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Exercice 1.
La forme
P
F =
Xα Q
A l’ordre α − 1
1 α β γ δ ν a
F3 (x) = = + 2+ 3+ 4+ 5+ Ds R(X), C(X).
x5 (x− 1) x x x x x x−1
1 −1 + x
- 1−x
−1 − x − x2 − x3 − x4
x
- x − x2
x2
- x2 − x3
x3
- x3 − x4
x4
- x4 − x5
x5
Donc,
1 (x − 1)(−1 − x − x2 − x3 − x4 ) + x5
F3 (x) = = =
x5 (x − 1) x5 (x − 1)
−1 −1 −1 −1 −1 1
+ 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 +
x x x x x x−1
x2 + 1 x2 + 1 x2 + 1
F2 (x) = = =
x2 (x3 − 1) x2 (x − 1)(x2 + x + 1) x2 (x − 1)(x − j)(x − j̄)
Donc
α β γ ax + b
F2 (x) = + 2+ + 2 Ds R(X),
x x x−1 x +x+1
1
et
α β γ A B
F2 (x) = + + + + Ds C(X),
x x2 x − 1 x − j x − j̄
Pour déterminer α et β, on effectue la division de 1 + x2 par x3 − 1 à l’ordre 1.
1 + x2 −1 + x3
- 1 − x3
−1
= x2 + x3
Donc,
α β 1
+ 2 =− 2
x x x
Pour déterminer γ. On pose h = x − 1
(h + 1)2 + 1 h2 + 2h + 2
F2 (h) = = .
(h + 1)2 h[(h + 1)2 + h + 2] h (h4 + 5h3 + 10h2 + 10h + 3)
Donc,
γ 2
= .
x−1 3(x − 1)
Pour déterminer A. On pose h = x − j
Pour déterminer B. On pose h = x − j̄.
Le résultat est :
−1 2 1 1
F2 (x) = + − − Ds C(X),
x 2 3(x − 1) 3(x − j) 3(x − j̄)
et
−1 2 2x + 1
F2 (x) = + − Ds R(X),
x2 3(x − 1) 3(x + x + 1)
2
X4 + 1
P5 =
X 4 + 2X 2 + 1 − 2X 2
=
(X 2 + 1)2 − 2X
= √
2
√ − ( 2X) 2 √
(X 2 + 1)
= 2 2
(X − 2X + 1)(X + 2X + 1)
2 =
√ √
Soient Q1 = X 2 − 2X + 1 et Q2 = X 2 + 2X + 1. Alors ∆1 √= −2 <√0 et ∆2 √
= −2 < 0
=⇒ ∆1 = ∆2 = i 2. Donc,
√ √ √ √
′ 2−i 2 1−i ′′ 2+i 2 1+i
X1 = = √ X1 = = √
2 2 2 2
2
Et √ √ √ √
− 2−i 2 −1 − i − 2+i 2 −1 + i
X2′ = = √ X2′′ = = √
2 2 2 2
Par suite,
√ √
P5 = (X 2 − 2X + 1)(X 2 + 2X + 1) dans R[X].
Et
( )( )( )( )
1+i 1−i 1+i −1 + i
P5 = X − √ X− √ X+ √ X− √ dans C[X].
2 2 2 2
1. Méthode de subtitution
(a)
{
2x − y = 1 x = 1 + y x = 1 + y (1)
⇒ 2 2 ⇒ 2
3x + 2y = −2 3x + 2y = −2
3 ×
1+y
+ 2y = −2 (2)
2
3 3 7 7
(2) + y + 2y = −2 ⇒ y = − ⇒ y = −1.
2 2 2 2
1−1
(1) x= ⇒ x = 0.
2
Donc, { }
SR = (0, −1) .
(b)
{
x − y − z = 1 (1) x − y − z = 1 (1) x − y − z = 1 (1)
x − y + z = −1 (2) ⇒ x − y + z = −1 (2) ⇒
x − y + z = −1 (2)
−x + y − z = 1 (3) x − y + z = −1 (3) × −1
{ {
x=1+y+z y =x−z−1
⇒ ⇒ ⇒ x−(x−z−1)+z = 1 ⇒ z = 0 et y = x−1
x − y + z = −1 x − y + z = −1
(2) x − y + z = −1 ⇒ 1 + y + z − y + z = −1 ⇒ z = −1.
(1) x=1+y−1⇒ x = y.
Donc, { }
SR = (x, x, −1), x ∈ R .
ou bien { }
SR = (x, x − 1, 0), x ∈ R .
3
(a) {
2x + 3y = −1 L1
L2 ← L2 − L1
2x − 5y = 2 L2
{ ( )
2x + 3y = −1 2x + 3 × − 3 = −1 =⇒ x = 1
8
⇒ 16
−8y = 3
y = −
3
8
Donc,
{( 1 )
3 }
SR = ,− .
16 8
(b)
x − y − z = 1 L1
x−y+z =1 L2
−x + y − z = −1 L3
L2 ← L2 − L1 L3 ← L3 + L1
{ { {
x + y − z = 1 x+y−z =1 x+y−z =1 x=1
⇒ −2y + 2z = 0 ⇒ ⇒ ⇒
−2y + 2z = 0 y=z y=z
2y − 2z = 0
Donc, { }
SR = (1, y, y), y ∈ R .
Exercice 3
x + y + z = m L1
x − my − z = 1 L2
x−y−z =1 L3
1. Si m = −1
x + y + z = −1 L1
x+y−z =1 L2
x−y−z =1 L3
L2 ← L2 − L1 L3 ← L3 − L1
x + y + z = −1
x + y + z = −1
x = 0
−2z = 2 ⇒ z = −1 ⇒ z = −1
−2y − 2z = 2 y = −1 − z ⇒ y = 0 y=0
Donc, { }
SR = (0, 0, −1) .
4
2. Si m ̸= −1
x + y + z = m L1
x − my − z = 1 L2
x−y−z =1 L3
L2 ← L2 − L1 L3 ← L3 − L1
x + y + z = m L1
(−1 − m)y − 2z = 1 − m L2
−2y − 2z = 1 − m L3
L2 L3
L2 ← L3 ←
−m − 1 −2
x+y+z =m L1
2 m−1
y+ z= L2
1 + m 1+m
y + z = m − 1
L3
2
L3 ← L3 − L2
x+y+z =m
x+y+z =m
2 m−1 2 m−1
y+ z=
( 1 + m )1 + m =⇒ y (
+
1 + m
z=
) 1+m
m−1 m−1
− − 1)2
2
m 1 (m
z 1 − = − z =
1+m 2 1+m 1+m 2(1 + m)
Donc, ( )
(m − 1)2 m+1 m−1
z= × =
2(1 + m) m−1 2
m−1 2 m−1 2 m−1
y= − zy = − × = 0.
1+m 1+m 1+m 1+m 2
et
m−1 1−m
x=m−y−z =m−0− =
2 2
Donc,
{ (m − 1 1−m
) }
SR = , 0, , m ∈ R/{1} .
2 2
Exercice 4.
Méthode d’élimination de Gauss-Jordan
1.
x + y − 2z = 1 L1
x − 2y + z = 1 L2
−2x + y − z = 1 L3
1 1 −2 1
1 −2 1 1
−2 1 −1 1
5
1 1 −2 1
L2 ← L2 − L1
0 −3 3 0
L3 ← L3 + 2L1
0 3 −5 3
1 1 −2 1
0 1 −1 L2
0 L2 ←
−3
0 3 −5 3
1 1 −2 1
0 1 −1 0 L3 ← L3 − 3L2
0 0 −2 3
1 1 −2 1
0 1 −1 0 L3
L3 ←
−2
0 0 1 −3/2
1 1 −2 1
0 1 0 −3 L2 ← L2 + L3
0 0 1 −3/2
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 −3 L1 ← L1 − L2 + 2L3
0 0 1 −3/2
Donc, { }
SR = (0, −3, −3/2) .
2. (Exemple 3 On note : x1 = x, x2 = y, x3 = z, x4 = t)
x + y − 2z + t = 1 L1
x − 2y + z + t = 1 L2
−2x + y − z − t = 1 L3
1 1 −2 1 1
1 −2 1 1 1
−2 1 −1 −1 1
1 1 −2 1 1
L2 ← L2 − L1
0 −3 3 0 0
L3 ← L3 + 2L1
0 3 −5 1 3
1 1 −2 1 1
L2
0 1 −1 0 0 L2 ←
−3
0 3 −5 1 3
1 1 −2 1 1
0 1 −1 0 0 L3 ← L3 − 3L2
0 0 −2 1 3
1 1 −2 1 1
0 L3
1 −1 0 0 L3 ←
−2
0 0 1 −1/2 −3/2
6
1 1 −2 1 1
0 1 0 −1/2 −3/2 L2 ← L2 + L3
0 0 1 −1/2 −3/2
1 0 0 1/2 −1/2
0 1 0 −1/2 −3/2 L1 ← L1 − L2 + 2L3
0 0 1 −1/2 −3/2
1 1 1 1
x+ t=−
x=− t−
2 2
2 2
1 3 1 3
y− t=− ⇒ y = t−
2 2
2 2
z − 1 t = − 3 z = 1 t − 3
2 2 2 2
Donc, {( ) }
t+1 t−3 t−3
SR = − , , ,t ,t ∈ R .
2 2 2
Exercice 5.
1.
x + y + (2m − 1)z = 1 L1
mx + y + z = 1 L2
x + my + z = 3(m + 1) L3
(a) Si m=1.
x + y + z = 1
x+y+z =1 1=6 Impossible
x+y+z =6
Donc,
SR = ∅.
3
(b) Si m = − .
2
x + y − 4z = 1 L1
3
− x+y+z =1 L2
2
x − 3 y + z = − 3 L3
2 2
3
L2 ← L2 + L1 L3 ← L3 − L1
2
x + y − 4z = 1 {
5 x + y − 4z = 1
5 x = 1 − y + 4z
y − 5z = =⇒ 5 5 =⇒
2 2 y − 5z = y = 1 + 2z
− 5 y + 5z = − 5 2 2
2 2
(2) y = 1 + 2z
(1) x = 1 − (12 + z) + 4z = 2z
Donc, { }
SR = (2z, 1 + 2z, z) , z ∈ R .
7
3
2. Si m ̸= 1 et m ̸= −
2
x + y + (2m − 1)z = 1 L1
mx + y + z = 1 L2
x + my + z = 3(m + 1) L3
L2 ← L2 − m L1 L3 ← L3 − L1
x + y + (2m − 1)z = 1 L1
y(1 − m) + z(1 − m(2m − 1)) = 1 − m L2
y(m − 1) + z(1 − (2m − 1) = 3(m + 1) − 1 L3
x + y + (2m − 1)z = 1
y(1 − m) + z(−2m2 + m + 1) = 1 − m
y(m − 1) + z(2 − 2m)) = 3m + 2
Or
1
P (m) = −2m2 + m + 1 = −2(m − 1)(m + ) = (1 − m)(2m + 1).
2
x + y + (2m − 1)z = 1
y(1 − m) + z(1 − m)(2m + 1) = 1 − m
y(m − 1) + z(2 − 2m)) = 3m + 2
Comme m ̸= 1
L2 L3
L2 ← , L3 ←
1−m m−1
x + y + (2m − 1)z = 1
y + z(2m + 1) = 1
y − 2z = 3m + 2
m−1
L3 ← L3 − L2
x + y + (2m − 1)z = 1
x + y + (2m − 1)z = 1
y + z(2m + 1) = 1 =⇒ y + z(2m + 1) = 1
3m + 2
z(−2 − 2m − 1) = −1 −z(3 + 2m) = 2m + 3
m−1 m−1
Comme m ̸= − 32
2m + 3 −1 3m
z= × =
m−1 3 + 2m m−1
2m + 1 3m
y = 1 − z(2m + 1) = 1 − =
1−m m−1
3m 2m + 1 m
x = 1 − y − (2m − 1)z = 1 − − = .
m−1 1−m 1−m
Donc,
{( m 3m 3m
) }
SR = , , , m ∈ R|{1, −3/2} .
1−m m−1 m−1