T484

Chuyen de 1. Este -Iipit ................................................................................................................. 16

Chuyen de 2. Cacbohidrat ............................................................................................................. 18
Chuyen de 3. Amin - amino axit va protein ................................................................................ 20
Chuyen de 4. Polime - vat li~u polime ......................................................................................... 22
Chuyen de 5. D~i cuong kim lo;~ti .................................................................................................. 25
Chuyen de 6. Kim Io~i ki'em - kim lo~i kiem tho - nh6m ......................................................... 29
Chuyen de 7. S~t va m(>t so kim lo~i quan tr<;mg ........................................................................ 33
Chuyen de 8. S\f di~n Ii .................................................................................................................. 36
Chuyen de 9. Nito- photpho ......................................................................................................... 37
Chuyen de 10. Cacbon .................................................................................................................... 40
Chuyen de 11. D~i cuong hfru co va hidrocacbon ..................................................................... .41
Chuyen de 12. Ancol- phenol ...................................................................................................... 43
Chuyen de 13. Andehit- axit cacboxylic .................................................................................... .45
Chuyen de 14. Bang tuan ho~m ca.c nguyen to hoa hQc ............................................................. .46
Chuyen de 15. Nh6m halogen ....................................................................................................... 47
Chuyen de 16. Oxi -luu huynh .................................................................................................... 49
Chuyen de 17. Toed(> phan ling va can b~ng h6a hQc ............................................................... 50

Chuyen de 1. Co h9c ....................................................................................................................... 52

Chuyen de 2. Di~n hQc ................................................................................................................... 61
Chuyen de 3. vat li hi~n d~i .......................................................................................................... 66

Chuyen de 1. Chuyeh h6a vat chat va nang luQTig a thl,fc vat.. ................................................ 73
Chuyen de 2. Chuyen h6a vat chat va nang luqng a d(>ng vat ................................................ 75
Chuyen de 3. Co che di truyen bien di ......................................................................................... 78
Chuyen de 4. Tinh quy Iuat cua hi~n tuqng di truyen ............................................................... 82
Chuyen de 5. Di truyen hQc quan th€........................................................................................... 86
Chuyen de 6. Tien h6a .................................................................................................................... 87
Chuyen de 7. Si1m thai. ................................................................................................................... 89

Chuyen de 1. Dia li tv nhien .......................................................................................................... 91

Chuyen de 2. Dia li dan cu ............................................................................................................. 94
Chuyen de 3. Dia li cac nganh kinh te .......................................................................................... 94
Chuyen de 4. Dia li cac vung kinh te .......................................................................................... 100
Chuyen 5. Dia li cac quoc gia va vung Hinh tho .................................................................. 104

Chuyen de 1. h~ quoc te tu nam 1945 nam 2000 .................................................... 108

2. LienX6 (1991 - 2000) .......................................... 109
de3. - 2000) ...................................................... 110
Chuyen de 4. MI, Tay Au, Nh?t Ban (1945- 2000) .................................................................... 112
Chuyen de 5. Cach m;;tng KHCN va xu the toan cau h6a ....................................................... 114
Chuyen de 6. Vi~t Nam tU nam 1919 den nam 1930 ................................................................ 115
Chuyen de 7. Vi~t Nam tU nam 1930 den nam 1945 ................................................................ 117
Chuyen de 8. Vi~t Nam tU nam 1945 den nam 1954 ................................................................ 121
Chuyen de 9. Vi~t Nam tU nam 1954 den nam 1975 ................................................................ 126
de 10. Vi~t Nam tU nain 1975 den nam 2000 .............................................................. 130

Linh vvc H6a hoc .......................................................................................................................... 134

Linh Vl,l'C V?t li ............................................................................................................................... 138
Linh vvc Sinh hoc .......................................................................................................................... 141
Linh vvc Dia li ............................................................................................................................... 145
Linh Vl,l'C Lich su ............................................................................................................................ 148

Bai luy~n 01 ................................................ ,.......... , ....................................................................... 153

Bai luy~n 02 .................................................................................................................................... 163
Bai luy~n 03 .................................................................................................................................... 174
Bai luy~n 04 .................................................................................................................................... 185
Bai luy~n 05 .................................................................................................................................... 194
Bai luy~n 06 .................................................................................................................................... 205
Bai luy~n 07 .................................................................................................................................... 214
Bai luy~n 08 .................................................................................................................................... 224
Bai luy~n 09 ....................................... ,........................................... ,................................................ 236
Bai luy~n 10 .................................................................................................................................... 247
Huang dan giai chi tiet ................................................................................................................. 257
 than

nhu tam quan thi ONLUYEN da

de giup cac em hQC sinh trang bi kien thuc can thiet, xay d1,111g Va hJ.nh thanh
phuong phap tu giai quyet nhu ki nang lam bai thi chinh phvc duqc co h<)i
vao cac truong d9i hQC rna cac em hfulg IDO U'OC.
Cuon sach v6i phan thi Giai quyet van de se giup cac b911:
• on tap li thuyet, d911g bai va phuong phap giai cac phan kien thuc tap trung nhat, tranh
on Ian man, khong co trQng tam, khong dung ID\1-C tieu diem so.
• Cung cap cac bai tap van dvng m cac muc d9 d~, kho, C\fC kho thuang xuyen xuat hi~n
trong de thi.
Ren luy~n cac k1 nang phan tich, suy Iuan, danh gia, tang cuang phan XC?- de, n~m b~t cac
phuong phap giai t~t, nham nhanh, doan y rut ng~n thai gian lam bai.
• Cung cap h~ thong bai luy~n kern theo 101 giai chi tiet, bam sat cau true de m~u DGNL cua
Dc;ti h9c Quoc gia Tp. Ho Chi Minh.
V ai nhfrng nQi dung tren, ChUng toi hi VQng rfulg, CUOn sach nay se tra thanh IDQt tai li~u bo ich,
tin cay cho cac em h9c sinh sful sang chinh phvc k1 thi DGNL D;;ti h9c Quoc gia Tp. Ho Chi Minh.
Trong qua tdnh bien S09fl cuon sach ch~c ch~n khong tranh khoi nhiing thieu sot, khiem khuyet.
Chung toi mong nhan duqc nhfrng y kien dong gop m quy d<)c gia de' cuon sach duqc hoan thi~n
hon trong nhfrng Ian tai ban sau.
Xin chan thanh cam on
Nhom tac gia
 Bai thi DGNL cua D~i hQc Quoc gia Tp. Ho Chi Minh c6 nhi'eu die'm d~c bi~t ve cau true
de so voi bai thi THPTQG do B() Giao dvc va Dao t~o to chuc, dien hlnh la bai thi duQ'c tich hQ'p
cac ky nang ve dQc hieu, phan tich va ky nang tu duy phan bi~n, giai quyet van de. Bai thi DGNL
chu trQng danh gia CclC nang h,l'C CO ban de hQC d~i hQC CUa thi sinh, thong qua m(}t bai thi tong
hQ'p gam 120 cau hoi, thoi gian lam bai 150 phut.

Cac cau hoi, bai dQC danh gia kien thuc van hQC
\--~···~-~---~~~-~----~~~-~··~-~~~--·-~--·~~

kha nang dung ru, kha nang dQC hieu, kha nang
phan tich bai viet Tieng Vi~t va Tieng Anh

2.1. Toan hQc 10 Cac van de ve toan pho thong.

2.2. Tu duy logic 10 Cac bai suy luan va xac dinh cac quy luat logic.
Cac bai phan tich va chQn phuong an tra loi
2.3. Phan tich so li~u 10
tuong t.fng v6i rung bang so li~u cho tru6c.

3.1. Van de thu()c linh vvc h6a Nhfrng van de lien quan den kien thuc khoa hQC
10
hQC xa h()i va tv nhien
3.2. Van de thu()c linh Vl,l'C vat
10
ly
3.3. Van de thu9c llnh vvc
10
sinhhQc
3.4. Van de thu()c linh vvc dia
10
ly
3.5. Van de thu()c linh vvc lich
10
sir, chinh trL xa h()i
Tongc()ng 120

Ket qua thi DGNL duQ'c xac dinh b~ng phuong phap tr~c nghi~m hi~n d~i theo Ly thuyet Ung
dap Cau hoi (Item Response Theory - IRT). Die'm cua rung cau hoi c6 trQng so khac nhau tliy
thu()c vao d() kh6 va d() phan bi~t cua cau hoi. Diem so toi da cua bai thi la 1.200 diem, trong d6
qiem toi da phan Sir dvng ngon ngfr la 400 diem; phan Toan hQc, tu duy logic va phan tich so
li~u la 300 diem; phan giai quyet van de la 500 diem.
 1
1 1
2 1

1 3 1 2 1
2 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
3 1 1 1

4 4

M6i linh V\fC bao gom 2 b£ti d<;>c hieu: m6i b£ti co 3 cau tr~c nghi~m.

Cau true bai thi gom 3 phan: ngon ngfi; toan h<;>c, tu duy logic, phan tich so li~u; giai quyet van
Trong do, phan giai quyet van de gom n()i dung thu()c nam Iinh Vl,l'C: hoa h<;>c, v~t li, sinh h<;>c,
dia li, lich Stf - chinh tri - xa h()i. M6i linh Vl,l'C bao gom co 10 cau hoi (4 cau hoi tr~c nghi~m khach
quan + 2 bai d<;>c hieu m6i bai gom 3 cau hoi tr~c nghi~m). Phan tich chi tiet nhu sau:

+ N()i dung kien thuc 4 cau hoi tr~c nghi~m khach quan duqc chia thanh 3lop trong do chu yeu
la lop 12 voi 2 cau hoi. Ngoai ra, chuang tdnh lop 11 col cau hoi va lop 10 col cau hoi. vi
kien thuc cac nam khong giong nhau va rat da dc;mg; gan nhu la phu het chuang trinh pho thong
do do h<;>c sinh khong theh<;>c tU m()t chuang nao ca. N()i dung lop 12 co the rai vao cac chuang:
este-lipit, cacbohidrat, amin- amino axit- protein, polime- v~t li~u polime, cuang kim lot;1i,
kim lo9.i ki'em - kim lo9.i kiem tho - nhom, s~t - crom. Cau hoi lop 11 co the vao cac n()i dung nhu:
sv di~n li, nita-photpho, cacbon, dt;1i cuang hfru ca, hidrocacbon, ancol -phenol. Chuang trlnh
lop 10 co the h~p han m()t chut voi cac kien th{rc ve: nguyen tu, bang hoan cac nguyen to
hoa hQC hay toe dQ phan ung - can hoa hQC.
+ V oi d9.ng bid d<;>c hieu, h<;>c sinh se duqc cung thong tin thu()c nhi'eu khia c9.nh, da
phong phu, co the' n~m ngoai sach giao khoa nhu cac phan hoa h<;>c moi lt;l, cac buoc
hanh thi dvng trong tht,rc theo do la each hoi khac nhau. do
cau hQC sinh khong chi V~n dvng kha nang dQC hie'u CUa ban than rna con ket
thuc hoa h<;>c THPT m()t each nhuan nhuy~n giai quyet va tra lai
do co tin dua nen sinh din co
va nhomkhoa cac diu hoi.
+ Ph;;1m vi kien thuc 4 cau hoi tr~c nghi~m khach quan chu yeu thuoc chuang trinh V~t li 12 t~p
trung vao hai 2 chuang Dao dong co va dong di~n xoay chieu. Tuy nhien phan kien thuc V~t 1i
12 v6i cac chuyen de Co hQc/ Di~n hQc/ Quang hQc va V~t li h;;1t nhan rat phong phu nen noi dung
cac nam c6 the' khong giong nhau rna tnli deu qua cac chuyen de.
+ Di;lflg bai dQC hieu/ can hQc sinh chu dong trong vi~c khai thac thong tin ill bai dQC. Noi dung
cua bai dQc thuong la nhfrng kien thuc n~m ngoai sach giao khoa nhung vfu1 thuoc cac chu de
CUa V~t li hQC. Thong tin trong bai dQC CO the' la nhfrng thi nghi~m/ mot dOi;lfl thong tin CO chua
noi dung kien thuc lien quan den v~t lt nhfrng ung dvng cua v~t li vao doi song va ki thu~t. De'
lam tot bai dQC hieu m6i hQC sinh can n~m vfrng kien thuc V~t li va V~n d1,1ng linh h0;;1t cac kien
thuc de gicii quyet dUQ'C van de bai toan d~t ra va Iva chQn dap an tni loi chinh xac.

+ Ph;;1m vi kien thuc 4 cau hoi tr~c nghi~m khach quan t~p trung chu yeu vao 16p 12 va hQc ki I
rua lop 11. Tuy nhien/ ph;;1m vi noi dung cau hoi cac nam khong giong nhau (c6 nam chi hoi kien
thuc 16p 12). De danh gia dUQ'C nang lvc nguoi hQC/ noi dung cac cau hoi thuang khong c6 trong
SGK. Tuy nhien can n~m ch~c kien thuc da hQC m6i c6 the ap dvng tn\loi cau hoi bai dQC hieu.
+ Cac em nen tim hie'u them kien thuc moi trong phan: sinh hQC tebao/ sinh hQC co the, di truyen
hQC, tien h6a va sinh thai hQC.

+ Ph;;1m vi kien thuc 4 cau hoi tr~c nghi~m khach quan kha rong, kien thuc phu rong ill 16p 11
den gifra hQc k1 II. L6p 11 chu yeu roi vao phan "Dia H cac quoc gia va vilng lanh tho" thuang I

hoi ve cay/ con v~t ho~c mot so d~c diem n6i b~t rua rung quoc gia nhung cling timg thuoc vao
rung nam/dQ't thi rna do phu, ph;;1m vi kien thuc khong giong nhau va da di;lflg each hoi. Lop 12,
chu yeu roi vao hQC k1 I va dau hQC k1 II 0 cac chuang: Dia li tv nhien/ dia li dan cu va mot so bai
dau cua dia li cac nganh kinh te. N6i chung 4 cau hoi tr~c nghi~m khach quan chi 6 muc nh~
biet/ thong hieu nen kha d@ dang de chiem chQn diem tuy~t doi.
+ Cac bai dQc hieu rat da di;lflg/ b1nh thuong khong c6 trong SGK ho~c trich doi;lfl mot phan nho
trong SGK c6 c~p nh~t va b6 sung tu li~u. Cac bai dQc hieu thuong roi vao cac chuang: Dia li tv
nhien, dia li dan cu va dia li cac nganh kinh te. Cac bai dQC luon dUQ'C c~p nh~t moi/ c6 tinh lien
mon. Cac bai dQC danh gia kha nang dQC hieu rua hQc sinh/ kiem tra va danh gia vi~c v~ dvng
mot so kien thuc/ ki nang Dia li dtrQ'C hQc 6 THPT de giai quyet van de d~t ra.

+ Ph;;1m vi kien thuc 4 cau hoi tr~c nghi~m khach quan t~p trung vao 16p 12/ bao gom 2 cau hoi
phan lich su the gioi ill nam 1945 den nam 2000 va 2 cau hoi phan lich Slr Vi~t Nam ill nam 1919
den nam 2000. Noi dung cau hoi la cac kien thuc co ban cua chuang trinh Lich Slr 12. HQC sinh
chi can n~m ch~c kien thuc co ban la c6 the' lam tot 4 cau hoi nay.
+ Bai dQc hieu mon Lich su chu yeu n~m trong SGK 11 va 12, thuang roi vao cac phan Lich su
Vi~t Nam ill nam 1858 den nam 1918 va lich Slr the gioi ill nam 1945 den nam 2000. Cau hoi dQC
hieu phan 16n la cac cau hoi tr~c nghi~m quen thuoc/ de c~p den kien thuc co ban. De lam tot
phan nay/ hQC sinh can trang bi tot kien thuc co ban cua chuang tr1nh k1 II lop 11 va chuang tdnh lap 12.
Cac buoc quan 30-45

sinh xac
danh cho rn(}t rnon, thai gian cho rnon hQC rna rninh
sinh can cv the h6a thanh nhiffig con so ro rang (hc;tn che ghi chung chung nhu khofmg 2
tuan) va co g~ng hoan thanh cong vi~c nay truoc ngay d~t ra ke hoc;tch. rnvc tieu ve so dua
ra khong nen qua xa vai rna c6 the' dl,l'a vao cac lan thi thu tru6c d~t ra rnvc tieu vua sue v6i

ban than va ki VQng cua bi}n than.

De on thi c6 tac dvng va hi~u qua, hQC sinh nen ket hgp gifra on luy~n kien thuc va luy~n
de tong hgp. Ngoai ra, hQc sinh c6 thelinh hoc;tt thay doi trong qua trinh on t~p sao cho kehoc;tch
phu hgp VOi nang ll,l'C va ffil.lC tieu de ra.

V6i khoi lugng kien thuc Ian a tat ca cac rnon trong chuang trinh THPT, each on thi hi~u
qua han ca la tong hqp lc;ti cac kien thuc trQng tarn, danh dau cac dc;tng bai hay g~p; cac dqng bai
ban than con yeu d~c bi~t VOi hQC sinh CO hQC ll,l'C trung binh kha ciing nhu cac dc;tng bai moi lc;t
dung de' phan hoa VOi hQC sinh CO ffil.lC tiern diem cao tU do On luy~n sao cho thuan thvc.
HQC sinh din t~ dvng toi da co h9i de' dc;tt diem so 0 nhiffig cau hoi nh~ biet, thong
hieu, khong de' mat diem nhiffig bai t~p d~, trung binh va co g~ng. Vi bai thi danh gia nang ll,l'C
c6 phan cau hoi dQC hie'u dc;tng bai con tuong doi lc;t v6i nhi'eu hQC sinh nen ban than hQC sinh
can chiu kh6 dQC ki cac n9i dung li thuyet trong sach giao khoa va dQC them cac tai li~u tham
khao de tang kha nang dQC hie'u cua ban than.

Ben cc;tnh vi~c on luy~n kien thuc, cong vi~c luy~n giup cho hQc sinh ren luy~n ky nang
lam bai, cac dc;tng CaU hoi ciing nhu quen VOi ap ll,l'C thai gian nhu khi thi th~t. Vi thekhi tien hanh
luy~n de, hQC sinh can can thai gian giong nhu thi th~t de biet duqc nang Ivc thvc sv cua ban
than a ffiUC nao. Qua m6i Ian lam hQC sinh CO the rut ra dUQ'C phan kien thuc nao con yeu,
pharr bo thai gian lam bai da hqp H hay chua. HQc sinh nen danh dau lc;ti cac n()i dung, dqng
bai t~p minh da lam sai de on luy~n lc;ti d~c bi~t la li thuyet nen ghi chu lc;ti de khong phai sai
Iam_lan nfra. Tu d6, hQc sinh len kehoc;tch di'eu chinh, bo sung kien thuc sao cho hqp H v6i nhiffig
phan con vi~C cac bc;tn hQC sinh lam la chuan bi tam If th~t
chuan bi cho ki thi DGNL hQc Quoc gia Tp.HO Chi Minh s~p t6i.

Cac nam vua qua de thi DGNL - thi kha

bai. Khi cacem
thai
hay gqch chan nhling tu chla khoa" giup Cilc em dQC de hi~u qua han, tnmh nhling cau hoi
II

"b§.y". Co nhi'eu cau hoi, chi can thay doi m()t ill chla khoa" trong de b~ti la cau hoi thay doi
II

hoan toan. Neu dQC de bai m()t each sa sai co these d§.n den nhling nh'am l§.n dang tiec.

Sau khi cac em tra lai xong cau hoi nao thl cac em ghi ngay dap an a dau cau hoi do.
Doi v6i nhling cau cac em chua ch~c ch~ duqc dap an thl tot nhat la g9-ch bo nhfrng dap an sai,
de neu co thm gian kiem tra lqi cac em khong phai tu duy chling ill dau. a nhling cau nay tot
nhat cac etn nen ghi dau hoi angay dau cau de' danh dau. Vi~c viet nhu these giup cac em kiem
soat duqc cau nao da lam duqc, cau nao chua lam duqc. Cau nao ch~c ch~n dung, cau nao can
phai xem lqi neu con thai gian.
Doi voi cac cau hoi hQC li~u, khi chua giai duqc het cac cau hoi ill hQC li~u, em hay gqch chan cac
y chinh CUa bai dQC, ghi lqi cac dfr ki~n da tlm dUQ'C de khi quay }qi lam khong mat thai gian dQC
va lam lqi ill dau.

Khi nh?n de thi xong, cac em khong v()i v~mg rna blnh tinh di'en day du thong tin, hQ ten, so bao
danh, to can th?n, d~c bi~t la ghi va to dung rna de. Sau khi hoan thanh vi~c ghi va to rna de cac
em can b~t tay vao lam bai luon.
Khi lam bai, cac em nen lam bai m()t each ill ton khong hap tap. Neu nhu dQC de va suy nghl den
2 phut rna khong co y hrang tra lai thl tot nhat nen danh dau lqi de lam sau va chuyen tiep cau
tiep theo. Khong nen bo qua nhi'eu thai gian cho 1 cau hoi. Luc d6 c6 the sai sot nhung khi quay
l9-i, blnh finh giai ill dau c6 khi l9-i lam duqc. Dong thai phai th?t can th?n anhling cau hoi d~,
khong phc\i VI nhln thay d~ rna chi luot qua vai giay roi tra lm ngay, v§.n phai dQC cau hoi m()t
each can th?n roi m6i tra lm, tuy~t doi tranh tlnh trqng "kho thl khong tra lm duqc con d~ thl tra
loi sai".

Cac em nen dQC Ian luqt theo thu tv' cac cau hoi, tranh lam thieu cau.
Co the lam bai theo 3 vong:
+ Vong 1: Lam v6i cac cau hoi muc d() nho va muc d() hieu. Day la nhfrng cau hoi chi vua dQc
xong la ta da tlm ra dap an dung ho~c la t?p trung nghi ho~c tinh toan m()t vai phut la ta da tlm
ra dap an dung.
+ Vong 2: Lam v6i cac cau hoi muc d() v?n dvng trung blnh. Day la cac cau hoi chung ta biet each
giai nhung rna tinh toan hoi dai ho~c la cac cau li thuyet tong hqp can thai gian phan tich nhi'eu.
+ Vong 3: Lam cac cau hoi muc d() v?n dvng cao. Neu khong lam duqc, cac em nen g9-ch di nhling
phuang an biet ch~c ch~n la sai sau do ChQn ng§.u nhien m()t trong cac phuong an con lqi. VOi
cau hoi co 4 phuang an h.ra chQn, neu cac em cu de nguyen va chQn ng§.u nhien vao m()t phuong
an thl xac suat dung chi la 25%. Nhung neu ta lo9-i tru di m()t phuong an sai, cac em chQn ng§.u
nhien dap an trong cac phuong an con l9-i, thl xac suat dung se tang len th~mh 33,33%. Neu cac
em co the loqi tnt di duqc 2 phuang an ch~c ch~ khong dung, khi do, xac suat l~m1 dling cua cac
H an. B6i
ngay vao to sam vao cho
chung ta cuoi gia yen tam cau tn-uc
tra bai.
Chuy:
+ Ngay ca cac cau hoi rna em khong biet diu tra lai thi em v&n phai dfen dap an.
cua yeu to may m~n khi di thi.
+ Nh6 chu y thai gian de cuoi gia xem lq.i cac dap an va to day du cac cau hoi.

Thong thuang de' lam bai thi tr~c nghi~m, cac em phai su d\lng 2 lo;;ti but. Lo9-i but thu nhat la
loq_i but viet binh thuang (but illl,l'C, but bi tru cac loq_i illlJ-'C mau do), dung de' ghi ten va SO bao
danh tren phieu tra lai tr~c nghi~m. Loq.i thu hai la loq.i but chi B co chfr ghi 6 dau but. Day la loq.i
but chl chuyen d\lng de to, ve va co ngoi to d~m.

Co cac loq.i but chi B nhu sau: 2B, 3B, 4B, 6B so B cang Ian thi ngoi but chi dmg to, cling nhu d9
d~m cua than chi cang giam. But chi 4B, 6B la loq.i but chi mem va d~m. Vu diem cua loq.i but chi
nay co the giup thi sinh to tron phuang an tra lai nhanh nhat khi lam bai thi tr~c nghi~m. Tuy
nhien do chi qua d~m, khi can thay phuang an tra lai se rat kho Ul'y sq.ch dau tron da to. Va neu
tay khong sq.ch v&n con dau rna, may cham bai thi se bo qua, khong cham nhiing cau co hai dau
to tron. Lai khuyen tu cac chuyen gia khao thi cho r~ng but chl 2B, 3B la nhfrng lo9-i but chi phu
hqp v6i thi sinh khi lam bai thi tr~c nghi~m. Dau but sau khi vot ta nen mai tren giay cho dau chi
tran de' khi di thi ta to nhanh han.
Nen to tron ngay nhiing cau minh lam xong co ket qua, dcinh dau nhfrng cau chua lam tren de
de' tranh thieu sot. Khi to khong nen to SO' sai qua, nhung cling khong nen to qua d~m. Vi to qua
d~m, qua ki se lam cho chung ta mat thai gian, d~c bi~t la khi muon thay doi dap an cua m9t cau
nao do.
Em nen chuan gom (tay) loq.i tot, chuan nhi'eu but chi cung loq.i, da xu li
nhanh trong cac tlnh huang.

tot trong bai thi, cac enl thucvfrng

bi cho minh m9t tinh than va sue khoe bo suy
qua thi thu minh da minh chua
han. St;t' tam SUC bai thi DGNL -
Cac em khong nen den truemg thi qua mu<)n d~ gay tam li hoang mang, lo likg mat t~p trung.

vai 50 ca.u hoi, phan giai quyet van de se chiem khoang 60 den 65 phut lam bai thi. HQC
sinh can phan bo thai gian hi~U qua doi VOi m6i mon, U'U tien lam cac CaU hoi d~ trU'OC, cac cau
hoi kho lam sau.
Phan giai quyet van de duqc chia thanh 2 n<)i dung la tr~c nghi~m khach quan (20 cau)
va cac bai dQC hie'u (30 cau). H<;>c sinh nen danh 25 phut cho 20 cau tr~c nghi~m kh~:kh quan va 35
- 40 phut cho cac bai d<;>c hieu. Cau hoi tr~c nghi~m khach quan thuemg la cac ca.u h<;>c sinh da
quen thu<)c nen can co g~ng lam phan tr~c nghi~m nhanh nhat co the'. Da so cac bai d<;>c hieu co
n<)i dung dai, h<;>c sinh nen d<;>c th~t nhanh phan thong tin trong khoang 1 - 1,5 phut, gqch chan y
chinh de co thai gian lam cac cau hoi ben duai. Trang truemg hqp h<;>c sinh khong tim thay thong
tin de tra lai cau hoi co the' danh dau l<;ii de tra lai sau va chuye'n qua n<)i dung tiep theo.
Cac cau hoi trong de thi khong s~p xep theo thu tv ill d~ den kho rna dan xen nhau, neu
g~p m<)t cau qua kho, h<;>c sinh nen bo qua de lam cau tiep theo, sau do quay lq_i lam cau hoi do
neu con thai gian. Co the' U'U tien lam nhiing mon rna hQC sinh h<;>c tot hon truac, sau do lam cac
mon con l9-i. Sau khi da hoan thanh phan giai quyet van de, neu con thai gian, h<;>c sinh nen soclt
l<;ii bai thi clia minh de xem lq_i phan dap an da ch<;>n va tranh bo sot cau hoi.
Diem bai thi DGNL clia D9-i h<;>c Quoc gia TPHCM duqc tinh dva tren tong so cau
tra lai dung, neu tra lai sai se khong bi tri:r die'm, nen h<;>c sinh hay co g~ng tra lai dli tat ca cac
cau hoi trong khoang thai gian cho phep.
Giai quyet van de la m<)t trong nhung phan quan tr<;>ng trong bai thi DGNL clia Dq_i h<;>c
Quoc gia TPHCM. Vi v~y, de lam tot phan nay, truac het, h<;>c sinh can n~m viing kien thuc ca
ban clia chuang trinh pho thong va ki nang lam bai vai ti:rng b<) mon Hoa h<;>c, V~t It Sinh h<;>c,
Dia li va Lich su. Ben Cqnh do, vi~c luy~n de de cling co kien thuc, tiep xuc va ren luy~n nhiing
dqng cau hoi mm cling rat quan tr<;>ng. H<;>c sinh nen ket hqp song song giua h<;>c kien thuc va
luy~n de de' vi:ra cling co kien thuc da h<;>c, vi:ra kip thai phat hi~n ra nhung kien thuc minh chua
n~m ch~c de on luy~n them.

Cuoi cung, thay co chile cac bqn hQC sinh on t~p th~t tot, th~t viing tin va d<;it ket qua cao
trong ki thi DGNL clia Dq_i h<;>c Quoc gia TPHCM s~p tai.
 vinyl axetat

etyl propionat

- Este chung: CnHZn+Z-za-zk 0 2 a (n;;::: 2) (trong d6 a Ht so nh6m chuc -COO-; k la so lien ket pi

thu<)c goc hidrocacbon) -tEste no, dan chuc, m9-ch ha (a=1;k=O) c6 cong thuc CnHzn 0 2•

- Cac este la chat long hoi,ic chat rcfu a di'eu ki~n thuong, hau nhu khong tan trong nu6c.
- Giua cac phan ru este khong c6 lien ket hidro ___, este c6 nhi~t d9 soi thap han so v6i axit va
ancol cling so nguyen tU C. Cac este thuang c6 mui thorn di,ic trung.

RCOOR' +H 20 >RCOOH + R'OH

Di,ic diem: phan ung xay ra hai chfeu. Phan ung can c6 nhi~t dt).

+) Truang hop 1: Neu RCOO-cno ___, R'OH la ancol

2504
Vi dv: CH 3 COOC 2 H 5 +H 20 to,H >CH 3COOH+C2 H 50H

Bu6c 1: Cho vao ong nghi~m 2ml etyl axetat; 1ml H 2 SO 4 20%. L~c deu ong nghi~m
___, T9-i bu6c 1 phan ilng chua xay ra do chua c6 nhi~t dt).
Chat long trong ong nghi~m tach thanh 2 16p do este it tan trong nu6c.
Bu6c 2: L~p ong sinh han, dun soi nh~ (c6 the dun each thuy) trong vong 5 phut. ___, Sau bu6c 2
xay ra phan ung thuy phan. Sau phan ilng, chat long trong ong nghi~m v~n tach thanh 2 16p do
phan ung la thuan nghich con c6 este du it tan trong nu6c.
+) Truang hop 2: RCOOCH = C- _,san pham la andehit:
I
R" CHO
0
t H 2SO4
' >CH 3 COOH+CH 3 CHO
-Vi
Bu6c 1: Cho vao ong nghi~m 2ml etyl axetat, 1ml NaOH 30%. bu6c 1
do chua co nhi~t long hkh thanh 2 do este it tan nu6c.
Bu6c 2: ong sinh han, dun soi nh~ (co the dun each thuy) trong vong 5
~ Sau bu6c 2 xay ra phan t1ng thuy phan. Sau phan ung, chat long trong ong nghi~m tr6 thanh
dong nhat do muoi va ancol sinh ra tan trong nu6c.
Este cua phenol: RCOOR'+2NaOH~RCOONa+R'ONa+
(trong do: R' chua vong benzen va lien ket tn;rc tiep v6i 0 cua nhom -Coo-)

- Phan t1ng chay cua este no, don chile m9-ch h6: CnHzn 0 2

Phuong phap: dun soi h6n hqp gom ancol va axit cacboxylic v6i H 2 SO 4 d~k vir a lam xuc tac
vua co tac dt,!ng hut nu6c- lam tang hi~t suat phan t1ng

- Char beo la trieste cita glixerol v&i axit beo, g<;>i chung la triglixerit hay lit triaxylglixerol.
R1 COO-)H 2
- Cong thuc tong quat: R 2 -COO-~H trong do, R 1,R 2 ,R 3 la goc hidrocacbon.
R 3 -COO-CH 2

-anhi~t d9 thuang, chat beo 6 tr?ng thai long ho~c r~n.

+ I<hi trong phan ru co goc hidrocacbon khong no ~ chat beo 6 tr?ng thai long.
+ I<hi trong phan tu co goc hidrocacbon no ~ chat beo 6 tr?ng thai r~.

(C17H3sC00)3 C3Hs + +C 3 H 5 (0H) 3

tristearin axit stearic glixerol

I<hi thuy phan chat beo trong moi truang ki'em luon thu duqc glixerol.

+
tristearin
Buac 1: Cho 1luqng tristearin vao bat su dvng N aOH.
Buac 2: Dun soi nh~ trong 30 phut, khuay deu. De ngu<)i thu duqc chat long dong nhat.
Buac 3: Them NaCl bao hoa vao h6n hqp, khuay nh~. Sau 1 thai gian thay co lap chat r~n mau
tr~g noi len la xa phong (muoi natri cua axit beo).

long r~
Co the dung phan ling hidro hoa de chuyen chat beo long (dau) thanh mo r~n ho~c
ba nhan t;;to.

Cacbohidrat la nhfrng h9P chat hfeu ca tt;tp chuc va thuong co cong thifc chung la Cn (H 2 O)rn
Phan lo;;ti:
- Monosaccarit la nhom cacbohidrat dan gian nhat, khong the thuy phan aU{J'C.
- Disaccarit la nhom cacbohidrat rna khi thuy phan m6i phan tit sinh ra hai phan tit monosaccarit.
- Polisaccarit la nhom cacbohidrat phuc t;;tp, khi thuy phan den citng m6i phan tit sinh ra nhteu phan
tit monosaccarit.

tinh the', khong mau, tan trong nuac, - La chat ket tinh, khong mau, co vi
co vi ngQt nhung khong ngQt b~ng duong mia. ngQt han du&ng mia.
- Co nhieu trong qua nho chin nen gQi la du&ng nho. - Trong m~t ong co chua 40%
- Co trong hau het b<) phan cua cay. fructoza.
+ Trong m~t ong co chua 30% glucoza.
+ Trong mau nguoi co luqng nho glucoza vai nang
do
CH 2 0H[CHOH]3 CO-CH 2 0H

dich xanh lam

- Oxi hoa glucoza bfug AgN0 3 I NH 3 (phan ieng trang bqc):

 ~ sobitol

Buoc 2: Them tiep 1 ml dung dich glucoza 1% chay

theo thEmh ong nghi~m. Dun each thuy (c6 the dun
n6ng) ong nghi~m trong VEd phut.
~ T9-i bu6c 2 thEmh ong nghi~m tra nen sang bong
nhu guang.
- Tac dv.ng v6i dung dich Br2 tqo thanh axit gluconic.
- Khu glucoza b~ng hidro:
HOCH 2 [CHOH] 4 CHO+H 2 _....:.____~

HOCHz[CHOH] 4 CH 2 0H
sobitol

- Saccaroza (C12 H 22 0 11 ) la chat r~ ket tinh, khong mEm, khong mui, c6 vi ngQt.
- C6 nhi'eu trong cay mia, eli cai va hoa that not.

Saccaroza la m9t disaccarit duqc cau tqo ru m{)t goc glucoza va mi)t goc fructoza lien ket v6i
nhau qua nguyen tu oxi. Trong phan tu saccaroza, khong con nh6m andehit.

Cu(OH) 2 2C12 H 22 0 11 +Cu(OH) 2 --1> (C12 H 21 0 )

11 2
Cu + 2H 2 0
Hi~n tw;:mg: tua tan cho dung dich xanh lam.

+
saccarozd glucozd fructozo

tan trong nu6c va

- T~o th~mh trong cay xanh nha qua trinh - L1 thanh phan chinh t~o nen mang te bao thvc
quang hqp: v~t, b(> khung cua cay coi.

xich a - glucoza lien ket
voi nhau t~o thanh hai d~g:
Amilozo va Amilopectin
- Cong thuc phan tl:r: (C 6 H 10 0 5 )n
~ Gom nhi'eu goc f3 -glucoza lien ket voi nhau
thanh m?ch keo dai.
- Chi co cau t~o m~ch khong phan nhanh.
- Cong thuc phan tl:r: (C 6 H 10 0 5 )n hay
[C6fi702(0H)3]n
cuanhau

Phan ilng dung de' dfeu che glucoza [C6H702 (OH)3]n + 3nHN()3 H2S04,to )

[C6H7()2(~()3)3]n +3nH2()
- Do cau t~o m~ch a d~ng xofu co 16 r6ng,
Xenluloza trinitrat duqc dilng lam thuoc sung
tinh b(>t hap phl,l iot cho mau xanh tim.
khong khoi.

- Khi thay the nguyen tU H trong phan tU NH3 b~ng goc hidrocacbon ta thu duqc amin.

- Phan lo~i theo b~c cua amin: Duqc tinh bfug so goc hidrocacbon lien ket vm nguyen tU nita.

- Metylamin, dimetylamin, trimetylamin va etylamin la chat khi, mui khai, tan nhieu trong nuoc.
- Cac amin phan tU khoi cao han athe' long ho~c r~n.
- Anilin la chat long a di'eu ki~n thuang, de Hiu trong khong khi chuyen thanh mau den.
- Cac amin deu d(>c.
 v6i axit:
+ 2, 4, 6 - tribromanilin
Dung dtch anilin kh6ng doi mau chat chi thj. Xuat hi~n ket tlia trfug ~ phan
Bu6c 1: Nho vai giQt anilin vao ong nghi~m chua 5 ml ilng dung de nh~n biet anilin.
nu6c cat, l~c deu, sau d6 de yen
-t Ban da.u khi anilin khong tan, l~g xuong day ong
nghi~m.
Bu6c 2: Nho tiep dung djch HCI (d~c) du vao ong ...., . . u-,.H.lo!
-t Khi them HCI, anilin tan thu duqc dung dtch dong
nhat
Bu6c 3: Cho tiep dung dich NaOH (loang) den du,
dong thai dun n6ng.
-t Dung dtch 19-i xuat hi~n van dl,lC, l~g xuong day
ongnghi~m.
C6 the dung HCl de' rua lQ d\ffig anilin.

Amino axit la loi?-i hqp chat hiiu ca t9-p chuc, phan til chua dong thai nh6m
amino (NH 2 ) va nh6m cacboxylic (COOH).
Do cac amino axit la nhiffig hqp chat c6 ion qrc:
+
-R-COOH N- R- coo- -t 6 di'eu ki~n thuang chung la chat r~ ket tinh, tuang
doi d~ tan trong nu6c va c6 nhi~t d(> n6ng chay cao.

HOOC-CH2 NH2 +HCl ~HOOC-CH 2 NH 3 Cl

NaOH ~ H 2 N -CH 2 C00Na

amino axit c6 cong thuc chung: (H 2 N)xR(COOH)Y

x<
Axit

Tuynhien: +
san
 nH2 N -[CH 2 ] 5 -COOH~ fNH-[CH 2 ] 5 -COtn +nH2 0
axit s a min ocaproic policaproamit

- Peptit la loqi hqp chat chua ill 2 den 50 goc a- Protein la nhling polipeptit cao phan
amino axit lien ket vai nhau b~g cac lien ket tlr c6 pha.n tlr khoi tu vai chvc nghln
peptit. den vai tri~u.
- Lien ket peptit la lien ket -CO-NH- giua hai
don vi a -amino axit.
- Nh6m -CO-NH- giua 2 don vt a -amino axit
duqc gQi la nh6m peptit.
Amino axit dau N con nh6m NH 2 , amino axit
dau C con nh6m COOH.

- Peptit c6 the bi thuy pha.n hoan toan thanh cac

a -amino axit trong moi tru<mg axit ho~c bazo.
- Ngoai ra, peptit c6 thebt thuy phan khong hoan
toan thanh cac peptit ng~n han.
- Protein bi thuy phan nho xuc tac axit,
- Peptit c6 ill 2 lien ket peptit trolen (tru dipeptit) bazo ho~c enzim thanh chu6i peptit va
phan ung vai Cu(OH) 2 cho hqp chat mau tim. cuoi cling la cac a -amino axit
- Phan irng mim biure: v6i Cu(OH) 2

- Po lime la nhfrng hqp chat c6 phan tlr khoi rat 16n do nhi'eu don vi nh6 (gQi la m~t xich) lien
ket vai nhau.
- Cac phan tlr tqo nen t-Lrng m~t xich cua polime duqc gQi la monome.

- Do con nguoi tong hqp nen. - Lay polime thien nhien va

dieu che thanh polime mai.
''''''""'"'~--"-"------------"~--- ------------ --------"--'--- - ~--- '--~---
b,
c, Mq.ch mq.ng khong gian. VD: cao su luu h6a, nhva bakelit, ...

- Trung hqp la qua trinh ket hqp nhi'eu phan tU nho (monome) giong nhau hay tuang tv nhau
thanh phan tU l6n (polime).
- Di'eu ki~n can: Inonome tham gia trung hqp phai c6 lien ket b9i ho?c vong kern ben.

- Trung ngung la qua trinh ket hqp nhi'eu phan tU nho (monome) thanh phan tu 16n (polime)
dong thai giai ph6ng nhfrng phan tU nho khac.
- Di'eu ki~n din: monome tham gia phan ilng trung ngung phai c6 it nhat hai nh6m chile c6 kha
nang phan tmg.

Poli Trung
CH 2 =CHCl
(vinyl clorua) hqp
(PVC) (vinyl clorua)
(each di~n tot, ben vai axit, dung lam
v~t li~u each di~n, nuac)
CH3 CH 2 = C( CH 3 ) - COOCH 3 Trung
(metyl I hqp
-Cfn (metyl metacrylat)
metacrylat) I

(Trong suot, c6 kha nang cho anh

sang truyen qua che tq.o thuy tinh
hfru co)

La polime cua isopren

=CH-CH 2 -j-n
Cao su luu Cao su luu h6a c6 tinh dan hoi, chiu Cac cau noi -S-S- t'}o
h6a nhi~tlau mon, kh6 tan trong cac thanh cau true m'}ng

Cao su buna Trung

hqp

Phan lo'}i ta:

- Ta thien nhien: bong, len, ta t~m
- Ta h6a hQc: gom hai nh6m
+) Ta ban tong hqp hay nhan t'}o: ta visco, ta xenluloza axetat
Ta the (nitron), ..
~---··--··-~~-·-·~~~~~~~-·~~~--·-~---·~----~--~~·---,-~-----~----1

Ta nilon 6 Trung
H 2 N- [CH 2 ] 5 - COOH
(poliamit) fHN -[CH 2 ] 5 -COtn ngung
axit-e-amino caproic
Ta nilon- 6,6 Trling
NH 2 [CH 2 ] 6 NH 2
(poliamit) fHN -[CH 2 ] 6 -NHCO-[CH 2 ] 4 COtn ngung
(hexametylendiamin)
Kern ben vm nhi~t, axi t, ki'em.
HOOC[CH 2 ] 4 COOH

Ta nitron fCH 2 -CHtn Trling

CH 2 =CH-CN
(olon) I hqp
CN (acrilonitrin)
(tovinylic)
(Poliacrilonitrin)
ThuOn.g duqc dung de may quan ao
am, b~n thrum sqi dan ao ret.
Ta lapsan HOOC-C 6 H 4 -COOH Trung
fCO- C 6H 4 -CO- OC 2 H 4 - Ot n ngung
(axit terephtalic)
Poli (etylen terephtalat)
HO-CH 2 -CH 2 -OH
+
+
+
+ het c<k kim lo9-i
Nguyen nhan do cac electron h,r do gay ra.

D~c trung cua kim loc;ti la tinh khu: M ~ Mn+ + ne

Hau het cac kim lo<;li khu dUQ'C phi kim thanh ion am.

2Fe+3Cl 2

Hau het cac kim lo<;li (tru Pt, Au) deu khu dtrQ'C
HN0 3 va H 2 S0 4 d~c len so oxi h6a cao nha't.
Cu+2H 2 S04 ~CuS0 4 +S0 2 +2H 2 0
Fe+ 6HN03 ~ Fe(N03 ) 3 + 3N02 + 3H2 0
* Al, Fe, Cr khong tac dvng v6i H 2 S0 4 d~c ngu9i va

- Nhfrng kim loc;ti co tinh khu mc;tnh nhu N a, K, Ca,Ba ... khu H 20 d~ dang 6 nhi~t d9 thuong.

- Kim lo~ti ho<;lt d<)ng m?nh han c6 the day dtrQ'C ion kim lo?i yeu han ra kh6i dung dich muoi.
Fe+CuS0 4 ~FeS0 4 +Cu
-Kim lo<;li c6 tinh khu m9-nh (Na, K, Ca, Ba) t<k dvng voi nu6c 6 di'eu ki~n thuang, nen khong
day kim lo?i yeu han ra kh6i dung dich muoi.
Vi dv; Cho mau Na vao dung dich CuS04
PTHH: 2Na+2H 2 0~2NaOH ; 2Na0H+ ~Cu(OH) 2 +

+ne Vi dv.: c~p oxi h6a khu /Fe

oxih6a khu
Fe
oxi h6a khu