Corrigés de la série 01

𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝟏
1°𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑋 = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑒𝑡 𝑋 ′ = (𝑥 ′ , 𝑦 ′ , 𝑧 ′ ) é𝑙é𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐸1
𝐴𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑠, 𝑋 + 𝑋 ′ = (𝑥 + 𝑥 ′ , 𝑦 + 𝑦 ′ , 𝑧 + 𝑧 ′ ) 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑖 é𝑙é𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒 𝐸1 .
𝐸𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑡 , (𝑥 + 𝑥 ′ ) + (𝑦 + 𝑦 ′ ) + 3(𝑧 + 𝑧 ′ ) = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧) + (𝑥 ′ + 𝑦 ′ + 3𝑧 ′ ) = 0.
(𝑥 + 𝑥′) + (𝑦 + 𝑦′) + 3(𝑧 + 𝑧′) = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧) + (𝑥′ + 𝑦′ + 3𝑧′) = 0.
𝐷𝑒 𝑚ê𝑚𝑒, 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝜆 ∈ 𝐼𝑅, 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝜆𝑋 = (𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦, 𝜆𝑧) 𝑒𝑠𝑡 é𝑙é𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒 𝐸1 𝑝𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑒
𝜆𝑥 + 𝜆𝑦 + 3𝜆𝑧 = 𝜆(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧) = 0

𝐸1 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝑢𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑠 − 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝐼𝑅 3

𝟐° 𝐸2 n'est pas un sous-espace vectoriel de 𝐼𝑅 3 car (0,0,0) n'est pas élément de𝐸2

3°𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑋 = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) 𝑒𝑡 𝑋 ′ = (𝑥 ′ , 𝑦 ′ , 𝑧 ′ , 𝑡 ′ ) 𝑑𝑒𝑢𝑥 é𝑙é𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐸3 .

𝐴𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑋 + 𝑋′ = (𝑥 + 𝑥′, 𝑦 + 𝑦′, 𝑧 + 𝑧′, 𝑡 + 𝑡′) 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑖 é𝑙é𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒 𝐸3 . 𝐸𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑡,

𝑥 + 𝑥′ = 𝑦 + 𝑦′ = 2𝑧 + 2𝑧′ = 2(𝑧 + 𝑧′) = 4𝑡 + 4𝑡′ = 4(𝑡 + 𝑡′). 𝑥 + 𝑥′ = 𝑦 + 𝑦′ = 2𝑧 + 2𝑧′ = 2(𝑧 + 𝑧′)

= 4𝑡 + 4𝑡′ = 4(𝑡 + 𝑡′).

𝐷𝑒 𝑚ê𝑚𝑒, 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑣𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝜆 ∈ 𝐼𝑅 𝜆𝑋 𝑒𝑠𝑡 é𝑙é𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒 𝐸3

𝐸3 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝑢𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑠 − 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝐼𝑅 4 .

𝟒° 𝐸4 𝑛′𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑠 − 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑙 𝑛′𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝐸𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑡,
𝑋 = (1,0) 𝑒𝑡 𝑌 = (0,1)) 𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑢𝑥 é𝑙é𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐸4
𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑠 𝑋 + 𝑌 = (1,1) 𝑛′𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑠 é𝑙é𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒 𝐸4 .
𝟓° 𝐿𝑒𝑠 é𝑙é𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 (1,1)(1,1) 𝑒𝑡 (−1,1)(−1,1) 𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑡 é𝑙é𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐸5 .
𝑆𝑖 𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒, 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑣𝑒 (0,2) 𝑞𝑢𝑖 𝑛′ 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑠 é𝑙é𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒 𝐸5 :
𝐸5 𝑛′ 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑠 − 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝐼𝑅 2 .
𝟔° 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝐹 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝐼𝑅 3 ; 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 0} 𝑒𝑡 𝐺 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝐼𝑅 3 ; 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0.
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒 à 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑖è𝑟𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝐹 𝑒𝑡 𝐺 𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑢𝑥 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑠 − 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐼𝑅 3 .
𝐿𝑒𝑢𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹 ∩ 𝐺 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝑢𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑠 − 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝐼𝑅 3 .
𝟕° 𝐶𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑖𝑠, 𝑎𝑢𝑐𝑢𝑛 𝑡ℎé𝑜𝑟è𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑡 𝑞𝑢′ 𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑟é𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑢𝑥 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑠
− 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑢𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑠 − 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑙.
𝐼𝑐𝑖, 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑠 (5,0,2) ∈ 𝐹 ⊂ 𝐹 ∪ 𝐺 𝑒𝑡 (1,1,0) ∈ 𝐺 ⊂ 𝐹 ∪ 𝐺.
𝐴𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑠 (5,0,2) + (1,1,0) = (6,1,2) 𝑛′ 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑠 é𝑙é𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒 𝐹 𝑐𝑎𝑟 12 + 3 − 10 = 5 ≠ 0,
𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑙 𝑛′ 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑠 é𝑙é𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒 𝐺𝑐𝑎𝑟 6 − 1 + 2 = 7 ≠ 0.
𝐴𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖,𝐹 ∪ 𝐺 𝑛′ 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑡 𝑛′ 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝑝𝑎𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑠 − 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝐼𝑅 3 .
𝑃𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑔é𝑛é𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑣𝑒 𝑞𝑢′ 𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑟é𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑢𝑥 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑠 − 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑢𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑠
−𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖 𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖 𝑙′𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑢𝑥 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑙′𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑒.
𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝟎𝟐
𝐵𝑖𝑒𝑛 𝑠û𝑟, 𝑠𝑖 𝐹 ⊂ 𝐺, 𝐹 ∪ 𝐺 = 𝐺 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑢𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑠 − 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑖 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑣𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
𝑅é𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝐹 ∪ 𝐺 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑢𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑠 − 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝐸
𝑒𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐹 𝑛′ 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝐺 𝑒𝑡 𝐺 𝑛′ 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝐹.
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝐹 ∖ 𝐺 𝑒𝑡 𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝐺 ∖ 𝐹. 𝐴𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑠, 𝑝𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝐹 ∪ 𝐺 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑢𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑠 − 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑙,
𝑖𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑦 ∈ 𝐹 ∪ 𝐺. 𝑀𝑎𝑖𝑠, 𝑠𝑖 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝐹,
𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝑦) − 𝑥 ∈ 𝐹 (𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝐹 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑢𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑣) 𝑐𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑖 𝑛′ 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑠.
𝐷𝑒 𝑚ê𝑚𝑒, 𝑠𝑖 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝐺, 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑥 = (𝑥 + 𝑦) − 𝑦 ∈ 𝐺
𝑐𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑖 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒. 𝑂𝑛 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑡 𝑙′𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝟎𝟑
𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑑 ′ 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝐹 ∩ 𝐺 = {0}. 𝐸𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑡, 𝑠𝑖 𝑓 𝑒𝑠𝑡 é𝑙é𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒 𝐹 ∩ 𝐺,
 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑠, 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑥 ∈ 𝐼𝑅, 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 à 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑖𝑠 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑒𝑡 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥), 𝑑′𝑜ù 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑐𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑖 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎î𝑛𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 0𝑓(𝑥) = 0.
𝐷′ 𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡, 𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑡 é𝑙é𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ 𝑑𝑒 𝐸 𝑠𝑒 𝑑é𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒 ℎ = 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑐 𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝐹 𝑒𝑡 𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝐺.
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑎, 𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑢𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑒 − 𝑠𝑦𝑛𝑡ℎè𝑠𝑒.
𝐴𝑑𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑒 ℎ = 𝑓 + 𝑔 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑐 𝑓 ∈ 𝐹 𝑒𝑡 𝑔 ∈ 𝐺. 𝐴𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑠, 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑥 ∈ 𝐼𝑅
, 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑒𝑡 ℎ(−𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥) + 𝑔(−𝑥).
𝐷𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑢𝑥 é𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑟é𝑐é𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠, 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑒
(ℎ(𝑥)+ℎ(−𝑥)) ℎ(𝑥)−ℎ(−𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒𝑡 𝑔(𝑥) = =.
2 2
𝐴𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑣é𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑒 ∶ℎ = 𝑓 + 𝑔
𝑓 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑡𝑔 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 .
𝐴𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖, 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛 𝐹 + 𝐺 = 𝐸.
𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝟎𝟒
1°𝑂𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝐹 𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑠 − 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑟é 𝑝𝑎𝑟 𝑢1 . 𝐴𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑠

𝑎=𝑥
(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝐹 ⟺ ∃𝑎 ∈ 𝐼𝑅, ⟺ ∃𝑎 ∈ 𝐼𝑅 { 𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 0 ⟺ ∃𝑎 ∈ 𝐼𝑅, {𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 0
𝑧 − 3𝑥 = 0 𝑧 − 3𝑥 = 0

𝑂𝑛 𝑎 𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑣é 𝑢𝑛 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡è𝑚𝑒 𝑑′é𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐹.

𝟐° 𝑂𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝐺 𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑠 − 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑟é 𝑝𝑎𝑟 𝑢1 𝑒𝑡 𝑢2 . 𝐴𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑠,

𝑥 =𝑎−𝑏
(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝐺 ⟺ ∃𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐼𝑅, { 𝑦 = 2𝑎 ⟺
𝑧 = 3𝑎 + 𝑏
𝑦
𝑥=
2
⟺ ∃(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅2, −3𝑦 ⟺ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0.
𝑦=𝑧−
2𝑥
{ 0 = 𝑥 − 2𝑦 +𝑧

𝐶𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖è𝑟𝑒 é𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑢𝑛𝑒 é𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝐺.

𝟑°. 𝑂𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝐻 𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑠 − 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑟é 𝑝𝑎𝑟 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 𝑒𝑡 𝑢3 . 𝐴𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑠,
𝑥 = 𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐 = 𝑥
(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝐻 ⟺ ∃(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) ∈ 𝐼𝑅 3 , { 𝑦 = 2𝑎 + 𝑏 ⟺ ∃(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) ∈ 𝐼𝑅 3 {−3𝑏 − 2𝑐 = 𝑦 − 2𝑥
𝑧=𝑐 𝑐=𝑧
𝑂𝑛 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑢𝑛 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡è𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑢𝑐𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑖𝑣𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑛′ 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑙.
𝐴𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑡, 𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡è𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑒𝑡 𝑧.
𝐴𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖, 𝐻 = 𝐼𝑅 3 .

𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝟎𝟓
1. 𝑂𝑛 𝑎

𝑥 = −2𝑦 + 𝑧
(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝐹 ⟺ 𝑥 = −2𝑦 + 𝑧 ⟺ { 𝑦 = 𝑦 + 0𝑧 ⟺ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑦(−2,1,0) + 𝑧(1,0,1)
𝑧 = 0𝑦 + 𝑧

𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑢1 = (−2,1,0) 𝑒𝑡 𝑢2 = (1,0,1), 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝐹 = 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡(𝑢1 , 𝑢2 ).

𝐶𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑛′𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛 𝑠û𝑟!) 𝑝𝑎𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒.

 2. 𝑂𝑛 𝑎

𝑥−𝑦+𝑧=0 𝑥−𝑦+𝑧 = 0 𝑥 = 2𝑧
(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝐺 ⟺ { ⟺{ ⟺ {𝑦 = 3𝑧 ⟺ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑧(2,3,1)
2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0
𝑧=𝑧

𝑂𝑛 𝑎 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝐺 = 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡(𝑢)

𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝑶𝟔
𝑂𝑛 𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑠′𝑖𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐼𝑅 𝑡𝑒𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑢1 + 𝑦𝑢2 .

1. 𝑂𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑖𝑡 𝑟é𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑑𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡è𝑚𝑒

𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 1
{
−2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 2

−1
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 1 𝑥=
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐿2 + 2𝐿1 → 𝐿2 , 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑣𝑒 𝑞𝑢′ 𝑖𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑡 é𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 à { ⟺{ 7
7𝑦 = 4 4
𝑦=
7

𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝑢 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛é𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑢1 𝑒𝑡 𝑢2 .

𝐷′ 𝑎𝑝𝑟è𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟é𝑐é𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒, 𝑢 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛é𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑢1 𝑒𝑡 𝑢2 .

𝐼𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑟𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛é𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑢1 ; 𝑢2 𝑒𝑡 𝑢3

𝑂𝑛 𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟 𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑢𝑥 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 3. 𝐿′é𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢 = 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑢1 + 𝑦𝑢2 é𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 à
𝑥+𝑦 =2 𝑥+𝑦 =2
{ 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 5 ⟺ { 4𝑥 = 7(𝐿2 + 𝐿1 → 𝐿2)
2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 3 −2𝑥 = −5(𝐿3 − 4𝐿1 → 𝐿3)
𝑢 𝑛′ 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛é𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑢1 𝑒𝑡 𝑢2

𝑂𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑒 𝑚ê𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡. 𝐿′é𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢 = 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑢1 + 𝑦𝑢2 é𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 à

𝑥+𝑦=3 𝑥+𝑦 =3 𝑥=1
{ 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1 ⟺ { 4𝑥 = 4(𝐿2 + 𝐿1 → 𝐿2) ⟺ { 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2
2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 𝑚 −2𝑥 = 𝑚 − 12(𝐿3 − 4𝐿1 → 𝐿3) −2 = 𝑚 − 12
𝐿𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡è𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑖 𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖 𝑚 = 10.
𝑃𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠é𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡,𝑢 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛é𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 . 𝑑𝑒 𝑢1 ; 𝑢2 𝑒𝑡 𝑢3 𝑠𝑖 𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖 𝑚 = 10

𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝟎𝟕
1. 𝑆𝑖 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 0, 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑙 ′ é𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0
2. 𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑣𝑒 𝑎 = 0. 𝑃𝑢𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑛 é𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝜋/2, 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑣𝑒 𝑏 = 0. 𝐿𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒.
3. 𝑆𝑖 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) = 0, 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑙 ′ é𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑥 =
𝜋
0 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎 = 0, 𝑝𝑢𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑏 = 0. 𝑂𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝑑é𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑐 = 0
𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝟎𝟖
1°𝑂𝑢𝑖 é𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑛
 𝛼=0 𝛼=0
𝛼 𝑣1 + 2𝛽𝑣2 + 𝛾𝑣3 = 0𝐸 ⇒ {2𝛽 = 0 ⇒ {𝛽 = 0
𝛾=0 𝛾=0
2°. 𝑈𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒 𝑑’𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒.
3° 2 × 𝑣1 − 1 × (2𝑣1 + 𝑣4 ) + 1 × 𝑣4 = 0𝐸
4°𝐼𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛é𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑢𝑟𝑠, 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖é𝑒
3𝛼 = 0 𝛼=0
𝛼(3𝑣1 + 𝑣3 ) + 𝛽𝑣3 + 𝛾(𝑣2 + 𝑣3 ) = 0𝐸 ⇒ 3𝛼𝑣1 + 𝛾𝑣2 + (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)𝑣3 = 0𝐸 ⇒ { 𝛾=0 0 ⇒ {𝛽 = 0
𝛼+𝛽+𝛾 =0 𝛾=0
𝐿𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒.
5° 𝐼𝑙 𝑦 𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑢𝑟𝑠 2𝑣1 + 𝑣2 , 𝑣1 − 3𝑣2 , 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡(𝑣1 , 𝑣2 )𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑖é𝑒, 𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑣4 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛, 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖é𝑒
𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝟎𝟗
𝟏°. 0 + 0 = 0 ⇒ 0ℝ3 ∈ 𝐸
𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑡 𝑢 = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝐸, 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑡 𝑢′ ∈ 𝐸, 𝑦 ′ + 𝑧 ′ = 0, 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝜆, 𝜆′ ∈ ℝ
𝜆𝑢 + 𝜆′𝑢′ = (𝜆𝑥 + 𝜆′𝑥′, 𝜆𝑦 + 𝜆′𝑦′, 𝜆𝑧 + 𝜆′𝑧′)
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒 (𝜆𝑦 + 𝜆′𝑦′) + (𝜆𝑧 + 𝜆′𝑧′) = 𝜆(𝑦 + 𝑧) + 𝜆′(𝑦′ + 𝑧′) = 𝜆 × 0 = 𝜆′ × 0 = 0 𝜆𝑢 + 𝜆′𝑢′ ∈ 𝐸
𝐸 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑢𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑠 − 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑒 ℝ3 .
𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑡 𝑢 = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝐸, 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 ⇔ 𝑧 = −𝑦,
𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝑢 ∈ 𝐸 ⇔ 𝑢 = (𝑥, 𝑦, −𝑦) = 𝑥(1,0,0) + 𝑦(0,1, −1)
𝐸 = 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡(𝑣1 (1; 0; 0), 𝑣2 (0; 1; −1)) 𝑣1 𝑒𝑡 𝑣2 𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠, 𝑖𝑙𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒
𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑡 𝑔é𝑛é𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝐸, 𝑐’𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝐸.
𝛼 + 2𝛽 + 𝛾 = 0
𝟐°𝛼𝑢1 + 𝛽𝑢2 + 𝛾𝑢3 = 0ℝ3 ⇔ 𝛼(1,1,1) + 𝛽(2, −2, −1) + 𝛾(1,1, −1) = (0,0,0) ⇔ {𝛼 − 2𝛽 + 𝛾 = 0
𝛼−𝛽−𝛾 =0
𝛼 + 2𝛽 + 𝛾 = 0 𝛼=0
⇔ { −4𝛽 = 0(𝐿2 − 𝐿1) ⇔ {𝛽 = 0
−3𝛽 − 2𝛾 = 0 (𝐿3 − 𝐿1) 𝛾=0
𝐿𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒 (𝑢1 ; 𝑢2 ; 𝑢3 ) 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒.
𝑆𝑖 𝑢3 ∈ 𝐹 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑙𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝛼 𝑒𝑡 𝛽 𝑟é𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑢3 = 𝛼𝑢1 + 𝛽𝑢2 , 𝑐𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒
(𝑢1 ; 𝑢2 ; 𝑢3 ) 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖é𝑒, 𝑐𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑖 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑥, 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝑢3 ∉ 𝐹
𝟑°. 𝑢3 = (1,1, −1), 1 + (−1) = 0 ⇔ 𝑢3 ∈ 𝐸.
𝑢∈𝐸 𝑦+𝑧=0
4° 𝑢 = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝐸 ∩ 𝐹 ⇔ { ⇔ ∃𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ ℝ, { ⇔
𝑢∈𝐹 𝑢 = 𝛼𝑢1 + 𝛽𝑢2
𝑦+𝑧 =0
∃𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ ℝ, {
(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝛼(1,1,1) + 𝛽(2, −2, −1)
𝑦+𝑧 =0
⇔ ∃𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ ℝ, {
𝑥 = 𝛼 + 2𝛽, 𝑦 = 𝛼 − 2𝛽, 𝑧 = 𝛼 − 𝛽
(𝛼 − 2𝛽) + (𝛼 − 𝛽) = 0
⇔ ∃𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ ℝ,
𝑥 = 𝛼 + 2𝛽, 𝑦 = 𝛼 − 2𝛽, 𝑧 = 𝛼 − 𝛽
3
𝛼= 𝛽
⇔ ∃𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ ℝ, { 2
𝑥 = 𝛼 + 2𝛽, 𝑦 = 𝛼 − 2𝛽, 𝑧 = 𝛼 − 𝛽

3
𝛼= 𝛽
2
3
⇔ ∃𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ ℝ, 𝛼= 𝛽
2
7
{𝑥 = 𝛼, 𝑦 = −12𝛼, 𝑧 = 12𝛼
2

𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝑠𝑖 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑎 = (7, −1,1) 𝐸 ∩ 𝐹 = 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡(𝑎)

𝟓°. 𝑢4 = (−1,7,5), 7 + 5 ≠ 0 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝑢4 ∉ 𝐸
𝑢4 ∈ 𝐹 ⇔ (𝑢1 ; 𝑢2 ; 𝑢4 ) 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖é𝑒
𝛼 + 2𝛽 − 𝛾 = 0
𝛼𝑢1 + 𝛽𝑢2 + 𝛾𝑢4 = 0ℝ3 ⇔ 𝛼(1,1,1) + 𝛽(2, −2, −1) + 𝛾(−1,7,5) = (0,0,0) ⇔ {𝛼 − 2𝛽 + 7𝛾 = 0
𝛼 − 𝛽 + 5𝛾 = 0
𝛼 + 2𝛽 − 𝛾 = 0 𝛼 + 2𝛽 − 𝛾 = 0
𝛼 = −3𝛾
⇔ { −4𝛽 + 8𝛾 = 0(𝐿2 − 𝐿1) ⇔ { 𝛽 − 2𝛾 = 0 ⇔ {
𝛽 = 2𝛾
−3𝛽 − 6𝛾 = 0 (𝐿3 − 𝐿1) 𝛽 − 2𝛾 = 0
𝐿𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖é𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 3𝑢1 + 2𝑢2 + 𝑢4 = 0ℝ3 ⇔ 𝑢4 = 3𝑢1 − 2𝑢2
𝐶𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑖 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑢4 ∈ 𝐹
𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝟏𝟎
𝟏°. 𝐿𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛ô𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑙 𝛩 𝑣é𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒 𝛩(−1) = 𝛩(1) = 0, 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝛩 ∈ 𝐸.
𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃1 𝑒𝑡 𝑃2 𝑑𝑒𝑢𝑥 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛ô𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐸 𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝜆1 𝑒𝑡 𝜆2 𝑑𝑒𝑢𝑥 𝑟é𝑒𝑙𝑠
(𝜆1 𝑃1 + 𝜆2 𝑃2 )(−1) = 𝜆1 𝑃1 (−1) + 𝜆2 𝑃2 (−1) = 0 𝐶𝑎𝑟 𝑃1 (−1) = 0 𝑒𝑡 𝑃2 (−1) = 0
(𝜆1 𝑃1 + 𝜆2 𝑃2 )(1) = 𝜆1 𝑃1 (1) + 𝜆2 𝑃2 (1) = 0 𝐶𝑎𝑟 𝑃1 (−1) = 0 𝑒𝑡 𝑃2 (−1) = 0
𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝜆1 𝑃1 + 𝜆2 𝑃2 ∈ 𝐸, 𝑐𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑖 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝐸 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑢𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑠 − 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 − 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑒 ℝ3 [𝑋]

𝟐°. −1 𝑒𝑡 1 𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑃 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝑖𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑄 𝑡𝑒𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑃 = (𝑋 − 1)(𝑋 + 1)𝑄 = (𝑋 2 − 1)𝑄
𝐿𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟é 𝑑𝑒 𝑄 𝑒𝑠𝑡 1, 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝑖𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑢𝑥 𝑟é𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑎 𝑒𝑡 𝑏 𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒
𝑃 = (𝑋 2 − 1)(𝑎𝑋 + 𝑏) = 𝑎𝑋(𝑋 2 − 1) + 𝑏(𝑋 2 − 1)
(𝑋(𝑋 2 − 1), 𝑋 2 − 1)𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒 𝑔é𝑛é𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝐸, 𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛ô𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠
𝑖𝑙𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝐸 .

𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒄𝒆𝟏𝟏
𝑢 = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) 𝑢 = (−𝑧, −𝑡, 𝑧, 𝑡)
𝟏°. 𝑢 = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) ∈ 𝐸 ⇔ { 𝑥 = −𝑧 ⇔{ 𝑥 = −𝑧
𝑦 = −𝑡 𝑦 = −𝑡
𝑢 = (−𝑧, −𝑡, 𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑧(−1,0,1,0) + 𝑡(0, −1,0,1)
𝑢4 = (−1,0,1,0) 𝑒𝑡 𝑢5 = (0, −1,0,1) 𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑢𝑥 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠, 𝑖𝑙𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑖 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑒 𝐸, 𝑐’𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝐸, 𝑝𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠é𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑚(𝐸) = 2.

𝟐°𝐼𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑢1 + 𝑢2 = 2𝑢3 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒 (𝑢1 ; 𝑢2 ; 𝑢3 ) 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖é𝑒.
1 1
𝐹 = 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡(𝑢1 ; 𝑢2 ; 𝑢3 ) = 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡(𝑢1 ; 𝑢2 ; 𝑢1 + 𝑢2 ) = 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡(𝑢1 ; 𝑢2 )
2 2
𝑢1 𝑒𝑡 𝑢2 𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑢𝑥 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛é𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠, 𝑖𝑙𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑖 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑒 𝐹,
𝑐’𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝐹, 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑚(𝐹) = 2.

𝟑° 𝑢 = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) ∈ 𝐹 ⇔ 𝑖𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝛼 𝑒𝑡 𝛽 𝑟é𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑢 = 𝛼𝑢1 + 𝛽𝑢2

𝛼+𝛽 =𝑥
𝛼−𝛽 =𝑦
𝑢 = 𝛼𝑢1 + 𝛽𝑢2 ⇔ 𝛼(1,1,1,1) + 𝛽(1, −1,1, −1) = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) ⇔ {
𝛼+𝛽 =𝑧
𝛼−𝛽 =𝑡
𝛼+𝛽 =𝑥
−2𝛽 = −𝑥 + 𝑦 (𝐿2 − 𝐿1)
⇔{
0 = −𝑥 + 𝑧 (𝐿3 − 𝐿1)
0 = −𝑦 + 𝑡 (𝐿4 − 𝐿2)
𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝐹 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) ∈ ℝ4 : − − 𝑥 + 𝑧 = 0 𝑒𝑡 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0}

𝟒°. 𝐸 + 𝐹 = 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡(𝑢1 ; 𝑢2 ; 𝑢4 ; 𝑢5 )
𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒 (𝑢1 ; 𝑢2 ; 𝑢4 ; 𝑢5 ) 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒 𝑔é𝑛é𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝐸 + 𝐹 .
5° . 𝑑𝑖𝑚(𝐸) + 𝑑𝑖𝑚(𝐹) = 2 + 2 = 4 = 𝑑𝑖𝑚(ℝ4 )
𝑥+𝑧 =0 𝑥=0
𝑦+𝑡 =0 𝑦=0
𝑢 ∈𝐸∩𝐹 ⇔{ ⇔{ ⇔ 𝑢 = 0 ℝ4
−𝑥 + 𝑧 = 0 𝑧=0
−𝑦 + 𝑡 = 0 𝑡=0
𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝐸 ∩ 𝐹 = {0ℝ4 }
𝑃𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠é𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸 ⊕ 𝐹 = ℝ4