Session 4/24

The Bearing Capacity of Foundations under Eccentric

and Inclined Loads
Capacité portante des sols de fondation sous charges excentrées et obliques

by G. G. M e y e r h o f , Ph. D. , M. Sc. ( Eng. ) , F. G. S. , A. M. I . C. E. , A. M. I . St r uct . E. , Bui l di ng Resear ch St at i on, Gar st on,

Wat f or d, Her t s. , Engl and

Summar y Sommai r e

The author’s recently published theory o f the bearing capacity o f
foundations under a central vertical load is extended to eccentric and
inclined loads. First, an analysis is given for eccentric vertical loads
on a horizontal foundation and is compared with the results o f
laboratory tests on model footings on clay and sand. In the second
section the theory is extended to central inclined loads on horizontal
and inclined foundations and compared with the results o f som e
model tests on clay and sand. Finally, it is shown how these methods
o f analysis can be combined for foundation loads which are both
eccentric and inclined and som e test results are presented.
La théorie antérieure de la force portante des fondations sous
charge centrale et verticale publiée récemment par l’auteur est éten­
due aux charges excentrées et obliques. Premièrement, une analyse
est donnée pour des charges excentrées verticales sur fondations
horizontales et elle est comparée avec les résultats d’essais en labora­
toire sur fondations modèles d’argile et de sable. D ans la deuxième
section la théorie est étendue aux charges centrales obliques et elle
est comparée avec des résultats obtenus avec modèles d’argile et de
sable. Enfin il est démontré comment ces méthodes analytiques peu­
vent être combinées pour des charges qui sont à la fois excentrées et
obliques et les résultats de quelques d’essais sont présentés à l’appui.

I nt r oduct i on

Foundat i ons ar e f r equent l y subj ect ed t o eccent r i c and i n­ Thus f or a shal l ow hor i zont al st ri p f oundat i on of wi dt h B
cl i ned l oads due t o bendi ng moment s and hor i zont al t hr ust s and dept h D car r yi ng a vert i cal l oad Q wi t h an eccent r i ci t y
act i ng i n conj unct i on wi t h t he vert i cal l oadi ng. The bear i ng e on t he base ( Fi g. 1), i t may be assumed t hat t he l oad act s
capaci t y t heor y r ecent l y publ i shed by t he aut hor ( Meyerhof,\ cent r al l y on a f oundat i on of ef f ect i ve cont act wi dt h
1951) can r eadi l y be ext ended t o cover such l oadi ng condi t i ons,
B' = B — 2<? . (1)
and t he pr esent paper gi ves an out l i ne of t he met hods t oget her
wi t h t he resul t s of s ome t est s wi t h model f oot i ngs on cl ay and t
sand.

Bear i ng Capaci t y of Foundat i on wi t h Eccent r i c Load

Theory. Wh e n a f oundat i on car r i es an eccent r i c l oad, it

ti l ts t owar ds t he si de of t he eccent ri ci t y, and t he cont act
pr essur e bel ow t he base i s gener al l y t aken t o decr ease l i nearl y
t owar ds t he heel f r om a ma x i mu m at t he t oe. At t he ul t i mat e
bear i ng capaci t y of t he f oundat i on t he di st r i but i on of cont act
pr essur e i s not even appr oxi mat el y l i near, and a ver y si mpl e
sol ut i on of t he pr obl em i s obt ai ned by assumi ng t hat t he
cont act pr essur e di st r i but i on i s i dent i cal t o t hat i ndi cat ed Fig. 1 P lastic Z on es N e a r R ough Strip F ou n d a tio n w ith E ccentric L oad
pr evi ousl y (Meyerhof, 1951) , f or a cent r al l y l oaded f oundat i on Z on es plastiq u es près d ’une sem elle à surface rugeuse sou s charge
but of r educed wi dt h. excentrée

440
I f t he r emai ni ng wi dt h B-B' i s i gnor ed, whi ch i s somewhat
conser vat i ve, t he cor r espondi ng zones of pl ast i c equi l i br i um
i n t he mat er i al on t he si de of t he eccent r i ci t y ar e t he same as
f or a si mi l ar cent r al l y l oaded f oundat i on. ( The shear zones
ar e s hown i n Fi g. 1.) On t hi s basi s f or a mat er i al of densi t y y,
uni t cohesi on c and angl e of i nt er nal f ri ct i on < p t he bear i ng
capaci t y can be r epr esent ed by

Q = qB (2a)
or
= qB' ( 2b)

wher e
B'
<7 = c N ca N y„ (3 )

and Ncq and Nyq ar e t he r esul t ant bear i ng capaci t y f act or s E C C E N T R IC IT Y e „/B ec c en t r ic it y e * / e .

f or a cent r al l oad (Meyerhof, 1951) and depend mai nl y on < p

and t he dept h r at i o DIB1of t he f oundat i on.
(a ) LO O SE AND c o m p a c t P A C K IN G S c0 ) d e n s e p a c k in g

Fig. 3 B earing C apacity o f F ootings with E ccentric V ertical L oad on Sand

The above expr essi ons gi ve onl y t he base r esi st ance t o whi ch
must be added any ski n f ri ct i on (Ca + Ps cos <5, see Fi g. 1) on
t he shaf t t o obt ai n t he t ot al bear i ng capaci t y of t he f oundat i on.
The suggest ed pr ocedur e can be ext ended t o a r ect angul ar
f oundat i on of l engt h L and wi dt h B, car r yi ng a l oad Q wi t h
eccent ri ci t i es ex and ey on t he maj or axes, and t o ot her ar eas
as s hown i n Fi g. 2 by f i ndi ng t he mi ni mum ef f ect i ve cont act
ar ea A' ( wi t h st r ai ght boundar y acr oss t he base) such t hat
i ts cent r oi d coi nci des wi t h t hat of t he l oad. Then
Q=XqA'
- 18|*
L . . . . l i
SINGLE ec C tM T R lC IT Y OOUBLE e c c e n t r i c i t y
RECTA N G LE (SQ U A RE S i m i u A « )
C apacité p o rta n te des fondations su r sable sous charge verticale
excentrée
I n or der t o check t he t heor y when t he shear i ng st r engt h of
t he soi l i s k nown i ndependent l y, s ome t est s wer e made at t he
Bui l di ng Resear ch St at i on. Foot i ngs of 1 i n. wi dt h and
var i ous shapes wer e l oaded t o f ai l ure under di f f er ent eccent r i ­
ci t i es on t he sur f ace of sof t r emoul ded London cl ay and
medi um Ha m Ri ver sand i n a l oose and dense packi ng ( por o­
si t y of 45 and 37 per cent , respect i vel y). The aver age shear i ng
(4 )
st r engt h of t he cl ay was c = 2 l bs. / i n2and f or t he sand < p= 36°
( l oose) and < p = 48° ( dense) f r om unconf i ned compr essi on
and di r ect shear i ng t ests, respect i vel y. The exper i ment al
pr ocedur e of t he model t est s was si mi l ar t o t hat descr i bed
pr evi ousl y (Meyerhof, 1948, 1951) , and a t ypi cal f oot i ng af t er
f ai l ure i s i l l ust rat ed by Fi g. 4.
The t est resul t s of t he f oot i ngs on cl ay (Fi g. 5) show t hat
t he aver age bear i ng capaci t y ( max i mum l oad/ f oot i ng ar ea)
decr eases l i nearl y, wi t h i ncr ease i n eccent ri ci t y, t o zer o f or
eJB = 0. 5; si mi l ar l y f or any gi ven eccent r i ci t y <?v, t he bear i ng
capaci t y decr eases wi t h gr eat er eccent r i ci t y e . These r esul t s

Fig. 2 Effective C o n tac t A rea o f F o u ndations w ith E ccentric L oad

A ire de co n tact effectif des fondations sous charge excentrée

wher e A i s t he shape f act or (Meyerhof, 1951) dependi ng on t he

aver age l engt h/ wi dt h r at i o L '¡B' of t he cont act ar ea, and q
i s gi ven by equat i on (3).
For f oundat i ons whose dept h i s gr eat er t han about t hei r
wi dt h appr eci abl e l at eral f or ces ar e i nduced on t he shaf t by
t i l t i ng under t he l oad. These f or ces modi f y t he pl ast i c zones
and i ncr ease t he bear i ng capaci t y; t hei r ef f ect can be est i mat ed
as f or r i gi d cant i l ever sheet pi l es (Terzaghi, 1943) .
Experiments'. The onl y publ i shed t est s resul t s of eccent r i ­
cal l y l oaded f oundat i ons appear t o be t hose f r om an ext ensi ve
i nvest i gat i on i n Bel gi um (Ramelot and Vandeperre, 1950) .
Ci r cul ar and squar e f oot i ngs up t o 16 i n. wi de wer e l oaded at
var i ous dept hs i n compact sand whose angl e of i nt er nal
f r i ct i on at t he par t i cul ar packi ng was unf or t unat el y not de­
t er mi ned. The exper i ment al resul t s f or sur f ace and shal l ow
f oot i ngs (Fi g. 3) ar e consi st ent wi t h t he t heor y by t aki ng.
cp = 44° , whi ch woul d be a r easonabl e angl e. Shal l ow f oot i ngs
wer e onl y t est ed wi t h rel at i vel y l ar ge eccent ri ci t i es when t he Fig. 4 Failure o f Strip F o o tin g w itli E cccnlric V ertical L oad on Sand
t heor y i s conser vat i ve because i t negl ect s t he r esi st ance due t o R upture de l ’em pattem ent sur sable sous charge verticale ex ­
t he l at eral f or ces on t he shaf t . centrée

441
 bear i ng capaci t y i s t i l t ed and t he adj acent zones ar e modi f i ed
accor di ngl y. Two mai n cases ma y be consi der ed, namel y,
f oundat i ons wi t h a hor i zont al base and f oundat i ons wi t h a
base nor mal t o t he l oad (i .e. base i ncl i ned at a t o t he hor i zont al ) .
The cor r espondi ng zones of pl ast i c equi l i br i umi n t he mat er i al
ar e s hown i n Fi g. 6 and sol ut i ons f or t he ul t i mat e bear i ng
capaci t y q ar e der i ved i n t he appendi x ( A. 1 and A. 2).
The sol ut i on f or a hor i zont al f oundat i on ( appendi x A. 1)
can be expr essed i n t er ms of t he vert i cal component of t he
bear i ng capaci t y

qv = q C O S a
B
cNcq + y — Nyq (5)

wher e t he bear i ng capaci t y f act or s Ncq and Nyq depend on < p,

DIB and a.
These bear i ng capaci t y f act ors, i ncl usi ve of any ski n f ri ct i on,
(« O S T R IP F O O T IN O (M C IR C U L A R (\ N D S a U P .* & FO O TIN G S
ar e gi ven i n Fi gs. 7 a and 8 a f or a shal l ow st ri p f oundat i on
Fig. 5 B earing C apacity o f F ootings with E ccentric V ertical L oad on Clay i n pur el y cohesi ve (<p = o) and cohesi onl ess (c = o) mat er i al s,
Force p o rta n te des fondations sur argile sous charge verticale r espect i vel y; t hey decr ease r api dl y wi t h gr eat er i ncl i nat i on a t o
excentrée
zer o f or a sur f ace f oot i ng i f a = 90° on pur el y cohesi ve mat er i al
and i f a = < pon cohesi onl ess soi l , when f ai l ure occur s by sl i di ng
compar e wel l wi t h t he est i mat es when an al l owance i s made on t he base. I t shoul d be not ed t hat f or f oundat i ons on cl ay t he
f or some i ncr ease i n bear i ng capaci t y due t o t he penet r at i on base adhesi on c'a ma y var y bet ween 0 and c dependi ng on t he
r equi r ed f or mobi l i zat i on of t he shear i ng st r engt h as f or degr ee of sof t eni ng of t he soi l (Meyerhof, 1951) , whi l e f or
cent r al l y l oaded f oot i ngs (Meyerhof, 1951) . The bear i ng capa­ cohesi onl ess soi l t he angl e of base f ri ct i on 5' as < p\ t he cor ­
ci t y of ci r cul ar and squar e f oot i ngs i s about 20 per cent gr eat er r espondi ng l i mi t i ng f act or s ar e gi ven i n Fi gs. 7 a and 8 a.
t han t hat of st ri ps at t he same eccent ri ci t y, as f ound (Meyerhof,
1951) f or cent r al l oads. Fi g. 5 al so shows t hat t he cust omar y I
met hod of assessi ng t he bear i ng capaci t y f r om t he ma x i mu m
t oe pr essur e i s r at her conser vat i ve. For si ngl e eccent ri ci t i es of
t he l oad t he cont act wi dt h or l engt h at f ai l ure was, wi t hi n
exper i ment al l i mit s, gi ven by equat i on (1), whi l e f or doubl e
eccent ri ci t i es t he cent r oi d of t he cont act ar ea at f ai l ur e coi n­
ci ded wi t h t he poi nt of appl i cat i on of t he l oad, as had been
assumed i n t he t heor y.
The aver age bear i ng capaci t y of t he f oot i ngs on sand (Fi g. 3)
decr eases appr oxi mat el y par abol i cal l y, wi t h i ncr ease i n ec­
cent ri ci t y, t o zer o f or eJB = 0. 5; f or a gi ven ex, t he bear i ng
capaci t y decr eases appr oxi mat el y l i near l y wi t h gr eat er ey.
These r esul t s ar e i n f ai r agr eement wi t h t he t heor et i cal est i ­
mat es; f or l ar ge eccent ri ci t i es on dense sand t he obser ved h ~ 8 '"1
i
bear i ng capaci t y i s somewhat gr eat er t han est i mat ed due t o E 45° -# 2 F
//N \\ V f / 's V 1\ / \
t he gr eat er angl e of i nt er nal f ri ct i on wi t h smal l er pr essur e on L S ii a.
t he f ai l ure sur f ace. The bear i ng capaci t y of ci r cul ar and squar e D
A & 'V ' B 1_
f oot i ngs i s t he same as t hat of st ri ps f or l oose sand but i s
about 30 per cent l ess t han t hat of st ri ps on t he sur f ace of
90° -? C
dense mat er i al , as f ound (Meyerhof, 1951) f or si mi l ar cent r al
l oads. The cust omar y met hod of anal ysi s i s r easonabl e f or (6) H orizon tal base with large in clin ation o f load
smal l eccent ri ci t i es but unsaf e f or gr eat er eccent ri ci t i es owi ng
t o t he r api d decr ease of bear i ng capaci t y wi t h smal l er ef f ect i ve
cont act wi dt h. The cont act ar ea at f ai l ur e was si mi l ar t o t hat
of f oot i ngs on cl ay, and f or dense sand t he f ai l ur e sur f ace
wi dt h at gr ound l evel decr eased pr act i cal l y l i near l y wi t h
gr eat er eccent r i ci t y as expect ed. Whi l e t he t est s on cl ay and
sand i ndi cat ed t hat t he “ mi ddl e t hi r d r ul e” i s r at her ar bi t r ar y,
t hey suppor t t he pr act i ce of desi gni ng shal l ow f oundat i ons
wi t h cent r al l oadi ng i f possi bl e si nce t he por t i on out si de t he
ef f ect i ve cont act ar ea can be i gnor ed.

Bear i ng Capaci t y of Foundat i on wi t h I ncl i ned Load

Fig. 6 P la stic Z on es near R o u g h Strip F ou n d a tio n w ith In clined L oad
Theory: Under a cent r al f oundat i on l oad i ncl i ned at an Z on es p lastiq ues près d ’un em p attem en t à surface rugeuse sou s
angl e a t o t he vert i cal , t he cent r al shear zone at t he ul t i mat e charge o b liq u e

442
 The sol ut i on f or an i ncl i ned f oundat i on wi t h a base nor mal
t o t he l oad ( appendi x A. 2) can be expr essed i n t er ms of t he
r esul t ant bear i ng capaci t y
B
q = cNc,j + y — Ny,, (6)

The bear i ng capaci t y f act or s, excl usi ve of any ski n f ri ct i on,

ar e gi ven i n Fi gs. 7b and 8b f or a shal l ow st ri p f oundat i on i n
pur el y cohesi ve and cohesi onl ess mat er i al s, r espect i vel y; t hey
decr ease r api dl y wi t h gr eat er i ncl i nat i on a t o t he passi ve ear t h
pr essur e coef f i ci ent s of a smoot h vert i cal wal l f or a = 90° .
I t i s of i nt er est t o not e t hat f or a gi ven a an i ncl i ned f oundat i on
has a gr eat er bear i ng capaci t y t han a hor i zont al base, whi ch
suppor t s t he pr act i ce of desi gni ng shal l ow f oundat i ons wi t h a
base nor mal t o t he r esul t ant l oad i f possi bl e.
The bear i ng capaci t y of f oundat i ons of ot her shapes under
i ncl i ned l oadi ng can at pr esent onl y be based on empi r i cal
evi nence t o obt ai n shape f act or s A i n conj unct i on wi t h equat i ons
(5) and (6) on account of t he var i abl e boundar y condi t i ons of
t he pr obl em. The t heor et i cal cont act pr essur e di st r i but i on at
f ai l ure i s si mi l ar t o t hat of a f oundat i on wi t h vert i cal l oad.
Experiments: I n vi ew of l i mi t ed pr evi ous exper i ment al
evi dence t he bear i ng capaci t y has been det er mi ned f or di f f er ent
i ncl i nat i ons of a cent r al l oad on hor i zont al f oot i ngs as bef or e

FO U N D A T IO N D EPT H / W I O TM FO R N O TM SEE F W .C a )
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FO R IN T E R N e O T . D EP T H S
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o ¿o' 4 0 * 6 0 * 8 0 * O 2 0 ° 4 0 * I. o ' 8 0 *

IN C L IN A T IO N O F LO A D 01 IN C L IN A T IO N O F F O U N D A T IO N <
Fig. 9 A rrangem ent o f M odel Test on F ootin g w ith Inclined L oad
( a i H O R IZ O N T A L F O U N D A T IO N (M IN C L IN ED F O U N D A T IO N
A rrangem ent d ’essais sur fon dation sous charge o b liq u e

Fig. 7 B earing C apacity F actors for Strip F o u n d a tio n w ith Inclined L oad
in Purely C o h esiv e M aterial wi t h a r ough base on t he same cl ay and sand ( but i n a compact
F acteurs de la c a p a cité p o rta n te pou r em p attem en t so u s charge
packi ng wi t h por osi t y of 38 per cent and < p = 45° ). I n t he
o b liq u e en m atière purem ent cohérente
t est s on cl ay t he i ncl i ned l oad was i ncr eased t o f ai l ure; i n
t he t est s on sand a ver t i cal l oad was appl i ed and kept const ant
whi l e t he hor i zont al l oad appl i ed by a second pr ovi ng r i ng
was i ncr eased t o f ai l ure (Fi g. 9). I n bot h cases t he f oot i ng
r emai ned sensi bl y hor i zont al t hr oughout t he test.
The t est r esul t s of t he st ri p f oot i ngs on cl ay ( Fi g. 10) ar e
i n r easonabl e agr eement wi t h t he est i mat es. The bear i ng
capaci t y of squar e f oot i ngs was about 20 per cent gr eat er t han
t hat of st ri ps at smal l i ncl i nat i ons, as f ound pr evi ousl y ( Meyer­
hof\ 1951) f or vert i cal l oads, t he di f f er ence becomi ng smal l f or
an i ncl i nat i on exceedi ng about 25° when f ai l ure occur r ed by
sl i di ng as woul d be expect ed t heoret i cal l y.
The obser ved bear i ng capaci t y of t he st ri p f oot i ngs on sand
(Fi g. 11) conf or med wi t h t he t heor et i cal est i mat es and ap­
pr oached zer o f or an i ncl i nat i on equal t o t he angl e of i nt er nal
f ri ct i on g> = 45° , as woul d be expect ed. The bear i ng capaci t y
of squar e f oot i ngs was about 30 per cent l ess t han t hat of
st ri ps f or a vert i cal l oad, as f ound pr evi ousl y (Meyerhof; 1951)
1 « ) H O R IZ O N T A L F O U N D A T IO N Cb ) IN C L IN ED FO U N D A T IO N f or sur f ace l oads on compact sand, t he di f f er ence decr easi ng
t o zer o beyond an i ncl i nat i on of about 15° . The pr esent ana­
Fig. 8 B earing C apacity F actors for Strip F o u n d a tio n w ith Inclined
L oad in C o h esio n less M aterial l ysi s was al so checked by t he obser vat i on t hat t he f ai l ure sur ­
Facteurs de la ca p a cité p ortan te pour em pattem ent en s o l p u l­ f ace wi dt h at gr ound l evel decr eased st eadi l y wi t h gr eat er
vérulent so u s charge o blique i ncl i nat i on of t he l oad and appr oached zer o f or a = 45° .

443
 E X P E R i M E N TA L R E SU LTS:
eccent ri ci t y, met hod as above wi t h posi t i ve a); t he bear i ng
S T R IP
S Q U A R E
(L / B = 6 ) X
a
capaci t y i s gi ven by t he l ower est i mat e.
E X P EB lM EN T A L R ESU LT S: T H E O R E T IC A L R ESU LT S: Experiments'. Hor i zont al model f oot i ngs on cl ay and sand
S T R IP
S Q U A R E
a / B - 6 ) *
O CO 140
S T R I P ( 4 .= 4 5 ° ) -----------
as i n sect i on 2 wer e l oaded t o f ai l ure wi t h a si ngl e f or war d
T H E O R E T IC A L R ESU LT S: eccent r i ci t y of eJB = 0. 25 and di f f er ent i ncl i nat i ons of t he
S T R IP ---------------
l oad; a t ypi cal f oot i ng af t er f ai l ure i s i l l ust rat ed by Fi g. 12.

\ a :\ The t est resul t s ar e gi ven i n Fi gs. 10 and 11 f or cl ay and sand,

r espect i vel y. The bear i ng capaci t y was about one- hal f of t hat
*s\
ÀE - C EN T R I C IT Y
\ X
of cor r espondi ng cent r al l y l oaded f oot i ngs i n accor dance wi t h
t he t heor y, whi ch was suppor t ed by t he obser ved cont act ar ea
[ S T U P \ C x / B \ E C C E * T R IC IT Y and mechani sm of f ai l ure. Pr el i mi nar y exper i ment s wi t h a
- ^
backwar d eccent r i ci t y of l oadi ng wer e al so f ound t o be i n
% V K°
' B

\ \ V
X
a
°
s t r ' r easonabl e agr eement wi t h t he est i mat es.

J N .
S
Concl usi on
The pr evi ous bear i ng capaci t y t heor y of f oundat i ons under
10° 20* 3 0 * 4 0 ° SO " lo ° 20® 5 0 ° 4 0 ° S0 °

IN C L IN A T IO N OF LO A D oL
a cent r al vert i cal l oad has been ext ended t o eccent r i c and
IN C L IN A T IO N O F LO A O OL
i ncl i ned l oads. The t heor y, whi ch i ndi cat es t hat t he bear i ng
Fig. 10 B earing C apacity o f F o o tin g s w ith Inclined L o a d o n C lay capaci t y decr eases r api dl y wi t h gr eat er eccent r i ci t y and i ncl i ­
C apacité portan te des fo n d a tio n s sur argile so u s charge ob liq u e nat i on of t he l oad, i s suppor t ed by t he resul t s of l oadi ng t est
Fig. 11 B earing capacity o f fo o tin g s w ith inclined lo a d o n sand wi t h model f oot i ngs on cl ay and sand.
C apacité portan te des fo n d a tio n s sur sab le so u s charge oblique
Ac k nowl edgment

Bear i ng Capaci t y of Foundat i on wi t h Eccent r i c I ncl i ned The aut hor i s i ndebt ed t o hi s col l eagues, par t i cul ar l y Mr .
Load L. F. Cooling M. Sc. , f or hel pf ul cr i t i ci sm and Mr . B. J. Cat-
terall B. Eng. , f or assi st ance i n car r yi ng out most of t he model
Theory. Wh e n a f oundat i on car r i es an eccent r i c i ncl i ned t ests. The wor k was car r i ed out as par t of t he r esear ch pr o­
l oad an est i mat e of t he bear i ng capaci t y can be obt ai ned by gr amme of t he Bui l di ng Resear ch Boar d of t he Depar t ment of
combi ni ng t he above met hods of anal yses. Thus f or a shal l ow Sci ent i f i c and I ndust r i al Resear ch and t he paper i s publ i shed
st ri p f oundat i on wi t h a f or war d eccent r i ci t y of l oadi ng ( a i s by per mi ssi on of t he Di r ect or of Bui l di ng Resear ch.
posi t i ve, i .e. eccent r i ci t y i n di r ect i on of hor i zont al component
of l oad) an ef f ect i ve cont act wi dt h B' ( equat i on 1) i s used i n
equat i ons (5) or (6) and t he t ot al bear i ng capaci t y i s gi ven by Appendi x
equat i on (2). Si mi l ar l y, f or a doubl e eccent r i ci t y on a r ect angu­
l ar or ot her ar ea t he ef f ect i ve cont act ar ea and shape f act or Bear i ng Capaci t y of Hor i zont al St r i p Foundat i on wi t h
ar e used as i n equat i on (4). I f t he eccent r i ci t y i s backwar d I ncl i ned Load
(a i s negat i ve, i .e. eccent r i ci t y i n opposi t e di r ect i on t o hor i zont al The r egi on above t he f ai l ure sur f ace of a shal l ow r ough
component of l oad) , f ai l ure of t he soi l occur s ei t her on t he st ri p f oundat i on wi t h l oad i ncl i ned at a t o ver t i cal i s assumed
si de of t he eccent r i ci t y ( smal l eccent ri ci t y, met hod as above t o be di vi ded i nt o a cent r al el ast i c zone ABC, a r adi al shear
but usi ng negat i ve a i n anal ysi s) or on t he opposi t e si de ( l arge zone ACD and a mi xed shear zone ADEF (Fi g. 6 a). The
st resses i n t hese zones can be f ound as s hown {Meyerhof,
1951) f or a vert i cal l oad, by r epl aci ng t he r esul t ant of t he
f or ces on t he shaf t AF and t he wei ght of t he adj acent soi l
wedge AEF by t he equi val ent st resses p0 and s0, nor mal and
t angent i al , r espect i vel y, t o t he pl ane AE i ncl i ned at ft t o t he
hor i zont al . On t hi s basi s t he vert i cal component of t he bear ­
i ng capaci t y can, i n t he fi rst i nst ance, be r epr esent ed by

— qC O S a
B
=--= cNc + p0N„ + y — Ny (7)
or
== Qv +
w here

q[, cNc + p0N,,

= ( 8)
B
qv -= v- ■NyT (9)

and Nc, N and Ny ar e t he gener al bear i ng capaci t y f act ors.

Determination of Nc and Nq\ I n zone ABC wi t h angl e »/' at
Fig. 12 F ailu re o f S trip F o oting with E ccentric Inclined Load on Clay A, t he shear i ng st r engt h Sp under t he nor mal pr essur e pp on
E m p attem en t su r argile sous charge excentrée e t oblique AC is Sp = c + p'p t an q>. Hence f r om Mo h r ’s di agr am
444
 c + pfi t an ip Determination of Resultant Bearing Capacity. The vert i cal
Qi [ si n (2y> — <
p) + si n cp] + p'p ( 10) component of t he r esul t ant bear i ng capaci t y i s
COS cp
and B
+ pp t an cp qv = cNcq + y — Nyq ( 18)
/
Qv = cos ( 2y>— cp) cot a (11)
cos cp wher e Ncq ( dependi ng on Nc and Nq) and Nyq ( dependi ng on
f r om whi ch y>can be det er mi ned f r om any
gi ven a, cp, c and
Ny and Nq) ar e t he r esul t ant bear i ng capaci t y f act ors, and i s
comput ed f r om t he above sol ut i ons by det er mi ni ng t he f oun­
pj, ( obt ai ned f r om equat i ons 12 and 13).
dat i on dept h par amet er s (/?, p0 and i 0) f or var i ous dept hs D
I n zones ACD and ADE wi t h angl e 0 = 180° -1- fi — > /— v
as s hown {Meyerhof, 1951) f or a vert i cal l oad. For l ar ge
and angl e ??, r espect i vel y, at A, i t was shown {Meyerhof, 1951)
i ncl i nat i ons a when qh gover ns, t he hor i zont al component of
t hat
t he passi ve ear t h pr essur e on t he f r ont of t he f oundat i on i s
Pp — t (c + Pi t an cp) e20tan <p— c] cot ( 12) added t o t he shear i ng r esi st ance on t he base gi ven by equat i on
( 15); and i f i n addi t i on t he f oundat i on has a r ough shaf t ,
and t he f oundat i on i s par t of t he cent r al zone ABCF (Fi g. 6b) .
c -(- Pi t an cp It has t her ef or e been f ound conveni ent t o i ncl ude t he ski n
Pi = [ si n (2i ; + <?>) — si n cp\ + p0 ( 13)
cos Ip f ri ct i on or vert i cal component of t he passi ve ear t h pr essur e
on t he shaf t i n t he bear i ng capaci t y f act or s (Fi gs. 7a and 8a) .
wher e >} can be det er mi ned f r om t he gi ven r at i o sjp0.
Subst i t ut i ng equat i ons ( 12) and ( 13) i nt o (10)

[1 + si n <
psi n {2y> — ?>)] Bear i ng Capaci t y of I ncl i ned St r i p Foundat i on wi t h Base
<7„ = c cot <p e 26 ta n <p ___ ]
+
1 — si n cpsi n (2»; + <p) Nor mal t o Load
1 -)- si n <
psi n ( 2y> — (p)
+ Po » 2 0 t a n <p
( 14) For a shal l ow r ough st ri p f oundat i on of wi dt h B and dept h
1 — si n cpsi n ( 2»? + cp) D of t he upper edge of t he base i ncl i ned at an angl e a t o t he
or hor i zont al (Fi g. 6c) t he zones ar e si mi l ar t o t hose of a hor i ­
q'v = cNc + p0Nq zont al f oundat i on wi t h y>= 45° + <p/2 and wi t h 0 = 135° +
fi — a — rj — (p/2. Usi ng t he same appr oach as above, t he
f r om equat i on (8) wher e Nc and Nq have t he val ues gi ven i n bear i ng capaci t y f act or s Nc and N i n t he r el at i on
t he squar e br acket s above. B
The hor i zont al component q'h of t he bear i ng capaci t y cannot q = cNc + Po Nq + y — Ny ( 19)
exceed t he shear i ng r esi st ance on t he base, i.e.
ar e obt ai ned by subst i t ut i ng t hese val ues of y> and i nt o
q'h = q' si n a = q'vt an a equat i on (14). Si mi l ar l y i t i s f ound t hat
<c ' +^ t an<5' ( 15)

wher e c'a = uni t base adhesi on 4Pp si n j^445° + —

and S' = angl e of base f ri ct i on. Ny = - - - - t an I 45° , j COS a (20)
yB2 2 \ 2
For gr eat er i ncl i nat i ons a when q'h gover ns, equat i on ( 14) wher e Pp i s t he mi ni mum passi ve r esi st ance obt ai ned as
must t her ef or e be r epl aced by i ndi cat ed earl i er.
The r esul t ant bear i ng capaci t y
( 16) B
t an a — t an <5' q = cNcq + y — Nyq (21)
obt ai ned f r om (15).
i s det er mi ned f r om t hese sol ut i ons as bef or e, and t he bear i ng
Determination of Ny: The mi ni mum passi ve r esi st ance Pp
capaci t y f act or s ar e gi ven i n Fi gs. 7 b and 8 b.
act i ng at cp t o t he nor mal on AC i n t he zone ACDE can be
f ound ei t her by a numer i cal st ep- by- st ep comput at i on {Ca-
quot and Kerisel, 1949) or by a semi - gr aphi cal pr ocedur e
{Meyerhof, 1951) based on t he l ogor i t hmi c spi ral met hod. Ref er ences
Then i t can be shown t hat
C aquot, A . and K erisel, J. (1949): T raité de M écanique des S o ls.
G authier-V illars, Paris, p. 85.
„ yB snr y>
'2P[j ________ si n yicos {y>—cp)
<7, = y -cos{y>—<p)> — ( 17) M eyerh of, G. G. (1948): A n Investigation o f the B earing C apacity o f
y ^ l c os i y — cp) cos cp Sh allow F o o tin g s on D ry Sand. Proc. Second Int. C on f. S oil M ech.,
or vol. 1, p. 237.
M eyerh of, G. G. (1951): T h e U ltim ate Bearing C apacity o f F ou n d atio n s.
y B \r G éotech n iq u e, v ol. 2, p. 301.
=— Nv R a m e lo t, C. and Vandeperre, L . (1950): T ravau x de la C om m ission
d ’Etude des F on d ation s de P ylôn es. C om pt. R end. R ech ., I.R .S .I.A .,
f r om equat i on (9) wher e Ny has t he val ue gi ven i n t he squar e B russels, N o . 2.
br ycket s above. T erzagh i, K . (1943): T heoretical S oil M echanics. J. W iley, N ew Y ork,
The above sol ut i on hol ds onl y f or a ^ (5' (see equat i on 15). p. 355.

445