez les phrases suivantes avec over- ou under-.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

5 Utilisez le préfixe after- pour traduire les mots suivants.

A Exploring the world

-man, -woman, -person

2 Complétez les phrases suivantes. A B

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez le texte suivant qui aborde la notion de « frontière » dans la civilisation

Relevez les termes :

04 - The conquest of the world 15

countries/territories people a/an adjective

Quelques cas particuliers

pays les… un/une… adjectif

2 Traduisez les phrases suivantes.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Dans ce paragraphe, remplacez l’initiale du pays par l’adjectif correspondant en ayant,

4 Stereotypes… Choisissez les termes qui conviennent.

05 - Nations and countries 17

2 À partir du mot rate, traduisez les expressions suivantes. B

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

Citez les phrases où Barack Obama :

06 - The world’s population 19

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 La diplomatie par la gastronomie… Lisez ce texte et choisissez le mot approprié en vous

➦ Such declarations could strain their bilateral relations.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

Traitez maintenant les questions suivantes.

B Warriors and victims

2 Traduisez les phrases suivantes. B