Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
1870 / 1930
2eme RÉVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE
Philippe Casens
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE
1870 - 1960
DEUXIEME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE
LES QUATRES REVOLUTIONS INDUSTRIELLES
mécanisation industrielle, production de masse, automation, électronique intelligence artificielle, big data,
rails et machine vapeur électricité, début du travail et ordinateurs robotique et plus encore à venir
à la chaine
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE
1870 - 1930
DEUXIEME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE
LES QUATRES REVOLUTIONS INDUSTRIELLES
PREMIER VOLET
mécanisation industrielle, production de masse, automation, électronique intelligence artificielle, big data,
rails et machine vapeur électricité, début du travail et ordinateurs robotique et plus encore à venir
à la chaine
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE
Allemagne ,
WHERE ? pays Autriche / Allemagne / UK /USA France, Belgique, Suisse France USA
Espagne Russie,
Netherlands
WHO ? théoricien William Morris Adolf Loos Frank Lloyd Wright
Walter Gropius Le Corbusier
Wiener Werkstätte
mouvement esthétique Wiener Secession, Deutsche Werkbund Dada, De Stijl Surréalisme Streamline
Art&Crafts Art nouveau Constructivisme Esprit nouveau
Impressionisme Cubisme, Futurisme Suprematisme
artiste Gustav Klimt Picasso, Matisse Marcel Duchamp Paul Klee Edward Hopper
Claude Monet
Joseph Hoffman
Antonio Gaudi Bauhaus School
designer Christopher Dresser Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Wright
Charles Rennie Alexander Rodcenko,
Eileen Gray
Gerrit Rietveldt
Mackintosh (
WHAT ? invention majeure Télégraphe, Photographie, Typewriter Electricity, Cinema Radio Cinema Telephone
produit icône Chaise Thonet meubles Gaudi chaise Red & Blue LC 4,
Western Electric
Frankfurter Kitchen
302 telephone,
habitat de référence Louis Sullivan gratte ciel Casa Battlò Villa Savoye
Eastman processus
de production de
celluloid
l'innovation part toujours d'une découverte scientifique
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Alessandro Volta (pile voltaïque) vers 1800 et brevet de Thomas Edison de 1880
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE l'électricité a radicalement changé notre façon de penser la durée et l'espace
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868 - 1928)
?
comment c’est fait
designed parts with sufficient draft TYPICAL APPLICATIONS which causes porosity. When the parts
angles will result in higher quality parts. Sand casting is used a great deal in the are removed from the sand molds the
Sand casting is most commonly used automotive industry to make engine surface finish is distinctive, so all cast
to shape metals. Glass can also be cast in block and cylinder heads, for example. parts are blasted with an abrasive.
this way, but because of its high viscosity Other applications include furniture, Varying grits are used to produce the
Forming Technology
it will not flow through a mold. lighting and architectural fittings. highest quality finish. Parts can then be
Sand Casting Evaporative pattern casting is a hybrid polished to achieve very high surface
of the sand casting and investment RELATED PROCESSES finish. Because sand casting relies on
casting (page 130) processes, and it can Die casting (page 124), centrifugal casting gravity to draw the molten material into
Molten metal is here cast in expendable sand molds, which are INTRODUCTION beinexpensive. Instead of a permanent (page 144) and forging (page 114) are all the mold cavity, there will always be an
Sand casting is a manual process used pattern, evaporative pattern casting alternatives to sand casting metals. Sand element of porosityin the cast part,
broken apart to remove the solidified part. For one-off and low
to shape molten ferrous metals and uses an expendable foam pattern (often casting is often combined with forging
volume production this is relatively inexpensive and suitable for non-ferrous alloys. It relies on gravity to polystyrene), which is embedded in the or CNC machining and arc welding (page DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES
draw the molten material into the die sand mold. The foam pattern istypically 282) to create more complex parts. Die There is plenty of scope for designers
casting a range of ferrous metals and non-ferrous alloys. cavity and so produces rough parts that formed by CNC machining (page 182) or casting produces parts more accurately using this process. For low volume
have to be finished by abrasive blasting, injection molding (page 50).The molten and rapidly and so is generally reserved production it is generally less expensive
machining or polishing. metal burns out the foam pattern as it for high volume production. than die casting and investment casting.
Costs Typical Applications Suitability The sand casting process uses regular is poured in. Parts made in this way have Draft angles are required on the sand
1 Low tooling costs • Architectural fittings • One-off to medium volume production sand, which is bonded together with inferior surface finish, but this technique QUALITY mold to ensure removal of the pattern.
1 Moderate unit costs • Automotive
• Furniture and lighting
clay (green sand casting) or synthetic is very useful for prototyping, one-off and The quality of surface finish and The cores also require draft angles so that
materials (dry sand casting) to make the manufacturing very low volumes. mechanical properties depend largely they can be removed from their molds.
Quality Related Processes Speed molds. Synthetic sand molds are quicker on the quality of the foundry. For However, multiple cores can be used
Many design considerations must be fill (image 4). The quality of the fill and so charred sand (image 11).The sand is broken
taken into account for sand casting parts. the quality ofthe final casting are largely away from around the metal casting
dependent on the skill ofthe operator (image 12). The surface finish is relatively
These include draft angles (range from
(image 5). The vinyl ester cures at room good and so little finishing is required. The
1° to 5°, although 2° is usually adequate), 1
temperatures and solidifies rapidly. parts are cut free from the runner system
ribs, recesses, mold flow and partition
In the meantime, the cores are prepared (image 13) and are now ready for abrasive (/).
lines. The part must be designed to take COSTS >
in a separate mold. They are made with the blasting and finishing (image 14).
into account all aspects ofthe casting Tooling costs arelowforone-offandlow CO
same sand coated in vinyl ester.The sand is >
process,from patternmaking to finishing. volume production, the main cost being cn
carefully packed into the mold cavity and
These elements affect the design and so for patternmaking, which is inexpensive rammed to compact it (image 6).The mold
all parties should be consulted early on in compared to die casting tooling. Low can be opened almost immediately. The core
the design process for optimum results. cost patterns can be machined in wood can then be removed (image 7), but it is still
The wall thickness that can be cast is or aluminium. Foam patterns for the 4 very delicate at this stage and so must be
2.5mm up to 130mm (1-5.12 in.). Changes evaporative pattern method are the least handled carefully.
in wall thickness are best avoided, expensive of all. Once the cores have been placed into
although small changes can be overcome Cycle time is moderate but depends the drag (image 8), the mold is ready to be
with tapers and fillets. If a large change on the size and complexity ofthe part. brought together and clamped. Hot molten
in cross-section is required, then parts Casting usually takes less than 30 metal is poured into the runner (image 9),
are often cast separately and assembled. minutes, but secondary and finishing where it spreads through the mold and
Metals cool at different rates. up the risers. When the mold is full an
operations increase cycle time.
exothermic metal oxide (aluminium oxide
Therefore it is essential to know the Labour costs can be high, especially as
material ofchoice at the design stageto the majority of this process is manually 5
ensure accurate castings in the selected operated and the quality of casting is
material. Steel will shrink nearly twice as affected by the skill ofthe operator.
much as aluminium and iron, whereas
brass will shrink about 50% more than ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
aluminium. Shrinkage increases with Alarge percentage of each casting
cross-section and part size. solidifies in the runner and risers. This
material can be directly recycled in most
COMPATIBLE MATERIALS cases.The mold sand can be reused by
This process can be used to cast ferrous mixing it with virgin material. In green
metals and non-ferrous alloys.The most sand casting up to 95% ofthe mold
commonly sand cast materials include material can be recycled after each use.
iron, steel, copper alloys (brass, bronze) Energy requirements for sand casting
and aluminium alloys. Magnesium are quite high because the metal has
is becoming increasingly popular, to be raised to several hundred degrees Featured Manufacturer
especially in aerospace applications above its melting temperature. Luton Engineering Pattern Company
because of its lightness. www.chilterncastingcompany.co.uk
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Antoni Gaudi i Cornet (1852 - 1926)
https://it.pinterest.com/abuelafleder/antoni-gaud%C3%AD/?lp=true
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Antoni Gaudi i Cornet (1852 - 1926) Casa Batlló Barcelona
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Antoni Gaudi i Cornet (1852 - 1926) Casa Batlló Barcelona
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Antoni Gaudi i Cornet (1852 - 1926) Batlo chaise de la salle a manger
https://www.beauxarts.com/grand-format/emilie-louise-floge-la-muse-secrete-de-gustav-klimt/
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Wiener Secession 1897
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sécession_viennoise
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Werkstätte
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Josef Hoffman Serie en crystal pour Lobmeyer, Vienne 1910 / Wiener Werkstätte
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Josef Hoffman Serie en crystal pour Lobmeyer, Vienne 1910 / Wiener Werkstätte
https://www.moma.org/collection/works/3431
https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/people/18046353/
https://www.moma.org/collection/works/4334
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE
du
Wiener
Werkstätte
aux…
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Adolf Loos (1870 - 1933)
« le bois?
“about wood?
vous pouvez le peindre
you can cover with all the
de toutes colors
les couleurs
you want, except one:
that of wood”
que vous voulez, sauf
une: celle du bois »
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Loos
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Adolf Loos « L’Ornement est un crime » 1908
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolution_russe
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zMKOf_GSGqU
an
t
ut
e to
uded
ent
s.
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Lazar Lissitzky 1890 - 1941
Lazar Lissitzky
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Lazar Lissitzky 1890 - 1941
Lazar Lissitzky
Lazar Lissitzky
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Lazar Lissitzky 1890 - 1941
Lazar Lissitzky
Lazar Lissitzky Proun 12E (1923)
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Lazar Lissitzky 1890 - 1941
Lazar Lissitzky
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Monument dédié à la Troisième Internationale socialiste Vladimir Tatlin 1920
Alexander Rodchenko
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Alexander Rodchenko, recherche en photographie
Premiere guerre
mondiale
1914 / 1918
18.700.000 morts
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE “du Deutscher WERKBUND au BAUHAUS ” 1919 -1933
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Henry Van de Velde - room exposed at Secession exhibition in Munich, 1899
Henry Van de Velde, commercial space of the Havana Company, Berlin 1899
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Caricature de Karl Arnold "polémique du congrès de Werkbund" (1914): "Van de Velde propose la chaise
individuelle, Muthesius propose la chaise de type et l'artisan réalise une chaise sur laquelle s'assoir"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Behrens
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbund
48 HoosierManufacturing Co.Hoosier,
c.1910La partie inférieure contient des
casseroles et poêles, un tiroir à pain, des
tiroirs à couverts et des paniers pour
ranger les assiettes. La partie supérieure
contenait un bac à farine, un bac à
sucre, des boîtes de thé et de café, des
étagères à épices et des étagères pour
les tasses et les soucoupes. Une étagère
à surface en aluminium prolongée de 40
cm (16 po) crée une «table de travail» à
une hauteur idéale pour une personne
assise sur un tabouret.
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Evolution du meuble de cuisine Hoosier
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Hoosier Cabinets Save Nerves
tiré du livre "You and Your Kitchen, from Experience by Mrs. Christine Frederick,"
The Hoosier Manufacturing Co., New Castle, IN: 1915.
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Projet de logements sociaux de l'architecte Ernst May New Frankfurt à Francfort, Allemagne 1926
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky pour le projet de logements sociaux de l'architecte Ernst May
New Frankfurt à Francfort, Allemagne 1926
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_kitchen
new fitting elements easy to produce and new comodities for it’s user were at the core of the project
11
https://www.google.it/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=video&cd=8&ved=0ahUKEwiUjcPUwOjYAhUCjJQKHV6mC0oQtwIIRTAH&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D41pyty0-lgs&usg=AOvVaw1djm7i4L32ioRLIoMfjUDl
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky pour le projet de logements sociaux de l'architecte Ernst May
New Frankfurt à Francfort, Allemagne 1926
https://www.google.it/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=video&cd=8&ved=0ahUKEwiUjcPUwOjYAhUCjJQKHV6mC0oQtwIIRTAH&url=https%3
A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D41pyty0-lgs&usg=AOvVaw1djm7i4L32ioRLIoMfjUDl
a study about the relation between the differents elements of the kitchen brought many innovations
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) scientific organisation of work
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Ford T poste de commande
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE La fabrication efficace de Ford comprenait la production à la chaîne de
"...form
follows
function..."
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Louis Sullivan Prudential Building (Buffalo, État de New York) 1894 -
Salon de l'appartement parisien d'Hélène Bernheim, 1923, conçu par Pierre Chareau.
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Pierre Chareau maison de verre 1931, detail de la brique de verre
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Pierre Chareau maison de verre 1931 - détail du sol en caoutchouc
https://www.domusweb.it/en/reviews/2002/06/17/pierre-chareau-and-the-fourth-dimension------------.html
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Mobilier Pierre Chareau, évolution des arts déco vers un langage simplifié et géométrique
https://www.thefutureperfect.com/present_tense/articles/pierre-chareau
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Alexander Rodchenko, intérieur du pavillon russe de l'Expo 1925 à Paris
Alexander Rodchenko interior design of the Russian Pavillion at Expo 1925 in Paris
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Arch Konstantin Meinikov, Pavilion Russe de l’Expo 1925 à Paris
Pavillon russe à l’Expo de 1925 Paris . Arch. Konstantin Melnikov Pavillon russe à l’Expo de 1925 Paris . Arch. Konstantin Melnikov
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Le Corbusier Pavilion de l’Esprit Nouveau at Expo 1925 in Paris
https://davidcharlesfox.com/le-corbusier-the-picasso-of-architecture-and-his-radiant-cities/
http://www.fondationlecorbusier.fr/corbuweb/morpheus.aspx?sysId=13&IrisObjectId=5061&sysLanguage=en-
en&itemPos=47&itemSort=en-en_sort_string1%20&itemCount=79&sysParentName=&sysParentId=64
En 1923, Le Corbusier publie Vers une architecture, qui regroupe ses articles
polémiques édités dans le magazine L’Esprit Nouveau. Le texte expose ses
principes d'architecture moderne et les préceptes essentiels de ce qui
deviendra le soi-disant style international. Les articles de polémique de Le
Corbusier proposaient une nouvelle architecture qui satisferait les exigences
de l’industrie, du fonctionnalisme et des préoccupations permanentes de la
forme architecturale, telle que définie au fil des générations.
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Pavilion de l’Esprit Nouveau at Expo 1925 in Paris
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RuO0VPysIo
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Le Corbusier (Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris) 1887 - 1965
https://www.floornature.com/restoration-esprit-nouveau-pavilion-bologna-13338/
http://www.atlasofinteriors.polimi.it/2017/11/16/le-corbusier-pavillon-esprit-nouveau-paris-france-1924/
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE
https://www.dwell.com/article/design-icon-charlotte-perriand-d6725a27
https://www.domusweb.it/en/news/2014/04/07/charlotte_perriand.html
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Gray
http://www.eileengray.co.uk/
http://www.eileengray.co.uk/products/transit/
Structure en hêtre laqué naturel ou noir avec appui-tête réglable. Joints chromés. Rembourré en cuir, peau à poil ou lin.
Conçu pour être utilisé sur la terrasse de la maison d'Eileen E1027 à Roquebrune Cap Martin, le «fauteuil
transatlantique» prend comme point de départ les voyages transatlantiques en bateau à vapeur et les transats utilisés sur
ces navires.
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE
(1927) Eileen Gray s'est toujours intéressée aux meubles multifonctionnels. Dans ce cas, elle voulait une table pour sa nouvelle maison à
Roquebrune Cap Martin qui pourrait être utilisée «sur ses genoux» en position assise, ou comme table d'appoint ou de chevet. La table réglable
E1027 fait partie de la collection de design permanente du MoMA à New York depuis 1977. Table réglable. Structure en tube d'acier chromé poli.
Plateau: verre plat poli clair ou teinté ou métal finition noir satiné. Le plateau peut être réglé à différentes hauteurs
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE René Herbst (1891 / 1982)
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Herbst
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mallet-Stevens
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Robert Mallet Stevens 1886 / 1945
LOUNGER
Cette élégante chaise longue fut dessinée dans les années 20 pour habiller la terrasse principale de la villa Noailles de Hyères (Var).
Simplissime dans sa conception, elle répond aux exigences du courant Moderne fondé sur la fonctionnalité, l’esthétique et l’hygiène.
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE échelle anthropométrique de proportions utilisé en architecture et pour les objects
https://www.hisour.com/fr/modulor-28042/
http://www.atlasofinteriors.polimi.it/2017/11/14/unites-dhabitation-marseille/
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Le Corbusier (Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris) 1887 - 1965
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Perriand
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Charlotte Perriand, 1903 - 1999 incarne un nouvelle génération de femmes libres et engagées
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Perriand
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Le Corbusier et Charlotte Perriand - Chaise longue - 1928
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Charlotte Perriand - études sur la position du corps 1928
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Construction traditionnelle d'un fauteuil: une semaine est nécessaire, Poltrona Frau 1908
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Construction traditionnelle d'un fauteuil: une semaine est nécessaire Poltrona Frau 1908
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE LC4 une solution révolutionnaire avec une structure en métal
HISTOIRE DU DESIGN |
?
comment c’est fait
rembourrage et tapisserie
CD Scarf
t Tee
1 Overlap
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
Machine stitching is a simple form of The needle pierces the layers of material Chain stitching, or loop stitching, is the
mechanical joining that requires a complex and stops momentarily. In stage 2, a spinning process of making stitches from a single
series of operations to execute. There are shuttle hook picks up the upper thread. thread. The downfall of this method is that
\ • \ 3 main types of machine sewing: lockstitch, The shuttle hook loops behind the lower if the thread is broken at any point it readily
Quality Related Processes Speed
I
\ \ chain stitch and overlock. The diagram thread, which is held under tension on the comes apart.
• Very high quality that depends on the skill • Steam bending • Moderate to long cycle time depending ^ X
of the upholsterer and type of material • Weaving on size and complexity of product illustrates lockstitching, which is used to bobbin. In stage 3, as the shuttle continues Overlocking, or serging, is the process
• Wood lamination
^ \
\ ^ join the leather cover in the Boss Eye chair to rotate, tension is applied to the upper of finishing the edge of fabric with multiple
case study. thread, which pulls it tight, forming the next threads. It protects the fabric from fraying
INTRODUCTION Lockstitching is a mechanized stitch. Meanwhile, the feed dog progresses by casting a net of interlocking stitches over
Nowadays, the padding is seats and interiors, break out seating and
process. The needle and shuttle hook are forward, catches the fabric and pulls it into the edge.
Atypical upholstered chair consists of polyurethane (PUR) foam. It is either padded walls.
synchronized by a series of gears and shafts, place for the next drop of the needle. The
a structural frame, foam padding and a molded using the RIM process (page 64)
powered by an electric motor. fabric is supported between the presser foot
textile cover. Sofas and lounge chairs may or cut and glued tog ether. Modern foams RELATED PROCESSES
In stage 1, the upper thread is carried and feed dog. Industrial sewing machines
also have a sprung seat deck. Springs are have reduced the need for sprung seat There are many processes used in the
through the fabric by the needle, and can repeat this sequence over 5,000 times
mounted onto the frame or suspended decks, and many contemporary sofas and upholstery procedure. Wooden frames
the lower thread is wound on a bobbin. every minute.
within it.There are 3 main spring lounge chairs no longer have springs. tend to be laminated (page 190), steam
systems: 8-way hand-tied, drop-in and Instead, foam density is designed to bent (page 198) or CNC machined (page
sinuous springs. provide maximum comfort. 182). Metal frames are bent (page 98) or
Right
Hand-tied springs are the most The covering is fabric or leather and cut and welded (page 308).The cover is QUALITY With a highly skilled
expensive and considered superior. Using is permanently fixed to the padding and cut out on a CNC x- andy-axis cutter, or The look of the upholstery is largely operator, an industrial
sewing machine can
them increases cycle time considerably. underlying framework. by hand, sewn together and glued and dependent on the skill of the upholsterer.
produce over 5,000
A wooden box is fabricated, webbing is stapled onto the foam and framework. The comfort is determined by the quality accurately placed
stretched across it and the springs are TYPICAL APPLICATIONS The foam padding is either molded of foam and springs, while the longevity stitches per minute.
hand-tied to the webbing up to 8 times. Upholstery is used extensively in over the framework, or cut and glued of the product is affected by the rigidity
Drop-in and sinuous springs are furniture and interior design. It is onto it. The choice of RIM is not solely and strength of the framework.
machine-made.They are as their used to make 'soft'furnishings for the dependent on quantities because certain
names suggest: drop-in springs are automotive,marine, home, office and shapes cannot be produced feasibly in DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES
a prefabricated unit fixed into the transport industries.The materials any oth er way an d h ave to be m ol ded. The density and hardness of foam can be
framework, and sinuous springs are for each of these applications will Alternatives to upholstery include chosen to suit the application. The fabric
continuous lengths of steel wire bent vary according to the likely wear and mesh stretched over the framework, or leather cover is adhesive-bonded to
into's' shapes and fixed at either end. environmental conditions. wooden, plastic or metal slats, injection the foam, so undercuts and overhangs
The structural framework is generally Typically, upholstered products molding (page 50), weaving (page 332) can be upholstered. Shape limitation
fabricated in wood or metal. Its strength include lounge chairs, sofas, task and and wood lamination. is determined by what can be cut and
determines the durability of the product. office chairs, car seats and interiors, boat shaped in the textile; single axis curves
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Le problème de la structure métallique était celui de la soudure compliquée de l’angle -
https://www.cassina.com/en/designer/charlotte-perriand
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Charlotte Perriand - redesign Chaise longue - 1940
https://www.editions-norma.com/products/charlotte-perriand-et-le-japon
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Charlotte Perriand 526 NUAGE
https://www.cassina.com/en/collection/cabinets/526-nuage#data-sheet-2d3d
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE De Stijl magazine créé in 1925
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Stijl https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UOSvUfbPHpY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ygiPcUKDdtM
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Piet Mondrian La vache, 1918
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Piet Mondrian, Contre-construction XIV, 1924-1925 grille generatrice 1927
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Piet Mondrian composition n.3 , 1929
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Geritt Rietveld a propos de la chaise Red and Blue Chair 1917
36
106°
85
12°
3
66 83
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Geritt Rietveld experimentation de matériaux et formes
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Gerrit Rietveld, Zig Zag chair, G.A. van de Groenekan, The Netherlands, 1932/1959
PROVENANCE:
Cees and Anita van Groll, Toronto | Private
collection
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus
L'architecte belge Henry Van de Velde, l'un des membres importants du Deutscher
Werkbund, fonde et dirige l'Institut des arts décoratifs et industriels, une école d'arts
appliqués à Weimar (Kunstgewerbeschule), de 1901 à 1914. À sa démission, à l'orée
de la Première Guerre mondiale pour cause de nationalité belge, il recommande
comme successeur Walter Gropius2. De son côté, Henry Van de Velde fondera en
1926 à Bruxelles (Belgique), l’Institut supérieur des arts décoratifs, plus connu sous
le nom de La Cambre. Il en quitte la direction en 19363. La Première Guerre mondiale
achevée, Gropius, qui s'était formé dans le cabinet d'architecture de Peter Behrens
et avait activement participé au mouvement du Neues Bauen, cherche à développer
ses idées novatrices en art et architecture. Après la proclamation de la République
de Weimar, en novembre 1918, Gropius propose au gouvernement provisoire de
réunir l'École des arts décoratifs et l'Académie des beaux-arts de Weimar. Le 12 avril
1919, Gropius est nommé directeur de l'école, appelée alors Staatliches Bauhaus zu
Weimar4 (de l'allemand Bau, « bâtiment, construction », et Haus, maison ; Bauhaus :
« maison du bâtir, maison de la construction »)5.
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Walter Gropius, 1833 / 1969 - appelé pour repenser l’enseignement artistique
1919 Fondation du Bauhaus Gropius appelle des artistes, des architectes de renom; de
gauche à droite: Josef Albers, Hinnerk Scheper, Georg Muche, László Moholy-Nagy, Herbert
Bayer, Joost Schmidt,Walter Gropius, Marcel Breuer, Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Lyonel
Feininger, Gunta Stölzl, Oskar Schlemmer
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE
http://mariabuszek.com/mariabuszek/kcai/ConstrBau/Readings/IttenMstrs.pdf
https://monoskop.org/images/4/46/Itten_Johannes_The_Elements_of_Color.pdf
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traité_des_couleurs
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Goethe: Traité des couleurs 1810
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE L'interprétation de Goethe est très différente de celle d'Isaac Newton
avec son diagramme de couleurs 1666 en tant qu’elle en aborde la psychologie
http://www.webexhibits.org/colorart/bh.html
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Johannes Itten et son diagramme chromatique
http://arcadia.education/arcadia/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Kandinsky-Schoenberg.pdf
http://arcadia.education/arcadia/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Kandinsky-Schoenberg.pdf
http://www.kleegestaltungslehre.zpk.org/ee/ZPK/Archiv/2011/01/25/00003/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rlIiT80dqHE
http://www.herbertbayer.org
http://indexgrafik.fr/herbert-bayer/
Herbert Bayer
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Police de caractères alphabet univers sans serif créée par Herbert Bayer
https://www.dezeen.com/2018/11/06/herbert-bayer-bauhaus-100-typography-universal-typeface-font/
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Herbert Bayer - vignette pour Kandinsky
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Herbert Bayer exercice sur l’autoportrait
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ItP21OG3vvc
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart_Stam
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Marcel Breuer chaise B3 pour Thonet
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Marcel Breuer chaise Vassily (1925) et Cesca (1928) au cadre cantilever
http://buscadoincrivel.tumblr.com/post/109238730852/arq-marcel-breuer-cesca-side-chair-model-b32
https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/07/garden/the-many-lives-of-a-very-common-chair.html
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Différentes variantes de la chaise conçue avec un seul tube: Erich Dieckmann (1896 / 1944)
http://www.erich-dieckmann.com
HISTOIRE DU DESIGN |
?
comment c’est fait
HISTOIRE DU DESIGN |
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE innovation technologique de Mannesmann: laminage et étirage de tubes en acier sans soudure
Forming Technology
trims (on curved facades) and street Stage 1: Load Stage 2: 90° bend
furniture. In fact, most bent metalwork in
construction will be processed using ring
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
rolling. Rolling sheet materials is known
The metal blank Itubel Is loaded over inside of the bend, especially for very thin
as plate rolling.
the mandrel and clamped onto the die. walled sections.
It is even possible to produce 3D
Non-mandrel forming Is only possible for The size of the rotating die determines
section bends such as the tracks on a
certain parts with thicker walls. the radius of the bend. The distance
rollercoaster, which can be achieved with
The blank Is drawn onto the rotating travelled determines the angle of bend.
careful manipulation on aring roller.
die as It spins, and the mandrel stops the
walls collapsing at the point of bending.
RELATED PROCESSES The pressure clamp travels with the tube
Tubular metalwork consists of mainly to maintain an accurate and wrinkle free
bending,press braking (page 148) and bend. An additional clamp Is sometimes
arc welding (page 282). Press braking is required to prevent wrinkling on the
capable of producing taperedhollow
Case Study
Featured Manufacturer
Thonet
www.thonet.de
Ring Rolling Process TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
Metal section Case Study
Ring rolling is much simpler than
mandrel bending in operation. The
tube, profile, or sheet is passed
Ring rolling
between 3 rollers. One of the rollers,
In this process metal tube is cut to length
in this case the bottom right, is moved
(image 1) and fed into the rollers. The
Inwards to make the bend tighter.
rollers are adjusted to gradually bend the
The radius of the bend is decreased
pipe into the desired radius (image 2),
gradually over several cycles to avoid
As the rollers move closer together the
cracking or wrinkling the metal. The
radius of the bend will be decreased.
blank is rolled back and forth until the
These are parts of a larger structure,
curve meets the required shape.
which do not require a tight radius
Dynamic rotating (image 3), In this case the process is being
roller
used to bend tubular steel; a range of
profiles and flat sections can be bent, but
Rotating cores
(spindles) require rollers with fitting profiles.
are solid and ring rolled parts are hollow The aesthetic quality of manual tooling can be very expensive, especially
or sheet,The thickest solid section that operations, such as mandrel bends, is for large section bending). It is possible
can be ring rolled is 80 mm (3.15 in.), largely dependent on the skill of the to form either a specific section or the
whereas roll forging can produce solid operator and their experience with the complete length; metal rings can be
parts of up to 150 tonnes (165 US tons). particular machine set up.The dies are formed along their entire length and
Roll forging is sometimes referred to as often not exact, so an operator must welded (see image, left).The radius does
'ring rolling', which can be confusing. know how to compensate for optimum not have to be constant; this process
bend angles. Automated and CNC can be used to produce arcs that do not
QUALITY operations are more precise. fit into a circle.This technique is used to the length apiece of material once it COSTS
Applying a bend to a sheet of material predominantly in the construction has been bent. Standard tooling is used to produce
increases its strength; these processes DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES industry for structural beams. In mandrel bending, the maximum a wide range of bent geometries.
combine the ductility and strength of Mandrel bending is more versatile than The 2 main functions of ring rolling size of tube is typically 80 mm (3,15 in.), Specialized tooling will increase the unit
metals to produce parts with improved ring rolling for certain applications; are bending lengths or forming rings. but depends on the tooling available. price considerably,but will depend on the
rigidity and lightness. a variety of bend radii can be applied Lengths of tube up to i m (3.3 ft) in Wall thickness ranges from 0.5 mm to size and complexity of the bend.
to a single length of metal across any diameter can be bent. Alternatively, 2 mm (0.002-0.079 in.). Cycle time 1s rapid In most operations.
axis. However, it is limited to relatively metal sheet 4.5 m (14.8 ft) wide can be Minimum bend radius is typically Labour costs are high for manual
small diameter tube and can only form rolled to form a tube, or cone, in materials around 50 mm (2 in.). However,bends operations, because a high level of skill
bends up to 200 mm (7.87 in.) radius. It up to 80 mm thick (plate rolling), have to fit into the equipment; in other and experience is required to produce
is suitable for one-offs, batch and mass Lengths of metal, including profile, tube words, several bends in close proximity accurate bends,
production. and sheet, can be rolled into rings, the may not be feasible.
The advantage of ring rolling is that it maximum radius of which is determined Mandrel bending is capable of ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
is capable of producing a range of bends by the capabilities of the manufacturer, producing tight bends because the Bending, as opposed to cutting and
in almost any metal profile (although it internal mandrel prevents wrinkling weld1ng,1s generally less wasteful and a
must be remembered that specialized DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS and failure. Ring rolling does not use a more efficient use of energy. There is no
All of the bending processes stretch mandrel and so is generally limited to scrap produced in the bending operation,
Left material on the outside of the bend and bend radii above 200 mm (7.87 in.). although there maybe scrap produced in
Continuous circular compress material on the inside of the the preparation (of a blank for instance)
metal profiles, such as
bend. However, metal is more willing to COMPATIBLE MATERIALS and subsequent finishing operations.
these heating elements,
are produced by ring stretch than compress. Therefore, a bent Almost all metals can be formed in this
rolling and then arc piece of metal will be slightly longer, way including steel, aluminium, copper
welding the seam. Featured Manufacturer
especially the outside dimension. This and titanium. Ductile metals will bend
Pipecraft
means that the length of a piece of more easily.
www,pipecraft,co.uk
material on a drawing rarely corresponds
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Dino Gavina (1922/2007) produira le mobilier de Breuer avant que Knoll n'achète la collection complète
Dino Gavina
lunedì 11 novembre 13
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Marcel Breuer ceda les droits de la chaise Wassilly et Cesca en 1965 à Simongavina
Wilhelm Wagenfeld
À partir de 1923, l'ancienne forge d'or, d'argent et de cuivre de Weimar est
devenue un laboratoire de conception. C'est ici que Marianne Brandt et
Wilhelm Wagenfeld ont créé la lampe Bauhaus WA24 et l'infuseur à thé.
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Atelier métal: objets réalisés avec des formes géométriques primaires
Coffee and Tea Set, de Marianne Brandt, 1924 / photo: Lucia Moholy
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Atelier de céramique étudiant la forme et la typologie d'objets traditionnels
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Wagenfeld
Less is more
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Mies Van Der Rohe passe des bâtiments en pierre aux gratte-ciel où le verre est protagoniste (1925)
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE expérimentation de sérigraphies sur verre
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Iwao Yamawaki: The Assault on the Bauhaus 1932
• production standardisée
était assurée par les protoplastiques tels que la bakélite d’un aspect plus naturel
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Norman Bel Geddes - Répertoire en Bakélite Bates Manufacturing & Co USA 1924
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE différents objets en Bakélite entre 1920 et 1930
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Catalog Bandalsta UK - 1927 resine en urée/formaldehyde
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Guglielmo Marconi, la première expérience de transmission télégraphique 1893/1895
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE The Electric House est un court métrage comique réalisé en 1922 par Buster Keaton.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9bXV0ac1S4
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE Thomas De la Rue prod. Mullard 1928
La diffusion des hauts parleurs nécessitait une production en série (bakélite)
DEUXIÈME REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE different finishing were available ( Marblette ) Radio prod. Addison - USA - 1934