METABOLISMUL GLUCIDIC

CH2-OH O OH HO OH OH -D-glucoza HO-H2C O HO OH

HO-H2C O OH OH 2-deoxi riboza
CH2-OH
O

CH2-OH

OH HO OH NH2 glucozamina

OH -D-fructoza

CHO H-C-OH HO-C-H H-C-OH H-C-OH CH2-OH glucoza

CHO HO-C-H HO-C-H H-C-OH H-C-OH CH2-OH manoza

CHO H-C-OH HO-C-H HO-C-H H-C-OH CH2-OH galactoza

HO OH OH zaharoza CH2-OH O

O O OH HO-H2C

CH2-OH

OH

GLICOLIZA
C6H12O6 + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + P
CH2-OH O 1 HO OH OH OH glucoza hexokinaza (-) HO OH OH

2 CH3-CO-COOH + 2 (NADH+H+) + 2ATP + 2 H2O

CH2-OPO3H2 O

ATP

ADP

OH glucozo-6-fosfat

CH2-OPO3H2 O 2 HO OH OH

H2O3PO-H2C glucozo-6-P-izomeraza

O HO

OH CH2-OH

OH glucozo-6-fosfat

OH fructozo-6-fosfat

H2O3PO-H2C 3

O HO

OH CH2-OH

H2O3PO-H2C fosfofructokinaza 1 ATP (+) ADP

O HO OH

OH CH2-OPO3H2

OH fructozo-6-fosfat AMP, ADP, P fru-6-P

fructozo-1,6-difosfat

H2O3PO-H2C 4

O HO OH

OH

CHO fructozodifosfat aldolaza CH-OH + CH2-OPO3H2 gliceraldehid-3-fosfat

CH2-OH C=O CH2-OPO3H2 dihidroxiaceton fosfat

CH2-OPO3H2

fructozo-1,6-difosfat

CH2-OH C=O

CHO triozfosfat izomeraza CH-OH

CH2-OPO3H2 dihidroxiaceton fosfat

CHO 6 2 CH-OH 2 NAD+

CH2-OPO3H2 gliceraldehid-3-fosfat
O ~OPO3H2 C 2 CH-OH CH2-OPO3H2 1,3-difosfo-glicerat iodoacetat, compusi tiolici

2 (NADH + H+)

P CH2-OPO3H2 gliceraldehid-3-fosfat

gliceraldehid-3-fosfat dehidrogenaza (-)

O C ~OPO3H2 2 CH-OH

2 ADP

2 ATP COOH 2 CH-OH CH2-OPO3H2 3-fosfoglicerat

fosfoglicerat kinaza

CH2-OPO3H2 1,3-difosfo-glicerat

O C ~OPO H 3 2 CH-OH CH2-OPO3H2 1,3-difosfo-glicerat

COOH 8 2 CH-OH CH2-OPO3H2 3-fosfoglicerat

COOH CH-OPO3H2 CH2-OPO3H2 2,3-difosfo-glicerat

COOH CH-OH CH2-OPO3H2 3-fosfoglicerat

COOH

fosfoglicerat mutaza 2

CH-OPO3H2 CH2-OH 2-fosfoglicerat

COOH 9 2 CH-OPO3H2 CH2-OH 2-fosfoglicerat

enolaza (-)

COOH 2 C-OPO H 3 2 + 2 H2 O

fluoruri

CH2 fosfoenol piruvat

COOH 10 2 C-OPO3H2

2 ADP

2 ATP

COOH 2 C=O CH3

piruvat kinaza CH2 (-) (+) fosfoenol piruvat

ATP, Ala, acetil-CoA

fructozo-1,6-difosfat

+ COOH NADH+H C=O

NAD+ COOH CH-OH

lactat dehidrogenaza CH3 piruvat

CH3 lactat

BILANUL ENERGETIC AL DEGRADRII GLUCOZEI Glicoliza anaerob Reacia Consum ATP Sintez ATP glu glu-6-P - 1 mol fru-6-P fru-1,6-P2 - 1 mol 1,3-P2-glicerat 3-P-glicerat + 2 moli P-enolpiruvat piruvat + 2 moli TOTAL -2 moli + 4 moli 2 moli ATP/ mol glu Glicoliza aerob Reacia glu glu-6-P fru-6-P fru-1,6-P2 1,3-P2-glicerat 3-P-glicerat P-enolpiruvat piruvat gliceraldehid-3-P 1,3-P2-glicerat CATC piruvat acetil CoA iso-citrat -ceto-glutarat -ceto-glutarat succinil CoA succinil CoA succinat succinat fumarat L-malat oxal-acetat TOTAL

Sintez FADH2

Sintez NADH

Consum ATP - 1 mol - 1 mol ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... - 2 moli

Sintez ATP

+ 2 moli + 2 moli + 2 moli + 2 moli + 2 moli ........... + 2 moli

+ 2 moli + 2 moli + 6 (4) moli + 6 moli + 6 moli + 6 moli + 2 moli + 4 moli + 6 moli + 40 moli

+ 38 (36) moli

CALEA HEXOZO-FOSFAILOR 1. Etapa oxidativ

HO-CH H-C-OH HO-C-H H-C-OH H-C CH2-OPO3H2 glucozo-6-fosfat O glucozo-6-fosfat dehidrogenaza (-) NADPH H-C-OH H-C CH2-OPO3H2 6-P-gluconolactona NADP+ NADPH + H+ O=C H-C-OH HO-C-H O -lactonaza H2O COOH H-C-OH HO-C-H H-C-OH H-C-OH CH2-OPO3H2 acid 6-P-gluconic CH2-OH C=O HO-C-H H-C-OH ribulozo-5-P izomeraza NADP+ COOH + NADPH + H H-C-OH C=O 6-fosfat-gluconat dehidrogenaza H-C-OH CH2-OH C=O H-C-OH CH2-OPO3H2 xilulozo-5-P

ribulozo-5-PCO2 H-C-OH cetoizomeraza CH2-OPO3H2 H-C-OH CHO CH2-OPO3H2 ribulozo-5-P H-C-OH H-C-OH H-C-OH CH2-OPO3H2 ribozo-5-P

3-ceto-P-gluconat

2. Etapa neoxidativ
CH2-OH C=O HO-C-H H-C-OH CH2-OPO3H2 xilulozo-5-P + CHO H-C-OH H-C-OH H-C-OH CH2-OPO3H2 ribozo-5-P transcetolaza CH2-OH C=O HO-C-H + H-C-OH H-C-OH HO-C-H CH2-OPO3H2 sedoheptulozo-7-fosfat CH2-OPO3H2 gliceraldehid-3-fosfat CHO H-C-OH

transaldolaza

CH2-OH C=O HO-C-H H-C-OH H-C-OH CH2-OPO3H2 fructozo-6-fosfat +

CHO H-C-OH H-C-OH CH2-OPO3H2 eritrozo-4-fosfat

CHO H-C-OH H-C-OH CH2-OPO3H2 eritrozo-4-fosfat +

CH2-OH C=O HO-C-H H-C-OH

CH2-OH C=O transcetolaza HO-C-H H-C-OH H-C-OH CH2-OPO3H2 fructozo-6-fosfat +

CHO H-C-OH CH2-OPO3H2 gliceraldehid-3-fosfat

CH2-OPO3H2 xilulozo-5-P

gliceraldehid-3-fosfat

dihidroxi-acetonfosfat fructozo-1,6-difosfat

gliceraldehid-3-fosfat + dihidroxi-acetonfosfat fructozo-1,6-difosfat fructozo-6-fosfat

fructozo-6-fosfat + P glucozo-6-fosfat

6 glucozo-6-fosfat + 12 NADP+ + 6 H2O 4 fructozo-6-fosfat + 2 gliceraldehid-3-fosfat + 6 CO2 + 12 (NADPH+ + H+)

CALEA ACIDULUI GLUCURONIC

ATP glucoza hexokinaza UTP PP UDP-glucoza UDP-glucozodehidrogenaza ADP fosfoglucomutaza glucozo-1-P glucozo-6-P

CHO H-C-OH HO-C-H

2NAD+ 2(NADH+H+) acid UDP-glucuronic

H-C-OH H-C-OH COOH acid glucuronic

UDP-glucozopirofosforilaza

GLUCONEOGENEZA 1. Sinteza glucozei din lactat i piruvat

NAD+ lactat lactat-DH-aza NADH+H+ piruvat

2 CH3-CO-COOH + 6 ATP + 2(NADH+H+) + 2H2O

C6H12O6 + 6 ADP + 2NAD+ + 6P

Ciclul Cori
muschi glicogen glucoza glicoliza piruvat lactat lactat glucoza glucoza gluconeogeneza piruvat lactat sange ficat

COOH C=O + CO2 + H2O + ATP CH3 acid piruvic piruvat carboxilaza

COOH C=O + ADP + P CH2 COOH acid oxalacetic

COOH C=O + GTP fosfoenol piruvat carboxikinaza COOH C-OPO3H2 + GDP + CO2 CH2 fosfoenol piruvat
piruvat carboxilaza (+) fosfoenol piruvat carboxikinaza (+) fosfoenol piruvat kinaza piruvat piruvat (-)

CH2 COOH acid oxalacetic

piruvat

OA

acetil CoA, ATP

ATP

2-P-glicerat

AG, Ala, acetil CoA, ATP

3-P-glicerat glucoza (+) glu-6-fosfataza glu-6-P hexozizomeraza fru-6-P fru-1,6-bifosfataza (+) (-) fru-1,6-P2 DHAP hipoglicemie GA3P 1,3-P2-glicerat

ATP

AMP, P, fru-2,6-P2

2. Sinteza glucozei din aminoacizi TGO alanina + acid -ceto-glutaric

acid piruvic + acid glutamic

acid piruvic ..... acid oxalacetic ......fosfoenol piruvat .....fructozo-1,6-difosfat ......glucozo-6-fosfat ........ glucoza
glicina, cisteina, serina, triptofan acid piruvic acid aspartic

acid oxalacetic ciclul acizilor tricarboxilici arginina, glutamina, histidina, prolina acid -ceto-glutaric ciclul acizilor tricarboxilici succinil-CoA izoleucina, valina, metionina, treonina

3. Sinteza glucozei din lipide

CH2-OH CH-OH CH2-OH glicerol ATP

+ ADP CH -OH NAD+ NADH+H CH2-OH 2 C=O CH-OH glicerol kinaza glicerol-3-fosfat CH2-OPO3H2 CH2-OPO3H2 dehidrogenaza dihidroxiaceton fosfat glicerol-3-fosfat

METABOLISMUL GLICOGENULUI Reglarea glicogenogenezei

glucagon, ADR ATP (+)

insulina (-) ADP

glicogensintaz-kinaza glicogen sintaza (a) glicogensintaz-fosfataza (+) P hiperglicemie

Reglarea glicogenolizei

glicogen sintaza fosforilata (b)

H2O

ATP

glucagon, ADR (+) glicogenfosforilaz-kinaza ADP

glicogen fosforilaza (b) glicogenfosforilaz-fosfataza (+) P hiperglicemie

glicogen fosforilaza fosforilata (a)

H2O

METABOLISMUL FRUCTOZEI
CH2-OH C=O HO-C-H H-C-OH H-C-OH CH2-OH fructoza CH2-OH fructozo-1-P ATP ADP CH2-OPO3H2 C=O HO-C-H H-C-OH fructokinaza H-C-OH aldolaza B CHO CH2-OPO3H2 C=O + CH-OH CH2-OH DHAP CH2-OH gliceraldehida

ATP CHO CH-OH CH2-OH NADH+H+

ADP

CHO CH-OH piruvat acetil CoA glucoza ATP AG

triozkinaza

CH2-OPO3H2 GA-3P NAD+ CH2-OH CH-OH TG

alcool-DH-aza CH2-OH

PROTEOGLICANI
COOO

CH2-OH
O

acid hialuronic

OH OH acid glucuronic

O HO

NH-CO-CH3 N-acetil-glucozamina

COOO condroitin sulfat O OH OH acid glucuronic

Heparina COOO O OH OH acid glucuronic O HO NH-R N-acetil-glucozamina CH2-OH O O O

HO O

CH2-OSO3O O

NH-CO-CH3 N-acetil-galactozamin-6-sulfat

O COOOH OH acid iduronic

CH2-OH O O HO NH-R N-acetil-glucozamina O