Michèle Malavieille

Wilfrid Rotgé

Maîtriser
le vocabulaire
anglais
Lycée, classes préparatoires et université
Niveaux B2-C1 du CECRL

Pour s’exprimer sur 65 thèmes contemporains

● Les mots clés sur chaque thème

● Des exemples pour les apprendre en contexte
● 3 00 exercices pour mieux formuler ses idées
● Tous les corrigés

Avec des fichiers audio

en accès direct
pour s’entraîner à l’oral
 Maîtriser
le vocabulaire
anglais
Niveaux B2/C1
du Cadre Européen Commun de Référence pour les Langues
(lycée, classes préparatoires et université)

Michèle Malavieille
Agrégée de l’Université
Professeur h. au lycée Lakanal (Sceaux)

Wilfrid Rotgé
Agrégé de l’Université
Professeur de linguistique anglaise
à l’université Paris Sorbonne
 Pour écouter les fichiers audio
au format mp3 associés à l’ouvrage et signalés
par le pictogramme , rendez-vous sur le site
www.editions-hatier.fr/maitriser-le-vocabulaire/anglais.

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Iconographie : Michèle Malavieille et Hatier Illustration

Conception graphique : Marc&Yvette
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© Hatier, Paris, juin 2016

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2
 Mode d’emploi
Maîtriser le vocabulaire anglais est destiné aux lycéens, aux élèves de classes
préparatoires, aux étudiants et aux adultes ; il correspond aux niveaux B2-C1
du Cadre Européen Commun de Référence pour les Langues.

LES 65 FICHES

L’ouvrage propose, classés en 65 thèmes, les mots

clés de l’anglais contemporain nécessaires pour
mieux s’exprimer à l’écrit comme à l’oral. Des renvois aux listes de gauche

Peace
10
CHECK POINT

1 Trouvez les mots correspondant aux définitions. A

The Hiroshima Peace Memorial 1. the action of ceasing to participate in a military activity: ……
Park is dedicated to the legacy of 2. to be greater in strength or power: ……
Hiroshima as the first city in the 3. a reversal: ……
world to suffer a nuclear attack. 4. to give up, to surrender: ……
In the background one can see the 5. the act of decreasing in intensity: ……
ruins of the A bomb Dome.
2 Traduisez les phrases suivantes. B
1. They hope they will be able to meet the goal set out in their recent joint statement.
A Defeat and victory 2. The President’s speech was intended to placate international opinion.
3. Basically the strategic concept of deterrence aims to prevent war.
a setback un revers to gain the upper hand avoir le dessus 4. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial lists the names of more than 58,000 American soldiers who
to yield céder to rout mettre en déroute died in the controversial Vietnam War.
to suffer a defeat subir une défaite disarmament le désarmement 5. The Christmas truce was a series of unofficial ceasefires that took place along the Western Front
to surrender se rendre de-escalation la désescalade around Christmas 1914, during World War I.

La sélection a withdrawal une retraite to reduce/to lessen réduire la course

to lay* down arms déposer les armes the arms race aux armements
FOOD FOR THOUGHT Des exercices
des mots utiles to prevail over l’emporter sur to advocate a ban préconiser une interdiction

➦ Resilience is woven deeply into the fabric of Oklahoma. Throw us an obstacle, and we grow classés par
sur le thème stronger. (Brad Henry) 3 Traduisez le texte suivant qui relate l’histoire de
La capacité à rebondir est partie intégrante du tissu dont est fait l’Oklahoma. Présentez-nous un obstacle,
nous deviendrons plus forts.
Sadako devenue un symbole de la paix au Japon.
On August 6th 1945 at 8:15 a.m. the first A bomb was dropped
objectif
on Hiroshima. Sadako Sadaki was two years old. She was a
mile and a half from ground zero but was not injured. In 1955
B she was diagnosed with leukaemia due to radioactive fallout. A
Back to peace friend of hers told her a story that says that anyone who folds
a thousand paper cranes will be granted their dearest wish.
a truce une trêve to make* up with se réconcilier avec She managed to make 644 cranes but died in October 1955.
a ceasefire un cessez-le-feu the outcome l’issue, le dénouement Her schoolmates collected money throughout the country and
to settle one’s trouver un compromis a peace treaty un traité de paix a monument dedicated to Sadako was erected in Hiroshima
differences a veteran un ancien combattant Peace Memorial Park. Thousands of children send paper
to work out a solution élaborer une solution a conscientious un objecteur de cranes which are exhibited all around the monument. “I will
to placate apaiser objector conscience write Peace on your wings and you will fly all over the world”,
to straighten out/ résoudre un problème the Blue Helmets les Casques Bleus Sadako said.
to solve a problem a deterrent force une force de dissuasion Paper cranes (des grues en papier)
a joint statement un communiqué commun to prevent empêcher, éviter from all over the world in Hiroshima
to improve ties with améliorer ses relations BUILD UP Peace Memorial Park.
avec

➦ Iraq was in ruins in the aftermath of Gulf War II. 4 Complétez les phrases à l’aide d’un des verbes suivants à la forme qui convient :
to shorten • to brighten • to deepen • to loosen • to straighten
straighten.
Des exemples L’Irak était en ruines à la suite de la deuxième guerre du Golfe.
➦ The Prime minister will play honest broker in the row between the two countries. 1. Some politicians say we should have …… our ties with the United States. Do you think our ties

pour les mémoriser Le Premier ministre va jouer les médiateurs honnêtes dans le différend entre les deux pays. with the U.S. are too strong?
2. The data gathered through this survey will …… our knowledge of the various aspects of energy

en contexte
consumption.
-en 3. It will take some time to …… things out.
Le suffixe -en permet parfois de former un verbe à partir d’un adjectif ou d’un adverbe : to lessen (réduire), 4. A compromise was reached and they decided to …… the transition period.
to blacken (noircir).
5. The …… economic conditions have not translated into accelerating wage growth.
Ce procédé n’est pas systématique : free (libre), to free (libérer).

Un entraînement
spécifique à l’oral
26 10 - Peace 27
Un point sur la
formation des mots

En page de gauche, le vocabulaire à retenir et des exemples pour l’apprendre en contexte.

En page de droite, une série d’exercices pour vous entraîner de manière ciblée :
Check point pour mémoriser, Food for thought pour mieux s’exprimer, Build up pour
construire son vocabulaire.

L’ENTRAÎNEMENT ORAL
Pour travailler chaque thème à l’oral, tous les fichiers audio au format mp3 associés à
l’ouvrage sont disponibles sur le site www.editions-hatier.fr/maitriser-le-vocabulaire/anglais :
- Listes et exemples de la page de gauche
- Documents supports du Food for thought
Ils sont signalés par le pictogramme .

ET AUSSI…

Des fiches dédiées à la langue anglaise (fiches 66-73)

Des tableaux de synthèse
Le corrigé de tous les exercices
Un index des thèmes abordés dans les Food for Thought
La liste des verbes irréguliers (signalés par * dans le corps de l’ouvrage)

Abréviations utilisées : sb (somebody), sth (something), qqn (quelqu’un), qqch. (quelque chose).

Mode d’emploi 3
Sommaire
Alphabet phonétique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

LES 65 THÈMES

01 The universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9

À l’échelle du monde

02 The Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11

03 The climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-13
04 The conquest of the world. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-15
05 Nations and countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-17
06 The world’s population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-19
07 International relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-21
08 War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-23
09 Modern warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-25
10 Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-27
11 Religions and beliefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-29
La question environnementale

12 The English landscape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-31

13 Urbanization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-33
14 Urban transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-35
15 Living together or not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36-37
16 Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38-39
17 Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40-41
18 Other environmental degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42-43
19 Biodiversity at risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44-45
20 Green living . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46-47
Sciences et techniques

21 Science and research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48-49

22 Space exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50-51
23 Anatomy and diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-53
24 Addiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54-55
25 Care and cures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56-57
26 The digital world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58-59

27 Economic sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60-61

Réalités économiques

28 Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62-63
29 Industrial production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64-65
30 Economic policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66-67
31 Working life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68-69
32 Labour relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70-71
33 World trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-73
34 The consumer society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74-75
35 Fashion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76-77
36 Money matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78-79
37 The world of finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80-81

4
 38 Youth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82-83

Problèmes de société
39 Old age and death. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84-85
40 Women and men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86-87
41 Family relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88-89
42 Social inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90-91
43 Social progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92-93
44 Discrimination and civil rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94-95
45 Social welfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96-97
46 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98-99
47 The law and the courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100-101
48 Delinquency and criminality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102-103
49 Political regimes and parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104-105
50 Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106-107
51 The media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108-109

52 Remembering, imagining… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110-111

La vie au quotidien

53 Moving and doing things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112-113

54 Thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114-115
55 Describing personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116-117
56 Happiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118-119
57 Displeasure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120-121
58 Expressing oneself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122-123
59 Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124-125
60 Museums and music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126-127
61 The cinema and television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128-129
62 Architecture and photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130-131
63 Pleasures of the table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132-133
64 Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134-135
65 Travelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136-137
À propos de la langue anglaise

66 Une brève histoire de l’anglais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138-139

67 Quelques origines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140-141
68 Binômes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142-143
69 Homographes/-nymes/-phones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144-145
70 Onomatopées et interjections
interjections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146-147
71 Quelques comparaisons courantes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148-149
72 Proverbes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150-151
73 L’anglais journalistique (journalese). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152-153

TABLEAUX DE SYNTHÈSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154-159

CORRIGÉS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160-184
THÈMES DES FOOD FOR THOUGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
VERBES IRRÉGULIERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186-189

Sommaire 5
Alphabet phonétique

Voyelles brèves
/I/ big, which, England
/e/ bed, said
/œ/ hat, that
/Å/ got
/Á/ good, would
/Ø/ luck, something, does
/E/ an, about

Voyelles longues
/i…/ see, sea, believe
/a…/ father, dance
/O…/ pork, walk, taught, thought, law
/u…/ too, two, whose, rule
/∏…/ bird, work, heard

Diphtongues
/eI/ snake, mail
/aI/ cry, while, might
/OI/ toy
/EÁ/ goat, hope, ago, don’t, those
/aÁ/ now, about, down, hour
/IE/ here, hear
/eE/ bear, there, rare
/ÁE/ tour

Consonnes
/T/ thing
/D/ this
/z/ dogs
/S/ sugar, shall
/Z/ treasure
/tS/ choose
/dZ/ just
/N/ singing
/j/ yet

6
Les 65 thèmes
 The universe
01 The Milky Way Galaxy contains
roughly 200 billion stars. From the
Earth – here Botswana –,
it is visible as a milky band that
stretches across the night sky.

A Space
infinity l’infini a shooting star une étoile filante
the void le vide the Milky Way la Voie lactée
weightlessness l’apesanteur the Pole/North Star l’Étoile polaire
gravity la pesanteur to wax croître [pour la lune]
gravitation la gravitation to wane décroître
a light year une année-lumière to complete an orbit effectuer une orbite

➦ Halley’s comet is clearly visible to the naked eye from Earth. It takes the comet 75 to 76 years
to complete an orbit around the Sun.
La comète de Halley est clairement visible à l’œil nu de la terre. Il lui faut 75 ou 76 ans pour effectuer une
orbite complète autour du soleil.

B Solids
ore un minerai slate l’ardoise
iron \aIEn\ le fer limestone le calcaire
rust la rouille peat la tourbe
lead \led\ le plomb clay l’argile
flint le silex tough \tØf\ dur, résistant
marble le marbre crumbly friable

➦ Silicon Valley is named after silicon, which is used to create most semiconductors.
La Silicon Valley doit son nom au silicium, qui est utilisé dans la fabrication de la plupart des semi-conducteurs.

C Light and darkness

a ray/a beam of light un rayon de lumière to flash clignoter
in broad daylight en plein jour a glow une lueur rougeoyante
bright vif a glimmer une faible lueur
to dazzle éblouir faint faible
to twinkle scintiller dim terne, sans éclat
to glitter scintiller, briller the shadow l’ombre
to sparkle étinceler the shade l’ombrage

➦ It’s better to light a candle than curse the darkness. (Peter Benenson)
Mieux vaut allumer une bougie que de maudire l’obscurité.
➦ Nothing can dim the light which shines from within. (Maya Angelou)
Rien ne peut atténuer la lumière qui brille de l’intérieur.

-less et -lessness
Nom : use (l’utilité) ➞ Adjectif : useless (inutile) ➞ Nom : uselessness (l’inutilité)

8
 CHECK POINT

1 Complétez les phrases suivantes. A

1. Newton was sitting under an apple tree, an apple fell on his head, and he suddenly thought of
the Universal Law of …… : that is what the legend says.
2. A …… …… is another name for a meteoroid as it enters the atmosphere, becoming a meteor.
3. A …… …… is equal to just under 10 trillion kilometres.

2 Trouvez les noms correspondant aux définitions suivantes. B

1. a reddish coating formed on iron or steel by the action of air: r_ _ t
2. a grey dark rock often used for covering roofs: s _ _ _ e
3. a hard type of rock that produces a spark when it is hit by steel: f _ _ _ t
4. carbonized vegetable tissue formed by partial decomposition in water of various plants: p _ _ t

3 Associez chaque mot de gauche avec un élément de droite

pour former des expressions que vous traduirez. C
1. in the twinkle a. of hope
2. a dazzling b. of an eye
3. the shadow c. clean
4. sparkling d. of inspiration
5. a glimmer e. of a doubt
6. a flash f. speed

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

4 Lisez le texte suivant ; le physicien britannique Stephen Hawking y expose

certaines de ses idées sur l’origine de l’univers.
The problem of the origin of the universe is a bit like the old question: Which came first, the chicken,
or the egg. In other words, what agency created the universe. And what created that agency. Or
perhaps, the universe, or the agency that created it, existed forever, and didn’t need to be created.
Up to recently, scientists have tended to shy away from such questions, feeling that they belonged
to metaphysics or religion, rather than to science. However, in the last few years, it has emerged
that the Laws of Science may hold even at the beginning of the universe. In that case, the universe
could be self-contained, and determined completely by the Laws of Science.
Stephen W. Hawking, Origin of the Universe, © 1988 S. W. Hawking.

En tenant compte du contexte, traduisez les mots ou expressions en gras.

BUILD UP

5 Complétez ces phrases avec un adjectif ou un nom de la liste suivante :

ageless(ness) • aimless(ness) • breathless(ness) • careless(ness) • endless(ness) •
speechless(ness) • friendless(ness).
1. This sad piece of news left her …… .
2. “To lose one parent, Mr Worthing, may be regarded as a misfortune. To lose both looks like
…… .” (O. Wilde, The Importance of Being Earnest, 1894)
3. Marilyn Monroe is a screen icon whose …… beauty still enthrals audiences today.
4. At college she felt isolated and …… .
5. Asthma attacks can lead to episodes of extreme …… .
6. Without a worthy goal, life becomes …… .
7. Is the United States still the land of …… opportunities?

01 - The universe 9
 The Earth
02 Volcanoes are prodigious land
builders. Kilauea and Mauna Loa,
two of the world’s most active
volcanoes, are still adding to the
island of Hawaii.

A Lands and seas

a range of mountains une chaîne to erupt entrer en éruption
height \haIt\ la hauteur the sea bed les fonds marins
the summit le sommet the ebb and flow le flux et le reflux
a pass un col the tide la marée
to rise* up s’élever to be* slack être étale
a cliff une falaise to surge, to swell* s’enfler
a slope une pente a reef un récif
steep escarpé straits un détroit
a volcano \vÅl"keInEÁ\ un volcan landlocked sans accès sur la mer

➦ Uganda is a landlocked country.

L’Ouganda est un pays sans accès à la mer.
➦ There is a groundswell of opinion against the reform.
L’opinion publique est massivement contre la réforme.
➦ They should stick to a common policy which will keep us off the slippery slope.
Ils devraient s’en tenir à une politique commune qui nous permettra d’éviter ce terrain glissant.

B Rivers and lakes

a spring une source to overflow, to burst* its banks sortir de son lit
a brook, a stream, a creek [US] un ruisseau a waterfall une chute d’eau
to wind* \waInd\ serpenter a whirlpool un tourbillon
the stream le courant a pool, a pond un étang
upstream en amont shallow peu profond
downstream en aval a lock une écluse
the (rate of) flow le débit a dam, a flood barrier un barrage

➦ They live in the downstream area of the river.

Ils habitent en aval du fleuve.
➦ Don’t change horses in midstream. (Abraham Lincoln)
On ne change pas de monture au milieu du gué.
➦ Either you decide to stay in the shallow end of the pool or you go out in the ocean.
(Christopher Reeve)
Vous pouvez décider de rester dans le petit bain mais vous pouvez aussi décider d’aller vers le large.

Over- et under-
Le préfixe over- implique l’idée d’« au-dessus » ou de dépassement, d’excès : to overflow (déborder),
overworked (surmené).
Le préfixe under- implique l’idée d’« au-dessous » ou d’insuffisance : underground (en sous-sol), underfed
(sous-alimenté).

10
 CHECK POINT

1 Retrouvez le sens figuré des mots en gras puis traduisez les phrases suivantes. A B
1. There has been a steep increase in the cost of petrol recently.
2. Unfortunately, this nation is at the mercy of the ebb and flow of global tides.
3. The crisis makes the number of unemployed swell.
4. Business is slack.

2 Complétez ces phrases avec les mots suivants : whirlpool • shallow • locks •
mainstream • spring puis traduisez. B
1. They find it difficult to adapt to the norms of …… society.
2. These problems …… from a misunderstanding.
3. Then, the enterprise became a bubble on a …… of speculation.
4. Those studies are absolutely wrong, …… and short-sighted.
5. In 2014, on the occasion of its Centennial, the Panama canal opened its new …… to the huge
cargo ships that could not cross the isthmus.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 L’homme et la terre… Lisez ces citations et choisissez le mot approprié en vous

aidant du contexte. Vérifiez vos réponses sur le site.
1. The earth has music/noise for those who listen. (George Santayana)
2. Flowers are the moon/earth laughing. (Ralph Waldo Emerson)
3. I went to the woods because I wished to live carelessly/deliberately, to front only the essential
facts/oppression of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came
to die/think, discover that I had not lived. (Henry David Thoreau)
4. In a sense, each of us is an island/a mountain. In another sense, however, we are all one. For
though islands appear united/separate, and may even be situated at great distances from one
another, they are only extrusions of the same planet, Earth. (James Donald Walters)
5. It suddenly struck me that that tiny pea, pretty and red/blue, was the Earth. I put up my thumb
and shut/opened one eye, and my thumb blotted out the planet Earth. I didn’t feel like a giant/a
child. I felt very, very small. (Neil Armstrong)

BUILD UP

4 Complétez les phrases suivantes avec over- ou under-.

1. He was dismissed: the boss said he was ……performing.
2. Everything in this store is ……priced, I can’t afford to shop there.
3. This child is ……weight: he should stop drinking Coke.
4. ……fishing has major effects on ecosystems.
5. They declared they were ……worked and ……paid.

02 - The Earth 11
 The climate
03 This picture portrays a storm
brooding over Dead Horse
State Park (Utah).

A The weather
a heat wave une vague de chaleur a flash of lightning un éclair
drought \draÁt\ la sécheresse frost le gel, la gelée, le givre
sweltering étouffant black ice le verglas
blazing torride a blanket of snow une couche de neige
sultry suffocant a snowdrift une congère
close \kloÁs\ lourd chilly très frais
a gust of wind une rafale de vent overcast couvert
a gale une bourrasque hail la grêle
to abate se calmer mist la brume
a thunderstorm un orage drizzle la bruine
a clap of thunder un coup de tonnerre scattered showers des averses intermittentes
lightning les éclairs, la foudre to get* soaked/drenched se faire tremper

➦ Sunshine is delicious, rain is refreshing, wind braces us up, snow is exhilarating; there is really
no such thing as bad weather, only different kinds of good weather. (John Ruskin)
Lorsque le soleil brille, c’est délicieux, la pluie nous rafraîchit, le vent nous revigore, la neige nous grise ;
le mauvais temps, ça n’existe pas, il y a seulement diverses formes de beau temps.
➦ Recently China experienced a large-scale outbreak of fog and haze that affected some 600 million
people and covered a quarter of its territory.
La Chine a connu récemment un épisode à grande échelle de brouillard et de brume qui a touché environ
600 millions de personnes et couvert un quart du territoire.

B Natural disasters
to flood \flØd\ inonder a tornado, a twister [US] une tornade
to be* in spate être en crue to rip arracher
monsoon rain les pluies de mousson a tidal wave un raz de marée
to overflow déborder to near se rapprocher
an earthquake un tremblement de terre to gather strength prendre de la vigueur
an aftershock une réplique to subside s’éloigner, se calmer
a landslide un glissement de terrain

➦ The deadliest event of the Klondike gold rush occurred in April 1898 on the Chilkoot Trail.
Numerous avalanches took place and 65 people lost their lives.
L’événement le plus tragique de la Ruée vers l’or dans le Klondike eut lieu en avril 1898 sur la piste de
Chilkoot. Il y eut de nombreuses avalanches et 65 personnes perdirent la vie.
➦ The word tsunami comes from the Japanese tsu (harbour) + nami (wave).

After-
Le préfixe after- est utilisé pour former un nom désignant quelque chose de postérieur dans le temps :
an aftershock (une réplique), the aftermath of an event (les suites d’un événement).

12
 CHECK POINT

1 Faites correspondre chaque mot à sa définition. A

1. sweltering a. cold enough to make you feel uncomfortable
2. lightning b. to become less intense
3. a drought c. suffocating
4. drizzle d. a very strong wind
5. chilly e. a long period of time with no rain
6. to abate f. flashes of light followed by thunder
7. a gale g. very light rain

2 Complétez ces phrases avec un des noms suivants : tornado • flooding •

earthquake • monsoon • tsunami • landslide. B
1. A strong …… near Alaska’s Aleutian Islands triggered a …… warning Monday, but only small
waves measuring several inches hit coastal communities.
2. A monstrous …… at least a half-mile wide roared through the Oklahoma City suburbs Tuesday,
flattening entire neighborhoods and destroying an elementary school.
3. From May through September of 1993, the Midwest suffered record …… , resulting in the deaths
of at least 50 people and damages approaching $15 billion.
4. The death toll from strong winds and …… rains across Sri Lanka’s coastal belt rose to 27 while
another 29 fishermen are missing.
5. …… are common in mountainous Nepal during the monsoon season.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Voici à quoi conduit l’humour anglais à propos d’une tempête dans la Manche.
Choisissez le terme qui convient. Puis vérifiez vos réponses sur le site.
I shall never forget the poor gentleman who once travelled with me on the Channel boat. Only the two
of us were on deck as a violent storm/drought was raging. A tremendous frost/gale was lashing
mountainous seas. We huddled there for a while, without saying anything. Suddenly a fearful gust/
tornado blew him overboard. His head emerged just once from the water below me. He looked at
me calmly and remarked somewhat casually: “Rather sunny/windy, isn’t it?”
George Mikes, How to be inimitable, Andre Deutsch, 1960.

4 Des catastrophes naturelles sont restées dans l’histoire. Traduisez les mots ou
segments en gras en tenant bien compte du contexte.
Afghanistan Blizzard (2008)
The second worst blizzard in modern history after the Iran blizzard with regards to casualties, it had
an estimated death toll of 1,337 due to temperatures that fell below -30°C with up to 180 centimeters
of snow in the mountainous regions. Some were frozen to death, a number died when their vehicles
were blocked by snowdrifts and at least 100 people underwent frostbite amputations in hospitals
across the country. It also claimed more than 100,000 sheep and goats and 315,000 cattle.
25 worst natural disasters recorded, List25™ © 2011-2014.

BUILD UP

5 Utilisez le préfixe after- pour traduire les mots suivants.

1. une pensée qui vient après coup – 2. un arrière-goût – 3. un effet secondaire – 4. une postface –
5. la vie après la mort

03 - The climate 13
 The conquest of the world
04 In 1869, the railheads of the Union
Pacific and the Central Pacific
railroads met at Promontory Summit
(Utah): the First Transcontinental
Railroad in the United States was
officially completed.

A Exploring the world

a map une carte trade winds les alizés
the scale of a map l’échelle d’une carte to make* landfall arriver en vue de la terre
a chart une carte [marine/du ciel] the mainland le continent [≠ une île]
a landmark un point de repère to circumnavigate faire le tour du monde
a compass une boussole (the world)
to find*/to get* s’orienter the west l’ouest, l’Occident
one’s bearings the east l’est, l’Orient

➦ “Manifest Destiny” was a phrase used by leaders and politicians in the second half of the
19th century to explain the westward expansion by the United States. American settlers were
destined to conquer the west.
La « destinée manifeste » était une expression utilisée par les leaders politiques durant la seconde moitié
du XIXe siècle pour expliquer la conquête de l’Ouest par les Américains. Les colons américains avaient pour
mission divine de conquérir l’Ouest.

B Settling
a land une terre, un pays a settler un colon
a people un peuple to lie* être situé
native autochtone to stretch, to spread* s’étendre
a tribe une tribu a border, a boundary une frontière
to inhabit habiter a trail une piste
a countryman un concitoyen to link relier

➦ Washington is not a place to live in. The rents are high, the food is bad, the dust is disgusting
and the morals are deplorable. Go West, young man, go West and grow up with the country.
(Horace Greeley, 1865)
Washington n’est pas un endroit où vivre. Les loyers sont chers, la nourriture est mauvaise, le lieu est sale
et repoussant, les mœurs y sont dissolues. Pars vers l’ouest, jeune homme, pars vers l’ouest et grandis
avec le pays.
➦ Our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this small planet. We all breathe the same
air. We all cherish our children’s future. And we are all mortal. (John Fitzgerald Kennedy)
Notre lien commun le plus fondamental est que nous sommes tous des habitants de cette petite planète.
Nous respirons tous le même air. Nous chérissons tous l’avenir de nos enfants. Et nous sommes tous mortels.

-man, -woman, -person

De nombreux noms désignant une profession ou l’appartenance à un groupe sont formés à partir de nom
+ -man ou -woman : a fisherman (un pêcheur), a countryman (un concitoyen), a statesman (un homme
d’État), an Englishman (un Anglais).
On trouve aussi nom + -person : a chairperson (un président/une présidente), a spokesperson (un/une
porte-parole).

14
 CHECK POINT

1 Sachant que southern signifie « méridional », comment diriez-vous :

« septentrional », « oriental » et « occidental » ? A

2 Complétez les phrases suivantes. A B

1. The Magellan-Elcano expedition …… the world for the first time in history. They sailed from
Spain in 1519 and returned in 1522.
2. The magnetic …… was invented by the Chinese during the Han Dynasty (starting about 206
BC).
3. The …… winds have been used by captains of sailing ships for centuries. They enabled the
Europeans to create new empires in the Americas.
4. From the early 1830s to 1869 the Oregon …… was used by about 400,000 …… , farmers,
miners and their families. They made the trip in covered wagons pulled by mules and oxen.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez le texte suivant qui aborde la notion de « Frontière » dans la civilisation

américaine.
The idea of a “frontier”, of a place that is an edge between the known and the unknown, the settled
and the wild, has a prominent place in American history. Sometimes it is a particular territory, such as
the North American continent west of the Missouri River. It can be the idea of a place, something more
ambiguous: a frontier is a place where you are on your own, where the rules are not yet made. The
frontier can be a mental realm of new ideas, ideas about space and time and the origins of the world.
For many Americans, what was “the frontier” is, geographically, that land west of the Missouri River
that is characterized as dry, perhaps even arid, where crops grow with a struggle and where cattle
range freely, searching for water and feed.
© North west of the west, www.lib.washington.edu.

Relevez les termes :

1. qui donnent une définition géographique précise de la « Frontière » ;
2. qui décrivent précisément les caractéristiques des deux côtés de la « Frontière » ;
3. qui impliquent que la « Frontière » est un lieu de liberté et un lieu de tous les possibles ;
4. qui évoquent la difficulté de subsister en ces lieux.

BUILD UP

4 Employez un mot composé avec -man, -woman ou -person dans les phrases
suivantes.
1. Her Excellency Ms. Rosemary Banks presided over the New Zealand delegates: she was ……
of the Delegation of New Zealand.
2. The president’s …… said that the speech was scheduled for Wednesday.
3. The United States is sometimes called the …… of the world.
4. Sir Winston Churchill is recognized as one of the greatest …… of the 20th century.
5. Emma is a …… at heart. She enjoys playing rugby, skiing and surfing.

04 - The conquest of the world 15

 Nations and countries
05 There are 195 independent
sovereign states in the world
(including Taiwan), plus about
60 dependent areas, and five
disputed territories, like Kosovo.
Here are some of their flags.

� Dans le tableau suivant, ne sont indiqués que les mots courants qui risquent de poser problème.

countries/territories people a/an adjective

Europe the Europeans a European European
Germany the Germans a German German
Norway the Norwegians a Norwegian Norwegian
Britain the British a British person British
Scotland the Scots, Scotsmen a Scot, a Scotsman Scottish
Denmark the Danes a Dane Danish
Poland the Poles a Pole Polish
Spain the Spanish, Spaniards a Spaniard Spanish
Turkey the Turks a Turk Turkish
Greece the Greeks a Greek Greek
Holland, the Netherlands the Dutch a Dutchman Dutch
Ireland the Irish an Irishman Irish
Wales the Welsh a Welshman Welsh
Lebanon the Lebanese a Lebanese Lebanese
Portugal the Portuguese a Portuguese Portuguese
Japan the Japanese a Japanese Japanese
Pakistan the Pakistanis a Pakistani Pakistani
Israel the Israelis an Israeli Israeli
Thailand the Thais a Thai Thai
Switzerland the Swiss a Swiss man Swiss

Quelques cas particuliers

The United Kingdom: England, Scotland, Wales + Northern Ireland
The United States of America/the USA: the car le nom de pays comprend un nom commun (states)
Eire: la République d’Irlande ≠ Northern Ireland, parfois appelé Ulster

➦ Henry James was American born but spent most of his writing career in England.
Henry James était américain mais il a passé l’essentiel de sa vie d’écrivain en Angleterre.
➦ When it comes to nationality or citizenship, there are two types of rights: the right of the soil
and the right of blood. The former gives you the right to nationality of a given country if you were
born in that country.
Quand on aborde la question de la nationalité ou de la citoyenneté, il y a deux types de droits : le droit du
sol et le droit du sang. Le premier vous donne la nationalité d’un pays donné si vous y êtes né.
➦ The latter (the right of blood) depends on your parents: if one of them is a citizen of a given
country, you can claim citizenship of that country.
Le second (le droit du sang) dépend de vos parents : si l’un d’eux est citoyen d’un pays donné, vous pouvez
réclamer la citoyenneté dans ce pays.
➦ Quite a few countries have a mixture of those two rights, like Canada, the United States,
Israel and Germany.
Plusieurs pays ont un mélange de ces deux droits : c’est le cas du Canada, des États-Unis, d’Israël et de
l’Allemagne.

16
 CHECK POINT

1 Complétez le tableau suivant.

pays les… un/une… adjectif

France …… …… ……
…… the Irish …… ……
…… …… …… Russian
…… …… a Mexican ……
Japan …… …… ……
…… …… …… Korean
…… …… a Pole ……
Israel …… …… ……
…… …… …… Welsh
…… …… a Turk ……

2 Traduisez les phrases suivantes.

1. Maria Callas était une soprano grecque née aux États-Unis.
2. John Maxwell Coetzee est un romancier sud-africain qui se vit attribuer (was awarded) le prix
Nobel de littérature en 2003. Il devint citoyen australien en 2006.
3. Albert Einstein est né en Allemagne en 1879, il est mort en 1955 dans le New Jersey.
4. James Cook a découvert la Nouvelle-Zélande en 1770. Il devint le premier Européen à rencontrer
(who encountered) des aborigènes.
5. Vincent Willem van Gogh (1853-1890) était un peintre post-impressionniste d’origine hollandaise.
6. La plupart des ouvriers employés pour la construction du premier chemin de fer transcontinental
aux États-Unis étaient chinois ou irlandais.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Dans ce paragraphe, remplacez l’initiale du pays par l’adjectif correspondant en

ayant, bien sûr, le sens de l’humour ! Vérifiez vos réponses sur le site.
An old popular joke
Heaven is where the cooks are …… (F), the police are …… (GB), the mechanics are …… or ……
(D or CH), the lovers are …… (I) and everything is organized by the …… or …… (D or CH).
Hell is where the cooks are …… (GB), the police are …… (D), the mechanics are …… (F), the lovers
are …… (CH), and everything is organized by the …… (I).
http://politicalhumor.about.com/library/jokes/bljokeheavenhell.htm.

4 Stereotypes… Choisissez les termes qui conviennent.

Even today when the international community promotes diversity and encourages tolerance, certain
people are still tagged according to their nationalities. Here is an example.
Those who say that Canadians are boring are probably the same people who think that the Canadian
capital is Ottawa/Toronto, that Canadian culture is based around Celine Dion, and that Canadians
live in igloos/skyscrapers.
The truth is, the climate is not the only thing that is cooler in this country. Canada offers a wide range
of exciting/dangerous activities such as snowboarding, kayaking and many other sports for the
adventurous.
You’ll also not run out of reasons to laugh/cry in this more-than-maple country (ce pays où il n’y a pas
que des érables). After all, many comedians in Hollywood are Canadians – Mike Myers, John Candy,
Matthew Perry, Eugene Levy and Jim Carrey among others. Their names hardly sound boring, do they?
www.nationalstereotype.com/you-are-not-your-count.

05 - Nations and countries 17

 The world’s population
06 A statue of Annie Moore and her
brothers stands on the waterfront of
Cobh, Ireland. She was the first
immigrant to pass through the new
immigration centre at Ellis Island in
New York Harbor, in 1892.

A Migratory movements
a border une frontière undocumented sans papiers
the customs la douane to be* turned away être refoulé
to go* into exile s’exiler a host country un pays d’accueil
to flee* fuir citizenship la citoyenneté
a political refugee un réfugié politique a residence permit, un permis de séjour
an asylum seeker un demandeur d’asile a green card [US]
a stateless person un apatride a foreign national un ressortissant étranger
a smuggler un passeur to start from scratch partir de rien
a stowaway un passager clandestin to fulfil a dream réaliser un rêve
to implement quotas imposer des quotas to blend (in) s’intégrer
a holding centre un centre de rétention

➦ “Pull and push factors” are the reasons why people are attracted by a country and pushed
away from the country where they live.
Des facteurs d’attraction et de répulsion expliquent pourquoi les gens sont attirés par un pays et repoussés
du pays dans lequel ils vivent.
➦ Britain’s an island; it’s always had a constant ebb and flow of immigration – it makes it a
better place. (Johnny Rotten)
La Grande-Bretagne est une île ; elle a connu de constants flux et reflux d’immigrants – cela la rend meilleure.
➦ Illegal aliens have always been a problem in the United States. Ask any Indian. (Robert Orben)
Les étrangers en situation irrégulière ont de tout temps posé problème aux États-Unis. Posez la question
à n’importe quel Indien.

B Population growth
a census un recensement life expectancy l’espérance de vie
an inhabitant un habitant densely/sparsely très/peu peuplé
population growth la croissance démographique populated
the birth rate le taux de naissance overcrowded surpeuplé
to slow down ralentir a baby bust un effondrement
démographique
to increase s’accroître, augmenter
… people per … habitants au km2
on average en moyenne
square km
➦ China’s One Child Policy was created in 1979 by Deng Xiaoping to limit communist China’s
population growth. It was in place for more than three decades.
La politique chinoise de l’enfant unique a été mise en place par Deng Xiaoping en 1979 pour limiter la crois-
sance démographique de la Chine communiste. Elle est restée en vigueur pendant plus de trois décennies.

-ship
Le suffixe -ship sert à former des noms abstraits désignant le fait d’être… à partir d’un nom : citizenship
(la citoyenneté), friendship (l’amitié).

18
 CHECK POINT

1 Traduisez les phrases suivantes. A B

1. En Australie, il y a 23 millions d’habitants, 40 millions de kangourous et 75 millions de moutons.
2. En 2013, selon l’OMS (according to the WHO), l’espérance de vie était de 84,6 ans au Japon, de
79,8 ans aux États-Unis et de 47,5 ans en Sierra Leone.
3. Hier, neuf demandeurs d’asile ont été découverts cachés sous un Eurostar.
4. Quinze millions de personnes sont apatrides. Aucun pays ne les reconnaît comme ressortissants.
Ils font partie (They are some of) des êtres les plus invisibles de la planète.

2 À partir du mot rate, traduisez les expressions suivantes. B

1. le taux de natalité – 2. le taux de croissance – 3. le taux de remplacement – 4. le taux de mortalité
– 5. le taux d’alphabétisation – 6. le taux de chômage – 7. le taux de survie

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez cet extrait d’un discours de Barack Obama sur les actions en faveur des
jeunes immigrés aux États-Unis dans le cadre du programme DREAM
(Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors).
These are young people who study in our schools, they play in our neighborhoods, they’re friends
with our kids, they pledge allegiance to our flag. They are Americans in their heart, in their minds, in
every single way but one: on paper. They were brought to this country by their parents, – sometimes
even as infants, – and often have no idea that they’re undocumented until they apply for a job or a
driver’s license or a college scholarship.
Put yourself in their shoes. Imagine you’ve done everything right your entire life, – studied hard,
worked hard, maybe even graduated at the top of your class, – only to suddenly face the threat of
deportation to a country that you know nothing about, with a language that you may not even speak.
That’s what gave rise to the Dream Act. It says that if your parents brought you here as a child, you’ve
been here for five years and you’re willing to go to college or serve in our military, you can one day
earn your citizenship. And I’ve said time and time and time again to Congress that, send me the
Dream Act, put it on my desk, and I will sign it right away.
Barack Obama, June 15, 2012, © www.whitehouse.gov.

Citez les phrases où Barack Obama :

1. déclare que les jeunes concernés sont américains dans tous les sens du terme sauf sur le papier ;
2. dit que ces jeunes ignorent qu’ils sont sans papier jusqu’au moment où ils postulent pour le
permis de conduire ;
3. demande à son auditoire de se mettre à leur place ;
4. évoque la menace d’expulsion qui pèse sur eux ;
5. énonce les conditions qui les mèneront à acquérir la nationalité américaine.

BUILD UP

4 Parmi les mots suivants, choisissez ceux qui correspondent aux définitions
ci-dessous : censorship • lordship • ownership • township • membership •
dictatorship • kinship.
1. the state of belonging to or being a part of a group or an organization
2. the fact of possessing something
3. a form of government in which absolute power is concentrated in one person
4. the system or practice of examining books, movies, etc. and deleting passages

06 - The world’s population 19

 International relations
07
These people are
demonstrating against China’s
invasion of Tibet. The picture was
taken in India in 2011.

A Diplomatic activity
an embassy une ambassade talks des pourparlers
to be* appointed être nommé a route map une feuille de route
ambassador ambassadeur to endorse appuyer, approuver
a representative un délégué a memorandum of un protocole d’accord
the diplomatic corps le corps diplomatique agreement
\kO…\, the foreign to pay* lip service to manifester un intérêt de
service [US] pure forme pour
the diplomatic bag/ la valise diplomatique to recall an rappeler un
pouch [US] ambassador ambassadeur
an adviser, an un conseiller to deliver an adresser un ultimatum
advisor [US] ultimatum to à
an envoy un émissaire to break* off rompre des relations
a counterpart un homologue diplomatic relations diplomatiques

➦ The Committee took note of this information but refused to endorse this policy.
Le Comité a pris note de ces informations mais a refusé d’appuyer cette politique.
➦ An ambassador is an honest man sent abroad to lie for his country. (Henry Wotton)
Un ambassadeur est un homme honnête que l’on envoie à l’étranger pour mentir au nom de son pays.
➦ The European Commission has adopted a route map for planning maritime space.
La Commission européenne a adopté une feuille de route pour la planification de l’espace maritime.

B International negotiations
the balance of power l’équilibre des forces a bone of contention une pomme de discorde
to hold* a summit organiser un sommet a deadline une date limite
the agenda l’ordre du jour a showdown une épreuve de force
to convene se réunir to take* steps prendre des mesures
a host country un pays d’accueil to hinder entraver
to bond with nouer des liens avec to toughen \"tØfn\ one’s durcir sa position
to change course changer de cap stance
a thaw un dégel to walk out of the talks quitter les négociations
a settlement un accord

➦ The date has been set for a referendum to approve the draft constitution. And so, the next
showdown is likely to come very soon.
On a arrêté la date du référendum sur le projet de constitution. Et donc, la prochaine épreuve de force aura
probablement lieu très prochainement.
➦ In certain areas there are significant problems which hinder the return to peace.
Dans certains domaines, il existe d’importantes difficultés qui freinent le retour à la paix.

Off
La particule off implique l’idée de séparation, de rupture : to take off (décoller), to break off (rompre).

20
 CHECK POINT

1 Trouvez les mots correspondant aux définitions. A B

1. a person who gives advice in a particular field: ……
2. a country that provides services, buildings, etc. for an event: ……
3. a representative of a government who is sent on a special diplomatic mission: ……
4. to declare one’s public approval or support of: ……
5. a person or thing closely resembling another, especially in function: ……
6. an increase in friendliness or cordiality: ……
7. to come or bring together for a meeting or activity; to assemble: ……

2 Déduisez le sens des expressions suivantes à partir des mots agenda et corps. A B
1. to top the agenda 4. the medical corps
2. to put together an agenda 5. the intelligence corps
3. an item on the agenda 6. the press corps

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 La diplomatie par la gastronomie… Lisez ce texte et choisissez le mot approprié

en vous aidant du contexte. Vérifiez vos réponses sur le site.
These nations are using food/weapons to project power around the world. And it’s working.
“Noodle diplomacy” and “chopstick diplomacy” may be new phrases, but the concept that food and
gastronomy/embassies/diplomacy go together is as old as, well, food.
Even the ancient Romans knew the best way to make a showdown/peace/war with an enemy
was to share a good meal. It’s just taken us until relatively recently to come up with a word for it:
gastrodiplomacy/Roman diplomacy/diplomatic corps.
But now that we’ve got one, we’re not wasting time. At least five countries – Thailand, South Korea,
Peru, Taiwan and the United States – have “official” culinary diplomacy/peace programs, and
colleges are even teaching courses in how to eat your way to cultural understanding/thaw.
Thailand should be credited with reviving the ancient trend in 2002, with its “Global Thai program”.
The idea was to increase/hinder/prevent the number of Thai restaurants nationwide/in Asia/
worldwide, which The Economist presaged would “not only introduce delicious spicy Thai food to
thousands of new tummies and persuade more people to visit Thailand, but it could subtly help can-
cel/deepen/toughen relations with other countries”.
Global Post (Globalpost.com), March 25, 2014.

BUILD UP
4 Complétez les phrases avec les mots suivants : cut off • fight off • pay off •
take-off • switch off.
1. In the summer of 1940, Great Britain remained alone to …… …… a possible German invasion.
2. They have sacrificed their ecological potential to achieve an economic ……-…… .
3. When the economy slowed down, a lot of families were unable to …… …… their loans.
4. Please …… …… your mobile phones during the meeting.
5. Flooded roads …… …… at least 90 villages.

07 - International relations 21
 War
08 The battleship USS Missouri rests
in Pearl Harbour (Hawaii). She was
the site of the surrender of the
Empire of Japan which ended
World War II.

A Disagreement
to differ with être en désaccord avec a deadlock une impasse
to strain relations créer des tensions uncompromising inébranlable
to bode ill for the être de mauvais augure to set* an ultimatum poser un ultimatum
future pour l’avenir to derail talks faire échouer
a feud \fju…d\ une querelle des discussions
to bog down s’enliser to break* up a deal rompre un accord
unbridgeable/ des points de vue to clash entrer en conflit
irreconcilable views irréconciliables

➦ Such declarations could strain their bilateral relations.

De telles déclarations pourraient créer des tensions dans leurs relations bilatérales.
➦ An eye for an eye will only make the whole world blind. (attribué à Gandhi)
Œil pour œil et le monde entier deviendra aveugle.

B Waging war
to wage war with faire la guerre à a machine gun une mitrailleuse
to break* out éclater an assault rifle un fusil d’assaut
to invade envahir to shoot* at tirer sur
to retaliate riposter, exercer des to shoot* sb abattre qqn
représailles a stray bullet une balle perdue
a weapon \"wepEn\ une arme the wounded les blessés
ammunition, les munitions casualties les pertes humaines
munitions
missing in action (MIA) disparu au combat
armoured blindé
a POW \Æpi… EÁ "dØblju…\ un prisonnier de guerre
a dogfight un combat aérien
to release relâcher
a shell un obus
side effects les dommages collatéraux

➦ You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word. It is victory, victory at all costs, victory
in spite of all terror, victory, however long and hard the road may be; for without victory, there
is no survival. (Winston Churchill)
Vous demandez quel est notre but ? Je peux répondre en un mot. C’est la victoire, la victoire à tout prix, la
victoire en dépit de toute peur, la victoire, aussi long et dur que puisse être le chemin ; car sans victoire il
n’est pas de survie.

Un- et ill-
Un- est un préfixe qui donne une valeur négative à un adjectif, un adverbe ou un nom : uncompromising
(inébranlable), unfair (injuste).
Il- devant l (im- devant m ou p, ir- devant r, in- devant les autres lettres) a aussi une valeur négative : illogical
(illogique), impossible (impossible), irrelevant (non pertinent), inadequate (inadéquat).

22
 CHECK POINT

1 Complétez ces phrases. A

1. This question has been avoided because it is highly sensitive and could …… talks.
2. The peace process is getting …… down and tensions are rising again.
3. We’ll do everything we can to get out of the …… we have been facing for far too long.
4. The long-standing Indian-Pakistani …… over Kashmir remains contentious and fractious.
5. The high illiteracy rate and the low level of education …… ill for the …… .

2 Traduisez. B
1. Le dernier prisonnier de guerre américain de la guerre en Afghanistan vient d’être relâché.
2. Les premiers combats aériens eurent lieu (to appear) pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, peu
(shortly) après l’invention de l’avion.
3. Le nombre (estimated number) de pertes humaines de l’URSS pendant la Seconde Guerre
mondiale est évalué (stands at) à 26,6 millions.
4. Essayez de garder votre sang-froid (to remain in control) et de ne pas riposter.
5. La guerre éclata en 1939 lorsque l’Allemagne envahit la Pologne.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Prenez connaissance de ce texte qui évoque l’arrivée d’une jeune recrue au
Vietnam en 1970.
The plane to ’Nam set him down at Da Nang on April 19, 1970, with a year to serve if he were lucky
enough to live through it. The first thing that struck him stepping off the plane was the heat; a country
that had seemed so green and riotously alive from their incoming jetliner had air so close and hot
it sucked his breath away. His second indelible impression was the look of the men waiting to leave
on the plane that had borne him in. He could read his future in their past, in their missing limbs
and their dull, haunted faces. The only thing that kept him from being scared was his countervailing
sense that being scared was pointless. “I can’t say hey, I don’t want to go”, he thought; he felt like a
man who had been sentenced to a year in prison, hearing the gates clank shut behind him.
Newsweek, February 18, 1983.

Traitez maintenant les questions suivantes.

1. Relevez avec précision les segments de phrases qui vous indiquent que ce soldat arrive au
Vietnam.
2. À partir du sens premier des termes en gras, déduisez leur sens en contexte et proposez une
traduction.
Pour vous aider… a riot : une émeute • riotous : déchaîné, tapageur • close : mal aéré • limbs :
membres • to miss : manquer • to countervail : contrecarrer, s’opposer à.

BUILD UP
4 Complétez avec le préfixe approprié : un-, il-, im-, ir- ou in-.
1. He was ……aware of the Committee’s intentions.
2. This hospital is particularly cold and ……personal.
3. ……legal downloads affect the audiovisual and music sector.
4. The company’s future is ……certain.
5. The proposal was described as ……mature.
6. The Wallabies have been ……beatable this season.
7. When you travel to India you should always expect the ……expected.
8. The election was dismissed as ……legitimate by many countries.
9. I’ve had enough with his working ……regular hours.
10. Their aim is to create a situation in which military conflict is ……thinkable.

08 - War 23
 Modern warfare
09 According to UN sources landmines
kill 15000 to 20000 people every
year. These posters in Angkor Tom
(Cambodia) warn people about the
presence of landmines.

A Weapons
high-tech warfare la guerre de haute a rocket launcher un lance-roquettes
technologie a spy satellite un satellite espion
asymmetric warfare la guerre asymétrique an unmanned vehicle un véhicule sans pilote
proxy war la guerre par a UAV (an unmanned un drone
procuration aerial vehicle),
a surgical strike une frappe chirurgicale a drone
a target une cible remotely operated commandé à distance
to aim viser an explosive payload une charge explosive
a man-portable un missile portatif a suicide bomber un kamikaze
missile

➦ Increasingly, wars are fought in precisely those countries that can least afford them. Of more
than 150 major conflicts since the Second World War, 130 have been fought in the developing
world. (UNICEF)
De plus en plus, les guerres sont livrées très précisément dans les pays qui peuvent le moins se les offrir.
Depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale, sur plus de 150 conflits majeurs, 130 se sont déroulés dans les pays
émergents.
➦ The Navy SEALs (SEa, Air and Land) are the U.S. Navy’s principal special operations force.
Their members are trained to operate in all climates and environments.

B Warriors and victims

to ambush tendre une embuscade a warlord un seigneur de la guerre
to plunder, to loot, piller a militia group une milice
to pillage guerrilla warfare des tactiques de guérilla
to wreak havoc faire des ravages tactics
to maim mutiler civilian victims des victimes civiles
to rape violer displaced les populations déplacées
to kidnap enlever populations
a hostage un otage a refugee un réfugié
collateral/side effects des effets collatéraux shell-shocked atteint de choc
traumatique
unexploded ordnance des munitions non
explosées

➦ According to UNICEF (the United Nations Children’s Fund), millions of landmines remain hidden
around the world. They are regularly triggered by unsuspecting civilians.
Selon l’UNICEF, des millions de mines antipersonnel restent dissimulées dans le monde. Elles sont régu-
lièrement déclenchées par des civils sans méfiance.
➦ WMDs (Weapons of Mass Destruction) can be chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear. They
are designed primarily to kill large numbers of people and destroy whole buildings.
Les armes de destruction massive peuvent être chimiques, biologiques, radiologiques ou nucléaires. Elles
sont destinées essentiellement à tuer un grand nombre de personnes et à détruire des bâtiments entiers.

24
 CHECK POINT

1 Complétez les phrases suivantes. A

1. The …… …… of those bombs could destroy several cities.
2. A drone is an …… …… vehicle or ship.
3. …… warfare is a conflict between countries or groups with very different military capabilities
and strategies.
4. Their military base was an easy …… for an air attack.
5. Would wars fought by …… …… robots make the world a safer place?

2 Traduisez les phrases suivantes. B

1. Les munitions non explosées font encore des ravages dans ce pays.
2. According to UNESCO, three to seven thousand items plundered from Iraq’s National Museum
are still considered missing.
3. Ces enfants sont atteints de choc traumatique.
4. En Europe, de nombreux réfugiés n’atteignent même pas la terre ferme (dry land).
5. 120,000 soldiers were maimed or killed.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ces paragraphes qui traitent de la guerre moderne et de quelques-unes de

ses conséquences.
§1. According to the Cambodian leader Pol Pot (1975-1979), landmines were “perfect soldiers”
because they never slept and were always ready to attack.
§ 2. Because of technological advancements, modern warfare has become more anonymous. Hence
the question asked by the American organization Globalization101: “Does the use of UAVs promote
a feeling of being ‘removed from the battlefield’ that allows an individual to consider ‘pulling the
trigger’ without wholly considering the consequences?” (Globalization101.org)
§ 3. Think of a modern conflict – Iraq, Syria, Sierra Leone, Bosnia, Kosovo – and the pictures that
come to mind are endless columns of refugees and the debris-strewn bodies of women and child-
ren. (The Independent, 20 July 2014)
§ 4. The war does not end when you come home. It lives on in memories of your fellow soldiers, sailors,
airmen and Marines who gave their lives. It endures in the wound that is slow to heal, the disability
that isn’t going away, the dream that wakes you at night, or the stiffening in your spine when a car
backfires (pétarade) down the street. (Barack Obama’s address, February 27, 2009)

Traitez maintenant les questions suivantes.

1. Attribuez un titre à chacun de ces paragraphes.
a. Femmes et enfants, victimes des conflits modernes : § ……
b. La guerre moderne, à distance des champs de bataille : § ……
c. Les parfaits petits soldats : § ……
d. La guerre : empreintes à long terme : § ……
2. Traduisez les segments en gras.

09 - Modern warfare 25
 Peace
10 The Hiroshima Peace Memorial
Park is dedicated to the legacy of
Hiroshima as the first city in the
world to suffer a nuclear attack.
In the background one can see the
ruins of the A bomb Dome.

A Defeat and victory

a setback un revers to gain the upper hand avoir le dessus
to yield céder to rout mettre en déroute
to suffer a defeat subir une défaite disarmament le désarmement
to surrender se rendre de-escalation la désescalade
a withdrawal une retraite to reduce/to lessen réduire la course
to lay* down arms déposer les armes the arms race aux armements
to prevail over l’emporter sur to advocate a ban préconiser une interdiction

➦ Resilience is woven deeply into the fabric of Oklahoma. Throw us an obstacle, and we grow
stronger. (Brad Henry)
La capacité à rebondir est partie intégrante du tissu dont est fait l’Oklahoma. Présentez-nous un obstacle,
nous deviendrons plus forts.

B Back to peace
a truce
a ceasefire
to settle one’s
differences
to work out a solution
to placate
to straighten out/
to solve a problem
a joint statement
to improve ties with
une trêve to make* up with se réconcilier avec
un cessez-le-feu the outcome l’issue, le dénouement
trouver un compromis a peace treaty un traité de paix
a veteran un ancien combattant
élaborer une solution a conscientious un objecteur de
apaiser objector conscience
résoudre un problème the Blue Helmets les Casques Bleus
a deterrent force une force de dissuasion
un communiqué commun to prevent empêcher, éviter
améliorer ses relations
avec

➦ Iraq was in ruins in the aftermath of Gulf War II.

L’Irak était en ruines à la suite de la deuxième guerre du Golfe.
➦ The Prime minister will play honest broker in the row between the two countries.
Le Premier ministre va jouer les médiateurs honnêtes dans le différend entre les deux pays.

-en
Le suffixe -en permet parfois de former un verbe à partir d’un adjectif ou d’un adverbe : to lessen (réduire),
to blacken (noircir).
Ce procédé n’est pas systématique : free (libre), to free (libérer).

26
 CHECK POINT

1 Trouvez les mots correspondant aux définitions. A

1. the action of ceasing to participate in a military activity: ……
2. to be greater in strength or power: ……
3. a reversal: ……
4. to give up, to surrender: ……
5. the act of decreasing in intensity: ……

2 Traduisez les phrases suivantes. B

1. They hope they will be able to meet the goal set out in their recent joint statement.
2. The President’s speech was intended to placate international opinion.
3. Basically the strategic concept of deterrence aims to prevent war.
4. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial lists the names of more than 58,000 American soldiers who
died in the controversial Vietnam War.
5. The Christmas truce was a series of unofficial ceasefires that took place along the Western Front
around Christmas 1914, during World War I.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Traduisez le texte suivant qui relate l’histoire de

Sadako devenue un symbole de la paix au Japon.
On August 6th 1945 at 8:15 a.m. the first A bomb was dropped
on Hiroshima. Sadako Sadaki was two years old. She was a
mile and a half from ground zero but was not injured. In 1955
she was diagnosed with leukaemia due to radioactive fallout. A
friend of hers told her a story that says that anyone who folds
a thousand paper cranes will be granted their dearest wish.
She managed to make 644 cranes but died in October 1955.
Her schoolmates collected money throughout the country and
a monument dedicated to Sadako was erected in Hiroshima
Peace Memorial Park. Thousands of children send paper
cranes which are exhibited all around the monument. “I will
write Peace on your wings and you will fly all over the world”,
Sadako said.
Paper cranes (des grues en papier)
from all over the world in Hiroshima
BUILD UP Peace Memorial Park.

4 Complétez les phrases à l’aide d’un des verbes suivants à la forme qui convient :
to shorten • to brighten • to deepen • to loosen • to straighten.
1. Some politicians say we should have …… our ties with the United States. Do you think our ties
with the U.S. are too strong?
2. The data gathered through this survey will …… our knowledge of the various aspects of energy
consumption.
3. It will take some time to …… things out.
4. A compromise was reached and they decided to …… the transition period.
5. The …… economic conditions have not translated into accelerating wage growth.

10 - Peace 27
 Religions and beliefs
11 This great Torii (a torii is the gateway
of a Shinto shrine) stands on Miyajima
Island (Japan), which has long been
regarded as an Island of Gods on the
beautiful Seto Inland Sea.

A Faith
a creed un credo, une croyance an atheist un athée
a believer un croyant a shrine un lieu de dévotion
a follower un adepte freedom of worship la liberté de culte
a convert un converti religious activism le militantisme religieux
a pilgrim un pèlerin to abide by se conformer à
a pagan un païen to fast jeûner
a secular person un laïque to sin pécher
secular [adj.] laïque to redeem (se) racheter

➦ This is America. And our commitment to religious freedom must be unshakeable. The principle
that people of all faiths are welcome in this country and that they will not be treated differently
by their government is essential to who we are. (Barack Obama, August 13, 2010)
Nous sommes ici en Amérique et notre attachement à la liberté religieuse doit être inébranlable. Le principe
selon lequel les personnes de toutes les confessions sont bienvenues dans ce pays et ne seront pas traitées
différemment par leur gouvernement est un élément fondamental de notre identité.

B Religions
denomination l’appartenance religieuse to prostrate oneself se prosterner
Buddhist bouddhiste to bless bénir
Christian chrétien to pledge jurer / faire
Hindu hindou serment
Jewish juif to swear* jurer /
blasphémer
Muslim \"mÁzlIm\, Moslem musulman
a cathedral \kE"Ti…drEl\ une cathédrale
doomsday le jour du Jugement dernier
a mosque \mÅsk\ une mosquée
hallowed, holy vénéré, sacré
a synagogue \"sInEgÅg\ une synagogue
to kneel* s’agenouiller

➦ In the Koran, Paradise is associated with the Garden of Eden.

Dans le Coran, le Paradis est associé au jardin d’Éden.
➦ Medieval crusades were military expeditions meant to recover the Holy Land.
Les croisades du Moyen Âge étaient des expéditions militaires destinées à récupérer la Terre Sainte.
➦ Henry VIII’s struggles with the Roman Catholic Church led to the separation of the Church of
England from papal authority.
Les conflits de Henry VIII avec l’église catholique romaine ont conduit à la séparation de l’église anglicane
de l’autorité du pape.
➦ The mind is a universe and can make a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven. (John Milton)
L’esprit est un univers et il peut faire du paradis un enfer ou de l’enfer un paradis.

-er
Le suffixe -er s’ajoute à un verbe pour désigner l’agent d’une action : to believe (croire)/a believer (un
croyant). Comparez au suffixe -ee qui sert à désigner la personne qui est… to employ (employer)/an
employee (un employé).

28
 CHECK POINT

1 Complétez les phrases suivantes avec le mot approprié. A B

1. The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer is the story of a group of thirty …… who travel together
to visit a shrine in Canterbury Cathedral.
2. Spammers do not …… …… laws or regulations.
3. They pray in order to …… themselves from their sins.
4. Quakers hold to a way of life rather than a dogma or a …… .
5. Lumbini in Nepal where the Buddha was born is …… ground.
6. Some environmentalists predict an environmental …… scenario.

2 Traduisez. A B
1. Le protestantisme est une confession de la foi chrétienne.
2. Les Pères pèlerins sont des colons (settlers) qui sont arrivés dans le Massachusetts au début
du XVIIe siècle.
3. Dans un jeu, vous êtes supposé (you’re expected to) respecter les règles.
4. Je jure que je ne t’ai pas vu. Je n’avais pas mes lunettes.
5. C’est un lieu sacré, un lieu de dévotion. Certaines personnes y vont pour racheter leurs péchés.
6. On peut être laïque et prier malgré tout (all the same).

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Choisissez le terme qui convient. Puis vérifiez vos réponses sur le site.
1. America was first colonized/founded/discovered by Puritans. Most of our earliest immigrants,
and many since, have come here in order to ignore/forget/practice their religious beliefs as
they please. Our culture has always been, and will most likely always be, profoundly influenced
by religion. (James Frey)
2. Christian, Jew, Muslim, shaman, Zoroastrian, stone, ground, mountain, river, each has a secret
way of being with/rejecting/fighting the mystery, unique and not to be judged. (Rumi,
13th century Persian poet)

3. Religion enables us to ignore others/our neighbours/nothingness and get on with the jobs
of life. (John Updike, Self-Consciousness, 1989)

BUILD UP

4 Complétez les phrases en employant le mot qui convient : developers •

interviewees • trainee • addressee • interviewer • achiever • addresser • evacuees.
1. During WW II, the …… had to leave their families and homes behind.
2. Every …… is assisted by an experienced professional.
3. The company has received many awards as a top …… in this field.
4. Some names were changed to protect the identities of the …… .
5. The letter was refused by the …… and sent back to the …… .
6. These Web content …… have tried to make their pages more accessible for people with dis-
abilities.
7. The …… used a computerized questionnaire and entered the responses directly into his laptop.

11 - Religions and beliefs 29

 The English landscape
12 Here is the English landscape at
its best: open fields, tree-strung
hedges and patches of woodland.

A The English countryside

rolling hills des collines ondulées a beech un hêtre
sprawling dales des vallons à perte de vue a birch un bouleau
to stretch away s’étendre a poplar un peuplier
unspoilt non défiguré a willow un saule
hilly vallonné, accidenté daffodils des jonquilles
tree-strung entouré d’arbres bluebells des jacinthes des bois
an oak un chêne foxgloves des digitales

➦ Also referred to as Poppy Day or Armistice Day, Remembrance Day (2nd Sunday in November)
is observed in the UK and Commonwealth countries. Most people (the young included) wear a
paper poppy as a buttonhole.
Appelé également le jour du coquelicot ou jour de l’Armistice, le jour du Souvenir (le 2e dimanche de
novembre) est célébré au Royaume-Uni et dans le Commonwealth. La plupart des gens (y compris les
jeunes) portent un coquelicot en papier à la boutonnière.

B The English garden

a bush \bÁS\ un buisson a shed une remise
a shrub un arbuste a greenhouse une serre
ivy du lierre a nursery une pépinière
a vine, a creeper une plante grimpante a rake un râteau
lily of the valley du muguet a spade une bêche
lilac \"laIlEk\ du lilas to prune élaguer
forget-me-not du myosotis to trim tailler [haie]
a peony \"pi…Eni\ une pivoine to bloom fleurir [plante]
herbs des plantes aromatiques to blossom fleurir [arbre]

➦ Two images usually come to mind when people think of English gardens: a cottage garden
stocked with roses, perennials and a picket fence, or a lavish country estate with well-tended
mixed borders and formal hedges. (www.hgtvgardens.com)
Deux images viennent couramment à l’esprit lorsque l’on pense aux jardins anglais ; un jardin à l’anglaise
rempli de roses, de vivaces, entouré d’une clôture ou une somptueuse propriété à la campagne avec des
bordures de plantes variées bien entretenues et des haies bien taillées.
➦ Lancelot “Capability” Brown (1716-1783) was the most influential designer of English landscape
gardens. He eliminated geometric structures, created artificial lakes and rivers. His aim was “to
create an ideal landscape out of the English countryside”.
Lancelot « Capability » Brown (1716-1783) a été le plus influent concepteur de jardins paysagés à l’anglaise.
Il a éliminé les structures géométriques, créé des lacs et des rivières artificiels. Son but était de « créer un
paysage idéal à partir de la campagne anglaise ».

Country
Le mot country apparaît dans de nombreux termes désignant ce qui a un lien avec la campagne (pas
seulement le pays) : the countryside (la campagne).

30
 CHECK POINT

1 Trouvez le mot qui a été effacé de ce poème. A

In Flanders fields the …… blow (s’épanouissent)
Between the crosses, row on row,
That mark our place; and in the sky
The larks (les alouettes), still bravely singing, fly
Scarce (à peine) heard amid the guns below. J. McCrae, In Flanders fields, May 1915.

2 Traduisez les phrases suivantes. A B

1. La jonquille est un des emblèmes du Pays de Galles.
2. Le lierre est une plante grimpante.
3. Une feuille de chêne est le symbole du National Trust.
4. La digitale est utilisée dans la fabrication de (the making of) certains médicaments.
5. Le muguet est une plante très toxique (poisonous).

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ces trois textes sur le lien entre paysage et identité anglaise.
§ 1. There’s immense respect for country life in Britain. When you talk to English people about it, you
often hear them say that they would like to live in a rural area, preferably in a cottage, surrounded
by rolling hills or a lake. That’s probably why they love their back gardens, because a garden is
nature, on a small scale though.

§ 2. A feeling for country life is supposed to relate to a feeling for the nation according to the dominant
ideological schemas circulated particularly from the 19th century onwards. And this dual identification
of nation and countryside is captured in the vocabulary as “countryside” contains “country”.
J. Mischi, Englishness and the Countryside, INRA, 2009.

§ 3. The British feel for the countryside is particular. Here it is not regarded, as in other nations,
as merely an alternative to, or escape from, the town (although that is part of it). The landscape
is seen as special, even unique, in itself: ideally a small-scale, intimate and unthreatening mix
of the farmed and the wild, which is pretty and charming rather than grandiose and magnificent.
The Independent, 31 August 2010.

Répondez maintenant aux questions.

1. Dans quel paragraphe sont exprimées les idées suivantes ? Citez un segment précis.
a. Le sentiment d’appartenir à une nation est sans doute lié pour les Anglais à leur goût pour
la vie à la campagne.
b. Pour les Anglais, la campagne n’est pas seulement un moyen d’échapper à la vie en ville.
c. Les Anglais aiment les paysages très simplement beaux, non pas les paysages grandioses.
d. De nombreux Anglais aimeraient vivre dans une petite maison à la campagne.
2. Traduisez les segments en gras des paragraphes 1 et 3.

BUILD UP

4 Traduisez les phrases en vous aidant des mots suivants : a country branch •
a country fair • a country estate • town and country planning • country wear.
1. Barbour est l’une des meilleures marques de vêtements d’extérieur.
2. La kermesse du village a lieu le 27 juin.
3. Ils ont ouvert une succursale de province en 2016.
4. Elle est secrétaire d’État à l’aménagement du territoire.
5. Le château de Balmoral est le domaine écossais à la campagne de la Reine.

12 - The English landscape 31

 Urbanization
13 San Francisco is seen here from the
Golden Gate Bridge. The greater
San Francisco area is the second
most densely settled urban area in
the U.S. behind New York City.

A Urban development
the urban sprawl l’expansion urbaine overpopulation la surpopulation
a megacity, a metropolis une métropole sprawling tentaculaire
a capital city une capitale lively, bustling animé
a dormitory town une ville-dortoir crowded, packed bondé
a shanty town, a slum un bidonville filthy crasseux
a no-go zone une zone de non-droit unsafe, dangerous dangereux
an inhabitant un habitant run-down, decrepit délabré
an urban dweller un citadin dreary sinistre

➦ A conurbation, like Greater London, comprises a number of cities that have merged to form
one continuous urban and industrially developed area.
Une conurbation, comme le grand Londres, est composée d’un certain nombre de villes, qui ont fusionné
au point de former une zone urbaine ininterrompue et industrielle.
➦ Many of the problems raised by overpopulation are explored in the 1973 science fiction film
Soylent Green, where people suffer from food shortages, depleted resources and poverty.
Nombre des problèmes dus à la surpopulation sont exposés dans le film de science-fiction Soleil Vert, où
une terre surpeuplée souffre de pénurie alimentaire, de ressources épuisées et de pauvreté.
➦ In the U.S. you find ghost towns, which are deserted because of the closing down of factories.
Aux États-Unis, on trouve des villes fantômes, qui sont désertées suite à des fermetures d’usines.

B Areas and services

a built-up area une agglomération public transport system les transports en
the city centre [GB], le centre-ville commun
downtown [US] basic amenities les infrastructures
on the outskirts en périphérie de base
the business district le quartier des affaires sanitation les installations
sanitaires
the shopping area le quartier commerçant
the sewage system le réseau des égouts
the town council la municipalité
household rubbish [GB]/ les ordures
sports facilities les équipements ménagères
garbage [US]
sportifs
a dustman [GB], un éboueur
medical services les services de santé
a garbage collector [US]
➦ Some people prefer out-of-town shopping centres also called malls. Others prefer centrally
located shops, where they can walk from one place to another.
Certains préfèrent les centres commerciaux à l’extérieur des villes. D’autres préfèrent les magasins de
centre-ville, où ils peuvent marcher d’un endroit à un autre.

Down
La particule down signifie « vers le bas » ou ajoute une note négative à un mot : to lie down (s’allonger),
run-down (délabré), to feel down (être démoralisé).

32
 CHECK POINT

1 Lisez ce paragraphe puis traduisez les mots ci-dessous. A B

Miami is located on the Atlantic coast, in Florida. It is about 1,100 miles from New York. It has a
population of ca 400,000. However, the Miami metropolitan area has over 6 million inhabitants. It is
the most populous in Florida and the eighth most populous in the U.S. It is famous for its beaches.
The city has a good public transport system and high-quality sports facilities. The international airport
lies west of Downtown Miami. It can be reached in about thirty minutes. The city is worth visiting.

1. peuplé : … – 2. un habitant : …… – 3. se situer [deux solutions] : …… / …… –

4. les équipements sportifs : … – 5. les transports en commun : ……

2 Relisez le texte de l’exercice 1 puis traduisez les phrases suivantes. A B

1. Notre capitale est située sur l’île principale.
2. C’est la ville la plus peuplée du pays.
3. Elle a des équipements sportifs de grande qualité.
4. On peut aller à l’aéroport en environ quarante minutes.
5. On a un très bon système de transports en commun.

3 Lisez ce paragraphe puis donnez un synonyme des mots en gras. A B

I live in a picturesque town in New England. It has quite a few stylish buildings. In the daytime, it’s
a lively town and its shops are often packed, especially on Saturday afternoons. My aunt Stacey
doesn’t like it, though. She thinks it’s dangerous, dirty and decrepit! She even says my street
has a sinister appearance. So, she never goes downtown. She claims that it is beset by violence
and vandalism!

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

4 Lisez ce texte sur l’urbanisation.

The global (mondial) urban population comprises today ca 4 billion. It is estimated that it will grow
to 6.5 billion by 2050. This raises a number of issues. Take Delhi for instance. The population of
the capital city of India is around 18 million and it is one of the fastest growing cities in the world.
According to The Times of India nearly half of Delhi’s population lives in slums, with limited access
to basic services like safe drinking water, electricity, sanitation or sewage system. There is a high
incidence of diseases such as diarrhoea and anaemia. Delhi is considered to be the most polluted
city in the world. With a projected population of 25 million by 2030, how could this city cope with
even more people and slums?

Maintenant traitez les questions suivantes.

1. Tous les habitants de Delhi ne disposent pas de services de base. Relevez dans le texte les mots
qui désignent ces services.
2. Traduisez : “[…] how could this city cope with even more people and slums?”

BUILD UP

5 Traduisez en vous aidant du contexte.

1. Property prices have come down in recent months.
2. The train to Washington D.C. was late because the engine broke down.
3. Your radio is driving me crazy. Turn it down!
4. They offered me a position in Cambridge but I turned it down because I want to live in a big city.
5. My in-laws look down on me because I didn’t go to university.

13 - Urbanization 33
 Urban transport
14 Auto rickshaws are common all
over India. They provide cheap
and efficient transportation
for short distances.

A Public transport
means of transport/ les moyens de transport to board a monter dans un trolley
transportation [US] trolleybus
to commute faire la navette to get* off the bus descendre du bus
a commuter train un train de banlieue a dedicated lane un couloir réservé
the timetable [GB], les horaires to make* for, aller en direction de
the schedule [US] to head for
a tram [GB], un tramway to transfer prendre une
a streetcar [US] correspondance
a driverless train un véhicule automatique a connection une correspondance
a coach, a carriage un wagon to catch* the last rentrer par le dernier train
[GB], a car [US] train home

➦ Many Americans work downtown but live in the suburbs, and so they commute to the city centre.
Beaucoup d’Américains travaillent en ville mais vivent en banlieue. Ils font donc la navette pour se rendre
au centre-ville.
➦ Completely electric solar-powered buses are part of a large move towards greener means
of transport.
Les bus 100 % électriques fonctionnant à l’énergie solaire font partie d’un grand mouvement vers des
moyens de transport plus écologiques.

B Private means of transport

to drive* to work aller au travail en voiture carpooling le covoiturage
a ride un trajet to beat* the rush hour éviter l’heure de pointe
congestion, traffic les bouchons a bike lane une piste cyclable
jams a pedestrian precinct une zone piétonne
a congestion charge un système de péage a pavement [GB], un trottoir
scheme urbain a sidewalk [US]
a share taxi un taxi collectif

➦ In the USA, close to 90% of trips are made by private cars, motorcycles and trucks.
Aux États-Unis, près de 90% des déplacements sont effectués par des voitures particulières, des motos
ou des camions.
➦ Many cities now offer a ride sharing service. A mobile app arranges rides between city dwellers
and independent drivers.
De nombreuses villes offrent un service de partage du transport. Une application organise des déplacements
entre des citadins et des conducteurs indépendants.

Verbes exprimant un déplacement

En anglais, on utilise souvent un verbe concret pour indiquer le déplacement : to bike/drive/walk to work
(aller à vélo/en voiture/à pied au travail).
Pour d’autres moyens de transport, on dira : to go to work by bus/by train/by tram…

34
 CHECK POINT

1 Remplacez les mots en gras par des équivalents américains. A

1. In Chicago, commuters are encouraged to use alternative means of transport, rather than their
car.
2. Getting around New Orleans by tram is a great way to see the city.
3. The carriage was full, so I asked the ticket inspector if I could sit in First Class.
4. Please click here to download the train timetable.
5. I work in the city centre but I live in the suburbs.

2 Chassez l’intrus. A B
1. commuting • traffic jam • carpooling • pavement
2. underground train • lane • streetcar • trolleybus
3. pedestrian crossing • sidewalk • bike lane • pedestrian precinct
4. to make for • to transfer • to head for • to ask for directions
5. car • truck • rickshaw • motorbike

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ce texte qui traite des transports de demain.

The “new mobility”
Many people now agree that cities would be better off with fewer cars, that is, with less noise, less
pollution, less stress, and more power to the pedestrian. Many cities pride themselves on having
become “pedestrian friendly”. For transport to be sustainable, city dwellers will have to rely more
and more on clean public transport, bikes and shared electric cars.
According to Gilles Vesco, who is in charge of sustainable transport in Lyon, a revolution is coming,
which will create “a city for people, a more walkable city”. He calls it the “new mobility”, which will
be made possible thanks to cell phones.
Some transport sociologists have predicted that in the not-so-distant future, people will be able to
order a small driverless electric car with an application, which will pick them up wherever they are
and take them anywhere in the city. All that will be required is a cell phone and a credit card, and
computer skills to program the car’s computer.

Maintenant traitez les questions suivantes.

1. Ces affirmations sont-elles justes ? Citez le texte à l’appui de vos réponses.
a. Les voitures électriques individuelles sont respectueuses de l’environnement.
b. Dans un avenir lointain, on pourra réserver une voiture électrique sans conducteur pour aller
où on veut en ville.
c. De nombreuses villes pensent être devenues respectueuses des piétons.
2. Traduisez : “they will be better off with fewer cars” et “clean public transport”.

BUILD UP

4 Traduisez.
1. On y va à pied ?
2. J’irai en bateau plutôt qu’en bus.
3. Paul va au travail en voiture.
4. Ce sera plus rapide en train.
5. Patricia va à Toronto en avion tous les mois.

14 - Urban transport 35
 Living together or not
15 Cloud Gate is a public sculpture by
Indian-born British artist Anish
Kapoor displayed in Millennium
Park, Chicago. It’s a wide-open
gate. People are encouraged to
walk through it and congregate.

A Social inequalities
the economic status le niveau de vie green areas, open les espaces verts
affluent favorisé, riche spaces
deprived défavorisé the inner city les quartiers du centre
[délaissés par les riches]
inhabited habité
uninhabited inhabité a slum, a shanty town un bidonville,
un quartier pauvre
a city dweller, un citadin
urban poverty la pauvreté urbaine
an urban dweller
the housing shortage la crise du logement
a borough, a district, un quartier
a neighbourhood a tower block, une tour d’habitation
a high rise
a gated community un quartier enclos
a council estate, un lotissement, une cité
a residential area un quartier résidentiel
a housing project [US] (HLM)
a housing estate une résidence

➦ Social inequalities in urban areas mean extreme differences in people’s well-being and access
to jobs, services, housing and education.
Les inégalités sociales dans les zones urbaines se traduisent par de grandes différences dans le bien-être
des personnes et dans l’accès aux emplois, aux services, au logement et à l’éducation.
➦ People who live in inner-city areas often experience a poor quality of life, because of poorly
maintained housing, limited access to open spaces and a feeling of insecurity.
Les gens qui vivent dans des quartiers défavorisés connaissent souvent une mauvaise qualité de vie, en
raison de logements mal entretenus, d’un accès limité aux espaces verts et d’un sentiment d’insécurité.

B Mixing people
community life la vie sociale to demolish, démolir, abattre
council housing [GB], le logement social to knock down
public housing [US] local governments les collectivités locales
social mixing la mixité sociale gathering places des lieux de rencontre
to bring* together rassembler, réunir settlement policies les politiques d’habitat
to upgrade améliorer cultural pursuits les activités culturelles
to restore restaurer

➦ Some councils in the UK encourage the building of working-class housing in upper-class areas,
because they reckon that socially mixed communities are good for urban health.
Certains conseils municipaux au Royaume-Uni encouragent la construction de logements ouvriers dans des
quartiers bourgeois, parce qu’ils estiment que la mixité sociale est bonne pour la santé urbaine.

-hood
Le suffixe -hood décrit la condition ou l’état du mot qui est suffixé :
neighbourhood (quartier, voisinage), childhood (enfance), livelihood (les moyens de subsistance)…

36
 CHECK POINT

1 Remplacez les mots en gras par un synonyme. A B

1. They come from a poor background.
2. I live in a tower block near the river.
3. The shanty town was demolished last year.
4. I live in a leafy (boisé) neighbourhood.
5. The system is currently being improved.

22 Complétez le texte suivant en traduisant les groupes de mots entre parenthèses. A B

Most …… …… (collectivités locales) are intent on better understanding the myriads of communities
that live under their jurisdiction. Some town halls encourage social mixing in …… …… (quartiers
défavorisés) through settlement policies or in …… …… (quartiers riches) through …… …… (loge-
ment social), also known as …… …… in the U.S.
Cities tend to encourage social interaction in public places like cafés, bars, restaurants and youth
clubs, and in community spaces like markets and shopping centres and urban parks. …… ……
(les activités culturelles) may also bring people together, through music, film, theatre and art. Town
planners understood early on the importance of town squares in …… …… (la vie sociale). They
provide …… …… (lieux de rencontre) for families, social groups as well as for individuals of all ages
and economic status.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ce texte qui traite des quartiers enclos.

Gated communities
A gated community is a housing estate in which entrances are strictly controlled. If you want to visit
someone who lives in a gated community, you often have to talk to a security guard first, who may
then let you in or not, depending on who you are, how you look and who you are friends with.
Gated communities are almost always built inside beautiful walls or fences. They often have nice names,
like “Paradise” or “Dream come true”. Inside, you will find high value properties and of course many
amenities, like a swimming pool, a tennis court, a gym and possibly a small shopping centre and a
health centre. While some people love living in gated communities in which they feel “protected from
the outside world”, others claim they are contrary to democratic and open cities, and belong to a world
of mass surveillance, increased inequality and uneasiness in accepting the world and its diversity.

Les idées suivantes sont-elles exprimées dans le texte ? Citez-le à l’appui de vos
réponses.
1. Dans les quartiers enclos, on trouve de nombreux équipements.
2. Les gens qui aiment ces quartiers se sentent protégés du monde extérieur.
3. Ces quartiers font partie de la diversité du monde.

BUILD UP

4 Complétez ces phrases en traduisant le mot entre parenthèses (il se termine

toujours par -hood).
1. In the majority of countries people legally reach …… (la majorité) at 18.
2. More often than not you lose your …… (moyens de subsistance) when you lose your job.
3. The opposite of truth is …… (le mensonge).
4. In all …… (Selon toute vraisemblance), the sanctions will not work.
5. We live in a friendly …… (quartier).

15 - Living together or not 37

 Energy
16 These wind turbines were
photographed along the road to
Palm Springs (California). Palm
Springs is home to the oldest wind
farm in the U.S. Its energy can
power 300,000 homes.

A Non-renewable resources
fossil fuel le combustible fossile shale gas le gaz de schiste
coal mining l’extraction du the core le cœur [d’un réacteur
charbon nucléaire]
a deposit un gisement to tap, to harness, exploiter, utiliser
crude oil le pétrole brut to exploit
to strike* oil trouver du pétrole inexhaustible inépuisable
to drill for oil forer un puits scarce rare
an oil rig un derrick finite \"faInaIt\ limité
offshore production la production en mer exhausted, depleted épuisé
a barrel un baril to deplete épuiser
a power station/ une centrale électrique
plant

➦ The government is coming under increasing pressure as people are asking politicians to help
save jobs at three coal mines.
La pression sur le gouvernement est de plus en plus forte car les gens demandent aux politiques de sauver
l’emploi dans trois mines de charbon.
➦ Inspectors have discovered a fault with a boiler unit. As a consequence, the nuclear reactors
at two large power plants in the north of England are to be shut down temporarily.
Des inspecteurs ont découvert une anomalie dans une chaudière. Par conséquent les réacteurs nucléaires
de deux centrales importantes au nord de l’Angleterre vont être temporairement fermés.

B Sustainable energy
a wind turbine, a windmill une éolienne to turn to se tourner vers
a wind farm un champ d’éoliennes to switch to passer à
a tidal power station une usine marémotrice to soar monter en flèche
a solar panel un panneau solaire to conserve préserver
geothermal energy la géothermie

➦ Scientists reckon that the sunshine that hits the Earth in one single hour could meet the world’s
energy demands for an entire year. The problem is: how do we capture and store that energy?
In other words, we have to figure out a way of bottling sunshine so that we can have as much
of it as we want and when we want it.
Des scientifiques considèrent qu’une seule heure d’ensoleillement sur la surface de la terre pourrait satisfaire
la demande énergétique mondiale d’une année. La question est de savoir comment capturer et stocker
cette énergie. En d’autres termes, nous devons imaginer un moyen de mettre l’énergie solaire en bouteille
afin d’en avoir autant que nous en voulons et quand nous le voulons.

De-
Le préfixe de- se rencontre dans les mots d’origine latine (a deposit) mais aussi dans la formation de noms
ou de verbes impliquant l’idée de renversement, de remplacement, de réduction : to decode (décoder), to
deplete (diminuer, réduire), degrowth (la décroissance).

38
 CHECK POINT

1 Complétez les phrases suivantes avec le terme approprié. A

1. …… …… are hydrocarbons formed from the remains of dead plants and animals.
2. In the Punjab, in 2014, miners dig …… with crude pick axes and load it onto donkeys to be
transported to the surface. A team of four workers earns around $10 a day to be split between
them.
3. A …… …… (also referred to as a …… ……) is an industrial facility for the generation of electric
power.
4. …… …… has become an increasingly important source of natural gas in the United States since
the start of this century.
5. An …… resource cannot be entirely consumed or used up.
6. Crude oil, biofuels, kerosene, propane, natural gas, coal, nuclear elements are ……-……
resources.

2 Retrouvez les mots dont les définitions suivent. B

1. an area of land with a group of energy-producing wind turbines: ……
2. energy produced by extracting the earth’s internal heat: ……
3. to protect something, especially something environmental from harm or destruction: ……
4. to adopt one thing in place of another, like solar power instead of fossil fuels: ……
5. to increase rapidly above the usual level: ……

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ce texte qui aborde la question de la décroissance.

Degrowth is a political, economic and social movement based on ecological economics. It is anti-
consumerist and anti-capitalist in nature. There are several sides to degrowth.
First of all, it aims at reducing energy and material output (la production) in the world, which is required
to face the existing biophysical constraints. It supports the global environmental justice movement,
which has strong roots (des racines) in southern countries. As environmental rights activists say
“Leave oil in the soil, coal in the hole, South or North.”
Degrowth also tries to tackle (s’attaquer à) social issues. Proponents of degrowth would like to replace
our prevalent growth-based approach with the idea of “frugal abundance”.
Degrowth also campaigns for a more equitable redistribution of wealth around the world, in order to
lessen (réduire) the North/South divide.

Relevez avec précision les segments de texte qui correspondent aux idées
suivantes.
1. Ce mouvement veut faire face à un certain nombre de contraintes physiques et biologiques.
2. La décroissance veut remettre en question notre société fondée sur l’idéal de croissance.
3. Ce mouvement prône une redistribution équitable des richesses dans et entre Nord et Sud.

BUILD UP

4 Faites correspondre les mots et leur traduction.

1. dégivrer a. decrease
2. déconstruire b. defile
3. diminuer c. deconstruct
4. priver d. decolonize
5. décoloniser e. deprive
6. souiller, abimer f. defrost

16 - Energy 39
 Pollution
17 2014: Houston (Texas) has moved
from No. 7 to No. 6 in the rankings
of worst ozone in the U.S., which
is based on the number of days
with elevated pollution levels.

A Harmful human activities

the ecological la capacité écologique unplanned un développement
carrying capacity de la planète industrial growth industriel non contrôlé
an ecological une empreinte radioactive waste les déchets nucléaires
footprint écologique a nuclear meltdown une fusion nucléaire
urban sprawl l’expansion urbaine radiation exposure l’exposition aux
an urban heat island un îlot de chaleur urbain radiations
concrete le béton hazardous dangereux
urban runoff le ruissellement urbain carcinogenic cancérigène
an eyesore une horreur pour la vue to overshoot* dépasser, aller au-delà de
factory farming l’élevage industriel

➦ Water is used as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers. This is a common
cause of thermal pollution.
L’eau est utilisée comme agent de refroidissement par les centrales électriques et les fabricants industriels.
C’est une cause fréquente de pollution thermique.
➦ Noise or sound pollution is annoying, distracting and can be physically harmful.
La pollution sonore est agaçante, gênante et peut nuire à la santé.
➦ Billboards and glaring neon signs are part of light pollution in big cities.
Les panneaux publicitaires et les néons éblouissants participent à la pollution lumineuse des grandes villes.
➦ Do you think wind turbines are an eyesore on the landscapes?

B Air pollution
a pollutant un polluant to spew \spju…\ recracher dans l’atmosphère
smog smoke + fog to foul \faÁl\ souiller
exhaust fumes les gaz d’échappement asbestos l’amiante
to release émettre to deplete the réduire la couche d’ozone
CFCs les chlorofluorocarbures ozone layer
unbreathable irrespirable global dimming l’assombrissement global
\Øn"bri…DEbl\ global warming le réchauffement de la planète

➦ The burning of coal is the largest contributor to the increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere.
La combustion du charbon est le principal facteur de l’augmentation du dioxyde de carbone (CO2) dans l’atmosphère.
➦ Acid rain contains dangerous chemicals because of smoke from cars and factories.
Les pluies acides contiennent des produits chimiques dangereux issus des gaz d’échappement et des usines.
➦ Greenhouse gases act like a blanket over the earth, thus making it warmer. This process is com-
monly known as the greenhouse effect.
Les gaz à effet de serre agissent comme une couverture au-dessus de la terre et la réchauffent. Ce phéno-
mène est connu sous le nom d’effet de serre.

-ful
-ful forme un adjectif à partir d’un nom : harm (le mal)/harmful (nuisible, nocif), use (l’utilité)/useful (utile).

40
 CHECK POINT

1 Complétez les phrases suivantes. A

1. Two in three farm animals in the world are now …… farmed.
2. In 2011, a massive earthquake and tsunami in Japan triggered (a déclenché) the …… of reactors
at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant.
3. Currently, nuclear …… created in the U.S. is stored underwater in pools near nuclear power
plants. This …… will eventually be stored deep underground. [deux fois le même mot]
4. Urban …… is claiming (réclame) farmland at the rate of 10.5 million hectares a year.

2 Traduisez les expressions suivantes. A

1. a global positioning system – 2. the global economy – 3. a global leader – 4. a global airline
network – 5. the global village

3 Traduisez la phrase suivante en déduisant le sens des termes décrivant des bruits
à partir des sources de ces bruits. A
Tyres (des pneus) squealing, brakes (des freins) screeching, radios blaring, planes droning, sirens
wailing: all those are nerve-racking sources of noise pollution.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

4 Dans le texte suivant est débattu un projet de pipeline reliant le Canada et le

Texas. Lisez-le puis remplissez le tableau ci-dessous en citant le texte.
The Canadian company TransCanada hoped to begin building the northern section of an oil pipeline
that would trek close to 2,000 miles from Alberta, Canada, to the Gulf Coast of Texas. It would double
imports of dirty tar sands oil (des sables bitumineux) into the United States and transport it to refineries
on the Gulf Coast and ports for international export.
Pollution from tar sands oil greatly eclipses that of conventional oil. The water used in the process
comes from rivers and underground aquifers. It takes three barrels of water to extract each single
barrel of oil. Ninety-five percent of the water used to extract the oil is so polluted that the water must
be stored in large human-made pools.
The tar sands oil is underneath the world’s largest intact ecosystem, the Boreal forests of Alberta.
Its biodiversity is threatened by the pipeline.
Indigenous communities have been forced off their land, but also those living downstream from the
ponds have seen spikes in rates of rare cancers, renal failure, etc.
Keystone XL pipeline, adapted from Friends of the earth foe.org.

profit ……
plans ……
consequences in terms of ecology ……

BUILD UP

5 À partir des mots proposés, formez des adjectifs en -ful afin de compléter les
phrases suivantes : meaning • success • plenty • faith • pain.
1. We have to change our behaviour, as …… as that may be.
2. Emma will only talk if she has something …… to say.
3. I’ll never cheat on you. I’ll always be …… to you.
4. For many of us, clean water is so …… that we rarely pause to consider what life would be like
without it.
5. If you can see your e-mail on the page, your login was …… .

17 - Pollution 41
 Other environmental
18 degradation
An albatross chick is sitting
on plastic trash on Sand
Island (Midway Atoll, Hawaii).

A Threats to the oceans

an oil tanker un pétrolier to spill* se répandre
a supertanker un pétrolier géant an oiled bird un oiseau mazouté
to run* aground s’échouer snared pris au piège
an oil spill, a black tide une marée noire to collapse disparaître
an oil slick une nappe de pétrole overfishing la surpêche
tank cleaning le dégazage a trawler un chalutier

➦ The trash vortex is an area the size of France in the North Pacific in which six kilos of plastic
for every kilo of plankton swirls slowly like a clock, choked with dead fish, seabirds, sea turtles
and marine mammals that get snared. (Adapted from Greenpeace)
Le vortex de déchets est une surface de la taille de la France dans le Pacifique nord, où six kilos de plastique
pour un kilo de plancton tourne lentement dans le sens des aiguilles d’une montre, bourré de poissons
morts, d’oiseaux de mer, de tortues et de mammifères marins pris au piège.
➦ Overfishing as well as unsustainable fishing practices are pushing many fish stocks to the
point of collapse.
La surpêche et les pratiques de pêche non respectueuses de l’environnement menacent de disparition
totale de nombreuses espèces de poissons.
➦ Deep-sea trawling threatens the seafloor’s health and diversity.
Le chalutage en eau profonde menace la santé et la diversité biologique des fonds marins.

B Waste
rubbish, trash, les ordures to discard mettre au rebut
garbage a water table une nappe phréatique
a rubbish dump, une décharge sewage les eaux usées
a tip, a landfill an effluent un écoulement polluant
refuse des détritus
an algal bloom une prolifération d’algues
litter des détritus [sur le sol]
to dump toxic wastes déverser des déchets toxiques
to dispose of se débarrasser de
disposable jetable

➦ Plastic constitutes 90% of all trash floating on the ocean’s surface.

Le plastique constitue 90% des déchets qui flottent à la surface des océans.
➦ Plastic pollution has a deadly effect on wildlife. Thousands of animals are killed each year after
ingesting plastic or getting entangled in it.
La pollution par le plastique a des effets mortifères sur la faune sauvage. Des milliers d’animaux meurent
chaque année après avoir absorbé du plastique ou en être restés prisonniers.

-ant
Le suffixe -ant est utilisé dans la formation de noms ou d’adjectifs à partir d’un verbe, le plus souvent d’origine
latine. Il a le sens de « caractérisé » par ce que décrit le verbe : to cool/a coolant, to pollute/a pollutant.
Il est aussi utilisé pour désigner l’agent d’une action : to serve/a servant, to apply/an applicant
(un postulant).

42
 CHECK POINT

1 Traduisez le texte de la pancarte à droite

de “Say no…” à “water tables”. A B

2 Choisissez le terme qui convient. A B

High concentrations of floating plastic/metal/wooden debris
have been reported in remote areas of the poles/earth/ocean,
increasing concern about the accumulation of plastic litter on
the ocean surface. Since the introduction of plastic materials in
the 1950s, the global production of plastic has increased/gone
down/decreased rapidly and will continue in the coming days/
decades/centuries. However, the abundance and the distribution
of plastic debris in the open fields/ocean/mountains are still
unknown, despite evidence of affects on organisms ranging from
small invertebrates/inhabitants/people to whales.
Comptes rendus de la National Academy of Sciences (USA), 2013-2014.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ce texte. Il porte sur les moyens modernes de pêche qui entraînent le
dépeuplement des océans.
How can a fishing fleet do so much damage so quickly? Until recently, many fish, especially deep-
water fish, were too hard to find to make tempting commercial targets. But technical advances
have given fishermen the power to peer beneath the waves and plot their position with unprec-
edented accuracy. Sonar makes it possible to locate large shoals of fish that would otherwise
remain concealed beneath tens, even hundreds of feet of water. And once a fishing hot spot is
pinpointed by sonar, satellite-navigation systems enable vessels to return unerringly to the same
location year after year. In this fashion, fishermen from New Zealand to the Philippines have been
able to [target deep-sea fish] as they gather to spawn (frayer), in some cases virtually eliminating
entire generations of reproducing adults.
The New York Times, August 11, 1997.

Maintenant traitez les questions suivantes.

1. Relevez dans le texte les deux technologies qui facilitent le repérage des bancs de poissons.
2. Choisissez pour les mots suivants la traduction qui convient dans le contexte parmi celles pro-
posées par le dictionnaire.
• to peer: s’efforcer de voir/scruter • a hot spot: une zone/un point chaud
• to plot: comploter/déterminer • to target: atteindre/prendre pour cible
• concealed: cachés/camouflés • they gather: ils se rassemblent/ramassent

BUILD UP

4 Faites correspondre les mots des deux colonnes.

1. an assistant a. someone whose job is to keep the financial records of a business
2. compliant b. docile, obedient.
3. fragrant c. meaningful
4. significant d. a person who helps someone
5. an accountant e. sweet smelling

18 - Other environmental degradation 43

 Biodiversity at risk
19
Polar bears play on ice in
Churchill (Manitoba, Canada).
How much longer?

A Deforestation
canopy la canopée timber le bois de construction
the lungs of the les poumons de la to raze, to level raser
planet planète to clear land (for) défricher
to harbour species abriter des espèces slash-and-burn la culture sur brûlis
to upset* the natural bouleverser l’équilibre agriculture
balance naturel to tap resources exploiter des ressources
to fell trees abattre des arbres drought \draÁt\ la sécheresse
to chop, to cut* up débiter

➦ Farming, logging, mining and other forms of development are destroying rainforests. With the
loss of each acre of rainforest, hundreds of species disappear forever.
L’exploitation agricole, forestière, minière, et d’autres formes de développement détruisent les forêts tropi-
cales. Pour chaque m2 de forêt perdue, des centaines d’espèces disparaissent pour toujours.

B Endangered animal species

wild life la faune et la flore sauvages endangered en danger, menacé
in the wild à l’état sauvage to jeopardize mettre en péril
biodiversity loss la perte de la bio-diversité to slaughter exterminer
the loss of habitat la destruction de l’habitat naturel to trade faire commerce de
to lack food manquer de nourriture to traffick trafiquer
to decrease, to deplete diminuer en nombre a poacher un braconnier
to be* threatened with être menacé de disparition a smuggler un trafiquant
extinction
to become* extinct disparaître

➦ The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has compiled and published a red
list of threatened species. The updated list is available on their website at www.iucn.org.
L’Union internationale pour la protection de la nature a rassemblé et publié une liste rouge des espèces
menacées. Une liste actualisée est disponible sur son site www.iucn.org.
➦ The population of the mountain gorilla has decreased to about 900. This is due to traps,
kidnapping, poaching, loss of habitat and even lack of food. Some gorillas are also killed for
meat. Furthermore, interaction with tourists is also to blame for this decline.
La population des gorilles de montagne a été réduite à 900. Sont en cause les pièges, les enlèvements, le
braconnage, la destruction de leur habitat naturel et même le manque de nourriture. Certains gorilles sont
aussi tués pour leur viande. De plus les contacts avec les touristes sont aussi responsables de ce déclin.

Dis- + verbe/nom/adjectif
Le préfixe dis- est employé souvent pour indiquer un contraire : to appear/to disappear, to like/to dislike,
approval/disapproval. Il rend également l’idée d’éloignement, de séparation : to discard (se débarrasser de).

44
 CHECK POINT

1 Traduisez les phrases suivantes. A B

1. De tout temps, des espèces animales ont disparu.
2. Il y a 65 millions d’années, une pléthore (a plethora) de plantes et d’animaux dont (among which)
des dinosaures ont disparu.
3. Certains phoques (Some seals) manquent de nourriture à cause de la pêche intensive.
4. Les braconniers tuent des troupeaux (herds) d’éléphants pour faire commerce de l’ivoire de
leurs défenses (their tusks’ ivory).
5. Des gorilles et autres singes sont chassés pour leur viande, des tigres et des ours blancs pour
leur peau.

2 Choisissez le terme qui convient. A

1. Rainforests/mangroves/bushes, which are the Earth’s oldest living creatures/species/
ecosystems cover only 6 % of the Earth’s surface and yet they contain more than half of the
world’s plant and animal species.
2. Some rain forests, including the Amazon, began experiencing floods/overpopulation/drought
in the 1990s, possibly due to deforestation and global warming.
3. Slash-and-burn/cut and exploit/crop rotation is an agricultural technique that involves the
cutting and burning of plants in forests or woodlands to create fields.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Choisissez les termes qui conviennent pour compléter les citations suivantes :
burning • spread • rain fall • lungs • lessen • predators • clear. Vérifiez vos réponses
sur le site.
1. Trees are important to the water cycle. They absorb …… …… and produce water vapor that is
released into the atmosphere. Trees also …… the pollution in water. (North Carolina State University)
2. When cattle ranchers …… rain forests to raise beef to sell to fast-food chains that make ham-
burgers to sell to Americans, who have the highest rate of heart disease in the world (and spend
the most money per GNP on health care), we can say easily that business is no longer developing
the world. We have become its …… . (Paul Hawken)
3. The tropical rain forests are a telling example. Once cut down, they rarely recover. Rainfall drops,
deserts …… , the climate warms. (James Lovelock)
4. Forests are the world’s air-conditioning system - the …… of the planet - and we are on the verge
of switching it off. (Prince Charles)
5. [Destroying rain forest for economic gain] is like …… a Renaissance painting to cook a meal.
(Edward Osborne Wilson)

BUILD UP

4 Complétez les phrases avec l’un de ces termes : dismissed • discredited • disbelief
• distrust • disabled.
1. Some parking spaces are reserved for the …… .
2. When he told her he was going away, she looked at him in complete …… .
3. He was …… because he refused to work.
4. Scientific discoveries have …… this belief.
5. She looked so nervous. That’s when I began to …… her.

19 - Biodiversity at risk 45
 Green living
20 This hybrid car features four
electric motors and a gasoline
engine which is small and fuel-
efficient. It recharges
continuously the electric batteries.

A Saving energy
energy-efficient économe en énergie piggybacking le ferroutage
biofuel un biocarburant insulation l’isolation
to tackle road combattre les energy-saving des appareils
congestion bouchons appliances économes en énergie
car-pooling le co-voiturage an energy-saving une ampoule basse
a bike share scheme un système de vélos en light bulb consommation
libre-service

➦ A park-and-ride system helps reduce urban traffic congestion: drivers leave their cars in car
parks on the outskirts of a city and travel to the city centre on public transport.
Un système voiture + transport en commun permet de diminuer les bouchons en ville : les conducteurs
laissent leur voiture dans un parking en périphérie et vont au centre-ville en transports en commun.

B Going green
environmental les enjeux écologiques selective waste la collecte sélective des
concerns collection déchets
eco-friendly, qui respecte a bottle bank un conteneur à verre
earth-friendly l’environnement to dodge chemicals éviter les produits chimiques
to preserve préserver, protéger “the polluter pays” le principe du pollueur-payeur
preservation la préservation principle
wastewater le traitement des eaux usées to buy* local acheter des produits locaux
treatment to be* veggie être végétarien
➦ Public awareness of climate change and other environmental concerns has increased in the
last few decades.
La prise de conscience collective s’est accrue ces quelques dernières décennies en ce qui concerne le
changement climatique et d’autres enjeux écologiques.
➦ A green company acts, or claims to act, in a way that minimizes damage to the environment.
Une entreprise respectueuse de l’environnement agit, ou prétend agir, de manière à réduire son impact
sur l’environnement.
➦ Greenwashing is when you want to promote environmentally-friendly products when they’re
not. In a way, it’s green marketing gone wrong.
L’écoblanchiment, c’est quand on veut faire la promotion de produits respectueux de l’environnement alors
qu’ils ne le sont pas. D’une certaine façon, c’est du marketing écologique qui a mal tourné.

Re-
Le préfixe re- indique une répétition ou un mouvement vers l’arrière.
Reduce, reuse, recycle are commonly referred to as the three Rs of green living.
On dit souvent que « réduire, réutiliser, recycler » sont les trois fondamentaux d’une vie en vert.
[Les apprentissages fondamentaux à l’école sont the three Rs: reading, writing, arithmetic.]

46
 CHECK POINT

1 Complétez les phrases suivantes en vous aidant des informations ci-dessous. A B

People’s Trust for endangered species [UK] trust (fondation)
Friends of the Earth [global] trust (fondation)
the National Park Service [US] agency

1. The …… …… …… …… species asserts that you can protect them by taking a few minutes to
count stag beetles (lucanes), assess the state of your local orchard or hunt for (repérer) dormice
(loirs).
2. In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson signed a bill that mandated the …… …… …… “to conserve
the scenery and the natural and historic objects and wildlife therein”.
3. The global trust …… …… …… …… is a part of the world’s largest environmental network,
with activists in 74 countries.

2 Où pouvez-vous lire les mentions suivantes ? B

1. user-friendly a. sur une boîte de conserve de thon
2. dolphin-friendly b. sur l’annonce de location d’une maison de vacances
3. child-friendly c. sur une publicité pour un restaurant
4. pet-friendly d. dans la description d’un logiciel

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 What can we do for the environment? Traduisez le paragraphe ci-dessous.

Less is more
The Eielson Visitor center in Alaska only uses solar panels, hydropower
and natural lighting. It was built with recycled and locally produced
materials. Its heating, ventilation and plumbing systems are highly
energy-efficient. Very little fossil fuel energy is required to operate the
building.

4 Relevez dans le texte suivant les trois segments de

phrases où sont exprimés les arguments contre les
emballages.
Individually, one of the many things we can do is try to minimise
packaging when we go shopping, like when we reuse shopping bags Eielson Visitor Center is located
or bring our own containers. Did you know that packaging increases in Denali National Park (Alaska).
the price of the goods you buy? Packaging wastes resources at every It was designed by RIM (Results
with IMagination) architects.
level: production, storage and transport. And then you pay a tax to the
“Less is more” was the motto of
council (la municipalité) for the disposal of your rubbish. So why not the famous German American
start by limiting packaging as much as we can? architect Mies van der Rohe. His
aesthetic project was to create
an impression of extreme
BUILD UP simplicity when putting together
all the necessary components of
a building.
5 Traduisez les phrases suivantes en employant un verbe
commençant par re-.
1. Cet hôpital a été reconstruit en 2015.
2. Lorsque le climat se réchauffe, les glaciers (glaciers) reculent.
3. Est-ce que tu peux m’aider à replier cette carte ?
4. J’aimerais pouvoir revivre ce moment.
5. Elle n’a jamais repris conscience (consciousness).

20 - Green living 47
 Science and research
21
Light beams from a multiple
wavelength laser are
reflected in a moving mirror.

A The sciences
a scientist un scientifique progress le progrès
physics la physique an advance un progrès
a physicist un physicien a conundrum une énigme
≠ a physician un médecin a breakthrough une découverte capitale
quantum mechanics la mécanique quantique a basis [pl. bases] un fondement
chemistry \"kemIstri\ la chimie to ascertain établir
a chemist un chimiste, un pharmacien to harness maîtriser
a chemical un produit chimique to be* a landmark faire date

➦ Some major discoveries such as the microwave oven, safety glass and many more are said to
have emerged partly out of serendipity.
On dit que quelques-unes des découvertes importantes telles que le micro-ondes, le verre sécurit et bien
d’autres encore sont en partie le fruit d’un heureux hasard.
➦ This Japanese company is on the leading edge of optical technology.
Cette société japonaise est à la pointe de la technologie optique.

B Research
a field un domaine random aléatoire
a think tank un groupe d’experts disputable discutable
an experiment une expérience to infer déduire
a process un processus to pioneer ouvrir la voie
a blueprint un plan, un projet to devise mettre au point
a clue un indice a device un procédé
accuracy la justesse to work out trouver la solution
relevance la pertinence to fund financer
by trial and error par tâtonnements a patent un brevet
immaterial sans importance

➦ This R&D (research and development) lab conducts basic and applied research in different
areas: cryptography, security, and algorithms.
Ce labo de recherches et développement mène des recherches fondamentales et appliquées dans différents
domaines : la cryptographie, la sécurité et les algorithmes.
➦ This reliable process opens up new vistas for international cooperation.
Ce procédé fiable ouvre de nouveaux horizons pour la collaboration internationale.

-ics et -y
Le suffixe -ics est fréquent dans la formation de noms désignant un ensemble de faits, de savoirs, de
principes : mathematics, mechanics, ethics… Ces noms s’emploient le plus souvent au singulier.
Notez également qu’un certain nombre de noms d’origine grecque, latine ou française désignant
des sciences se terminent par le suffixe -y : geography, ethnography…

48
 CHECK POINT

1 Choisissez le mot qui convient. A

1. In 1609, the famous scientist/scientific Johannes Kepler published his first two laws of plan-
etary motion.
2. Anders Celsius was a Swedish astronomer, physician/physicist and mathematician.
3. These scientific progress/advances have been used by a number of companies to restructure
their businesses.
4. The containers lost at sea contained dangerous chemists/chemicals.
5. Quantum mechanics/mechanism is the part of physics that tells us how the things that make
up atoms work.

2 Retrouvez les mots dont voici les définitions. B

1. a detailed plan of how to do something: ……
2. a particular branch of study: ……
3. to reach a conclusion based on facts: ……
4. having no specific purpose or objective: ……
5. a piece of information that provides a solution to a problem: ……

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ce texte qui porte sur une science en pleine expansion : la bionique.
“Bionics” (biology + electronics) is the study of the means by which humans and animals perform
tasks and solve problems, and the application of the findings to the design of electronic devices and
mechanical parts. (Webster’s College Dictionary)
Here are a few examples of the technologies which are being developed:
• The robotic leg prosthesis allows a paralyzed person to move their legs voluntarily.
• The Tongue Drive System helps severely paralyzed people to make their way using only tongue
movements.
• The wireless brain-computer interface transmits brain activity and could allow people to control
robotic arms.
• A synthetic glue modeled after an adhesive found in nature could be used to repair tissues in the body.
Data given by the U.S. Department of Health and Human services, www.nibib.nih.gov.

Les affirmations suivantes sont-elles exactes ? Justifiez votre réponse en citant le

texte.
1. Les paralytiques peuvent se déplacer en se servant des mouvements de leurs yeux.
2. Une colle synthétique pourrait être utilisée dans la réparation des tissus.
3. Les prothèses artificielles de jambe permettent un déplacement volontaire.
4. L’interface branchée sur la radio pourrait permettre le contrôle des bras artificiels.

BUILD UP

4 Complétez ces mots par la finale -ics ou -y.

1. Biolog…… is the science of life and of living organisms.
2. Genet…… is the science of heredity, dealing with resemblances and differences of related
organisms.
3. Cybernet…… is the scientific study of how people, animals, and machines control and commu-
nicate information.
4. Aerodynam…… is a science that studies the movement of air and the way that objects move
through air.
5. Alchem…… is a “science” that was used in the Middle Ages with the goal of changing ordinary
metals into gold.

21 - Science and research 49

 Space exploration
22 Six of the missions of the Apollo
Program (1963-1972) achieved
the goal of landing humans on
the moon and bringing them
safely back to Earth.

A Flying into space

a spaceship un vaisseau spatial space junk les débris spatiaux
a probe une sonde a manned station une station habitée
a launch-pad un pas de tir a spacesuit un scaphandre
the countdown le compte à rebours weightlessness l’apesanteur
the blastoff la mise à feu, le lancement vacuum le vide
to lift off décoller to spacewalk marcher dans l’espace
to propel propulser a rover un véhicule d’exploration
to soar into space s’élever dans l’espace to dock with s’arrimer à
to go* into orbit se mettre en orbite a splashdown un amerrissage
to jettison larguer spin-offs des retombées positives

➦ Once the spacecraft Orion reaches orbit, its Launch Abort System is jettisoned.
Lorsque le vaisseau spatial Orion atteint son orbite, son module de sauvetage est largué.
➦ The heat shield is designed to protect the spacecraft and astronaut crews from the 2,200
degree Celsius heat produced when the space capsule is re-entering Earth’s atmosphere.
Le bouclier thermique est conçu pour protéger le vaisseau spatial et son équipage des 2200° C produits
quand la capsule rentre dans l’atmosphère terrestre.

B 1957-2009: a few landmarks

1957: First Artificial Satellite
1958 : NASA created
1961 : First human in space
July 20, 1969: First Manned Moon Landing
1971: First Rover on the Moon
1975: First International Space Rendezvous
1976: First U.S. Mars Landing
1986: Space Shuttle Challenger Explosion
1990: Hubble Space Telescope Deployed
1997: Pathfinder Probe Landing on Mars
2004: Arrival of Cassini Spacecraft at Saturn
2009 : NASA spacecraft Kepler launched
The Soviet Union ushers in a new era — the space
age — with the launch of Sputnik 1.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration
is a civilian agency.
The Soviet Union launches cosmonaut Yuri A.
Gagarin on a 108-minute flight.
Apollo 11 touches down on the moon: “That’s one
small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.”
(Neil Armstrong)
Apollo 15 carries an electric cart to the moon.
Crews from Apollo 18 and Soyuz 19 meet in Earth
orbit.
Viking 1 soft-lands on Mars.
It disintegrates 73 seconds after liftoff. All seven
astronauts are killed.
It will be upgraded three times.
The first Mars rover, Sojourner, lands on Mars.
After seven years in transit, the first probe to circle
Saturn reaches its destination and breaks into orbit.
It searches for planets outside our solar system.

Data given by http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/space-exploration-timeline/

50
 CHECK POINT

1 Retrouvez les mots dont voici les définitions. A

1. to join two spacecraft mechanically: ……
2. the time when a rocket is about to rise into the air: ……
3. the condition of not experiencing the effects of gravity: ……
4. the landing of a spacecraft or missile in water: ……
5. the collection of defunct objects in orbit around Earth: ……

2 Voici la suite des repères chronologiques donnés en page de gauche. Choisissez

les termes qui conviennent pour les compléter. Aidez-vous d’Internet ! A B
Virgin Galactic, a private company, announced the successful first flight/
2010, October 10 splashdown of a suborbital plane designed to take private citizens on
space flights.
The space shuttle Atlantis became the last/first American space shuttle
2011, July 8
to be launched into space.
2012, August 6 NASA’s Curiosity rover/tank successfully landed on Mars.
NASA astronauts wrapped up successful repairs at the International
2013, December 24 Space Station after a rare Christmas Eve/Halloween spacewalk to fix
an equipment cooling system.
Rosetta’s Philae lander/shuttle, built by the European Space Agency
2014, November 12
(ESA), is the first spacecraft to make a soft landing on a comet.
Space agencies around the world are using satellite images and other
2015 technologies/probes to aid rescue efforts and learn more about the
April 25 earthquake in Nepal.

Data given by http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/space-exploration-timeline/

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Voici quelques applications que la recherche spatiale a permis de développer.

Classez-les dans le tableau ci-dessous selon le domaine qu’elles concernent.
Puis vérifiez vos réponses sur le site.
1. Products based on microalgae used in enriched baby food.
2. A reliable anti-icing and deicing system which allows pilots to safely fly through ice encounters.
3. WARP 75 used to relieve pain in bone marrow transplant patients, and to combat the symptoms
of bone atrophy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease.
4. Steel coatings devised to make high-rise buildings and public structures safer.
5. A material commonly known as “memory foam”; it is incorporated into a host of widely used and
recognized products including mattresses, pillows.
6. Silicon-based cells used in harnessing solar energy.
7. A product used to safely and permanently clean petroleum-based pollutants from water.
8. A cordless miniature vacuum cleaner.

Health and Medicine ……

Public Safety ……
Consumer, Home, and Recreation ……
Environmental and Agricultural Resources ……

22 - Space exploration 51
 Anatomy and diseases
23 The complex abilities of the
hand are part of what makes
humans unique. The skeleton
of the hand has 29 bones.

A Anatomy
the skeleton le squelette the skull le crâne
the backbone, spine la colonne vertébrale the forehead \"fO…hed\ le front
a rib une côte the (eye) socket l’orbite (de l’œil)
the hip la hanche the chin le menton
a limb \lIm\ un membre the jawbone la mâchoire
a sinew \"sInju…\ un tendon the gums les gencives
a joint une articulation the windpipe la trachée
the wrist le poignet the spleen la rate
the kneecap la rotule the liver le foie
the ankle la cheville a kidney un rein
the heel le talon blood \blØd\ le sang

➦ He who joyfully marches to music in rank and file has already earned my contempt. He has
been given a large brain by mistake, since for him the spinal cord would suffice. (Albert Einstein)
Celui qui aime marcher au pas et défiler en musique a déjà mérité mon mépris. C’est par erreur qu’il a reçu
un gros cerveau, car la moelle épinière lui suffirait amplement.

B Traumas and diseases

a graze une égratignure TB la tuberculose
a blister une ampoule HIV positive séropositif
a bruise un bleu contagious contagieux
a sprain une entorse to contaminate contaminer
to limp, to have* a limp boiter to spread* (se) propager
to be* crippled être estropié unprotected sex des rapports non protégés
a germ un microbe to have* a temperature avoir de la fièvre
(the) measles la rougeole heart failure un arrêt cardiaque
(the) mumps les oreillons to have* a stroke avoir une attaque
the plague la peste to be* in agony souffrir le martyre
rabies la rage

➦ She suffers from backache: she should not wear those stilettos.
Elle a souvent mal au dos : elle ne devrait pas porter ces chaussures à talons aiguilles.
➦ He was placed in a medically induced coma after suffering a serious head injury while skiing.
Il a été placé en coma artificiel après avoir subi un grave traumatisme crânien alors qu’il faisait du ski.

Les noms de maladies

Les noms de maladies sans gravité sont précédés d’un article : to have the flu (avoir la grippe) mais to have
Ø Parkinson’s disease/Ø cancer.
Notez aussi : (a) toothache, (a) stomach ache, (an) earache mais a headache.

52
 CHECK POINT

1 Complétez les phrases suivantes. A

1. A …… and crossbones is often used to illustrate warning labels about toxic substances.
2. Industry is the …… of the Chinese economy.
3. This toothpaste effectively removes plaque without irritating …… .
4. Achilles’ mother held him by the …… when dipping him into the Styx, which was supposed to
give powers of invulnerability.
5. A few years ago, she slipped on a banana skin and twisted her …… badly.
6. Vampires are said to feed on the …… of living creatures.

2 Traduisez ces phrases. B

1. Raccoons (les ratons laveurs) in Ontario have been free of rabies since September 2005.
2. The witness says that the killer was grey-haired and had a limp.
3. I’ve got a blister on my hand from playing too much tennis.
4. At the turn of the 20th century (À la fin du XIXe siècle), immigrants with TB were sent to Ellis Island
Hospital.
5. Elizabeth Taylor died of heart failure in 2011.
6. In the 14th century a plague pandemic originating in China spread to Asia, Europe and Africa.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ce texte qui évoque le rôle joué par la viande de brousse dans la diffusion du
virus Ebola.
A visit to a traditional market in the region assails the senses with a huge variety of forest game
(gibier) – mammal, bird and reptile carcasses smoked and partitioned – and the smell of singed
(= burnt) animal hair filling the air.
But an outbreak of the deadly Ebola fever in Guinea has rekindled concerns about the health risks of
age-old African hunting and eating traditions that bring humans into close contact with wild forest
animals.
The World Health Organization says about 86 suspected cases of Ebola have been reported, with 62
deaths so far. Guinean authorities put the death toll at 63.
Experts who have studied the Ebola virus from its discovery in 1976 in the Democratic Republic of
Congo, then Zaire, say its suspected origin - what they call the reservoir host - is forest bats (chauve-
souris). Links have also been made to the carcasses of freshly slaughtered animals consumed as
bushmeat.
Reuters, March 27, 2014.

Traduisez les segments suivants en inférant leur sens du contexte.

1. “the smell of singed animal hair”: …… 4. “put the death toll at 63”: ……
2. “has rekindled concerns”: …… 5. “bushmeat”: ……
3. “an outbreak of the deadly Ebola fever”: ……

BUILD UP

4 Complétez les phrases avec a(n) ou the si nécessaire.

1. Many people with …… asthma also have allergies.
2. She sneezes, has a runny nose: she has caught …… cold.
3. There are around 54,000 new cases of …… leukemia each year in the U.S.
4. When he has …… severe headache he needs to rest in a dark room.
5. People who are overweight are at risk of …… heart disease.
6. …… Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive degenerative disorder.

23 - Anatomy and diseases 53

 Addiction
24 This mural painted on the wall of a
nightclub was photographed in
Memphis (Tennessee) a few blocks
away from the motel where Martin
Luther King was shot in 1968.

A Drugs
a sleeping pill un somnifère pot [slang] la marijuana
a downer un tranquillisant to mainline, to get a se shooter
liquor les boissons alcoolisées fix [slang]
a mind-altering un psychotrope to be* high on être sous l’emprise de
substance to drive* under the conduire sous l’emprise de
an opiate un opiacé influence l’alcool ou de stupéfiants
dope, junk, shit la came addictive qui crée une dépendance

➦ Thrill seekers share many of the same symptoms as drug addicts; they get a rush from sky-
diving or bungee jumping. (Addictioncam.com)
Les fanatiques d’émotions fortes ont de nombreux symptômes en commun avec les toxicomanes ; ils ont
une poussée d’adrénaline en faisant de la chute libre ou du saut à l’élastique.

B Addictive behaviour and remedies

a chain smoker un gros fumeur to be* cold être en manque de
binge eating la consommation turkey [slang]
compulsionnelle d’aliments to freak out [slang] criser
an out of control un joueur impénitent to hit* bottom toucher le fond
gamer to go* cold turkey décrocher
to indulge in s’adonner à to relapse rechuter
to be* hooked on être accro à a health warning une mise en garde sanitaire
to crave for être en manque a halfway house un centre de réadaptation

➦ Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) was founded in 1935 (two years after the end of Prohibition in the
United States). AA states that its primary purpose is to help alcoholics “to stay sober and help
other alcoholics achieve sobriety”.
Les Alcooliques Anonymes ont été créés en 1935 (deux ans après la fin de la Prohibition aux États-Unis).
Ils affirment que leur but premier est d’aider les alcooliques « à s’abstenir de boire et à aider les autres à
parvenir à ne plus boire ».
➦ Internet addiction can affect people of any gender, age, and socioeconomic status.
L’addiction à Internet peut toucher les hommes comme les femmes, de n’importe quel âge ou situation
socio-économique.
➦ Reaching rock-bottom with a gambling or shopping addiction can lead to homelessness.
Toucher le fond par addiction au jeu ou aux achats peut mener à la clochardisation.

-holic
Le suffixe -holic s’ajoute à un nom de substance ou d’activité pour dénoter une addiction. Si ce nom se
termine par une consonne, le suffixe est souvent -aholic : chocoholic, workaholic. Mais on dit : alcoholic.

54
 CHECK POINT

1 Retrouvez les mots dont voici les définitions. A

1. a strong alcoholic drink: ……
2. to inject a narcotic into a vein: ……
3. a drug containing opium or a derivative: ……
4. drunk driving: ……
5. to get a sudden strong physical feeling: ……

2 Complétez les phrases avec le mot approprié. B

1. This …… addict has had herself banned from casinos.
2. It is estimated that six percent of the American population is affected by …… addiction, also
known as “compulsive-buying disorder”.
3. In the UK, the Food Standards Agency requires high-caffeine energy drinks to contain a ……
…… stating that these drinks are unsuitable for children and pregnant women.
4. Some leaders get …… …… power and money.
5. If you can’t go …… …… on TV watching, you can certainly cut back on TV time gradually.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ces arguments pour ou contre la légalisation des drogues. Classez-les selon
qu’ils reflètent le pour ou le contre en citant des segments pertinents.
1. Prohibition does not work: see what happened in the United States in the 1920s with alcohol
prohibition.
2. The decision of putting a substance into your body, whether it is alcohol, marijuana, or junk food
concerns the individual, not the legislator.
3. Saying that drug use doesn’t harm anyone but the user is completely wrong and very far from
reality.
4. The prohibition of drugs leads to the growth of a criminal underworld.
5. I say legalize drugs because I want to see the criminals put out of business. (Edward Ellison)
6. The goal of the state is to protect citizens’ health and not to expose them to risk.

4 Ce texte porte sur la légalisation de la marijuana au Canada. Traduisez les

segments en gras (attention aux faux amis !).
Canada’s current system of marijuana prohibition does not work. It does not prevent young people
from using marijuana and too many Canadians end up with criminal records for possessing small
amounts of the drug.
Arresting and prosecuting these offenses is expensive for our criminal justice system. It traps
too many Canadians in the criminal justice system for minor, non-violent offenses. At the same time,
the proceeds (les bénéfices) from the illegal drug trade support organized crime and greater
threats to public safety, like human trafficking and hard drugs.
To ensure that we keep marijuana out of the hands of children, and the profits out of the hands of
criminals, we will legalize, regulate, and restrict access to marijuana.
Justin Trudeau, Canadian Prime Minister, © Copyright 2015, Liberal Party of Canada.

BUILD UP

5 Formez des adjectifs en -(a)holic à partir des addictions suivantes : addicted to

alcohol • addicted to shopping • addicted to the web • addicted to coffee •
a movie enthusiast • obsessed with making money.

24 - Addiction 55
 Care and cures
25
In vitro test methods tend to
replace animal studies (in vivo).

A At the doctor’s and at the hospital

a physician un médecin an operating theatre une salle d’opération
a GP (general practitioner) un généraliste a nurse un infirmier
the doctor’s surgery/ le cabinet médical a ward un service
office in intensive care en réanimation
to listen to sb’s chest ausculter a graft une greffe
to take* sb’s blood prendre la tension a drip une perfusion
pressure a scar une cicatrice
a screening test un test de dépistage
to heal se cicatriser
a prescription une ordonnance
to recover guérir
a cure \kjÁE\ un remède
a shrink [informal] un psy
an injection une piqûre
a gynaecologist un gynécologue
a tablet un comprimé
to give* birth (to) accoucher
to have* an X-ray passer une radio
to undergo* surgery subir une intervention

➦ Christiaan Barnard (1922-2001) performed the world’s first successful human-to-human heart
transplant in 1967.
➦ In the 2010s minimally invasive surgery has become the norm for many operations.
Dans les années 2010, la chirurgie mini invasive (cœlioscopie) est devenue la norme pour de nombreuses
opérations.

B Medical research and genetics

the gene \dZi…n\ pool le patrimoine héréditaire to tamper with manipuler, trafiquer
a stem cell une cellule souche a designer baby un bébé sur mesure
a clinical trial un essai clinique to draw* the line fixer une limite
animal testing l’expérimentation sur les animaux long-term effects des effets à long terme
cruelty-free sans cruauté pour les animaux a legal limbo un vide juridique
to ban experiments interdire les expériences contentious litigieux
selective breeding la sélection artificielle thorny épineux

➦ In the United States, the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) is a governmental agency that
approves or disapproves new drugs and devices.
Aux États-Unis, la FDA (Food and Drug Administration) est une agence gouvernementale qui autorise ou
interdit les nouveaux médicaments et traitements.
➦ DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid is the molecule that encodes genetic information.

-free
Le suffixe -free ajouté à un nom peut avoir le sens de « sans ». Il peut également avoir le sens de « sans avoir
à payer » : an interest-free overdraft (un découvert gratuit).

56
 CHECK POINT

1 Complétez ces phrases. A

1. Can I get this drug without a …… ?
2. The …… is sometimes worse than the disease.
3. Fortunately, the skin …… she received took without complications.
4. He is fighting for his life in an …… …… unit.
5. I’m afraid this type of injury can be …… only by time.

2 Retrouvez les mots dont voici les définitions. B

1. an unspecialized cell that can give rise to one or more different types of specialized cells: ……
2. an effect that occurs over a long period of time: ……
3. full of controversial points: ……
4. to interfere in order to cause damage: ……
5. involving a lot of arguing: ……

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ce texte dont le thème est : la technologie pourrait-elle mettre un terme aux
expériences sur les animaux ?
Even if you’re not an animal lover, you probably don’t like the idea of animals being used in research,
because of the pain inflicted on them. Also, many people say that humans do not react to drugs
the way rats or guinea pigs do. The good news is that new computer modelling and bioengineering
techniques could make animal testing obsolete.
The idea is to create chips (des puces électroniques) that can simulate how a whole body would react
to a new drug (médicament). They are like humans on a chip, in which the vital organs are integrated.
Besides, some engineers have developed miniature hearts that can beat 30 times a minute, making
it possible to induce diseases in them. These mini hearts are thought to be more efficient to test new
drugs, as they are closer to real human hearts than the hearts of animals. Furthermore, they could
reduce the time it takes to move towards clinical trials, with human volunteers.
Adapted from The Guardian, August 23, 2014.

Les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues dans cet extrait ? Si elles le sont, citez le
segment de texte correspondant.
1. Il est indispensable d’utiliser des animaux dans la recherche médicale.
2. Grâce à de nouvelles techniques, on pourra se passer des expérimentations sur les animaux.
3. Une puce électronique peut contenir toutes les données vitales d’un être humain.
4. Des mini-cœurs peuvent être utilisés dans les greffes de cœur.
5. Grâce aux mini-cœurs les essais cliniques pourront être effectués plus tôt.

BUILD UP

4 Associez chaque terme de la colonne de gauche avec un domaine de la colonne de

droite.
1. car-free a. un examen médical
2. rent-free b. un logement
3. pain-free c. une aire de jeux pour enfants
4. tax-free d. un centre-ville
5. smoke-free e. une barre chocolatée
6. gluten-free f. un parfum

25 - Care and cures 57

 The digital world
26 This is an alley in Jaisalmer
(Rajasthan, India). A sacred
cow is peacefully making her
way in front of a cybercafé.

A Computer science
a laptop (computer), un ordinateur portable to browse the surfer sur le Net
a notebook Internet
a peripheral un périphérique to log on se connecter
a touch screen un écran tactile to log out se déconnecter
to boot up faire démarrer un ordinateur to scroll up faire défiler vers le haut
a backup une sauvegarde to scroll down faire défiler vers le bas
an update une mise à jour to crash, to freeze* planter
a folder un dossier to hack into pirater
a file un fichier voice-activated à commande vocale
an attachment une pièce jointe a camcorder un caméscope
a Wi-Fi hotspot un point Wi Fi to restrict Internet restreindre l’accès à
a search engine un moteur de recherche access Internet

➦ Please find attached a copy of your invoice.

Veuillez trouver en pièce jointe une copie de votre facture.
➦ When you use cloud computing, you store, manage and process data through a network of
remote servers.
Quand vous vous servez de l’infonuagique, vous stockez, gérez et traitez des données par l’intermédiaire
d’un réseau de serveurs distants.
➦ Many data centers have been relocated north in order to reduce power and cooling costs.
De nombreux centres de données ont été transférés dans le nord afin de réduire les coûts d’énergie et de
refroidissement.

B Current abbreviations
CPU (central processing unit) le processeur HTML HyperText Markup Language
KB, MB, GB (kilobytes, kilo (K), mega (M), giga VR Virtual Reality
megabytes, gigabytes) (G) octets ICT Information and
PDA (personal digital assistant) un agenda électronique Communications Technology
USB Universal Serial Bus P2P Peer to Peer
FAQ Frequently Asked
Questions

➦ When a word or a phrase is preceded by the hash sign # it’s called a hashtag. It’s used on
social networks to help users find messages with a specific content.
➦ My computer is state-of-the-art but it keeps crashing.
Mon ordinateur est ce qui se fait de mieux mais il n’arrête pas de planter.

e-, i- et cyber-
Les préfixes e-, i-, cyber- sont fréquemment ajoutés à des termes existants pour indiquer un lien avec
Internet ou le monde de l’informatique : e-business (e = electronic), iPhone (i- souvent utilisé par
Apple = Internet), cybercrime (cyber- = cybernetic).

58
 CHECK POINT

1 Corrigez les phrases suivantes si nécessaire. A B

1. She brossed on the Internet boutique but didn’t find what she was looking for.
2. Just wait for your computer to boot up.
3. UBS flash drives are often used for storage, data back-down and transfer of computer files.
4. Please log on before you leave.
5. ICT means Information and Computers Technology.
6. The virus was delivered in the form of an email attachment.
7. They backed into his computer to get sensitive information about him and his business.
8. Did you google the cheapest flights to New York?
9. FAQ are Frequently Answered Questions.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

2 Prenez connaissance de ces trois paragraphes.

§ 1. Some people are techno phobic. Actually, they don’t know how new technology works or how to
use it. Others are worried about crimes such as hacking, fraud and phishing. They fear malware such
as viruses and Trojans. They worry about their privacy, security or identity theft.

§ 2. The digital divide rests first of all on lack of electricity, as ICT depends primarily on electricity. In
Malawi or Chad only around 10% of the population have access to electricity.
Access to the Internet can also be limited for political reasons, as in North Korea, where the Net is
mostly restricted to government officials or foreigners.
By contrast, the penetration rate of countries like the Netherlands is over 95%.
Developed countries have excellent technological infrastructure, so that people have easy access to
both electricity and the Internet. Many people can also afford to buy computers, tablets, smart-phones
or connected watches, which are widely used at home, at work and at school.
By contrast, in developing countries, many people have other things to worry about, like food, health
care or clean water. Buying technological devices is not at the top of their priorities.

§ 3. Access is difficult in mountainous, desert and rainforest areas. In some areas, basic infrastructure
such as roads and bridges are missing.

Classez-les maintenant selon qu’ils apportent une donnée sur les facteurs
économiques, géographiques, psychologiques ou politiques responsables de la
fracture numérique.

3 Some remedies… Traduisez.

1. Charities such as Computers 4 Africa refurbish old computers before sending them to schools
and colleges to support community projects.
2. One Laptop Per Child is an organization that produces cheap, low-power and connected laptops.
3. According to Mashable, the Indian government has released a new tablet computer, Aakash,
dubbed “the world’s cheapest.”

BUILD UP

4 Traduisez les termes suivants : cyberwarfare • e-business • cyberspace • e-banking

• i-pod.

26 - The digital world 59

 Economic sectors
27
This young woman is working on
Del Monte’s banana processing
plant in Nicaragua.

A The main sectors of economy

primary sector It makes use of natural resources, like food, wood, ores (mainly iron), oil or coal.
Workers: anyone working in agriculture (farmers), forestry (woodcutters), fishing
(fishermen) and mining (miners).
secondary It transforms materials into goods: wood being made into furniture, or steel being
sector transformed into cars…
Workers: factory workers, construction workers, auto workers, carpenters, etc.
tertiary sector It provides services to consumers and businesses.
(service sector) Workers: waiters, bus drivers, teachers, doctors, bankers, insurers, computer
specialists, estate agents, cleaners, etc.

➦ Most modern world countries have seen a sharp decline in the proportion of people who work
in the primary sector. It is estimated that less than 5% of the labour force is engaged in this
sector in developed countries.
La plupart des pays modernes ont vu baisser fortement la proportion des travailleurs du secteur primaire.
On estime que moins de 5% de la population active travaille dans ce secteur dans les pays développés.
➦ The quaternary sector includes services such as information gathering, R and D (research and
development), business consulting and media.
Le secteur quaternaire comprend des services tels que la collecte des données, la recherche et le déve-
loppement, le conseil en affaires et les médias.

B Heavy industry
raw materials les matières premières a quarry une carrière
ore le minerai a pit un puits de mine de
charbon
coal le charbon the iron and steel industry la sidérurgie
iron \aIEn\ le fer a rolling mill un laminoir
cast iron la fonte a blast furnace un haut-fourneau
lead \led\ du plomb a spinning mill une usine de tissage
oil industry l’industrie pétrolière a saw mill une scierie
a refinery une raffinerie avionics la construction aéronautique
tar le goudron a shipyard un chantier naval

➦ The pulp and paper industry, which includes office and catalogue paper, glossy paper, tissue
and paper-based packaging, uses over 40% of all industrial wood traded globally. (Adapted from WWF)
L’industrie des pâtes et papiers, qui comprend la papeterie de bureau et les catalogues, les magazines sur
papier glacé, les mouchoirs et le papier d’emballage, utilise plus de 40% du bois destiné à l’industrie dans
le commerce mondial.

Noms de métiers
La plupart des noms de métier ou de fonction sont neutres. Cependant le masculin et le féminin peuvent être
marqués : a craftsman (un artisan)/a craftswoman, a waiter (un serveur)/a waitress, a male cleaner
(un agent d’entretien), a female director (une directrice), a male nurse (un infirmier), a female judge (une
juge).

60
 CHECK POINT

1 Complétez ces phrases. Remplacez a par an si nécessaire. A

1. In the daytime I work as a …… (agriculteur) and …… (bûcheron). At weekends I sometimes
work as a …… (serveur) in a local restaurant, but my dream is to be a …… (pêcheur).
2. There’s been a …… …… (forte baisse) in unemployment. The …… …… (population active) has
increased by 2 percent.
3. They’re looking for …… …… (ouvriers du bâtiment), not …… …… (ouvriers automobiles),
unfortunately.
4. My neighbour is a …… …… (informaticienne) and her husband a …… …… (agent immobilier).

2 Complétez ces phrases. B

1. Coal and iron are …… materials.
2. …… is rock or soil from which metal can be obtained.
3. …… is an alloy (un alliage) that is used for making tools and cars.
4. …… is a very thick, black liquid that becomes hard when it cools and that is used especially for
road surfaces.
5. Un……ed petrol produces fewer harmful substances than most fuels when it is burned.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ce texte sur la question du charbon.

Coal is not cool
Coal has always been a major source of energy. It was a key component of the Industrial Revolution
(from about 1760 to 1820): vast quantities of coal were needed when European countries started
to industrialize themselves, especially to fuel steam engines and furnaces, used to melt metal.
These days, coal is associated with severe environmental and health effects. Coal mining causes
water and air pollution. Coal burning produces millions of tons of solid waste products that contain
heavy metals like mercury.
According to the international science magazine New Scientist (in an article published in 2013), coal
pollution costs the European Union over 40 billion euros each year. Cutting air pollution would
have beneficial long-term economic impacts for individuals.

Traitez maintenant les questions suivantes.

1. Ces idées sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Si elles le sont, citez le segment qui justifie votre
réponse.
a. The Industrial Revolution could not have developed without coal.
b. Coal is still a major source of energy.
c. Coal is a cheap source of energy.
d. In the 18th century coal was mainly used for cooking and heating.
2. En tenant compte du contexte, traduisez les segments en gras.

BUILD UP

4 Traduisez.
1. La juge a été très compréhensive (understanding) quand je lui ai parlé.
2. L’agent d’entretien était content de (pleased with) son travail.
3. La serveuse a épousé un serveur et leurs enfants sont tous devenus informaticiens.
4. La porte-parole (spokes…) était accompagnée de la directrice.

27 - Economic sectors 61
 Farming
28 This is a typical dairy farm in
Wisconsin, a leading producer of
milk, cheese and butter in the U.S.

A Growing crops
a meadow \"medEÁ\ un pré an orchard \"O…tSEd\ un verger
pasture (land) des pâturages an orange grove une orangeraie
a plough \plaÁ\ une charrue wine growing la viticulture
a harvester une moissonneuse a vineyard \"vInjA…d\ un vignoble
corn, wheat [US] le blé ripe mûr
maize, corn [US] le maïs green, unripe vert
oats l’avoine to yield produire
barley l’orge to grow* pousser, faire pousser
sunflowers le tournesol to sow* semer
fodder le fourrage to reap faucher, récolter
hay le foin to harvest récolter

➦ An estimated two million people took to the streets in cities all around the world in May 2013
for a worldwide day of protest against agro-biotech giant Monsanto and Genetically Modified
Organisms (GMO) in general. (Worldcrunch.com)
Deux millions de personnes sont descendues dans les rues des grandes villes du monde entier en mai 2013
lors d’une journée mondiale de protestation contre le géant agro-alimentaire Monsanto et les organismes
génétiquement modifiés (OGM) en général.
➦ Organic farming bans the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides.
L’agriculture biologique proscrit l’utilisation des engrais chimiques, des pesticides et des herbicides.
➦ Sustainable farming avoids soil erosion and pollution.
L’agriculture durable évite l’érosion des sols et la pollution.

B Animal breeding
cattle le bétail poultry farming l’élevage de volailles
livestock le cheptel dairy farming l’élevage laitier
a cowshed une étable to breed* élever
a pigsty une porcherie a breed une race
a stable une écurie to feed * (se) nourrir

➦ A few years ago, the French government decided to vaccinate a million free-range ducks,
chickens, geese in an attempt to stem the spread of the H5N1 virus.
Il y a quelques années, le gouvernement français a décidé de faire vacciner un million de canards, de poules
et d’oies élevés en plein air pour essayer d’endiguer la propagation du virus H5N1.
➦ Five hundred angry farmers dumped manure in front of administrative headquarters in Brussels
to demonstrate against the Common Agricultural Policy.
Cinq cents fermiers en colère ont déversé du fumier devant des locaux administratifs à Bruxelles pour
protester contre la PAC.

Nom + house
De nombreux termes désignant des bâtiments sont formés de nom + house : a greenhouse (une serre),
a doghouse (un chenil – à ne pas confondre avec a housedog : un chien de maison !).

62
 CHECK POINT

1 Complétez ces phrases. A B

1. California started making wine in the 18th century when Spanish missionaries planted the first
…… to produce wine for Mass (vin de messe).
2. Angus cattle are a …… of cattle commonly used in beef production.
3. On this farm, you can pick your fresh morning …… - …… eggs at the chicken coop (le poulailler).
4. Florida is the largest producer of oranges in the U.S., but its …… …… are under the attack of
a disease known as “citrus greening”.
5. There are four main ingredients in beer: ……, water, hops (du houblon) and yeast (de la levure).
6. In the wild West, …… grazed freely, competing for …… and water. The barbed wire (le fil de fer
barbelé) changed the West from vast and undefined prairies to a land of farming.

2 Lisez cet article qui porte sur l’étiquetage (labeling) des produits A B
alimentaires en choisissant le terme qui convient.
Many foods, including an estimated 88 percent of the corn crop/breed in the United States, contain
ingredients that have plants or animals that were organically/genetically modified, typically to
increase disease/death resistance or extend shelf life. Opponents argue that the process may be
harmful/beneficial to humans. Supporters contend there is no reason/evidence of that. Sixty
countries, including the European Union, require labeling.
© Burlington Free Press, 2015.

Maintenant traduisez : “to increase disease resistance or extend shelf life” (a shelf :
une étagère, au sens premier).

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Choisissez un titre : The dreams of the homeless, The song of the battery hen ou
In praise of comfort pour le poème dont voici le début.
We can’t grumble (râler) about accommodation:
we have a new concrete floor that’s
always dry, four walls that are
painted white, and a sheet-iron roof
the rain drums on. A fan (un ventilateur) blows warm air
beneath our feet to disperse the smell
of chicken shit and, on dull days,
fluorescent lightening sees us. […]
Edwin Brock © Martin Secker & Warburg Ltd, 1977.

BUILD UP

4 Associez ces noms à leur définition puis traduisez-les : a lighthouse • a dollhouse •

a coffeehouse • a jailhouse • a roadhouse.
1. an inn located on a road outside a town or city in the U.S.: ……
2. a tower with a powerful light built on the shore to guide ships away from danger: ……
3. a place for the confinement of persons convicted and sentenced to imprisonment: ……
4. a small model house used as a children’s toy: ……
5. an establishment that serves coffee and other refreshments: ……

28 - Farming 63
 Industrial production
29 A Hammering Man by Jonathan Borofsky is
one of a series of kinetic giant sculptures
displayed in various cities round the world,
here in Dallas (Texas). “The Hammering Man
is the worker in all of us,” said Borofsky.

A Machinery and tools

a crane une grue a drill une perceuse
scaffolding un échafaudage a screwdriver un tournevis
a smokestack une cheminée d’usine a spare part une pièce détachée
a machine tool une machine-outil a nut un écrou
a lathe un tour a bolt un boulon
a sledgehammer une masse goggles des lunettes de protection
a wrench, a spanner une clé à molette to weld souder
a file une lime

➦ Technology is nothing. What’s important is that you have a faith in people, that they’re basic-
ally good and smart, and if you give them tools, they’ll do wonderful things with them. (Steve Jobs)

B Production and robotics

an assembly plant une usine de montage remote-controlled télécommandé
an assembly line une chaîne de montage CAD (computer- la conception assistée par
a processing plant une usine de traitement aided design) ordinateur
a process un procédé a compliant robot un robot à comportement
flexible
the output, the yield le rendement
to streamline rationaliser
automated automatisé

➦ An industrial robot’s principal components are: one or more arms that can move in several
directions, a manipulator, a computer controller that gives detailed movement instructions.

C Crafts
a craftsman/-woman un artisan a mechanic un mécanicien
a carpenter un charpentier a bricklayer, a builder, a mason un maçon
a joiner un menuisier to sew* \sEÁ\ coudre
a locksmith un serrurier to saw* \sO…\ scier
bookbinding la reliure to weave* tisser
a plumber \"plØmE\ un plombier skilful habile

➦ The Arts and Crafts movement (1860-1910) was born of ideals. It grew out of a concern for the
effects of industrialisation: on design, on traditional skills and on the lives of ordinary people.
(The Victoria and Albert Museum, London)

-made
De nombreux adjectifs désignant la source de fabrication ou la manière de fabriquer sont composés de nom
ou adjectif + made : home-made (fait à la maison).

64
 CHECK POINT

1 Inférez le sens des mots suivants à partir du sens de leurs composants. A

1. a nail file – 2. a pneumatic drill – 3. a bolt-cutter – 4. a wood lathe – 5. a crane driver –
6. to wrench

2 Retrouvez les mots dont voici les définitions. C

1. a person whose job is to repair and make keys: ……
2. a person whose job is to install or repair sinks, lavatories: ……
3. a person who constructs the wooden components of a building: ……
4. a person who builds walls: ……
5. a skilled manual worker: ……

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ce texte qui porte sur les utilisations des robots et sur leurs limites.
The car industry automates approximately 80 percent of its assembly processes, which consist
of many repeatable actions. In contrast, only around ten percent of the assembly processes for
electronics, such as cell phones, are automated, because such products change frequently and are
highly customized.
Tailor-made robots could help close this gap by reducing setup times (temps d’installation) for auto-
mation in industries that rely on customization and whose products have short life cycles. Specialized
robots would know where things are stored, how to put things together, how to interact with people,
how to transport parts from one place to another, how to pack things, and how to reconfigure an
assembly line. In a factory equipped with such robots, human workers would still be in control, and
robots would assist them.
www.foreignaffairs.com, June 16, 2015.

Traitez maintenant ces questions.

1. Les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Si elles le sont, citez le segment qui
justifie votre réponse.
a. C’est essentiellement l’industrie automobile qui, à l’heure actuelle, se sert de robots.
b. Les robots actuels savent localiser les stocks de pièces.
c. Il faudrait concevoir des robots « sur mesure » pour qu’ils s’adaptent à la production des objets
dont la durée de vie est limitée.
d. Un jour, les hommes perdront le contrôle des robots.
2. Traduisez en inférant le sens des mots que vous ne connaissez pas “such products are highly
customized” et “how to reconfigure an assembly line”.

BUILD UP

4 Complétez ces phrases en employant un des adjectifs proposés : self-made •

ready-made • man-made • hand-made • custom-made. Puis traduisez-les.
1. This cheese is …… in the traditional manner.
2. Tunisia exports a lot of …… clothes.
3. The star was wearing a $ 5,000 …… tuxedo.
4. Andrew Carnegie was a …… steel tycoon.
5. Some disasters are natural, others are …… .

29 - Industrial production 65
 Economic policies
30 This is a market in Nicaragua. Pepsi
has spread worldwide. In April 2012,
after researching around the world,
Pepsi launched their first global
campaign, titled “Live For Now”.

A The economic systems

a free-market une économie the informal/grey l’économie informelle
economy libérale/de marché economy
free trade le libre-échange undeclared/illicit le travail au noir
a planned/command une économie work
economy planifiée an economic policy une politique économique
a state-owned/state- une entreprise an economic une perspective économique
controlled company publique prospect/outlook
barter le troc to raise economic augmenter la croissance de
an underground une économie growth l’économie
economy souterraine public spending les dépenses publiques

➦ Trade, industry and the means of production are controlled by private owners, whose aim is
to make profits.
Le commerce, l’industrie et les moyens de production sont contrôlés par des propriétaires privés, dont le
but est de réaliser des bénéfices.
➦ In post-industrial economies, the service sector outweighs the industrial sector and the
agricultural one.
Dans l’économie post-industrielle, le secteur tertiaire est plus important que les secteurs industriel et agricole.

B Globalization
globalization la mondialisation the removal of trade la suppression des
competition la concurrence barriers barrières douanières
the deregulation of la déréglementation des the balance of trade la balance commerciale
trade échanges commerciaux the trade surplus l’excédent commercial
outsourcing la délocalisation the per capita income le revenu par habitant
a trade agreement un accord commercial the gross domestic le produit intérieur brut
foreign trade le commerce extérieur product (GDP) (PIB)
a downturn, a slump une récession

➦ The consumption of goods and services is affected by globalization. Global flows are creating
very high degrees of connectedness among economies.
La mondialisation influence la consommation des biens et des services. Les flux globaux créent des degrés
extrêmement élevés de connexion entre les économies.
➦ A few countries avoided the worst of the global economic downturn and bounced back more
quickly than some of their neighbours.
Quelques pays ont évité le pire de la récession économique mondiale et ont rebondi plus vite que certains
de leurs voisins.

Les noms composés

On peut dire the balance of trade ou the trade balance, mais on n’a pas toujours le choix : safety
standards (les normes de sécurité), the division of labour (la division du travail).

66
 CHECK POINT

1 Complétez ces phrases. A

1. In an …… economy, goods and services are traded illegally.
2. Private …… (propriété) of enterprises is encouraged in a capitalist system.
3. A synonym of “command economy” is “…… economy”.
4. My neighbour is a big fan of …… . For example, he wants me to mow his lawn in exchange for
eggs.
5. Protectionism contrasts with free …… .
6. The government is worried about next year’s economic …… , because the economy seems to
be slowing down.

2 Retrouvez les noms dont voici les définitions. A B

1. the opposite of domestic production: …… ……
2. relocation from one country to another, in order to cut production costs: ……
3. what a country gets when it sells more than it imports: …… ……
4. a reduction in a country’s economic activities: ……
5. the total national income divided by the total population: …… …… …… ……

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez le texte suivant.

Full capitalism?
Even the most capitalist nations regulate one way or another. In the U.S., where we can safely say
that the vast majority of people are ardent supporters of capitalism, there’s a federal minimum wage,
that is, a minimum wage applicable to the whole country. However, some states also set a minimum
wage that is higher than the federal one.
The U.S. federal government also imposes safety standards, designed to ensure the safety of employees.
Furthermore, it prohibits sex-based wage differentials between men and women employed in the
same establishment who perform jobs requiring equal effort, skill, and responsibility.
It could be argued that, contrary to common belief, the role played by governments in the economy
tends to increase rather than decrease.

Ces idées sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Si elles le sont, citez le segment qui
justifie votre réponse.
1. Le capitalisme exclut toute réglementation.
2. Finalement, les Américains ne défendent pas le capitalisme tant que ça.
3. La discrimination économique entre hommes et femmes est interdite aux États-Unis.
4. Le rôle des gouvernements tend à diminuer dans la gestion de l’économie.

BUILD UP

44 Traduisez.
1. capital flight: ……
2. economies of scale: ……
3. income tax: ……
4. labour market flexibility: ……
5. producer prices: ……
6. purchasing power: ……
7. trade deficit: ……
8. wealth tax: ……
9. safety standards: ……
10. competition law: ……

30 - Economic policies 67
 Working life
31 This vintage style wall ornament was
photographed in Coarsegold historic
village (California). It shows a picture
from the famous 1950s American
television sitcom I love Lucy.

A Access to work
the working population la population active to work on the travailler dans
labour, the work force la main-d’œuvre night shift l’équipe de nuit
a labour shortage une pénurie de main- to look for a job rechercher un emploi
d’œuvre to apply for a job postuler à un emploi
apprenticeship l’apprentissage an application une candidature
qualifications les diplômes to go* on a training faire un stage
skilled/unskilled qualifié/non qualifié course
a senior executive un cadre supérieur a trainee, an intern un stagiaire
employment l’emploi to take* sb on, embaucher qqn
an occupation une profession to hire sb
the professions les professions libérales to turn down an refuser un candidat à
applicant l’embauche
to be* self-employed travailler à son compte
to earn a living gagner sa vie sick leave un congé maladie

to be* on the payroll être salarié maternity leave un congé de

maternité
to clock in/out pointer à l’entrée/à la
sortie
retirement la retraite

➦ This qualification opens up a number of job prospects.

Ce diplôme offre plusieurs débouchés.
➦ The applicants had good references but did not fit the job description.
Les candidats avaient de bonnes références mais ne correspondaient pas au descriptif du poste.

B The business world

enterprise l’esprit d’initiative the merger of two la fusion de deux
a small business une petite entreprise companies sociétés
a medium-sized une PME to make*/clinch conclure un
business a deal marché
to create/to set* up/ créer une entreprise to go* bankrupt faire faillite
to start up a business to bail out renflouer
to run* a company diriger une entreprise to streamline rationaliser
to buy* out a company racheter une entreprise to downsize the réduire les effectifs
a takeover bid une OPA workforce

➦ In these times of fierce competition, we can’t afford to become unprofitable.

En ces temps de concurrence féroce, nous ne pouvons pas nous permettre de ne pas être rentables.
➦ The business world often complains about red tape and corporation tax.
Le monde des affaires se plaint souvent de la paperasserie et des impôts sur les sociétés.

Faux amis
an occupation : une profession ≠ « une occupation » : a pastime, a hobby
enterprise : l’esprit d’initiative ≠ « une entreprise » : a company, a firm

68
 CHECK POINT

1 Associez chaque mot de gauche avec un synonyme à droite. A

to take on a CV an intern apprenticeship
to look for a job a job centre a résumé labour
to turn down qualification a diploma, a degree to apply
a trainee a period of training a candidate a meal ticket
a luncheon voucher the work force to hire an employment service
an applicant to reject

2 Complétez avec les mots qui conviennent. A B

1. Analysts say the company could …… a deal within weeks.
2. She’s an entrepreneur. She’s famous for …… …… (racheter) small firms.
3. The company made a …… …… (OPA) for a rival firm.
4. My wife doesn’t …… (diriger) the company, but she’s a senior …… .
5. I’m on the …… (être salarié) of a large multinational. I have a good salary.
6. We’re all in favour of cutting …… …… (la paperasserie) but we don’t know how!

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ce texte sur le chômage en Grande-Bretagne.

There are always several ways of interpreting statistics. Unemployment in the UK has been very low
for some years. Some people, especially those in power, are very pleased with the results, claiming
that their economic policies have reduced the number of people out of work. It’s true that record
numbers of women are now in work in Britain.
However, some people point out that many female pensioners are forced to work because their
pension is too low. They are often self-employed people in low-paid jobs.
Some workers complain that they find it hard to get enough hours to make ends meet.
“There is a lack of high-quality, well-paid jobs, especially for women,” says Kathleen McLeod, a
secondary school teacher in Birmingham. “If you want to work as a cleaner or childminder, you can
find a job overnight. But then you won’t be able to afford high rents. And it’ll be quite a challenge to
raise children.”

Les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Si elles le sont, citez le
segment qui justifie votre réponse.
1. Unemployment has risen recently in the UK.
2. There have never been as many women working in the UK.
3. Female pensioners work because they’re bored.
4. There aren’t enough well-paid jobs for women.
5. It’s easy to get a job as a cleaner.

BUILD UP

4 Traduisez ces phrases. Attention aux mots en gras.

1. My husband is an entrepreneur. He likes starting new businesses.
2. “What’s your occupation?” “I’m a dentist.”
3. It was easy: I sent a résumé and the next day they offered me a job!
4. Does your new company provide a company car?
5. My son is an apprentice carpenter.

31 - Working life 69
 Labour relations
32 On the road to Jodhpur (Rajasthan,
2011): these women, who are road
workers, have organised a sit-in.
They demand an increase in their
very low wages.

A Social dialogue or strike?

a trade union [GB], un syndicat the right to strike le droit de grève
a labor union [US] to work to rule faire la grève du zèle
a union member, un syndicaliste to picket faire un piquet de grève
a trade unionist a demonstration une manifestation
an industrial/labour dispute un conflit du travail
to take* to the descendre dans la rue
industrial/labour unrest l’agitation sociale streets
a claim, a demand une revendication to negotiate négocier
a protest movement un mouvement de to reach a aboutir à une impasse
protestation deadlock
to walk out, to go* on strike se mettre en grève to resume work reprendre le travail
a striker un gréviste

➦ London Underground workers are planning to walk out in protest at the new working hours.
Last-ditch talks aimed at averting the industrial action are taking place.
Les employés du métro de Londres prévoient de se mettre en grève pour protester contre les nouveaux
horaires de travail. Des discussions de la dernière chance pour éviter la grève ont lieu en ce moment.
➦ Fast food workers are taking to the streets to demand $15 per hour minimum wage.
Des employés de la restauration rapide descendent dans la rue pour exiger 15 dollars de salaire horaire
minimum.

B Pay issues
wages le salaire a wage increase, une augmentation de
a salary un salaire a pay rise [GB]/raise [US] salaire
an income un revenu an allowance une indemnité
a payslip un bulletin de salaire an incentive bonus une prime d’encouragement
a wage claim des revendications paid holidays, les congés payés
salariales a paid vacation
a pay settlement un accord salarial sick pay un congé de maladie
a retirement pension une pension de retraite

➦ You talk about “wages” for someone who works in a shop or in a factory. Otherwise you use
the word “salary”. Thus, a teacher or a banker gets a salary, not wages. However the set phrase
is “minimum wage”.

Les noms collectifs

Les noms union, party, government, staff (le personnel) sont suivis d’un verbe au singulier ou au pluriel en
anglais britannique. En anglais américain, on emploie le verbe au singulier.
The Labour Party is/are opposed to any change in the law.
The staff is/are not happy about the pay increase.
Le nom police est toujours suivi d’un verbe au pluriel.
The police have arrested five more suspects.

70
 CHECK POINT

1 Complétez ces phrases. A B

1. In democratic countries, workers can join a …… …… and they’re allowed to walk …… .
2. The ……-…… talks achieved nothing. They have once again reached a …… .
3. The fast food workers …… to …… …… . The …… gathered over 2,000 people.
4. Some employees said they didn’t feel like …… work (reprendre le travail).
5. Her firm owes her (lui doit) more than $2,000 and so she may file a wage …… .

2 Remplacez les termes barrés par les termes qui conviennent. B

1. I am a cleaner. My wife and I get the same salary …… .
2. I’m a judge. I can’t complain about my wages …… .
3. I like your job. How much money do you win …… ?
4. I think I’ll get an encouraging …… bonus this year.
5. Your entitlement to malady …… pay depends on your employment contract.
6. Because of the pay accord …… my annual revenues …… should not diminish.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ce texte qui traite de quelques événements de l’histoire sociale britannique.

Every nation has its narratives or myths or popular stories, which are given names and remembered
long after the event.
• “The general strike”
If you talk about “The general strike” in the UK, people are likely to think of the “1926 general strike”,
which is regularly mentioned in popular culture. It was the only general strike in British history. Union
leaders in the UK tend to think that action through political parties is preferable to general strikes.
• “The British disease”
The phrase “The British disease” describes the pattern of strikes and industrial unrest in the 1970s
and early 1980s supposed by many to be prevalent in Britain at the time.
• “The Winter of Discontent”
In the winter of 1978-1979 there were widespread strikes in the United Kingdom, especially in the
public sector. It was also a very cold winter, with blizzards and deep snow, and the economy was
in a bad shape. The phrase “The Winter of Discontent” was used by politicians and commentators
of different parties to describe the situation. The phrase is from the opening lines of Shakespeare’s
Richard III: “Now is the winter of our discontent/Made glorious summer by this sun of York.”

Les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Si elles le sont, citez le
segment qui justifie votre réponse.
1. Il n’y a pas eu de grève générale au Royaume-Uni depuis « l’hiver du mécontentement ».
2. Les grèves générales qu’a connues le Royaume-Uni sont à l’origine de l’expression « la maladie
britannique ».
3. Le mécontentement durant « l’hiver du mécontentement » était dû à la météo.

BUILD UP

4 Traduisez.
1. La police est déjà là. Apparemment, elle nous attend depuis plus de dix minutes.
2. On dit que ce parti veut limiter (to restrict) le droit de grève.
3. Le gouvernement, qui n’a plus le soutien des députés, va démissionner.
4. Le personnel est en grève. Il compte (to intend to) descendre dans la rue et manifester.

32 - Labour relations 71
 World trade
33 All the coffee of Lao Mountain
Coffee is grown exclusively by
Fair Trade certified farmers
on the Bolaven Plateau (Laos).

A Trade in goods
exports les exportations a trade deficit, un déficit du commerce
foreign markets les débouchés extérieurs a trade gap extérieur
a free-trade une zone de libre échange a trade barrier une barrière douanière
area a trade war une guerre commerciale
foreign trade le commerce extérieur competition, rivalry la concurrence
a favourable une balance commerciale a sheltered market un marché protégé
balance of trade excédentaire customs duties des droits de douane
a negative une balance commerciale a ban (on), an embargo un embargo
balance of trade déficitaire
to purchase, to buy* acheter
the trade l’excédent du commerce
to place an order passer une commande
surplus extérieur

➦ Thanks to the reciprocal trade agreement, we’ll be able to find new outlets, and possibly
reduce the trade gap with our partners.
Grâce à cet accord d’échanges commerciaux, nous pourrons trouver de nouveaux débouchés et peut-être
réduire le déficit commercial avec nos partenaires.
➦ The World Trade Organization (WTO) objects to unfair trade practices and rejects import quotas.
L’Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC) s’oppose aux pratiques commerciales inéquitables et rejette
les quotas d’importation.

B Distribution
a supply, a stock un stock an invoice une facture
a supply chain un réseau de the profit margin la marge bénéficiaire
distribution the purchasing power le pouvoir d’achat
a wholesale supplier, un grossiste a commodity, an item, un article
a wholesaler an article
a middleman un intermédiaire a price tag une étiquette (prix)
a retailer un détaillant a brand, a trademark une marque
to keep* in storage entreposer, stocker a bargain une affaire
a warehouse un entrepôt extortionate exorbitant
handling la manutention
home delivery la livraison à domicile

➦ The UK has one of the biggest e-commerce markets in the world when measured by the money
spent per capita. E-commerce has led to intensified price competition.
Le Royaume-Uni est l’un des plus gros marchés pour le commerce électronique dans le monde en termes
de dépenses par habitant. Le e-commerce a entraîné une concurrence des prix accrue.

Shop
Les noms des petits commerces sont souvent formés avec le mot shop : a baker’s shop (une boulangerie),
a fish shop (une poissonnerie, a fishmonger: un poissonnier).
Notez « chez le coiffeur » : at the hairdresser/at the hairdresser’s.

72
 CHECK POINT

1 Traduisez ces phrases. A B

1. Si vous imposez des quotas, les exportations aussi souffriront.
2. On dit qu’une balance commerciale déficitaire est préjudiciable (detrimental to) à l’économie.
3. Dans un marché protégé, les droits de douane peuvent être exorbitants.
4. Les Émirats Arabes Unis ont un commerce extérieur excédentaire grâce au commerce du pétrole.
5. Le pouvoir d’achat des Canadiens a augmenté de (to go up) 3%.

2 Complétez ces phrases. B

1. You use the word “……” for all products, as in “This is my favourite …… of deodorant.” It’s
different for cars, though. You say “My favourite car make is Rolls Royce.”
2. I need an …… for this flight to get reimbursed.
3. Retailers often buy their goods from …… …… .
4. We have a ten percent profit …… on sales, which isn’t bad.
5. The goods are kept …… …… until ready for delivery.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ces paragraphes qui traitent du commerce équitable (fair trade).

§ 1. The fair trade movement focuses on commodities that are typically exported from developing
countries to developed countries. These commodities include mainly food, especially coffee and
cocoa, but also handicrafts, textiles and luxury items like gold and diamonds.
§ 2. These organizations support producers and encourage sustainable practices in farming that are
respectful of the environment. They also insist on recycling and proper water management. Needless
to say, child and forced labour are strictly banned.
§ 3. Some people criticize these organizations, though. They claim that fair trade products are more
expensive than other goods and that the extra money paid does not reach the producers themselves,
but middlemen. Some research showed that “fair trade coffee” for example is not helping the very
poor, especially women.
§ 4. Some fair trade organizations say they are aware of the problem and are doing all they can to
address it. Their reputation and future depend on it.

Quel(s) titre(s) pourrai(en)t être utilisé(s) pour chaque paragraphe ?

• More expensive and not for the right reasons: ……
• The organizations are looking into it ……
• Helping developing countries’ exports ……
• Sustainable and environmentally friendly ……
• What about women then? ……
• Who really gains from so-called fair trade? ……

BUILD UP

4 Traduisez ces mots ou groupes de mots.

1. un marchand de vin 7. une oisellerie
2. une boucherie 8. un carrossier
3. un café 9. une animalerie
4. une confiserie (un magasin de confiserie) 10. un magasin de vêtements
5. un salon de beauté 11. une friperie
6. une librairie 12. une cordonnerie

33 - World trade 73
 The consumer society
34 Black cabs are iconic features of the
London cityscape. Their bodies are
now occasionally wrapped with all-
over advertising, known as “livery”.

A Advertising
goods, products les produits misleading mensonger
consumption la consommation hype du battage publicitaire
an advertisement, une publicité to hype (up) faire du battage pour
an advert, an ad a neon sign une enseigne lumineuse
a commercial, un spot publicitaire a poster une affiche
a break a hoarding [GB], un panneau publicitaire
an adman un publicitaire a billboard [US]
➦ Advertising is often considered necessary for economic growth. Many products wouldn’t sell
so well without advertisements.
On considère souvent que la publicité est nécessaire à la croissance économique. Beaucoup de produits
ne se vendraient pas aussi bien sans les publicités.
➦ Michelle Obama launched a campaign against junk food ads aimed at kids a few years ago.
Michelle Obama a lancé une campagne contre les publicités pour la « malbouffe » destinées aux enfants il
y a quelques années.

B Marketing
a brand une marque to promote faire la promotion de
strengths les points forts to follow up suivre de près
weaknesses les points faibles to market sth commercialiser qqch.
enhancement, improvement une amélioration a competitor, a rival un concurrent
timely opportun competition la concurrence
profitable rentable to stay ahead of avoir une longueur
conclusive, convincing concluant d’avance sur
risk-taking la prise de risque a niche un créneau
detrimental to préjudiciable à a market share une part de marché
to target, to aim at cibler

➦ Marketers aim at staying ahead of the consumer. They must continually understand the con-
sumers’ concerns and identify new trends. However launching a new product always involves
some risk-taking.
Le but des vendeurs est d’avoir une longueur d’avance sur le consommateur. Ils doivent constamment
comprendre les préoccupations des consommateurs et déceler les nouvelles tendances. Cependant, lancer
un nouveau produit implique toujours une part de risque.

Les acronymes
Voici quelques acronymes (sigles formés des initiales des mots) fréquents.
AD: anno domini/BC: before Christ AKA: also known as
AWOL: absent without leave (sans permission) DIY: do it yourself
HR: human resources ID: identity document PR: public relations

74
 CHECK POINT

1 Remplacez les mots en gras par un synonyme. A B

1. I changed channels during the break.
2. He’s a man who works in advertising. He loves his job.
3. This advertisement is truly misleading.
4. This advertising company always thinks up (inventer) new ways to encourage the sale of their
products.
5. There’s been a lot of excessive promotion about her latest album.

2 Traduisez. B
1. Bien sûr, je connais les points forts et les points faibles de notre entreprise.
2. Si tu veux avoir une longueur d’avance sur tes clients, il faut que tu adaptes tes produits en
permanence.
3. On ne peut pas se permettre d’ignorer la concurrence ou les besoins de nos clients.
4. La prise de risque fait partie du métier.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ce texte qui traite de la société de consommation.

Opponents of the consumer society claim that consumption is now at the heart of our cultural system.
They blame big corporations that encourage irrepressible desires to own as many objects as possible
or to consume as much leisure as we can.
People become obsessed with material possession and the pleasure of consuming. They sometimes
even identify strongly with the products or services they consume, for example a luxury car, designer
clothing or a trip to the other side of the world. Some people are prepared to sacrifice significant
time and money for a status symbol. Also, consumerist societies are more prone to damage the
environment than other societies.
Others say that we should focus on fighting the excesses of consumerism, rather than consumerism
itself, by encouraging “eco-conscious shopping,” or by warning people of the dangers of overcon-
sumption.

Les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Si elles le sont, citez le
segment qui justifie votre réponse.
1. Some people want to fight consumerism, others defend it.
2. Big corporations are responsible for the consumer society.
3. Some people are victims of the consumer society.
4. Eco-conscious shopping can save the planet.

BUILD UP

4 Traduisez.
1. The Romans invaded Britain in AD 43.
2. There’s a DIY superstore round the corner.
3. Please have your ID ready before you get to the gate.
4. I’m Miranda, aka Big Miranda.
5. My neighbours have gone AWOL. They may be on holiday.

34 - The consumer society 75

 Fashion
35 This picture features a
dummy in a shop window in
Ginza (Tokyo), which is a
Mecca of fashion.

A Being trendy
a fashion house une maison de couture naff [slang] ringard
a fashion designer un créateur, un styliste to pitch a product lancer un produit
it’s in/out c’est à la mode/ an iconic trademark une marque
démodé emblématique
a craze, a fad un phénomène de a model un mannequin
mode, un engouement a catwalk un podium
the latest fashion le dernier cri a fashion show un défilé de
fashionable, hot, trendy à la mode mode
unfashionable, démodé to be* a hipster être branché
old-fashioned

➦ Short shorts were the latest craze for girls that year.
Les shorts courts étaient le dernier cri pour les filles cette année-là.
➦ Haute couture is the business of making expensive clothes, made from high quality fabric,
sewn with extreme attention to detail.
La haute couture consiste à fabriquer des vêtements chers, à partir de tissus de grande qualité, cousus en
faisant attention au moindre détail.

B Style
designer clothes des vêtements de marque slovenly débraillé
an outfit une tenue ostentatious, gaudy voyant, tapageur
a maker’s label une griffe de grand couturier showy, flashy tape-à-l’oeil
made to measure fait sur mesure tacky de mauvais goût
ready-to-wear du prêt à porter overdressed trop bien habillé
second-hand clothes des vêtements d’occasion to dress up bien s’habiller
plain simple size la taille
unobtrusive discret to fit bien aller (taille)
casual, informal de détente to suit bien aller
loose, baggy ample, lâche a fitting room une cabine
tight, close-fitting serré, ajusté d’essayage

➦ People say that you can wear anything you like when you have a good figure. That’s why there
are many clothes you can’t wear if your figure doesn’t conform to fashion norms. The phrase
“fashion victims” can sometimes be taken literally.
Les gens disent qu’on peut porter ce qu’on veut quand on a la ligne. C’est pourquoi il y a beaucoup de vête-
ments qu’on ne peut pas porter si on n’a pas une silhouette conforme aux normes de la mode. L’expression
« victimes de la mode » peut parfois être prise au pied de la lettre.
➦ That shirt suits you but it doesn’t match those trousers.
Cette chemise te va bien mais elle ne va pas bien avec ce pantalon.

Les abréviations des SMS

ASAP: As soon as possible • BTW: By the way • LOL: Lots of laugh/Lots of love • FYI: For your information

76
 CHECK POINT

1 Entourez le mot qui convient, ou les deux mots s’ils sont synonymes. A B
1. I’m wearing/carrying a red scarf. I need to buy a matching/suiting belt.
2. You’ve got a beautiful line/figure. You should buy tight/unobtrusive trousers.
3. This is the place for plain/trendy clothes. All hipsters come here.
4. Bright colours are the latest fad/craze this summer.
5. It’s very fashionable/tacky. Everyone’s wearing it.
6. I think it’s vulgar. It’s too ostentatious/showy.

2 Traduisez. A B
1. Les tissus africains sont à la mode cette saison.
2. Nos clients achètent des vêtements d’occasion simplement parce qu’ils sont moins chers.
3. En Angleterre on s’habille plus qu’en France pour aller au spectacle.
4. Tout le monde portait des jeans et je me sentais un peu trop bien habillé dans mon costume.
5. Les lunettes sont des accessoires de mode.
6. Victoria Beckham a présenté dans un défilé à New York sa première collection de lainages
(woollen collection).

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ce texte qui pose la question : Who is to blame for anorexia?

When we see models on catwalks the word “anorexia” instantly comes to
mind. The fashion industry is often blamed for encouraging even thin models
to lose weight, so that they can fit into size zero outfits. It’s well known that
many models develop fears of putting on weight and therefore of losing their
jobs. Anorexic models are very likely to develop a variety of health problems,
leading to depression and even death.
Some former models speak out against the fashion industry’s encouragement
of unhealthily thin models and its influence on teenagers who may identify
with them, and who may equate beauty with skinniness and with happiness.
The number of girls – about 90% of people with anorexia are women – who
starve themselves is amazing.
Things may be improving, though, as when fashion leaders require a minimum
mass index for models, or when magazine editors decide not to feature models who appear unhealthily
thin in the publications.

Relevez dans le texte les segments de phrase correspondant aux idées suivantes.
1. L’anorexie touche principalement les femmes.
2. Les mannequins craignent pour leur emploi.
3. Les choses changent un peu.
4. Certains mannequins osent parler.
5. Les mannequins anorexiques deviennent dépressifs.

BUILD UP

4 Expliquez ces abréviations en vous aidant de leur équivalent français.

XOXO Bises. J/K Je rigole.

WYWH J’aimerais que tu sois là. NIMBY Pas près de chez moi.
TX Merci. OMG Oh mon Dieu !
BFF Meilleurs amis pour toujours TMI Moins de détails !

35 - Fashion 77
 Money matters
36 The Bank of Baroda is a global
bank with a network of branches
in India, and an international
presence in 15 countries.

A Money to buy things

a steady income des revenus stables to pay* by credit payer par carte de
the purchasing money le pouvoir d’achat card or in cash crédit ou en liquide
to spend* money on dépenser de l’argent plastic money les cartes de crédit
sth pour qqch. to be* short of cash être à court d’argent
to save économiser to withdraw* money retirer de l’argent
a banknote [GB], un billet de banque a withdrawal un retrait
a bill [US] the exchange rate le taux de change
a coin une pièce cheap as chips pas cher du tout
(small) change de la (petite) monnaie

➦ In some countries it’s difficult to find a cashpoint that will not charge to take out money.
Dans certains pays, il est difficile trouver un distributeur qui ne fasse pas payer pour retirer de l’argent.

B Bank accounts
a branch une agence to lend* prêter
a window, a counter, un guichet an overdraft un découvert
a desk to be* hard up être fauché
a clerk un employé de banque to borrow from sb emprunter à qqn
online banking la banque en ligne to take* out a loan contracter un emprunt
a saver un épargnant a mortgage un emprunt [immobilier]
to manage one’s gérer ses ressources to charge interest faire payer des intérêts
financial resources personnelles
to pay* off debts rembourser des dettes
a current/savings un compte courant/ to repay*, to pay* rembourser
account d’épargne
back, to reimburse
outgoings les frais fixes a standing order un virement permanent
a bank transfer un virement bancaire

➦ With a bank transfer it is possible to send money to an account anywhere in the world.
Avec un virement bancaire, il est possible d’envoyer de l’argent sur un compte n’importe où dans le monde.
➦ A commercial bank provides services such as making loans, and offering mortgages.
Les banques de dépôt fournissent des services tels que des prêts à la consommation et des prêts immobiliers.
➦ An investment that yields 2% per annum is a good return with a 1% inflation rate.
Un investissement qui rapporte 2 % par an a un bon rendement avec une inflation à 1 %.

Win, earn, gain ou make ?

Ces verbes ont des sens différents : win (être le vainqueur) ≠ earn/make (percevoir un revenu) ≠ gain (obtenir).
They won over $100,000 at the lottery. We gained ten new customers last week.
They earn/make over $100,000 a year. I made £100 on the sale of the motorbike.

78
 CHECK POINT

1 Complétez ces phrases. A B

1. I’m sorry but we don’t take credit cards, nor cheques. It’s …… only.
2. We’re a bit hard up (fauché) at the moment. So, we’re …… of cash.
3. You can say “cash machine”, “cash dispenser”, “ATM”, “hole in the wall” or …… …… ”!
4. A synonym for “take money out” is “…… money”.
5. “My new TV was dirt cheap, £50.” “£50? That’s …… as …… .”
6. You can say “I’ll repay you” or “I’ll …… ……” or “I’ll …… …… …… .”

2 Traduisez. A B
1. J’ai contracté un emprunt de 50.000 dollars pour acheter mon appartement.
2. J’ai un revenu stable mais mes frais fixes sont très élevés !
3. J’ai un découvert sur mon compte courant. Il faut que je transfère de l’argent de mon compte
d’épargne.
4. La banque m’a prêté 1000 euros le mois dernier. Je dois encore en emprunter 500.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ce texte où est imaginé un monde sans argent liquide.

It’s easy to imagine a cashless world, in which all payments would be made electronically. This would
imply that more and more individuals are equipped with portable card readers to accept virtual pay-
ments, even your kids when you want to give them pocket money, but this is a fair way off yet. Until
then, it’s still pennies in the piggy bank (tirelire).
Some people like the idea of a cashless economy, if only because it would lead to a safer society.
Indeed, electronic payments have caused the rate of burglary, assault and larceny to fall recently.
It would drop dramatically if we got rid of cash altogether. Also, all transactions would be visible — if
digital money were to take over — , which would be a good thing for the overall economy. It would
also mean the end of undeclared work.
However, many experts say it’s important for young children to have coins, as they’re tangible and
they really mean something to them. And then you have buskers (musiciens des rues) and wishing
fountains to consider…

Traitez maintenant les questions suivantes.

1. Relevez quatre arguments pour et trois contre la monnaie électronique.

Pros 1. …… 2. …… 3. …… 4. ……
Cons 1. …… 2. …… 3. ……

2. Relevez cinq groupes de mots qui désignent la monnaie électronique.

BUILD UP

4 Choisissez entre win (won), earn, make et gain. Traduisez les phrases obtenues.
1. Did your country ever …… the World Cup?
2. I …… a good living but I don’t consider myself rich.
3. All we can do is look at who stood to …… from the crime.
4. Congratulations on your new job! How much do you ……?
5. Liz Rossetti is confident she will …… the next election.
6. This is a ……-…… situation. We’ll all benefit from the new agreement.
7. Australian women …… the right to vote in 1902.
8. They …… over $150,000 a year.

36 - Money matters 79
 The world of finance
37 American National Bank & Trust
Co. is headquartered in Chicago,
Illinois, and operates branch
offices in states including Illinois,
Wisconsin and Georgia.

A Business finance
a taxpayer un contribuable a rate of return un taux de rendement
household income le revenu des ménages investment la gestion de
income tax un impôt sur le revenu management placements
VAT (value added la TVA (taxe sur la business management la gestion des
tax) valeur ajoutée) entreprises
assets and liabilities l’actif et le passif bankruptcy la faillite
profit and loss les pertes et profits to file for bankruptcy déposer son bilan
to ensure assurer, garantir to collapse s’effondrer, s’écrouler
a profit un bénéfice to bail out renflouer
the turnover le chiffre d’affaires to entail a cost engendrer un coût
to plan/to draw* up établir un budget
a budget

➦ The company has an annual turnover of ca £10 million.

Cette entreprise a un chiffre d’affaires d’environ dix millions de livres.
➦ According to legend, Lady Godiva rode naked through the streets of Coventry to protest against
the high taxes levied by her husband on his tenants in the 11th century.
Selon la légende, Lady Godiva a traversé nue, à cheval, les rues de Coventry pour protester contre les impôts
élevés prélevés par son mari chez ses locataires, au XIe siècle.

B The stock exchange

a share une action to raise capital réunir des capitaux
a (junk) bond une obligation (pourrie) a share price un cours en bourse
pension funds des fonds de pension to go* up, to rise* augmenter
a government bond une obligation d’État to soar grimper en flèche
a shareholder, un actionnaire to peak, to reach a peak atteindre un sommet
a stockholder to go* down, to fall* diminuer
a broker un courtier to drop chuter
a stockbroker un agent de change to plummet dégringoler
the return on le retour sur
investment investissement

➦ The market was steady all week, but has rallied just before the close.
Le marché a été stable toute la semaine mais s’est redressé juste avant la clôture.
➦ A bearish day is to be expected but we’re bullish on these bonds.
On peut s’attendre à une journée baissière mais nous sommes optimistes pour ces obligations.

-ish
Le suffixe -ish sert à former des adjectifs à partir de noms, souvent pour décrire un comportement : child ➞
childish (enfantin), fool ➞ foolish (stupide). Bearish (littéralement « comme un ours ») désigne un marché
baissier et bullish (littéralement « comme un taureau ») un marché haussier.

80
 CHECK POINT

1 Retrouvez les mots dont voici les définitions. A

1. a tax collected on wages and salaries: ……
2. a tax that’s sometimes called a sales tax or a consumption tax: ……
3. the situation you are in when you can no longer pay what you owe: ……
4. to lend money to a person or organization in difficulty: ……
5. what a company owns and its debts: ……

2 Chassez l’intrus. B
1. a bond • a share • a connection • stocks
2. to rise • to plummet • to peak • to soar
3. to collapse • to fall • to drop • to rise
4. important • steady • bullish • bearish

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ce texte qui évoque les conséquences possibles d’une crise économique.
Economists, industrialists and the typical person in the street all fear the consequences of a reces-
sion, i.e. decreasing industrial production, fewer job opportunities, reducing purchasing power, etc.
The economic effects of a recession are well known. They are also social when unemployment rises
and people find it harder and harder to solve their financial problems, which can lead to mental and
physical illness or even depression.
In some regions with little social protection, unemployment can mean homelessness. Homes are
foreclosed on (être saisi) and sometimes abandoned. Whole neighbourhoods can deteriorate as a
result of high unemployment. If the worst comes to the worst, a whole city can go bankrupt, like
Detroit in the USA.

Traduisez maintenant :
1. se dégrader – la baisse du pouvoir d’achat – l’absence de toit – moins d’offres d’emploi –
la chute de la production industrielle
2. “If the worst comes to the worst, a whole city can go bankrupt, like Detroit in the USA.”

Racine (Milwaukee) is situated in what is now known

as the “Rust belt”. It is characterized by economic
decline, population loss, and urban decay due to the
shrinking of its once powerful industrial sector.

BUILD UP

4 Traduisez.
1. I wouldn’t say he’s old. He’s oldish, probably in his sixties.
2. Her shirt was greenish.
3. We could meet up at eightish.
4. I met a fiftyish man last week.
5. My new boyfriend is tallish, with beautiful brown eyes.

37 - The world of finance 81

 Youth
38 A young skateboarder is practising
just before school time in Venice
(California).

A Growing up
a peer group un groupe du même âge a cult figure une idole
to come* of age atteindre la majorité to be* self- manquer d’assurance
energetic énergique conscious \"kÅnSEs\
fit en forme to drop out of school abandonner ses études
inquisitive curieux [valeur positive] to hang* out traîner
rebellious rebelle NEET Not in Education,
to have* one’s say dire ce qu’on a à dire Employment or
Training
a flash mob une mobilisation éclair

➦ Teenagers looking consciously or not for a role model often turn to celebrities for inspiration
and guidance.
Les adolescents qui cherchent consciemment ou non un modèle se tournent souvent vers les vedettes pour
trouver l’inspiration et la voie à suivre.
➦ Many flash mobs have been immortalized on YouTube and show large groups of young people
doing anything from dancing in train stations to having pillow fights in public squares. (ivillage.com)
De nombreuses mobilisations éclairs ont été immortalisées sur YouTube. On y voit de grands rassemble-
ments de jeunes qui font plein d’activités, depuis la danse dans des gares jusqu’aux batailles de polochons
sur des places publiques.

B Getting mature
a gap year une année sabbatique, a rewarding une expérience
une parenthèse utile experience enrichissante
[interruption de la formation a personal goal un but personnel
pendant une année]
to further one’s progresser dans son
to challenge se lancer un défi
personal development développement personnel
oneself
to be* focused être déterminé
to get* involved s’impliquer dans une
tâche to experience connaître

to volunteer faire du bénévolat to be* tech savvy être calé en technologie

\ÆvÅlEn"tIE\ to be* resilient ne pas se laisser abattre
a worthwhile une cause louable to be* career-minded être préoccupé par sa
cause carrière

➦ Gap year volunteering is increasingly being recognised by employers and universities for
providing real life experience and the opportunity to learn valuable skills.
Les employeurs et les universités reconnaissent de plus en plus les années de bénévolat faites avant ou
pendant son cursus car elles apportent une expérience concrète de la vie et sont l’occasion d’acquérir des
compétences précieuses.

Jeune
un jeune : a young person/man, a youth [péjoratif] les jeunes d’aujourd’hui : the youth of today
les jeunes : young people, the young la jeunesse : youth

82
 CHECK POINT

1 Retrouvez les synonymes (=) ou antonymes (≠ ) des mots suivants. A

1. to waste time = …… …… ……
2. shy, uneasy = ……-……
3. obedient, manageable ≠ ……
4. to become old enough for full legal rights = …… …… …… ……
5. uninterested ≠ ……

2 Traduisez les phrases suivantes. B

1. Passer mon année après le lycée en Australie a été une expérience enrichissante.
2. Elle a perdu son travail mais elle ne se laisse pas abattre.
3. Il y a un an, il a fait du bénévolat dans une école au Zimbabwe.
4. Mettez-vous au défi d’atteindre vos buts.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ces extraits de presse qui réunissent quelques données sur la jeune
génération.
§ 1. The children of Generation Z (“Gen Zers”) were born around the new Millennium. They have
“known nothing but an Internet-connected world. From their earliest years, they have been shaped
by social media, e-commerce, and on-demand services, using technology to customize the informa-
tion they receive, the products they buy, and the interactions they have. […] At the same time, they
are conservative in their spending, less likely to expect financial help from their parents, and more
wary of the future after witnessing their parents or friends’ parents lose jobs in the Great Recession
[in 2007-2009]”.
The Boston Globe, September 2015.

§ 2. Too young to remember 9/11, they have grown up in a world in political and financial turmoil.
As a result, they are keen to look after their money, and make the world a better place. […] Unlike
the older Gen Y, they are smarter, safer, more mature and want to change the world. Their pin-up is
Malala Yousafzai, the Pakistani education campaigner, who survived being shot by the Taliban, and
who became the world’s youngest ever Nobel Prize recipient.
Adapted from The Telegraph, July 2014.

Dans quel(s) article(s) trouvez-vous les données suivantes ? Citez les segments
qui justifient votre réponse.
1. La génération Z a toujours connu les moyens modernes d’information et de communication.
2. Les jeunes de cette génération font attention à ce qu’ils dépensent.
3. Dès leur plus jeune âge, ils savent ce qu’est une crise économique.
4. Plus matures que leurs aînés, ils veulent rendre le monde meilleur.

BUILD UP

4 Traduisez les phrases suivantes.

1. Les jeunes n’attendent pas tout de leurs parents.
2. Je ferais n’importe quoi pour retrouver (to get back sth) ma jeunesse.
3. Les jeunes d’aujourd’hui admirent Malala Yousafzai.
4. Ce jeune est calé en technologie.

38 - Youth 83
 Old age and death
39
After visiting Bamburgh Castle
(Northumberland) on a day trip, a
group of elderly people are waiting
for the coach that will take them
back to their senior citizens’ home.

A Old age
to retire prendre sa retraite to live to a ripe old age vivre jusqu’à un âge avancé
a pensioner, un retraité to be* housebound être confiné chez soi
a retiree [US] to flag, to weaken s’affaiblir
pep le dynamisme to ramble on radoter
to take* to travelling se mettre à voyager grumpy, cranky grincheux
a wrinkle une ride mentally impaired diminué intellectuellement
to go* grey grisonner to dote devenir gâteux
life expectancy l’espérance de vie doddering gâteux
a centenarian un centenaire
\ÆsentE"neEriEn\

➦ According to the European Commission, by 2025 more than 20% of Europeans will be 65 or
over. This phenomenon is sometimes called the greying of Europe.
Selon la Commission européenne, d’ici 2025 plus de 20% des Européens auront 65 ans ou plus. Ce phé-
nomène est parfois nommé le grisonnement de l’Europe.

B Death
to draw* up a will rédiger un testament to be* cremated être incinéré
to pass away décéder the ashes les cendres
an undertaker, un entrepreneur de to mourn sb, pleurer qqn
a mortician [US] pompes funèbres to grieve for sb
a coffin, a casket un cercueil Here lies… Ci-gît…
a grave une tombe Rest in peace (RIP) Qu’il/elle repose en paix
a graveyard, a cemetery un cimetière an heir un héritier
to bury \"beri\ enterrer

➦ Chronic disease affects more than 80 percent of people over 65. It costs an estimated 700
billion euros in health care spending each year in Europe.
Les maladies chroniques touchent plus de 80% des plus de 65 ans. Elles coûtent environ 700 milliards
d’euros en dépenses de santé, annuellement, en Europe.
➦ Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life’s change agent. It clears out the
old to make way for the new. (Steve Jobs)
La mort est sans doute la seule meilleure invention de la vie. C’est le facteur de changement de la vie. Elle
supprime ce qui est ancien pour faire place au neuf.

Mort
la mort : death mort (adjectif décrivant un état) : dead
les morts : the dead un mort : a dead person/man/woman
être mort (participe passé du verbe « mourir ») : died
Elle est morte l’an dernier. She died last year.

84
 CHECK POINT

1 Traduisez les phrases suivantes. A

1. Lorsque je prendrai ma retraite, je me mettrai à voyager.
2. Je ne veux pas mourir diminué intellectuellement.
3. Cette retraitée est pleine de dynamisme.
4. Elle se moque (doesn’t care about) des rides et des cheveux grisonnants.
5. L’espérance de vie augmente rapidement.

2 Associez les termes deux par deux. B

1. to be cremated a. to bury
2. a cemetery b. an heir
3. a will c. graves
4. a coffin d. to grieve for
5. to mourn e. ashes

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Prenez connaissance des paragraphes suivants.

§ 1. Is a hospital room full of machines and tubes really the best place to spend our final days before
we rest in peace? A “good death” may sound like a contradiction of terms, but the vast majority of
Americans (70 percent in one poll) do agree that if they are going to die, they would like to die at home.
CBS News, April 2014.

§ 2. To baby boomers, a good death is more about a good life. When they can’t have that any longer,
it’s time to pull the plug. This will be the first generation to broadly eschew (éviter) painful life-extending
procedures and make the most of palliative care to live better in fewer days, and then die with dignity.
Time, August 2013.

§ 3. I’ve said in my advanced directives, if I have any illness that will kill me where treatment has not
got at least a 95 per cent chance of my returning to a totally independent life, I don’t want to live.
The Independent, April 2015.

§ 4. In modern society people no longer die at home, but hidden away in hospitals. And very often the
bereaved (la famille du défunt) no longer wear visible signs of mourning. Dying used to be an integral
part of social life. It is now a source of terror and people try to hide death as much as they can.

Dans quel paragraphe les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues ? Justifiez votre
choix en citant un segment du texte.
1. Préférer mourir à être dépendant.
2. La mort est source d’angoisse d’autant qu’elle est, de nos jours, de plus en plus dissimulée.
3. Vivre le mieux possible les quelques jours restants puis mourir dignement : c’est le choix de
l’homme moderne.
4. Oui, nous allons mourir, mais que ce soit chez nous.

BUILD UP

4 Complétez les phrases suivantes.

1. They were buried yesterday, two days after they …… .
2. Only the forgotten are truly …… . (Tess Gerristen)
3. I am not afraid of …… , I just don’t want to be there when it happens. (Woody Allen)
4. The …… do not hurt you; only the living do. (Tess Gerristen)

39 - Old age and death 85

 Women and men
40
Men are taller than women, or are
they? A young couple is saying
goodbye in an airport.

A Gender roles
gender roles les rôles attribués à household chores les tâches ménagères
chaque sexe sex-based attitudes les attitudes sexistes
inborn, innate inné male chauvinism la phallocratie
acquired acquis a patronizing une attitude
to depend on dépendre de attitude condescendante
the breadwinner le soutien de famille a male preserve une chasse gardée des
tied by the children pris par les enfants \prI"z∏…v\ hommes
trapped at home confiné dans la maison

➦ The nuclear family consisting of the stay-at-home mother and the traditional breadwinner
is no longer the norm.
La famille nucléaire avec mère au foyer et père au travail ne représente plus la norme.

B Rights women are still fighting for

Right to vote In 1893, New Zealand became the first country to
give women the right to vote on a national level.
Birth control and abortion (l’avortement) In 2013, Ireland passed a law allowing limited rights
to abortion.
Right to education It is estimated that well over 60 million girls around
the world are not in school.
Equal employment rights In 1969, in the USA, the Equal Pay Act required that
men and women be given equal pay for equal work.
End of violence against women In 2013, it was estimated that 35 per cent of
women worldwide experienced physical violence.
Recognition of forced marriage as a practice In 2015, in South Asia, 48% of girls were forced to
similar to slavery marry before the age of 18.

C Women at work
a career \kE"rIE\ woman une femme qui fait carrière self-fulfilment l’épanouissement
to be* equal to the job être à la hauteur the work-life l’équilibre entre travail
to assert oneself s’affirmer balance et vie personnelle
high flying de haute volée the pay gap la différence de salaire
a challenging une tâche stimulante to break* the briser le plafond de verre
assignment glass ceiling
a high-profile project un projet de haut niveau

➦ The top circles of corporate America remain stubbornly male – for instance in 2011, only 14
percent of women served on executive committees, and only 3 percent served as CEOs.
Les hautes sphères des entreprises américaines restent obstinément dominées par les hommes ; en 2011
par exemple, seulement 14% de femmes participaient aux comités de direction et seulement 3% étaient PDG.

86
 CHECK POINT

1 Retrouvez les mots correspondant aux définitions suivantes. A

1. jobs that are often just for men: …… …… ……
2. the person who earns money to support the family: …… ……
3. tasks such as cleaning, ironing, cooking: …… ……
4. arrogant and over-confident: ……
5. to be unable to escape: …… …… ……

2 Traduisez les phrases suivantes. C

1. Va-t-il être à la hauteur ?
2. La différence de salaire est encore considérable (huge).
3. C’est une musicienne de haute volée.
4. C’est une supermom : elle a trouvé l’équilibre parfait entre travail et vie personnelle.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ce texte sur les femmes et le travail au Japon.

Discrimination is deeply engrained into the country’s institutions. “Japan has got numerous anti-
discrimination laws,” says Yoshiyuki Takeuchi, professor of economy at the University of Osaka, “but
still tax, pension, social security and health insurance are based on the model of a four-person family
with a working father and a stay-at-home mother.
In Japan, companies pay men a higher salary if their wives stay home. Women who restart as part-
timers can only earn a limited amount of money. These are rules and regulations that were developed
during the seventies based on the economic reality of that time. They have barely changed since
then. Nowadays they keep women from trying to restart a career.” […]
“The work force is shrinking and Japan is not very open to immigration,” Kathy Matsui tells IPS.
“There’s no other solution than to use your existing population more. Women comprise 50 percent
of the Japanese population, they are highly educated but stop working at a certain age. There are no
other options than to take measures to try keeping women on the working track. This is not a feminist
point of view but the objective analysis of an economist.”
However, Japanese society doesn’t seem very willing to accept the idea.
Inter press service, www. ipsnews.net, January 2013.

Les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Si oui, citez la phrase
correspondante.
1. Les hommes dont les épouses restent à la maison sont mieux payés que les autres.
2. Les femmes japonaises ont un niveau d’éducation assez bas.
3. L’économie japonaise a besoin du travail des femmes.
4. Le journaliste reconnaît avoir un point de vue très féministe.

BUILD UP

4 Voici un exemple d’humour sexiste.

Ce panneau indique les toilettes dans un restaurant.
Expliquez le jeu de mot.

40 - Women and men 87

 Family relationships
41
A happy blended family.
Christophe’s two sons, Kim’s
two daughters and adopted son
attend their parents’ wedding.

A New families
a stepfamily, une famille recomposée surrogacy \"sØrEgEsi\ la GPA (gestation pour
a blended family autrui)
an extended family une famille élargie a surrogate (mother) une mère porteuse
a single-parent une famille to enter into a civil se pacser
family monoparentale union/partnership
a foster family une famille d’accueil the decline in la diminution du
foster parents des parents d’accueil marriage nombre des mariages
a biological parent un parent biologique unmarried couples les couples non mariés
an adopted child un enfant adoptif to cohabit cohabiter
an adoptive parent un parent adoptif to split* up se séparer
a test-tube baby un bébé-éprouvette to pay* sb alimony verser une pension
alimentaire à qqn
IVF (in vitro la fécondation in vitro
fertilization)

➦ In most countries children born outside marriage are provided with legal rights.
Dans la plupart des pays, les enfants nés hors mariage ont des droits reconnus par la loi.
➦ The number of blended families has gone up some 30% in the last ten years. Same-sex couple
families now number over 300,000 households in the UK.
Le nombre des familles recomposées a augmenté d’environ 30% dans les dix dernières années. Les familles
de couples homosexuels représentent maintenant 300 000 foyers au Royaume-Uni.

B Old and still going

kinship la parenté a household un ménage, un foyer
a relative un parent, un membre a family gathering une fête de famille
de la famille to hold* a hen/stag party enterrer sa vie de fille/
siblings les frères et sœurs de garçon
offspring la progéniture to be* engaged être fiancé
to raise children élever des enfants to propose demander en mariage

➦ The increased role of love in marriages has altered the institution of the family.
Le rôle accru de l’amour dans les mariages a modifié l’institution de la famille.
➦ A beautiful wedding does not necessarily mean a beautiful marriage.
Une belle cérémonie de mariage ne signifie pas forcément un beau mariage.

Step- et -in-law
Les mots stepmother (nouvelle femme du père) et mother-in-law (mère du conjoint) se traduisent par
« belle-mère ».

88
 CHECK POINT

1 Traduisez ces phrases. A B

1. Nous nous sommes pacsés il y a trois ans.
2. J’ai vécu dans une famille monoparentale jusqu’à l’âge de dix ans. Ma mère a rencontré mon
beau-père, son mari, quand j’ai eu vingt ans.
3. Le nombre de familles recomposées a augmenté de plus de (has gone up over) 10% ces trois
dernières années.
4. On (People) parle toujours de la mort de la famille, mais celle-ci est reportée (is postponed) à
chaque nouvelle génération.
5. Le divorce n’est plus tabou (taboo) et les couples se séparent plus facilement que dans le passé.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

2 Les titres suivants résument la conception de la famille du passé jusqu’à nos

jours. Reliez chaque titre (de 1 à 6) avec son commentaire (de a à f). Vérifiez vos
réponses sur le site.

1. Fifties They lived happily ever after their wedding. Divorce was unthinkable.
2. Sixties Decadence, dissent and freedom.
3. Seventies The “me” decade.
4. Eighties Children first (or not); marriage second.
5. Nineties The family inside out, i.e. the family is redefined.
No more confetti, because weddings are no longer what they used to
6. Noughties (2000s)
be. Surrogacy is something people talk about more and more.

a. Families come in all shapes and sizes and include circles of friends. Marriage rates continue to
plunge. “Wombs to rent” cause ethical dilemmas with greater frequency.
b. The single-parent family is born. The divorce rate shoots up from 45,794 in England and Wales
in 1968 to 143,667 in 1978 – divorce is overwhelmingly initiated by women, who are no longer
ready to sacrifice themselves for their family.
c. Marriage has to last for life. Family life is stable and conformist. Divorce carries a stigma.
d. It’s a time of “free love”. The family as the moral mirror of society is pretty much shattered. So
is the traditional trilogy for women “housework, motherhood, husband”.
e. New families emerge, like single-parent families, stepfamilies and gay parents. The new trends
fail to bring back the housewife and the breadwinner father.
f. Couples no longer feel the pressure to get married when they have children. Legislation puts
the child first in family life, rather than assuming that marriage is the only form of protection.
Data given by The Observer, July 2015.

BUILD UP

3 Traduisez.
1. In fairy tales, stepmothers are portrayed as being wicked, as in Cinderella or Snow White. Their
most common victims are stepdaughters. They sometimes hate their stepsons too.
2. It’s never easy to be a stepparent.
3. My in-laws love me. To be honest with you, I’m a perfect daughter-in-law.
4. I quite like my mother-in-law but I find my father-in-law a bit dull.

41 - Family relationships 89
 Social inequality
42
In 2015, homelessness is
considered an epidemic in
several American cities such as
Los Angeles or New York city.

A The social fabric

the social fabric le tissu social access to public goods l’accès aux biens publics
the social status le statut social to entail, to involve impliquer
social cohesion la cohésion sociale social mobility l’ascenseur social
equal opportunities l’égalité des chances sb’s worth la valeur de qqn
the distribution of la répartition des
resources \rI"zO…sIz\ ressources

➦ Social power is the degree of influence that someone can have among their peers or within
society in general.
Le pouvoir social est le degré d’influence que quelqu’un peut exercer auprès de ses pairs ou dans la société
en général.
➦ The existence of equal opportunities within a society plays a decisive role in social cohesion.
L’égalité des chances à l’intérieur d’une société joue un rôle déterminant dans la cohésion sociale.

B Societal issues
a societal issue \"ISu…\ un problème de société low self-esteem la faible estime de soi
an imbalance un déséquilibre low self-confidence le manque de confiance
rights and privileges des droits et privilèges en soi
the haves and have- les nantis et les pauvres to suffer être victime de
nots discrimination discrimination
lack of possessions l’absence de biens to feel* left out se sentir exclu
uneven, unequal inégal a sense of personal le sentiment d’être en
failure échec
unfair, biased injuste
ethnic, religious and l’inégalité fondée social frustration la frustration sociale
gender inequality sur l’appartenance resentment la rancœur
ethnique, la religion et \rI"zentmEnt\
le sexe divisive \dI"vaIsIv\ qui divise
to widen (a gap) creuser (un fossé)
to cause être source
dissatisfaction d’insatisfaction

➦ Our MP pointed out rightly that social inequality tends to damage the social fabric of society.
Notre député a fait remarquer à juste titre que les inégalités sociales tendent à endommager le tissu social.

Worth
Le nom worth signifie « la valeur » et l’expression to be worth « mériter ».
The worth of this house resides in its architecture.
La valeur de cette maison repose sur son architecture.
Is the film worth seeing?
Est-ce que le film mérite d’être vu ?

90
 CHECK POINT

1 Associez ces mots par paires de synonymes. B

unjust – difference – poor – fair – unequal – unfair – absence – money – unbiased – have-nots – gap
– uneven – lack – wealth

2 Traduisez les phrases suivantes. A B

1. Il est difficile de ne pas (not to) se sentir exclu dans ce groupe d’ambitieux.
2. Le déséquilibre entre les différents (various) groupes tend à se creuser.
3. Ce système injuste va affecter (to impact) des milliers de personnes.
4. C’est un problème de société qui divise l’opinion.
5. J’éprouvais beaucoup de rancœur à l’époque (at the time), probablement par manque de confiance.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ce texte qui aborde la question des inégalités sociales.

Social inequality on the rise?
In the best of all possible worlds, a child’s future should be determined by their talents, their ability
to prove their worth in the society they live in and to adapt to society’s needs. In other words, their
future should not depend on their colour, gender, economic status or postcode i.e. where they were
born. And yet…
It is obvious that the son of a successful lawyer in the U.S. – and probably in all countries – is far more
likely to become highly successful than the son of a shop assistant. Recent studies tend to show that
the gap between the well-off and the poor has widened.
A 2015 survey of more than 70,000 managers highlighted the large gender pay gap in the UK, despite
undeniable women’s gains. Male managers earn at least 20% more than their female counterparts.
Many studies point out the gulf that exists between black students and their white classmates in
U.S. public schools. They also show that there are significant gaps in life expectancy depending on
your zip code.

“Their future should not depend on their colour, gender, economic status or
postcode…” Relevez les segments de phrase qui montrent qu’il n’en est pas ainsi
en complétant les phrases suivantes.
1. Their future should not depend on their colour. And yet…
2. Their future should not depend on their gender. And yet…
3. Their future should not depend on their economic status. And yet…
4. Their future should not depend on their postcode. And yet…

BUILD UP

4 Traduisez.
1. The car dealer said my car was worth $500.
2. It’s worth remembering that New York can be very cold in January.
3. The National Portrait Gallery is definitely worth a visit.
4. I had to queue for four hours, but it was worth it.
5. “How much petrol should I get?” “About 40 pounds’ worth, please.”
6. I know you don’t want me to say anything, but for what it’s worth, you should find a new hair-
dresser.

42 - Social inequality 91
 Social progress
43 The Welfare warriors (here a poster
in Milwaukee, Wisconsin) consider
that “Motherwork IS Work” and
must be paid and prioritized by the
community and in the workplace.

A Social progress indicators

GDP (gross le PIB (produit intérieur
domestic product) brut)
wellbeing, wellness le bien-être
basic human needs les besoins humains
fondamentaux
staple foods des aliments de base
a shelter un abri
affordable housing des logements abordables
sanitation les installations sanitaires
life expectancy l’espérance de vie
literacy le taux d’alphabétisation
inclusion l’intégration
living conditions les conditions de vie
working conditions les conditions de travail
leisure \"leZE\ time le temps libre

➦ The international non-profit organisation Social Progress Imperative aims at measuring social
progress in three areas: basic human needs, foundations of wellbeing and equal opportunity.
L’organisation internationale à but non lucratif Social Progress Imperative a pour objectif de mesurer le
progrès social dans trois domaines : les besoins humains fondamentaux, les bases du bien-être et l’égalité
des chances.
➦ Equal opportunity covers personal rights, tolerance, freedom from discrimination, and access
to higher education.
L’égalité des chances inclut les droits individuels, la tolérance, la protection contre la discrimination et
l’accès à l’enseignement supérieur.

B Campaigning for social progress

to advocate, défendre to value leisure time valoriser le temps libre
to support human advancement le progrès humain
a defender, un défenseur, far-reaching reforms des réformes de grande
a proponent un partisan envergure
to improve the living améliorer les conditions difficult to achieve difficile à atteindre
conditions de vie

➦ Broadly speaking, social progress implies free health care and education, and the protection
of children, the elderly and minorities.
D’une manière générale, le progrès social implique un accès libre à la santé et à l’éducation, ainsi que la
protection des enfants, des personnes âgées et des minorités.
➦ Social progress can be measured exactly by the social position of the fair sex, the ugly ones
included. (Karl Marx)
Le progrès social peut se mesurer exactement par la position sociale du beau sexe, laiderons compris.

Anyone
Dans une phrase affirmative, anyone/anybody signifie « n’importe qui » ou « tout le monde ».
Anyone knows that. Tout le monde sait ça.
Dans une phrase négative, not… anyone signifie « ne… personne ».

92
 CHECK POINT

1 Complétez les phrases suivantes. A B

1. …… is a system that takes dirty water and other waste products away from our homes.
2. A ……-…… organisation is not interested in making money.
3. There aren’t enough …… for the homeless in this city.
4. I’m not sure we do enough for the …… (personnes âgées) in our society.
5. …… …… is steadily increasing in the EU. It’s close to 80 years on average.

2 Remplacez les segments en gras par un synonyme. B

1. How can we ameliorate the lives of our fellow citizens (concitoyens)?
2. The civil rights movement supported equality before the law in the U.S. in the 60s.
It now supports all the rights of minorities.
3. Human progress has come a long way since the days of the cave man (homme des cavernes).
4. They are strong defenders of social progress.
5. I’ve always considered her advice important.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ce texte qui propose plusieurs définitions de la solidarité.

Solidarity implies support for the members of a given group. Social progress is partly based on the
notion of solidarity: in a progressive society, people are supposed to provide help for vulnerable people.
Many international organisations set great store by (font grand cas de) solidarity. Thus, in 2005 the
General Assembly of the United Nations identified solidarity as one of the fundamental and univer-
sal values that should underlie relations between peoples in the twenty-first century. In 2014, Ban
Ki-moon said: “Only through collective action can we address such far reaching issues as poverty
and growing inequality, climate change, chronic poverty and major health challenges, such as the
Ebola outbreak in West Africa.”
The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union contains a chapter titled “Solidarity”. It
covers workers’ rights – including fair working conditions and protection against unjustified dismissal
– health care, social assistance, environmental protection and consumer protection.

Les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Justifiez votre réponse en
citant un segment.
1. Solidarity is important to many international organisations.
2. Solidarity between nations has been achieved by the United Nations.
3. A chapter of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union is devoted to solidarity.
4. The United Nations and the European Union define solidarity in the same way.

BUILD UP

4 Traduisez.
1. I haven’t seen anyone all day.
2. Is anyone home?
3. Please, don’t tell anybody.
4. Anyone who wants to get a driving licence has to register online first.
5. Is there anything I can do to help?
6. I didn’t say anything, I promise.
7. Nowadays you can go anywhere in the world in a few hours.
8. I don’t want to go anywhere.

43 - Social progress 93
 Discrimination and civil rights
44 This plaque was exhibited at the
entrance of a swimming pool in the
1930s. It was photographed in a
junk shop in the West of the United
States in the 2010s.

A Discrimination
to be* discriminated être victime de an outcast un exclu
against discrimination incitement to l’incitation à la haine
segregated où règne la ségrégation racial hatred raciale
raciale sexual harassment le harcèlement sexuel
prejudice \"predZEdIs\ un préjugé contre a hate crime un crime motivé par la
against haine (raciale, religieuse…)
inequality les inégalités human trafficking le trafic d’êtres humains
a scapegoat un bouc émissaire slavery l’esclavage
peer pressure \"preSE\ la pression du groupe child abuse la maltraitance des
a caste une caste enfants

➦ The U.S. government is intent on tackling the problem of racial prejudice in the police force.
Le gouvernement américain est résolu à s’attaquer au problème des préjugés raciaux dans la police.
➦ Fortunately, such blatant discrimination against women is now disappearing.
Heureusement, une discrimination aussi flagrante contre les femmes est en train de disparaître.

B Civil rights
human rights les droits de l’homme to apply for political faire une demande
a human rights un défenseur des droits asylum d’asile politique
activist/defender de l’homme to show* solidarity, être solidaire
inalienable rights les droits inaliénables to stick* together
the right to vote, le droit de vote to fight* bigotry lutter contre l’intolérance
suffrage \"bIgEtri\
equal opportunities l’égalité des chances a demonstration, une manifestation
affirmative action la discrimination positive a protest
the right of asylum le droit d’asile
\E"saIlEm\

➦ Individual liberties include freedom of speech, opinion, worship, association and the press.
Les libertés individuelles incluent la liberté d’expression, d’opinion, de culte, d’association et de la presse.
➦ Freedom of speech is an inalienable right in the U.S., which means that it cannot be taken
away from you.
La liberté d’expression est un droit inaliénable aux États-Unis, ce qui veut dire qu’on ne peut pas vous l’enlever.
➦ Gandhi is famous for having used civil disobedience during the Indian independence movement.
Gandhi est connu pour avoir utilisé la désobéissance civile durant le mouvement d’indépendance indien.

Noms composés
Certains noms composés sont formés d’un génitif : women’s rights (les droits des femmes), women’s
liberation movement (le mouvement de libération des femmes), children’s books (des livres pour enfants),
a children’s home (un foyer pour enfants).

94
 CHECK POINT

1 Traduisez ces cinq articles de la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme

adoptée en 1948 par les Nations Unies. A B
1. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. (art. 1)
2. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. (art. 3)
3. All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of
the law. (art. 7)
4. Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution. (art. 14)

2 Complétez ces phrases par les mots qui conviennent en vous aidant du contexte. A B
1. In the past, Catholics were …… against in the UK.
2. If a government takes …… action, it gives preference to some minorities.
3. Child …… is severely punished in most countries.
4. The workers are holding a …… to protest against nonpayment of their salaries.
5. People who are afraid of being prosecuted from their home countries are eligible to …… for
political asylum.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ce texte qui évoque l’époque de la ségrégation aux États-Unis.

The doctrine that condoned (cautionnait) segregation
The “separate but equal” doctrine was a U.S. law that allowed racial segregation: facilities and services
could be separated along racial lines, if the facilities and services provided to each group were equal.
In the 1950s it was legal in the State of Alabama, among many others, to have two separate sections
on buses: one for coloured people and one for whites. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks boarded a
bus in Montgomery, Alabama, and was asked to give up her seat to a white passenger. As she refused,
she was arrested and fined for it. The blacks of Montgomery, under the leadership of Martin Luther
King, boycotted Montgomery buses for over a year.
Eventually, the United States Supreme Court declared that bus segregation was unconstitutional. So
bus segregation was ended, but other forms of segregation and discrimination remained.

Les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Si elles le sont, citez le
segment qui justifie votre réponse.
1. Rosa Parks a refusé de payer une amende.
2. La ségrégation raciale était permise pour les services et équipements.
3. Le boycott organisé par les noirs de Montgomery a mis fin à la ségrégation raciale aux États-
Unis.
4. Les noirs ne pouvaient pas prendre les mêmes bus que les blancs.

BUILD UP

4 Complétez les phrases suivantes.

1. I’m doing a course in …… studies (le féminisme).
2. …… clothing (Les vêtements pour hommes) is on the second floor.
3. People had to fight for …… suffrage (le droit de vote des femmes).
4. I can’t see the …… menu (le menu enfant).
5. I found this …… nest (ce nid d’oiseaux) in the doghouse.
6. I no longer drink …… milk (du lait de vache), only …… milk (du lait de chèvre).

44 - Discrimination and civil rights 95

 Social welfare
45 Most American states attempt to
provide some kind of solution that
placates both smokers and
nonsmokers alike. This sign was
photographed in Dallas (Texas).

A Social security
social welfare
access to health care
to be* entitled to
benefit
to be* on social security
[GB]/on welfare [US]
the bare necessities
to be* on
unemployment benefit
le bien-être social to make* a living avoir un salaire décent
l’accès aux soins wage
de santé years of service les annuités, les années
avoir droit à des de service
prestations sociales the retirement age l’âge de la retraite
vivre d’aides full retirement age l’âge pour une retraite à
sociales taux plein
le minimum vital pension la retraite [argent]
avoir une the basic old age le minimum vieillesse
allocation-chômage pension

➦ Social security provides economic assistance to people who are ill, old or unable to work. It’s
not to be confused with the French Sécurité sociale, which can translate as “the French public
welfare system”.
La protection sociale fournit une aide économique aux personnes malades, âgées ou dans l’incapacité de
travailler. Il ne faut pas la confondre avec la Sécurité sociale française, qui peut se traduire par the French
public welfare system.
➦ The word “welfare” tends to have negative connotations in American society. If you’re on wel-
fare it means you’re poor or you can’t get a job.
Le mot welfare (allocations) tend à avoir une connotation négative dans la société américaine. Si on a une
allocation, c’est qu’on est pauvre ou qu’on ne peut pas trouver du travail.

B Health safety
public health les problèmes de santé an occupational une maladie
concerns publique disease \dI"zi…z\ professionnelle
health risks les risques sanitaires home hazards les risques domestiques
the eradication of l’élimination de maladies compulsory la vaccination obligatoire
infectious diseases contagieuses vaccination
a health hazard un risque pour la santé maternal and child la santé maternelle et
safe drinking water de l’eau potable safety infantile
healthy practices une bonne hygiène de vie access to family l’accès au planning
planning familial
safety at work la sécurité au travail
an occupational un risque professionnel free access to l’accès libre à la
contraception contraception
hazard

➦ Back problems are an occupational hazard for many employees these days.
Le mal de dos constitue un risque professionnel pour beaucoup d’employés de nos jours.

Well
Well peut être adverbe : Everything is going well. (Tout va bien.)
Il peut aussi être préfixe : well-being (le bien-être), a welfare state (un État-providence), well-to-do (riche).

96
 CHECK POINT

1 Complétez ces phrases en vous aidant du contexte. A B

1. The legal age when you can retire on a full pension is called the …… …… …… .
2. An …… …… is something that you may risk as a result of doing your job.
3. One way of translating la Sécurité sociale française is “the French …… …… …… ”.
4. A …… is a sum of money paid by a private company or the government to a person who is
retired.
5. If you make a …… …… you earn enough money to buy what is necessary in order to live.
6. My brother is on …… …… or on …… as the Americans would say because he is too ill to get a job.

2 Trouvez l’équivalent en français des mots suivants. Pensez aux mots « allocation »
et « prestations ». A B
1. a jobseeker’s allowance/unemployment benefit(s): ……
2. maternity benefit(s): ……
3. a family allowance: ……
4. housing benefit(s): ……
5. a dependent child allowance: ……
6. sickness benefit(s): ……

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ce texte qui traite de l’accès à l’eau potable.

According to the WHO (World Health Organization) about 1.1 billion people have no access to any
type of improved drinking source of water. Also, some 2.6 billion people, that is, half the developing
world, lack even a simple latrine.
This has very serious consequences for the health of millions of people. Lack of access to safe drinking
water and basic sanitation (installations sanitaires) is responsible for the death of 1.6 million people
every year, who die from diarrhoeal diseases. For the same reason, millions of people are threatened
by blindness.
The WHO affirms that safe drinking water and adequate sanitation are a precondition to fight poverty
and hunger, to promote primary education, gender equality, maternal health and to combat child
mortality and diseases like AIDS or malaria.
Access to drinking water is defined as being able to obtain at least twenty litres of water per day. It’s
really amazing when you think that over 2,000 litres of water are required to produce one hamburger.

Les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Justifiez votre réponse en
le citant.
1. Half of the world’s population lacks toilets.
2. Lack of water can cause eye problems.
3. Access to drinking water is more important than good sanitation.
4. Primary education can improve access to safe water.

BUILD UP

4 Traduisez.
1. a well-behaved child: ……
2. to be from a well-connected family: ……
3. I like my steak well-done: ……
4. a well-earned holiday: ……
5. a well-known actress: ……
6. a well-to-do family: ……

45 - Social welfare 97
 Education
46 These South African children are
waiting for their senior primary
school to open. Uniforms are
compulsory in all state schools.

A Types of education
a nursery school,
a kindergarten [GB],
a preschool [US]
primary schools [GB],
elementary schools [US]
secondary schools [GB],
high schools [US]
a curriculum
co-educational, co-ed
the national
curriculum [GB]
compulsory
une école maternelle
l’école primaire (5-11 ans)
le secondaire (11-18 ans)
un programme d’études
mixte
le programme
d’enseignement obligatoire
obligatoire
optional
apprenticeship
further education,
adult education
higher education
a liberal arts college
a medical school
a law \lO…\ school
vocational education
facultatif
l’apprentissage
la formation continue
l’enseignement
supérieur
une fac de lettres et
sciences humaines
une fac de médecine
une fac de droit
la formation
professionnelle

➦ Some students choose vocational schools, as they prefer practical training for a specific craft.
They often work as apprentices or interns.
Certains élèves choisissent des écoles professionnelles, car ils préfèrent une formation pratique en vue
d’un métier manuel particulier. Ils sont souvent apprentis ou stagiaires.

B Learning
a subject une matière the school staff les enseignants
literacy skills les capacités de lecture distance learning l’enseignement à distance
et d’écriture a careers advisor/ un conseiller d’orientation
learning des difficultés counselor [US]
difficulties d’apprentissage continuous le contrôle continu
to register/to s’inscrire à un cours assessment
enrol for a course to pass an exam réussir un examen
to be* self-taught être autodidacte to fail rater
knowledgeable cultivé a test une épreuve
\"nÅlIdZEbl\

➦ Our students are taking their A levels [GB]/high school diploma [US] next week.
Nos élèves passent le bac la semaine prochaine.
➦ Most U.S. states have a school leaving age of 16 or 17.
Dans la plupart des États américains, l’âge de fin de scolarité est de 16 ou 17 ans.

Out of
On emploie out of pour donner une note : 10 out of 10 (10 sur 10). Mais out of a beaucoup d’autres sens.
The walls are made out of glass. Les murs sont en verre.
I’ve been out of work for three months. Je suis sans travail depuis trois mois.
Are you out of your mind? Tu as perdu la tête ?

98
 CHECK POINT

1 Remplacez les mots en gras par un synonyme. A

1. Emma and I went to the same nursery school.
2. The college I attended was for both male and female students.
3. This is the best high school in the neighbourhood.
4. Mathematics should be obligatory for all students after the age of 16.
5. I teach at a college of adult education.

2 Traduisez les phrases suivantes. A B

1. Mon but est de transmettre (to impart) des connaissances théoriques (theoretical) sur ce sujet.
2. Grâce au (Thanks to) contrôle continu, je ne vais pas rater mes examens.
3. On est un peu (somewhat) des autodidactes quand on suit (to attend) des cours d’enseignement
à distance.
4. Je dois passer une épreuve de langue facultative cet après-midi.
5. L’absence de compétences de base en écriture et lecture réduit le développement de la personne.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ce texte sur le coût des études universitaires aux États-Unis.

The cost of a university education
According to the Institute for College Access and Success,
the average American student will graduate with a debt
close to $30,000, which implies a repayment of over $320
per month over a ten-year period.
If the average student’s debt is “only” $30,000 it’s
because parents usually save money to cover their child-
ren’s post-secondary education. Many parents face a
difficult choice: either put money aside for their own
retirement or for their children’s education. You need brains and sometimes a lot of money to
Some economists claim that students’ debts are go to university.
detrimental to the economy, because they push back
the moment they can buy a home, start a family or borrow money to start their own business.
Some politicians, especially in the Democratic Party, find this system absurd and would like the
government to fund access to higher education, which, they claim, will make the U.S. richer and
more competitive and will also revive the American dream for all young people. Others consider that
a university degree will make students richer, and so, they should pay for it…

Citez le texte à l’appui des affirmations suivantes :

1. De nombreux parents sont confrontés à un choix difficile.
2. L’endettement des étudiants nuit à l’économie.
3. Financer l’enseignement supérieur serait bon pour le pays.

BUILD UP

4 Associez chaque phrase à l’un des mots suivants : crazy • not at • non-central •
not in • old-fashioned • wonderful de manière à expliciter le sens de out of.
1. I am out of the office until 30th August.
2. My girlfriend is out of this world! I love her so much.
3. Millions of children of primary school age are out of school around the world.
4. Your computer looks so out of date.
5. Some people prefer out-of-town shopping centres.
6. You’ve chosen too many classes. You must be out of your mind.

46 - Education 99
 The law and the courts
47
Short wigs must be worn in court in
the UK and several other
Commonwealth countries. In very hot
weather they may be taken off, though.

A The law
judicial \dZu…"dISl\ power le pouvoir judiciaire law-abiding respectueux des lois
by law selon la loi lawful, legal légal
to pass a law faire voter une loi unlawful, illegal illégal
to enforce the law (faire) appliquer la loi to defend one’s rights défendre ses droits
to make* sth legal rendre qqch. légal to take* the law into se substituer à la
to break* the law enfreindre la loi one’s own hands justice

➦ Civil law deals with personal matters, such as marriage and property, rather than crime, which
falls within the realm of penal codes.
Le droit civil traite des affaires personnelles, comme le mariage et les biens immobiliers, plutôt que des
affaires criminelles, qui relèvent du code pénal.
➦ Tennessee was one of the first states to pass a tough law on drunken drivers.
Le Tennessee a été l’un des premiers États à voter une loi sévère sur l’alcool au volant.

B The courts
to commit an offence commettre un délit to sentence condamner
to bring* sb to trial/ intenter une action a conviction une condamnation
to take* sb to court contre qqn the culprit \"kØlprIt\ le coupable
a trial un procès attenuating les circonstances
a case une affaire circumstances atténuantes
to prosecute/to sue sb poursuivre qqn to bail sb out payer la caution de qqn
to charge (with) accuser (de) to release on parole mettre en liberté
a barrister, a lawyer un avocat conditionnelle
a plea une plaidoirie a fine une amende
to take* an oath prêter serment an alternative une peine de
sentence substitution
to give* evidence témoigner contre
against sb qqn a suspended une peine avec sursis
sentence
a testimony un témoignage
a criminal record un casier judiciaire
evidence, proof une preuve

➦ The key witness will testify at the trial next week.

Le témoin clé témoignera au procès la semaine prochaine.
➦ The prime suspect in this case denies all allegations.
Le principal suspect dans cette affaire rejette toute allégation portée contre lui.
➦ The burglars got a two-year sentence.
Les cambrioleurs ont été condamnés à deux ans de prison.

The accused
Certains adjectifs peuvent s’utiliser comme des noms. Ils ne prennent pas le -s du pluriel.
The accused are present. Les accusés sont présents.

100
 CHECK POINT

1 Remplacez les mots en gras par un synonyme. A

1. They violated the law and were punished accordingly.
2. According to law, you’re entitled to receive a free copy.
3. It is totally illegal.
4. They want to make people obey this unfair law.
5. She’s a citizen who obeys the law. She never does anything wrong.

2 Chassez l’intrus (s’il y en a !). B

1. Charlotte is an excellent barrister/lawyer/defendant. She always wins her cases.
2. He was brought to process/trial/court for acts of violence.
3. They wanted to prosecute/sue/charge my neighbour because she was drunk driving.
4. The judge needed proof/probes/evidence.
5. I feel like the sentence/verdict/condemnation was based on emotion.
6. It’s better to acquit five guilty people/culprits/witnesses than to convict one innocent person.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ces paragraphes qui traitent de la peine de mort.

§ 1. The two phrases “death penalty” and “capital punishment” are often used interchangeably to
refer to the condemnation to death, after conviction by a court of law.
§ 2. In most countries, the death penalty is only used as a punishment for murder. But in some
countries treason, drug smuggling, adultery are capital crimes.
§ 3. The majority of countries have abolished it. About 20% of countries retain it. China executes the
most people per year overall, followed by Iran, the USA, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan.
§ 4. People who defend capital punishment say it fits their sense of justice. It’s also supposed to act
as a deterrent to other would-be (potentiels) offenders.
§ 5. Those against it say they value human life above anything else, that it’s barbaric, unfairly applied
and that innocent people may be executed too.

Choisissez pour chaque paragraphe un titre parmi les suivants.

For the death penalty – Against the death penalty – Types of capital crimes – A shameful first rank
– Synonyms

BUILD UP

4 Soulignez les adjectifs utilisés comme noms puis traduisez les phrases.
1. There are over two million unemployed in this country.
2. The poor deserve good housing too.
3. There were many children among the dead.
4. Today the young are much more vocal (se faire entendre).
5. I train guide dogs for the blind.

47 - The law and the courts 101

 Delinquency and criminality
48 This warning notice was
photographed outside a house in
Beverly Hills (Calif.). For property
crime, Beverly Hills is 24% higher
than the U.S. national average.

A Types of crimes and offences

a crime un crime, un délit, arson un incendie volontaire
une infraction bribery la corruption
a murder un crime, un meurtre domestic violence la violence conjugale
a minor offence un délit mineur sexual abuse \E"bju…s\ des sévices sexuels
a theft, a robbery un vol child abuse la maltraitance des enfants
breaking and un cambriolage avec harassment le harcèlement
entering effraction

➦ The word “crime” means “illegal activities”. Unlike the French word crime, it covers minor
offences and murders.
Le mot crime signifie « activités illégales ». Contrairement au mot français « crime », il couvre à la fois les
délits mineurs et les meurtres.
➦ Figures show that most delinquents fall in line with societal standards when they become adults.
Les chiffres montrent que la plupart des jeunes délinquants finissent par respecter les valeurs de la société
une fois adultes.

B Criminals and criminal acts

a thief, a robber un voleur to stab poignarder
to rob sb of sth, voler qqch. à qqn to slaughter, massacrer
to steal* sth from sb to massacre
(juvenile) delinquency la délinquance juvénile to abuse \E"bju…z\ sb maltraiter qqn
a thug, a hooligan un voyou to rape sb violer qqn
a burglar un cambrioleur a bloodshed une effusion de sang
to bully, to persecute tyranniser, persécuter a gun, a handgun, un pistolet, un revolver
a murderer un meurtrier a pistol
a mugger, an un agresseur a rifle, a shotgun un fusil
aggressor, an attacker [hunting]
to mug, to assault agresser to shoot* sb at tirer sur qqn à bout
point-blank range portant
to ransack, to loot, piller, saccager
to pillage

➦ The verb “assassinate” is only used for famous or important people. Other people are “murdered”.
Le verbe assassinate ne s’emploie que pour les personnes célèbres ou importantes. Les autres sont murdered.
➦ Armed robbery is as serious a crime as robbery with violence.
Le vol à main armée est un crime aussi grave que le vol avec coups et blessures.

Shoot
La traduction de to shoot varie selon ses constructions.
He was shot at dawn. Il a été fusillé à l’aube.
The gunman shot him. Le gangster l’a tué/l’a blessé par balle.
They shot at the enemy. Ils ont fait feu sur l’ennemi.

102
 CHECK POINT

1 Associez chaque mot ou groupe de mots de la colonne de gauche avec un de ceux

de la colonne de droite. A B
1. breaking and entering a. assault
2. mugger b. burglar
3. ransack c. fire
4. stab d. knife
5. theft e. loot
6. arson f. steal

2 Traduisez les mots suivants. Ce sont – en totalité ou en partie – des faux amis :
abuse • assassinate • crime • delinquency • domestic (violence) • offence. A B

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ce texte qui compare la loi sur les

armes à feu en Grande-Bretagne et aux
États-Unis.
The word “firearms” is used to describe weapons
that can be carried by a single person. They include
handguns, rifles, machine guns (des mitrailleuses)
and submachine guns (des mitraillettes).
As every American will tell you, the Second
Amendment of the U.S. Constitution protects the
right of the people to keep and bear arms. In other
words, the right to have a gun is an integral part
of American culture. In the land of the free, you This picture was taken in a café in Alaska. 40 states
should be free to protect yourself against any per- (out of 50) have constitutional right to bear arms.
son that threatens you. Several lobbying groups in The Constitution of the State of Alaska was
Washington defend this right, the most famous and adopted in 1956. It is a short document on the
influential one being the National Rifle Association. model of the Constitution of the United States.
In the United Kingdom, it is very difficult to have a licence to own a gun. Therefore, few British people
own one. It is even illegal to carry a knife (by which we don’t mean table knives, of course). The first
restrictions on the sale of firearms were implemented in the Pistols Act of 1903. The UK has one of
the lowest rates of gun homicides in the world.

Répondez maintenant à ces questions.

1. Relevez les deux phrases qui résument le point de vue dominant sur les armes à feu dans la
culture américaine.
2. Relevez les deux phrases qui montrent l’efficacité du contrôle des armes en Grande-Bretagne.

BUILD UP

4 Traduisez.
1. They’re not armed. Don’t shoot!
2. The body was found two weeks later. The man had been shot in the head.
3. Several people were shot dead during the riots.
4. The minister shot himself in the foot by saying too much to the press.
5. The film was shot on location in Alaska.

48 - Delinquency and criminality 103

 Political regimes and parties
49
In a shop window in Chicago, posters
entice (encouragent) people to
express their opinion by voting for
the Democrats (logo: a donkey) or
the Republicans (logo: an elephant).

A Political regimes
a constitutional monarchy une monarchie to remove from chasser du pouvoir
\"mÅnEki\ constitutionnelle power
a sovereign \"sÅvrIn\ un souverain to unseat sb évincer qqn
an emperor, un empereur, a regime change un changement de régime
an empress une impératrice to declare/to proclamer la loi martiale
to rule/to lead* a country gouverner un pays impose martial law
a head of state un chef d’État to stage a coup faire un coup d’État
citizenship la citoyenneté dictatorship la dictature
the government [GB], the le gouvernement authoritarian autoritaire
administration [US]
to overthrow* a tyrant renverser un tyran

➦ A republic has a head of state, but he or she cannot be a monarch. The only known exception
is the French president, who is also co-prince of Andorra.
Une république a un chef d’État, mais celui-ci ne peut pas être un monarque. La seule exception connue
est le Président français, qui est aussi co-prince d’Andorre.
➦ Some Europeans dream of a Federation of Europe, something akin to the earliest union of
American states.
Certains Européens rêvent d’une Europe fédérale, comparable à la première union des États d’Amérique.

B Political parties
the ruling party le parti au pouvoir a political platform une plate-forme politique
the main opposition le principal parti to stand* for se présenter aux
party d’opposition Parliament élections législatives
to be* the leader of être à la tête de to run* against sb se présenter contre qqn
a policy une politique to run* for President être candidat à la
left-wing de gauche présidence
right-wing de droite to run* for briguer un nouveau
re-election mandat
conservative conservateur
progressive progressiste to support sb soutenir qqn

➦ The Shadow Cabinet [UK] comprises important politicians in the main opposition party whose
role is to develop alternative policies and scrutinize the Government’s actions.
Le Cabinet fantôme [GB] rassemble des politiciens importants du principal parti d’opposition dont le rôle
est de concevoir des politiques alternatives et d’examiner les actions du gouvernement.

The main political parties of the UK

the Conservative party (the Tories): le Parti conservateur • UKIP (United Kingdom Independent Party):
le Parti indépendant du Royaume-Uni • the Liberal Democrats: les Démocrates libéraux • the Labour party:
le Parti travailliste • the SNP (Scottish National Party): le Parti national écossais [indépendantiste]

104
 CHECK POINT

1 Complétez les phrases suivantes en vous aidant du contexte. A

1. Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom and …… of India. In Victoria’s time, the UK was
already a constitutional …… , in which the …… had relatively little political power.
2. In the 19th century, when you said “the sun never sets on it,” you meant the …… …… .
3. The state of being a member of a country is called …… . This status bestows rights and duties
on that person.
4. The army …… a coup and unseated the democratically elected President.
5. Several opposition groups are determined to have the Prime minister …… from power.

2 Traduisez ces phrases. B

1. Alors que Margaret Thatcher était à la tête du Parti conservateur, Tony Blair était un membre
du Parti travailliste. Tous deux ont occupé les fonctions de (to serve as) Premier ministre du
Royaume-Uni.
2. Le Parti républicain est à la droite de l’échiquier (spectrum) politique américain.
3. Le leader de l’opposition soutient (to claim) que la politique du gouvernement sur le conflit n’est
pas défendable (indefensible).
4. Le contraire de « parti d’opposition » est « parti au pouvoir ».
5. Les Démocrates aux États-Unis sont soutenus par les syndicats et les gens de gauche.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ce court extrait de Richard III de William Shakespeare ainsi que sa version
modernisée puis répondez à la question qui suit.
Richmond opposes King Richard and describes him as follows:
For what is he they follow? Truly, gentlemen,
A bloody tyrant and a homicide;
One raised in blood, and one in blood established;
One that made means to come by what he hath,
And slaughtered those that were the means to help him;
A base foul stone, made precious by the foil
Of England’s chair, where he is falsely set;
One that hath ever been God’s enemy.
William Shakespeare, Richard III, act V, scene 3.
Version moderne
Because who is this man they follow? Truly, gentlemen, a violent tyrant and a murderer, who rose to
his high position by shedding blood and kept the position the same way. He rose to the top by means
of others and then slaughtered them. He’s like a worthless stone, who only seems like a valuable gem
because he’s on the throne, where he doesn’t belong. He has always been God’s enemy.
No fear Shakespeare, Sparknotes, Barnes & Nobles.

Retrouvez l’équivalent dans le texte original de :

• violent:……
• a murderer:……
• to murder:……
• a worthless stone:……
• where he doesn’t belong:……

49 - Political regimes and parties 105

 Democracy
50 The Representatives Hall in the
Old State Capitol (Springfield,
Illinois) is the site of candidacy
announcements by Abraham Lincoln
in 1858 and Barack Obama in 2007.

A Elements of democracy
politics la politique a Representative un membre de
legislative and le pouvoir législatif et [US] \ÆreprI"zentEtIv\ la chambre des
executive power exécutif Représentants
the incumbent le président sortant the House of la chambre des
president Representatives [US] Représentants
a four-year presidential un mandat présidentiel the Senate [US] le Sénat
term de quatre ans to dissolve dissoudre le parlement
a five-year term un quinquennat parliament
a Member of un député a parliamentary une session
Parliament, an MP [GB] session parlementaire
the House of la Chambre des a bill un projet de loi
Commons [GB] Communes to amend a bill amender un projet de loi
the House of Lords [GB] la Chambre des Lords a committee \kE"mIti\ une commission

➦ Unlike most democratic countries, Britain doesn’t have a written constitution.

Contrairement à la plupart des pays démocratiques, la Grande-Bretagne n’a pas de constitution écrite.
➦ The head of a government is often a Prime minister. In the UK the Prime minister leads the
Cabinet, i.e. the Executive. He or she enacts the legislative agenda of his or her political party.
He or she also appoints all ministers and of course he or she dismisses them.
Le chef d’un gouvernement est souvent un Premier ministre. Au Royaume-Uni le Premier ministre dirige
le Cabinet, c’est-à-dire l’exécutif. Il met en œuvre le programme législatif de son parti politique. Il nomme
tous les ministres et, bien sûr, c’est lui qui les renvoie.

B Voting
a voter, an elector un électeur a polling station un bureau de vote
to call an election organiser des élections a polling booth un isoloir
an election, a poll une élection a ballot paper un bulletin de vote
a constituency une circonscription a ballot box une urne
an opinion poll un sondage the turnout le taux de participation
to abstain s’abstenir to canvass faire du démarchage électoral
an abstainer, un abstentionniste an election une campagne électorale
a non-voter campaign
the voting age la majorité électorale accountable, liable responsable

➦ Should everyone be allowed to vote?

Tout le monde devrait-il avoir le droit de vote ?

Greek words
Le mot democracy signifie littéralement « le pouvoir » (kratos in Greek) « du peuple » (dêmos). Attention
à l’accentuation : 'democrat, mais de'mocracy. De même : 'aristocrat/ari'stocracy, 'bureaucrat/
bu'reaucracy, 'merit/meri'tocracy, 'technocrat/tech'nocracy.

106
 CHECK POINT

1 Complétez ces phrases avec le(s) terme(s) qui convien(nen)t : President •

executive • amend • four-year • Parliament • powers • MPs • Prime minister. A
1. Guy Fawkes is a famous conspirator who wanted to blow up the …… house with gunpowder
in 1604.
2. The executive power is exercised by a …… or a …… ……, with the help of the government.
3. In the U.S. the president is elected for a ……-…… term.
4. The separation of …… divides authority into three branches: legislative, …… and judiciary.
5. Opposition …… want to …… the bill.

2 Traduisez. B
1. Notre député sortant a fait du démarchage pendant toute la campagne électorale, mais je ne
l’ai pas vu au bureau de vote.
2. Il y a généralement peu d’abstentionnistes dans notre circonscription. Mais cette fois, le taux
de participation a été faible (low).
3. Ma sœur adore les élections, les sondages et la politique en général. Elle fait même la collection
(to collect) des bulletins de vote !

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ce texte qui aborde la question du suffrage universel.

Should everyone be allowed to vote?
Even in a highly democratic country like the UK some people are barred from voting: people in prison,
people who are convicted of electoral malpractice or who have severe intellectual disabilities, like
people who are detained in psychiatric hospitals.
It is commonly thought that members of the British Royal family are not allowed to vote. This is not
true. They can vote, even the Queen or King, but they do not do so because they do not want to
seem partisan.
In some countries, homeless people are not allowed to vote.
So, there are limits to “universal suffrage”, i.e. the right of all people to vote. Needless to say, all
countries have a legal voting age, which varies from 16 to 21.

Répondez maintenant aux questions suivantes.

1. Qui ne peut pas voter en Grande-Bretagne ?
2. Traduisez le premier paragraphe.

BUILD UP

4 Trouvez les mots en -crat ou -cracy qui correspondent aux définitions suivantes.
1. a person of high social rank: ……
2. when a small minority of very wealthy citizens rules a society: ……
3. when you’re overwhelmed by red tape (la paperasserie): ……
4. a member of a powerful technical elite: ……
5. when power is held by people selected on the basis of their educational ability: ……

50 - Democracy 107
 The media
51 This picture features a row
of newspaper boxes in
Charlotte (North Carolina).

A Traditional media
a press baron \"bœrn\ un magnat de la presse a front-page story un article qui fait la une
a media mogul un magnat des medias a heading un titre
the gutter press la presse à scandale to cover an event couvrir un événement
a breach of privacy une violation de la vie privée an op-ed [opposite une tribune libre
a copy un exemplaire the editorial page]
an issue \"ISu…\ un numéro the entertainment les pages culture
a topical issue un sujet d’actualité section
a cover story un article en couverture an insert un encart
to hit* the headlines faire la une the circulation le tirage

➦ If you have an interesting opinion to share, you can express it in an op-ed article. If you’re
persuasive enough, you can reach thousands of people and actually change minds. Sometimes
op-eds sway more people than columns.
Si on a une opinion intéressante à partager, on peut l’exprimer dans une tribune libre. Si on est suffisamment
persuasif, on peut toucher des milliers de personnes et changer leur opinion. Parfois les tribunes libres
convainquent plus de gens que les chroniques.

B Online media
digital media \"mi…dIE\ les médias numériques social bookmarking le marque-page social
social networks les réseaux sociaux online games des jeux en ligne
virtual communities les communautés to provide online fournir des informations
virtuelles information en ligne
photo and video le partage de photos et online entertainment les divertissements en
sharing de vidéos ligne

➦ If you spend much of your spare time on Twitter, Facebook, Reddit, Hacker News and other
online social networking services, do you still have time for your real friends in your real life?
Si on passe beaucoup de son temps libre sur Twitter, Facebook, Reddit, Hacker News et autres services de
socialisation en ligne, est-ce qu’on a encore le temps de voir ses vrais amis dans la vraie vie ?
➦ It’s difficult to appraise the media coverage of this conflict after only one week. The media
hype hasn’t been helpful. In fact, it’s been rather damaging.
Il est difficile d’évaluer la couverture médiatique de ce conflit après seulement une semaine. Le battage
médiatique n’a pas beaucoup aidé. En fait, il a plutôt été néfaste.

Head
En plus de heading et headline, il existe un verbe, to head, qui a plusieurs sens :
to head a team (être à la tête d’une équipe), to head a firm (diriger une entreprise), to head for disaster
(aller droit au désastre).
Les noms hand, shoulder et toe (orteil) peuvent aussi s’employer comme verbes.

108
 CHECK POINT

1 Trouvez le mot qui correspond à chacune de ces définitions. A

1. a person who owns newspapers and who is considered to have too much influence: ……
2. an article in a paper or a magazine that expresses a personal opinion and which is written by
someone who doesn’t work for that paper or magazine: ……
3. such an important event that it has to be printed on the very first page of a newspaper: ……
4. the opposite of the quality press: ……

2 Complétez les phrases suivantes en vous aidant du contexte. A B

1. A daily is published every day; a …… is published once a week; a …… once a month.
2. The minister was forced to resign after it …… the …… that she had employed several siblings.
3. I like reading Sunday papers, but they tend to have a lot of advertising …… .
4. The …… section of a newspaper has articles that focus on different aspects of culture.
5. Could you get me two …… of The Guardian, please? One for me and one for my sick neighbour.
6. My girlfriend is addicted to social …… . She can’t stop sending texts even when we’re dining.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ce texte sur l’avenir des médias.

It’s very difficult to guess where the media, whether traditional or social, will be going in 20 years’
time, as the digital age we live in is still in its infancy.
What’s for certain is that we’ll be sharing more and more information about ourselves on social
media sites, willingly or not, because these sites will make sure users present the most complete
profiles possible. For example we’ll be encouraged to share more and more pictures and videos of
ourselves, of relatives or friends. The idea is to keep users engaged on social media platforms for as
long as possible, while allowing marketers to target their ads to a more specific group of individuals.
With the rise of the Internet, quite a few commentators have announced the death of television or
the radio. However, TV has proved far more resilient than many imagined not that long ago. The days
of programmes pulling in over 100 million viewers in the U.S. may be over due to the multiplicity of
TV channels and media, but the traditional TV industry is still very strong and will be for many, many
years to come.

Répondez maintenant aux questions.

1. Les idées suivantes sont-elles contenues dans le texte ? Citez le segment qui justifie votre
réponse.
a. The digital age has existed for decades.
b. The world of advertisement follows social media closely.
c. The days of TV and the radio are numbered.
2. Traduisez : “The days of programmes pulling in over 100 million viewers in the U.S. may be over
due to the multiplicity of TV channels and media…”

BUILD UP

4 Traduisez ces phrases.

1. Leslie Craig headed the list of candidates.
2. My son heads his class in language studies.
3. It’s getting late, we should head back home.
4. Could you hand me a tissue? I need to blow my nose.
5. I cannot shoulder responsiblity for my parents’ behaviour.
6. Politicians are often asked to toe the line.

51 - The media 109

 Remembering, imagining…
52 This hoarding advertises a visit to
Graceland, Elvis Presley’s home in
Memphis (Tennessee). It is one of
the most visited private homes in
the U.S. It was made a historic
landmark in 2006.

A Past, present and future

in those days, à cette époque previously antérieurement
at that time lately, recently récemment
ancient antique, très vieux currently actuellement
an antique \œn"ti…k\ une antiquité in the near future dans un proche avenir
a relic un vestige, une relique after a while après un certain temps
to date from/back to remonter à subsequently ultérieurement,
outdated, obsolete désuet \"sØbsIkwEntli\ par la suite
past passé soon, shortly bientôt, sous peu
former ancien, précédent before long sous peu
formerly autrefois in the long run à la longue

➦ The Tower of London dates from the Norman Conquest.

La Tour de Londres date de la conquête normande.
➦ Up to now/So far, Jack the Ripper has remained unidentified.
Jusqu’à présent, Jack l’Éventreur n’a pas été identifié.
➦ Queen Victoria’s reign spanned more than half a century.
Le règne de Victoria a couvert plus d’un demi-siècle.

B Remembering and planning ahead

a memory, a recollection un souvenir an omen \"EÁmEn\ un présage
oblivion l’oubli fate le destin
remote lointain to draw* near approcher [date]
to bear* in mind ne pas oublier to outlast sb/sth survivre (à), durer
to recollect, to recall se remémorer plus longtemps (que)
to remind sb of sth rappeler qqch. à qqn to postpone, to put* off remettre à plus tard
to look back/forward se tourner vers le novel nouveau, original
passé/l’avenir impending imminent
to make* plans faire des projets provisional provisoire
in the long/short run à long/court terme fleeting fugace
a prospect, an outlook une perspective everlasting éternel
a forecast une prévision timeless intemporel

➦ This day last week I was flying back from Greece.

Il y a une semaine aujourd’hui, je rentrais de Grèce par avion.
➦ There is no telling what the future holds in store.
On ne peut pas dire ce que l’avenir nous réserve.

Fore-
Le préfixe fore- indique ce qui précède dans le temps ou dans un rang : a forecast (une prévision),
a foreman (un contremaître) ou ce qui est vers l’avant dans l’espace : the forehead (le front).

110
 CHECK POINT

1 Complétez les phrases suivantes. A

1. Who is the …… President of the USA? I know that Barack Obama was a …… President.
2. With the advent of the GPS, printed maps have become …… .
3. It’s only a matter of time until the CD becomes just a …… of past times.
4. The Mars Science Laboratory has …… completed one Martian year (687 Earth days) working
on the Red Planet.
5. These experiments are expensive to carry out but will prove profitable in …… …… …… .
6. In 1790, she received a three-month sentence and was …… deported to Australia.

2 Retrouvez les antonymes (≠) ou les synonymes (=) des mots suivants. B
1. ephemeral ≠ …… – 2. destiny = …… – 3. to survive = …… …… – 4. to act immediately ≠ ……
…… – 5. near ≠ …… – 6. imminent = …… – 7. to look forward ≠ …… …… …… – 8. memory ≠ ……

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Do we have the duty to remember or forget? Classez les citations suivantes selon
qu’elles évoquent le devoir de mémoire ou le devoir d’oubli.
1. Remembering the past will prevent future crimes and heal countries.
2. You build on failure. You use it as a stepping stone. Close the door on the past. You don’t try to
forget the mistake, but you don’t dwell on it. (Johnny Cash)
3. Forgetting the past is forgetting our roots and our basic structure.
4. My motto is: “Forget the past and move on!” It is stupid to hold on to painful memories.

July 12th 2012, Londonderry.

Orangemen parade in the streets to commemorate the Battle of the
Boyne won by William of Orange. The battle secured the Protestant
ascendancy in Ireland for generations. It retains huge symbolic
importance in Northern Ireland.

July 8th 1981, Londonderry.

This is a commemorative plaque in memory of Joe McDonnell
who was a member of the IRA. He died in the 1981 Irish hunger
strike in protest against the loss of the rights of political
prisoners. Bobby Sands was the leader of that strike and also
died in HM Prison Maze.

BUILD UP
4 Complétez les phrases avec l’un des mots suivants : foreword • foretell • foresee •
forefathers • foreground.
1. The people, objects in a picture or photograph that seem nearest to you are in the …… .
2. They are very pessimistic and …… crises on the horizon of our life as a nation.
3. John Fitzgerald Kennedy’s …… were Irish.
4. Don’t believe the prophets who …… the end of the world.
5. Was the …… written by the author?

52 - Remembering, imagining… 111

 Moving and doing things
53
This notice was photographed in
Mount Rainier National Park
(Washington State). The park contains
outstanding subalpine meadows.

A Moving
to step faire un pas to crawl ramper
to tread* \tred\ marcher, fouler the pace l’allure
to amble marcher d’un pas tranquille on tiptoe sur la pointe des pieds
to toddle marcher d’un pas chancelant clockwise dans le sens des
to stumble trébucher aiguilles d’une montre
to hop, to skip sautiller anticlockwise dans le sens inverse des
aiguilles d’une montre
to trample piétiner
still immobile
to rush \rØS\ foncer
swift prompt
to march défiler
brisk vif, rapide
to creep* avancer sans bruit

➦ He dashed upstairs when he heard that the baby was awake.

Il s’est précipité au premier lorsqu’il a entendu que le bébé était réveillé.
➦ “I wandered lonely as a cloud” is the first line of a famous lyrical poem by William Wordsworth
(1770-1850).
« J’errais seul comme un nuage » est le premier vers d’un célèbre poème lyrique de William Wordsworth
(1770-1850).

B Doing things
to undertake* entreprendre to carry sth out accomplir qqch.
to handle sth s’occuper de qqch., to achieve sth réussir qqch.
prendre en main to fail to do sth ne pas réussir à faire qqch.
to tackle sth s’attaquer à qqch. to procrastinate remettre à plus tard
to strive* to do sth s’évertuer à faire qqch. eventually, in the end finalement
to make* apporter des to put* an end to sth mettre fin à qqch.
alterations to sth modifications à qqch.
to postpone sth différer qqch.
to resort to sth avoir recours à qqch.
a work une œuvre, un ouvrage
\rI"zO…t\
a go-getter un battant
to cope with faire face à [une
situation]

➦ “Never put off until tomorrow what you can do the day after tomorrow.” (Mark Twain)
Ne remettez jamais à demain ce que vous pouvez faire après-demain.
➦ “Know the true value of time; snatch, seize, and enjoy every moment of it. No idleness, no
laziness, no procrastination.” (Lord Chesterfield)
Connaissez la véritable valeur du temps ; saisissez, capturez et savourez chaque instant. Pas d’oisiveté, pas
de paresse, pas de procrastination.

To do et to make
Le verbe to do implique l’idée d’activité (to do things: agir) ou d’effet (to do good: faire du bien).
Le verbe to make implique l’idée d’une production (to make alterations), d’une construction (to make peace).

112
 CHECK POINT

1 La pancarte photographiée en page de gauche comporte une erreur

grammaticale ; pourquoi ne peut-on pas dire : “Do not trod” ? Consultez le
dictionnaire si besoin est. A

2 Traduisez les phrases suivantes en déduisant le sens figuré des mots en gras de
leur sens propre et du contexte. A
1. How can I get my two-year-old toddler to eat a balanced diet?
2. He was not used to speaking in front of an audience: he stumbled over the words.
3. It’s a short hop from Edinburgh to Birmingham by plane.
4. That country’s government has obviously decided to trample on human rights.
5. The book was so boring that I skipped lots of pages.

3 Complétez les phrases suivantes. B

1. There are many reasons why you might want to …… postgraduate studies.
2. After her breakdown she could no longer …… …… her responsibilities.
3. The debate was heated and the speaker …… to make himself understood.
4. I had so much to do that I decided to …… my departure to the following day.
5. Brazilian artist Lygia Clark’s …… are on display at the Henry Moore Institute in Leeds.
6. Is the government ready to …… the real problems?
7. …… is the root of all evil.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

4 Lequel de ces paragraphes représente : un éloge du choix personnel ? un éloge de

la marche ? un éloge du travail ? Justifiez votre choix en traduisant un segment
pertinent de chaque texte.
1. By walking through a setting we are exposed to it in an ideal manner for imprinting its details on our
minds. We take it in at a natural pace. To walk through a landscape is to explore it. To drive through
it in some form of vehicle is merely to traverse it.
Desmond Morris, Manwatching: A Field Guide to Human Behaviour, 1978.

2. Two roads diverged in a wood, and I –

I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.
Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken, 1920.

3. If you believe in what you are doing, then let nothing hold you up in your work. Much of the best
work of the world has been done against seeming impossibilities. The thing is to get the work done.
Dale Carnegie.

BUILD UP

5 Complétez les phrases avec make ou do à la forme qui convient.

1. What are you going to …… after you graduate?
2. Her husband sometimes …… the cooking on Sundays.
3. Have all the arrangements for the wedding been …… ?
4. I’ll …… a cup of coffee while you wait.
5. You’ve really …… a good job.

53 - Moving and doing things 113

 Thinking
54 In Drumcliffe Cemetery (County Sligo,
Ireland), where the Irish poet W.B.
Yeats is buried, a squatting figure
seems to be pondering about the
poet’s words. The sculpture is the
work of Jackie McKenna.

A Intellectual abilities
to ponder about/on/ réfléchir à qqch. gifted doué
over sth shrewd, clever astucieux
to regard considérer heedful of attentif à, conscient de
to guess deviner, supposer witty spirituel
to assess évaluer well-read cultivé
to reckon, to deem estimer, penser astute sagace
to enlighten sb on sth éclairer qqn sur qqch. relevant pertinent
awareness la conscience sensible sensé
common sense le bon sens

➦ Government think tanks are important in every country. In the U.S., they’re particularly valued
in the security and defense field.
Les groupes de réflexion gouvernementaux sont importants dans tous les pays. Aux États-Unis, on leur
accorde surtout une grande importance dans le domaine de la sécurité et de la défense.
➦ After Louise had gone to her own home, she mulled over the situation… (Mildred A. Wirt)
Une fois rentrée chez elle, Louise réfléchit sérieusement à la situation.

B Reasoning
to examine \Ig"zœmIn\ analyser a clue un indice
to solve a problem résoudre un problème acumen la perspicacité
to deduce from sth that déduire de qqch. que grounds des raisons
to grasp saisir a rebuttal une réfutation
to assume supposer engrossed in absorbé par
to be* knowledgeable s’y connaître en qqch. a red herring une diversion
about sth intricate complexe
to think* sth through soupeser les obvious évident, manifeste
conséquences de qqch.
disputable discutable
to brood on sth ressasser qqch.
thorny épineux
to undermine saper, ébranler
unerringly infailliblement
accuracy \"œkjErEsi\ la justesse

➦ I don’t see the point in starting something I can’t finish.

Je ne vois pas l’intérêt de commencer quelque chose que je ne peux pas finir.
➦ If you jump to a conclusion, you evaluate or judge something without having enough informa-
tion or without examining facts.
Si vous tirez une conclusion hâtive, vous évaluez ou jugez quelque chose sans avoir assez d’informations
ou sans analyser les faits.

-ly
Le suffixe le plus employé dans la formation d’adverbes à partir d’adjectifs est -ly : obvious (manifeste)/
obviously (manifestement). Attention, certains mots terminés par -ly sont des adjectifs : cowardly (lâche),
lonely (solitaire)…

114
 CHECK POINT

1 Ces définitions sont-elles justes (J) ou fausses (F) ? A

1. sensible: quick to respond to small changes, easily upset
2. common sense: the ability to think and behave in a reasonable way
3. awareness: lack of knowledge or information
4. shrewd: mentally sharp
5. witty: humourless, unamusing
6. relevant: relating to a subject in an appropriate way

2 Complétez par une expression équivalente aux segments en gras. B

1. She knows a lot about computers. She is very …… about computers.
2. This argument has nothing to do with the issue. It is a …… …… .
3. I didn’t like the film: the plot is too complicated. The plot is too …… .
4. The recent events have gradually weakened people’s confidence in the government.
They have …… their confidence.
5. It’s easy to see that he’s wrong. He is …… wrong.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Choisissez les termes appropriés pour compléter ces extraits de presse. Vérifiez
vos réponses sur le site.
§ 1. Marcela Louie is a whiz/lazy kid. “She’s been ahead of/with her peers since she was a toddler.
[…] By the time she was sixteen/two, Roxana says her daughter knew she wanted to be a doctor.
So the proud mom admits she’s not too surprised that [15-year-old] Marcela was recently granted
early/late admission to the University of Alberta, where she’ll be majoring in Biology this fall.”
Patricia Kozicka, The Global Post, February 4, 2014.

§ 2. Thinking things through can be a great handicap/thing of

course. However if you’re an over-thinker, you might become
someone who stands still/busy in life, someone who forgets the
good things that happen in life.
§ 3. Laughter/Hatha yoga is fast emerging as the healing balm
for people having their life full of stress/fun. This therapy has
attracted very few/a lot of people from all walks of life barring
age as they find it a natural stress reliever.
The Times of India, May 27, 2012.

Traduisez maintenant les segments suivants en vous servant des indications, du

contexte ou de la proximité des termes avec le français.
§ 1. “her peers (people of the same age)”: …… “she was granted early admission”: ……
§ 2. “someone who self-sabotages”: ……
§ 3. “the healing balm (to heal = to regenerate)”: …… “from all walks of life”: ……

BUILD UP

4 Identifiez l’intrus et traduisez-le.

1. slowly • quickly • friendly • nicely
2. endlessly • costly • dearly • fully
3. lively • nearly • thoroughly • fairly
4. truthfully • sincerely • luckily • chilly
5. certainly • closely • disorderly • frankly

54 - Thinking 115
 Describing personality
55 He worked for 40 years at the Jack
Daniel’s Distillery (Kentucky). He
now takes visitors around. He is a
real character, jocular (enjoué)
and outgoing (extraverti).

A In a positive way
an asset un atout, une qualité overly serious exagérément sérieux
awesome \"O…sEm\ impressionnant, « génial » appreciative admiratif, reconnaissant
energetic énergique devoted dévoué, fervent
confident confiant shrewd perspicace
assertive qui a de l’assurance sharp, sharp-witted malin
dependable, reliable fiable resourceful débrouillard
well-balanced équilibré well-mannered, poli
keen (on) passionné (de) courteous
gallant, brave courageux easy-going facile à vivre
daring, bold audacieux gregarious, sociable sociable
dauntless \"dO…ntlEs\ intrépide far-sighted prévoyant
earnest sérieux

➦ This journalist is an astute observer of the current political scene.

Ce journaliste est un observateur sagace de la scène politique actuelle.
➦ Any fool can criticize, condemn, and complain but it takes character and self control to be
understanding and forgiving. (Dale Carnegie)
N’importe quel imbécile peut critiquer, condamner et se plaindre mais il faut avoir du caractère et de la
maîtrise de soi pour arriver à comprendre et à pardonner.

B In a negative way
a shortcoming un défaut rash impétueux
shy timide unpredictable imprévisible
gullible crédule whimsical capricieux
sullen, bad-tempered maussade messy désordonné
finicky tatillon sneaky, devious sournois
touchy susceptible deceitful, deceptive trompeur
short-/quick-tempered irascible dishonest malhonnête
conceited vaniteux quarrelsome querelleur
cowardly lâche disparaging désobligeant
reckless téméraire rowdy \"raÁdi\ [used for children] bruyant
stubborn têtu

➦ Some psychologists, like Ron Kurtus, say that personality primarily consists of inborn traits,
while character consists of learned behaviour.
Certains psychologues, comme Ron Kurtus, disent que la personnalité est constituée avant tout de traits
innés alors que le caractère est du domaine du comportement acquis.

-some
Le suffixe -some est utilisé dans la formation d’adjectifs à partir de noms. Nom + -some = « caractérisé
par… » : a quarrel (une querelle) fi quarrelsome (querelleur).

116
 CHECK POINT

1 Trouvez les synonymes (=) ou antonymes (≠) des termes suivants. A B

1. well-balanced ≠ ……
2. gallant ≠ ……
3. courageous and adventurous = ……
4. timid = ……
5. uncritical and easy ≠ ……
6. humble ≠ ……
7. false and misleading = ……
8. self-reliant and positive = ……

2 Faites correspondre un adjectif à ces types de comportement. B

1. He believes anything you tell him, he is naive and easily deceived: he is …… .
2. She bought a house just before property prices started to rise: this was a …… decision.
3. They constantly express negative opinions to lower Dorian’s reputation: their comments
are …… .
4. He is not easily frightened or intimidated: he is …… .
5. This politician will lie and trick people in order to get what he wants: he is …… .
6. She was fond of company, very sociable and popular: she was …… .

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Voici un texte sur la graphologie. Choisissez les termes appropriés pour le

compléter. Vérifiez vos réponses sur le site.
Graphology is not an exact science, but it can be fun! For those who still use a pen…
According to research carried out by the National Pen Company in the U.S., people with small
handwriting tend to be withdrawn, that is, shy/messy/open-minded, and meticulous. By contrast,
outgoing people will have larger handwriting.
Do you leave large gaps between words? That’s a sign that you don’t enjoy being crowded. You like your
life/freedom/sleep. If the words are close together, that may mean that you can’t stand being alone.
How do you write the letter “l”? With a wide loop or a narrow one? Wide implies that you’re stressed/
selfish/relaxed, spontaneous and open-minded.
Where do you place the dot over the letter “i”? If it’s high over the “i”, then you tend to be imagina-
tive. If the dot is closer to the letter, you tend to be organised/messy/rash, detail-oriented, and
empathetic.
The way you sign is supposed to say a lot about your personality too. If your signature is illegible,
then you’re likely to be private/popular/gregarious. If it is legible, you tend to be comfortable and
self-confident.

BUILD UP

4 Faites correspondre les mots et leurs définitions.

1. loathsome a. causing feelings of respect or fear
2. troublesome b. attractive (usually for a man)
3. tiresome c. disgusting
4. handsome d. giving trouble or anxiety
5. toilsome e. characterized by physical effort to the point of exhaustion
6. awesome f. causing you to feel bored or impatient

55 - Describing personality 117

 Happiness
56 The Kiss by Rowan Gillespie (born
1953) stands in Dublin. His
sculptures span the whole gamut
(couvrent toute la gamme) of
human emotions, from love and
awe, to hate and self-destruction.

A Feelings
to fancy sb être attiré par qqn an affair une liaison
to appeal to sb plaire à qqn a mate, a pal un copain, une copine
to fall* for sb tomber amoureux de qqn to get* on well with bien s’entendre avec
to dote on sb aimer qqn à la folie likeable, friendly sympathique
delight le ravissement caring attentionné
thrilled au comble de la joie sympathetic compatissant
beloved \bI"lØvId\ bien-aimé to cheer up reprendre courage

➦ Smile when he makes you happy, yell when he makes you mad, and miss him when he’s not
there. Love hard when there is love to be had. Because perfect guys don’t exist, but there’s always
one guy that is perfect for you. (Bob Marley)
➦ How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world,/That has such people in ’t!
Shakespeare, The Tempest, act V, scene 1.
Que le genre humain est superbe ! Oh le meilleur des mondes/Où vivent de telles créatures !

B Emotions
to long for sth aspirer à qqch. breathtaking à couper le souffle
to wonder at s’émerveiller de composure le sang-froid
elated fou de joie collected d’un calme absolu
sensitive to sensible à relief le soulagement
buoyant \"bOIEnt\, lively plein d’entrain to unwind* se détendre
exhilarating grisant to burst* out laughing éclater de rire
moving émouvant

➦ He is a very calm, cool, collected boss who is very much respected.

C’est un patron très calme, serein et posé qui est très respecté.
➦ “You look terrific in this dress!” “That’s sweet; actually, I had a terrible day at work.”
« Tu es superbe dans cette robe. – C’est vraiment gentil ; en fait, j’ai passé une journée épouvantable au
bureau. »

Get
Le verbe get est très employé. Ses sens premiers sont :
– « recevoir, obtenir » fi How many texts did you get today?
– « devenir, changer d’état » fi I’m getting old.
– « se rendre, arriver » fi How are you getting home?

L’ajout d’une particule ou d’une préposition change plus ou moins son sens : to get behind (prendre du
retard), to get by (se débrouiller financièrement), to get down (démoraliser), to get off (descendre d’un bus,
d’un train…), to get over (surmonter), to get through (parvenir à, utiliser entièrement), to get to (arriver à),
to get on with (s’entendre avec).

118
 CHECK POINT

1 Traduisez les phrases suivantes. A

1. I’m a doting grandmother.
2. Thank you so much for these sympathetic words.
3. The idea appealed to her.
4. I’m delighted to see you again.
5. His roommate is Japanese.
6. You know what? I think she’s falling for him.
7. Cheer up! It’s not the end of the world.

2 Trouvez les mots correspondant aux définitions suivantes. B

1. astonishing and beautiful: ……
2. calmness especially of mind: ……
3. very happy and excited, over the moon with joy: ……
4. to feel a strong desire for sth: ……
5. easily upset by what people say about you: ……
6. a pleasant feeling one has when something painful is over: ……

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez ce texte sur les mariages en Inde.

We may have the feeling that love marriages have always been around when in fact they began to
appear in the 14th century and became really popular in Europe in the 17th century. They are relatively
new in India, where arranged marriages are still the norm and often considered to be more likely to
succeed than love marriages, despite the impact of Bollywood films, which tend to glorify romantic love.
Rajini Vaidyanathan (BBC World Service, March 8, 2010) explains the success of online matrimonial
sites in India by pointing out that the wedding industry has always been big in India. Quite logically,
online matrimonial sites are big business too, especially as they make it easier for people to find their
perfect match and allow Indians to continue with traditional matchmaking but using state-of-the art
technology.
The criteria used online are the same as those used by traditional matchmakers. For example, Rajini
mentions the caste that you want your future spouse to be, the money they make, their job, their
education, if any, and even their Indian horoscope!

Citez les phrases précises qui correspondent aux idées suivantes.

1. Le cinéma a une influence sur l’idée que les Indiens ont de l’amour.
2. De nombreux Indiens consultent les sites matrimoniaux en ligne.
3. Vous pouvez choisir à quelle caste doit appartenir votre partenaire.
4. Il y a peu de différences avec les critères de sélection qu’utilisent les marieurs.

BUILD UP

4 Complétez ces phrases à l’aide de over, off, by, down, away with ou out of.
1. How did she get …… …… trouble?
2. This rotten weather is really getting me …… .
3. She is slowly getting …… a bad cold.
4. It’s hard to get …… with such a low salary.
5. Leave me alone! Get …… my back!
6. You won’t get …… …… cheating on your taxes.

56 - Happiness 119
 Displeasure
57 They both look exhausted,
withdrawn (renfermés),
impervious (imperméables) to
what is going on around them.

A From grief to confusion

grief, sorrow le chagrin desperate \"desprEt\ désespéré
boredom, weariness la lassitude to feel* low être démoralisé
concern l’inquiétude to be* on edge être très énervé
gloom la morosité to be* under stress, être stressé
disheartened découragé to be* stressed out
dejected abattu annoyed at contrarié par
dismayed consterné upset ennuyé, vexé, inquiet
devastated anéanti withdrawn \wID"drO…n\ renfermé, taciturne
miserable, wretched malheureux, misérable muddled à l’esprit confus

➦ The most unpleasant feeling is the feeling of your helplessness. (Thomas Carlyle)
Le sentiment le plus désagréable est de se sentir impuissant.
➦ To weep is to make less the depth of grief. (William Shakespeare)
Pleurer allège le poids du chagrin.
➦ Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shores.
Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus, lines inscribed inside the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty.
Donnez-moi ceux qui sont las, ceux qui sont pauvres,
Vos masses entassées assoiffées d’air libre,
Les rebuts misérables de vos terres surpeuplées.

B Stronger negative feelings

callous dur, insensible to dread \dred\ redouter
reckless irréfléchi to long for aspirer à
mean, spiteful malveillant pathetic navrant
reluctant réticent appalling épouvantable
to loathe détester awful, dreadful, atrocious atroce
can’t bear*, can’t stand* ne pas supporter scary, stressful angoissant
to bear* a grudge garder rancune à
against sb qqn

➦ Negative emotions like loneliness, envy, and guilt have an important role to play in a happy
life; they’re big, flashing signs that something needs to change. (Gretchen Rubin)
Les émotions négatives telles que la solitude, l’envie, la culpabilité ont un rôle important à jouer dans une
vie heureuse ; ce sont autant de signes impérieux que quelque chose doit changer.

-ed et -ing
De nombreux adjectifs sont formés de verbe + -ed ou verbe + -ing. En général, -ed donne un sens passif à
l’adjectif (annoyed: contrarié) et -ing un sens actif (annoying: contrariant).

120
 CHECK POINT

1 Remplacez les mots en gras par un synonyme. A

1. This novel is written in a lively style, with a sense of humour, sometimes biting but never mean.
2. Their faces showed boredom as the speech dragged on.
3. All the players were down-hearted after their defeat.
4. I strongly dislike wind and rain.
5. Tom felt miserable thinking of what he had done to her.
6. Does she bite her nails when she is nervous?
7. What makes you feel so sad and melancholy?
8. She was very worried about having no news from her daughter.
9. He was distressed when his friend left.
10. She has been unsociable since her mother died.

2 Complétez les phrases suivantes. B

1. That’s a …… waste of opportunity.
2. Tell me more: I can’t …… the suspense any longer.
3. Do you …… getting old?
4. She’s been away for a month and I am …… …… her to come back.
5. That dictator was selfish, …… and indifferent to suffering.
6. You can’t …… …… …… against someone who hasn’t done anything to you.
7. The junior executive was …… to take on new responsibilities since he was already overworked.
8. Bungee jumping is the last thing I would like to do; it’s too …… for me.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Lisez les deux dernières strophes de ce poème et dites dans quelles circonstances
vous pensez qu’il a été écrit : à la suite d’un mariage • à la suite de la mort d’un
ami • à la suite d’un anniversaire.
He was my North, my South, my East and West,
My working week and my Sunday rest,
My noon, my midnight, my talk, my song;
I thought that love would last for ever: I was wrong.
The stars are not wanted now: put out every one;
Pack up the moon and dismantle the sun;
Pour away the ocean and sweep up the wood.
For nothing now can ever come to any good.
W.H. Auden, Song IX, 1976.

Dans quelle strophe le poète exprime-t-il son désir de voir l’univers entier se faire
l’écho de son émotion ? Justifiez votre réponse en citant des segments du texte et
en les traduisant.

BUILD UP

4 Ajoutez la terminaison -ed ou -ing qui convient.

1. She was confus… by his ambiguous remarks.
2. It’s very frustrat… to feel like you’re not making progress.
3. She was devastat… when he left her for another woman.
4. He was stunn… when they told him he had won the first prize.
5. These refugees are living in appall… conditions.
6. This abridg… version is easy to read.
7. San Francisco is an amaz… city.

57 - Displeasure 121
 Expressing oneself
58 These young people are expressing
themselves in several ways: eye
contact and hand holding. The
young woman is carrying a placard
on her back warning people about
the risks of lung cancer for women.

A Facial expressions
a grin un large sourire to frown \fraÁn\ froncer les sourcils
to wink at sb faire un clin d’œil à qqn to pull a face, to pout faire la moue
to make* faces at faire des grimaces to sob sangloter
to put* out one’s tirer la langue bland impassible [expression]
tongue at grim grave
to purse one’s lips pincer les lèvres sullen \"sØlEn\ renfrogné
to glare at lancer un regard furieux

➦ We are all pretending. The important thing is to keep a straight face. (Maurice Valency)
Nous faisons tous semblant. L’important est de garder son sérieux.
➦ The President appeared grim-faced before the meeting in the White House Cabinet Room.
Le Président avait le visage grave avant la réunion dans la salle du Conseil à la Maison Blanche.

B The voice
to howl/ to scream at sb hurler contre qqn to hum fredonner
to shriek pousser un cri perçant to mumble marmonner
to wail brailler to moan, to groan gémir
to roar with laughter rire aux éclats to hush, to shut* up faire taire, se taire
to giggle rire bêtement high-pitched aigu
to sneer ricaner shrill perçant
to chuckle glousser harsh dur
to stammer, to stutter bégayer hoarse \hO…s\ enroué
to whisper murmurer soft doux

➦ The voice pitch is determined by the vibratory frequency of the vocal folds.
La hauteur de la voix est déterminée par la fréquence des vibrations des cordes vocales.
➦ Words mean more than what is set down on paper. It takes the human voice to infuse them
with deeper meaning. (Maya Angelou)
Les mots ont plus de sens que ce qui est figé sur le papier. C’est à la voix humaine de leur insuffler un sens
plus profond.
➦ His name sounds French but he is English.
Son nom a l’air français mais lui est anglais.

Adjectifs composés
Un certain nombre d’adjectifs composés décrivant des caractéristiques physiques ou mentales sont formés à
partir d’un adjectif suivi d’un nom + -ed :
high (adjectif) + pitched (nom + -ed) fi high-pitched
narrow-minded (étroit d’esprit)
black-haired (aux cheveux noirs)…

122
 CHECK POINT

1 Retrouvez les mots correspondant aux définitions suivantes. A B

1. a wide smile: ……
2. to laugh in a childish way: ……
3. to show displeasure or disappointment: ……
4. to cry noisily: ……
5. a face that shows no emotion: ……
6. to close and open one eye quickly: ……

2 Traduisez les phrases suivantes. B

1. C’est inutile de lui hurler après.
2. Il a marmonné des excuses (an apology) et il est parti.
3. Les supporters se sont enroués à force de crier (shouted themselves).
4. Tu ne peux pas les faire taire ?
5. Elle a une voix perçante lorsqu’elle est exaspérée (to get upset).

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Choisissez les mots appropriés pour compléter ces extraits d’articles de presse
sur les différentes manières de communiquer. Vérifiez vos réponses sur le site.
1. The difference/similarity between the words people speak and our understanding of what they
are saying comes from non-verbal communication, otherwise known as “body/mind language”.
Mind Tool.

2. It’s not just what you say, it’s how/why you say it. When we speak, other people “read” our voices
in addition to listening to our words. Things they pay attention to include your timing and pace, how
loud/far you speak, your tone and inflection, and shrieks/sounds that convey understanding, such
as “ahh” and “uh-huh.”
Nonverbal Communication, Helpguide.org.

3. Contrary to what one might expect, research shows that when people speak with a lower/higher
pitch they feel more powerful.
4. While good/wrong eye contact is praised and expected in the West, it is seen as a sign of disres-
pect/honesty and challenge in other cultures, including Asian and African. The more/less eye
contact these groups have with an individual, the more respect they show.
Kris Rugsaken, Body Speaks, 2014.

5. By the time most of us are adults, we’ve learned to show/mask our true feelings — at least as they
show up in our face/hands – because we have to get along at work, at home, and in social settings.
So we pretend to be interested, we pretend to smile, we assume a boring/bland expression when
we’re actually peeved (agacé), and so on.
www.forbes.com, October 25, 2012.

BUILD UP

4 Trouvez les contraires des adjectifs composés figurant dans les phrases suivantes.
1. She is very narrow-minded.
2. He was dancing with a short-haired woman.
3. Why does she love such a weak-willed boy?
4. I felt heavy-hearted when I heard the news.
5. How come he is so high-spirited (gai)?
6. Are frogs hot-blooded animals?
7. This is a short-sighted approach.

58 - Expressing oneself 123

 Books
59 The Thomas Hughes Public Library
(1882) in the utopian colony of Rugby
(Tennessee) is a period library (une
bibliothèque d’époque), frozen in
time, virtually unchanged since the
end of the 19th century.

A Texts and authors

fiction les romans, la fiction to print imprimer
a novel by un roman de to bind* relier
a romance un roman à l’eau de rose a hardback un livre relié
a short story une nouvelle a paperback un livre de poche
a tale un récit, un conte out of print épuisé
comics les bandes dessinées an ebook un livre électronique
a play une pièce de théâtre an e-reader une liseuse
a playwright un dramaturge

➦ The Pulitzer Prize established by the American journalist Joseph Pulitzer has been awarded
since 1918 for distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing with American life.
Le prix Pulitzer créé par le journaliste américain Joseph Pulitzer est attribué depuis 1918 à un auteur américain
pour une œuvre de fiction particulièrement remarquable ayant de préférence pour sujet la vie américaine.
➦ POLONIUS – What do you read, my lord?
HAMLET – Words, words, words.
Shakespeare, Hamlet, act II, scene 2.

B Style and literary criticism

the setting le décor gifted doué
the plot l’intrigue engrossing captivant
a character \"kœrEktE\ un matter-of-fact prosaïque
personnage
the narrator \nE"reItE\ le narrateur commonplace banal
a device un procédé tedious ennuyeux
to describe \dI"skraIb\ décrire to praise faire l’éloge de
to depict dépeindre to disparage dénigrer
to allude to, to refer to faire allusion à a blunt criticism une critique acerbe
to embody incarner a reviewer un critique [roman, théâtre, gastronomie ]

➦ The Lost Continent by Bill Bryson is described as “an unsparing and hilarious account of one
man’s rediscovery of America and his search for the perfect small town”.
Le Continent Perdu de Bill Bryson est décrit comme « un récit implacable et hilarant de la redécouverte de
l’Amérique par un homme seul en quête de la petite ville parfaite ».

-ic et -ical
Les suffixes -ic et -ical forment des adjectifs souvent à partir de noms : artistic, musical. Ces adjectifs sont
accentués sur l’avant-dernière syllabe.
Parfois les deux suffixes ont un sens identique (symbolic = symbolical), parfois un sens différent :
a comic strip (comique, humoristique) ≠ comical (qui provoque le rire)
economic (qui appartient au domaine de l’économie) ≠ economical (bon marché)
electric (qui fonctionne à l’électricité) ≠ electrical [autres cas]

124
 CHECK POINT

1 Complétez les phrases suivantes en vous aidant du contexte. A

1. Barbara Cartland often billed as the Queen of …… enchanted millions of readers with her dashing
heroes, beautiful heroines, and of course, her trademark happy endings.
2. Ernest Hemingway was …… the Nobel …… in literature in 1954.
3. …… are a collection of multiple drawings that tell a story.
4. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was an English poet, …… , and actor, widely regarded as the
greatest writer in the English language.
5. Bookfinder.com can help you find used books, …… …… …… books (épuisés), textbooks, rare
books and new books.

2 Trouvez les mots dont voici la définition. B

1. also called the storyline; it’s the plan, scheme, or main story of a literary or dramatic work: ……
2. to give a tangible or visible form to an idea, quality, or feeling: ……
3. something in a literary work designed to achieve a particular artistic effect: ……
4. taking up the attention completely: ……
5. to speak contemptuously of: ……

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Classez les phrases suivantes en deux catégories : pour ou contre l’utilisation d’un
support électronique de lecture. Puis traduisez les phrases 1, 5 et 8.
1. A well-designed book jacket can stop you. It may make you smile or pause for a second, or
surprise you. You might even want to pick up the book and look inside, and possibly buy it.
2. It’s like having a library in one small source.
3. Thousands of books can be downloaded for free. So it’s much cheaper.
4. “I would definitely recommend The Hours. I’ve read it twice.” “Can I borrow it?” “Sorry, it is on
my e-reader.”
5. There is something unique about its feel, its smell.
6. They save trees, millions of them.
7. You can read them in bed without disturbing anyone, because you don’t need to turn a lamp on.
8. I personally own every digital device you can imagine, but I still love to be surrounded by printed
books. I feel smarter when I see great writers staring down at me from a shelf.

Cloth, less expensive than leather, was used in the Does the biggest pleasure come from what we read,
19th and 20th centuries as binding material. or from on what we read?

BUILD UP

4 Traduisez les phrases suivantes.

1. Le développement économique devrait réduire l’inégalité des chances (disparity in opportunities).
2. Je viens de lire une nouvelle triste et pourtant comique.
3. Les véhicules électriques ont de nombreux avantages sur (over) les véhicules traditionnels.
4. Elle est sceptique quant à cette idée.
5. Ils recherchent des méthodes de production plus économiques.

59 - Books 125
 Museums and music
60 The Milwaukee Art Museum: the
Quadracci Pavilion, a postmodern
addition, was designed by
Spanish architect Santiago
Calatrava. A wing-like sunscreen
unfolds and folds twice daily.

A Museums and the price of art

the visual arts les arts plastiques to daub barbouiller
a masterpiece un chef-d’œuvre to carve, to sculpt sculpter
an exhibition une exposition a fake, a forgery un faux
on display exposé an art dealer un marchand d’art
the canvas la toile an auctioneer un commissaire-priseur
entitled intitulé an auction sale une vente aux enchères
a landscape un paysage to bid* for faire une enchère de
a still life une nature morte a bidder un enchérisseur
a brushstroke un coup de pinceau

➦ In this museum you’ll find a fascinating collection of exhibits and models about whales.
Dans ce musée, vous trouverez une collection fascinante d’objets et de modèles réduits concernant les
baleines.
➦ Conceptual art is very different from traditional art. Rather than creating an art object, the
artist’s intent is to convey a concept.
L’art conceptuel est très différent de l’art traditionnel. Plutôt que de créer un objet d’art, l’intention de
l’artiste est de transmettre un concept.

B Music
a concert hall une salle de concert A, B, C… la, si, do…
a concert venue \"venju…\ un lieu de concert a chord un accord
an orchestra un orchestre [classique] to tune accorder [un instrument]
a conductor un chef d’orchestre a choir \kwaIE\ une chorale
the score la partition a brass band une fanfare
the lyrics les paroles to lip-synch \"lIpsINk\ chanter en playback
the rhythm le rythme to top the chart être en tête des ventes

➦ If you have pre-ordered your tickets online, you can collect them from the box office.
Si vous avez acheté vos places en ligne à l’avance, vous pouvez les retirer au guichet.
➦ The Proms is an eight-week summer season of daily orchestral classical music concerts held
annually, predominantly in the Royal Albert Hall in London.
➦ “Proms” is short for “promenade concerts”, because originally they were outdoor concerts
given in London’s gardens, where the audience could stroll around while listening (or not) to
the orchestra.
« Proms » est un raccourci de « concerts-promenades », parce qu’à l’origine c’était des concerts en plein air
dans les jardins de Londres, où le public pouvait se promener en écoutant l’orchestre (ou pas).

to bid \bId\ ➞ a bidder \"bIdE\

Lorsqu’un mot d’une seule syllabe se termine par consonne + voyelle + consonne (sauf x et w), on double la
consonne quand on ajoute un suffixe (-ed, -er, -est, -y…) : stop ➞ stopped, fun ➞ funny, big ➞ biggest.

126
 CHECK POINT

1 Complétez les phrases suivantes en vous aidant du contexte. A

1. The Mount Rushmore National Memorial (South Dakota) is a sculpture featuring the heads of four
U.S. presidents …… into the granite face of Mount Rushmore.
2. Mona Lisa is “the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about,
the most parodied …… in the world”. (The Independent)
3. A …… …… is a painting that depicts commonplace objects, especially natural objects like
flowers, dead animals or shells. But they can also be man-made, like books, jewelry, etc.
4. The Museum of Art …… , in Vienna, is filled with faked paintings. It is unique in Europe.
5. An art …… is a person or company that buys and sells works of art.

2 Trouvez les mots correspondant à ces définitions. B

1. a person who directs an orchestra or chorus: ……
2. the words of a song: ……
3. a document showing all the notes of a piece of music: ……
4. to adjust a musical instrument: ……
5. a combination of musical tones sounded simultaneously: ……

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Classez les arguments suivants selon qu’ils s’inscrivent pour ou contre l’art de rue.
Soulignez les segments pertinents puis traduisez la phrase qui correspond le
mieux à votre propre opinion.
What is Street Art? Would you call it vandalism or public art?
1. Street art is not limited to museums or galleries. It’s difficult to collect.
You can’t really buy it as a trophy.
2. Graffitists want to leave a message in a public place in order to reach
as many people as possible.
3. To many people, places with graffiti look dirty and can give you a feel-
ing of insecurity. The places may look abandoned and therefore unsafe.
4. Street art often appears on areas that would normally be eyesores,
like a long concrete wall. And so, it brings beauty to our surroundings.
5. “And the words of the prophets are written on the subway walls…”
Simon and Garfunkel, The Sounds of Silence.
6. Artists who paint on the street or on walls are merely expressing
A yarn bombed tree
themselves. They’ve never hurt anyone and don’t intend to. (couvert de tricot graffiti)
in Rotorua (New Zealand).
4 Traduisez ces titres d’articles de presse.
1. The MP3 Generation: At Risk for Hearing Loss?
2. Pianist’s new album links Romantic-era chamber music and modern-day pop.
3. Music Education Could Help Close The Achievement Gap Between Poor And Affluent Students
4. Why Your Brain Craves Music.
5. Met Competition Features Nation’s Top Opera Talent.

BUILD UP

5 Redoublez la consonne lorsque c’est nécessaire.

1. They hop…ed across to London for the weekend.
2. She was hop…ing for the best.
3. She loves swim…ing.
4. Life can be so sweet on the sun…y side of the street.
5. Is it worth help…ing her?

60 - Museums and music 127

 The cinema and television
61 Forever Marilyn, the giant statue of
Marilyn Monroe designed by Seward
Johnson, was displayed for two
years in Palm Springs (California).

A The cinema (the movies)

a director un metteur en scène to dub doubler
to screen porter à l’écran a subtitle un sous-titre
the cast la distribution a trailer une bande-annonce
an extra un figurant to release sortir [un film]
the set, the scenery le décor the release la sortie
the shooting le tournage a show une séance [de cinéma]
a close-up un gros plan U(niversal) rating tout public
a stunt une cascade PG (parental surveillance parentale
the credits le générique guidance) rating recommandée
the soundtrack la bande-son

➦ Orson Welles’s Citizen Kane is said to be technically innovative, especially in its use of deep focus.
On dit du film Citizen Kane d’Orson Welles qu’il est innovant sur le plan technique, surtout dans son utili-
sation de la profondeur de champ.
➦ Charlie Chaplin started acting in films in the 1910s and soon became a worldwide cinematic
idol. He is best known for his tramp character.
Charlie Chaplin a commencé à jouer dans des films dans les années 1910 et il est rapidement devenu une
idole internationale. Il est surtout connu pour son personnage de vagabond.

B Television
a TV viewer un téléspectateur a repeat, a rerun une rediffusion
a newscaster, un présentateur a live \laIv\ broadcast une émission en direct
an anchorman, de journal a quiz/game show un jeu télévisé
a newsreader independent TV les chaînes privées
a compere \"kÅmpeE\, a host un animateur
encrypted, scrambled crypté
hard news l’information
a satellite dish une antenne
sérieuse parabolique
infotainment l’information
to channel hop zapper
divertissement
a series \"sIEri…z\ une série

➦ In the United States, the largest broadcast television networks are the traditional Big Three:
ABC, CBS and NBC.
➦ Internet streaming television has changed the way viewers watch their favourite programmes.
La télévision en flux continu via Internet a changé la manière dont les téléspectateurs regardent leurs
émissions préférées.

Series…
Les noms series, species, means (moyen), crossroads (carrefour), works (usine)… sont dénombrables.
Ils se terminent par un -s au singulier et ne changent pas au pluriel : a series (sg)/series (pl.).
Le nom news est un nom indénombrable : il s’accorde donc au singulier (No news is good news).
« Une nouvelle » se dit a piece of news.

128
 CHECK POINT

1 Traduisez les phrases suivantes. A

1. Quand est la prochaine séance ?
2. Beaucoup de gens prêtent (to pay) peu d’attention au générique.
3. Les cinquante jours de tournage se dérouleront en Pologne.
4. C’est bien Sean Penn le metteur en scène de Into the Wild ?
5. On peut regarder les bandes-annonces des nouvelles sorties sur Comingsoon.net.

2 Donnez le synonyme (=) ou l’antonyme (≠) des mots suivants. B

1. a compere = …… 4. to zap = ……
2. state-owned television ≠ …… 5. pre-recorded ≠ ……
3. a quiz show = …… 6. a newsreader = ……

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Choisissez les termes appropriés pour compléter ce texte. Attention : parfois

plusieurs ou tous conviennent ! Vérifiez vos réponses sur le site.
Bollywood films…
Masala is a famous Indian spice/coffee/food mix. In India, some films are called “masala films”
because they provide a mixture of several things that the Indian moviegoers/filmgoers/cinema-
goers appreciate, like action, comedy, tragedy, novels/romance, dances, songs, love triangles/
rectangles… In most Indian films, you get the typical hero, needless to say a man, who manages to
fight off/defeat/befriend the villains/baddies all by himself. They last about three hours with an
intermission/an interval/a break.

4 Complétez le texte avec les mots suivants : advice • comments • edge • emotional •
mock • return.
Not all audiences behave the same way. We are used to the reserved British filmgoers. Things are
quite different in Indian cinemas, where viewers often shout out …… to the screen, give …… to the
characters, boo them or cheer them. They sometimes …… the hero, for example when he stands
at the …… of a cliff and tells the woman he loves that he will jump if she doesn’t …… his love. It’s
fairly common for viewers to shout “Jump!” or even “Jump, you chicken!”, in such an …… moment.

5 Lisez ce texte puis relevez les segments précis qui décrivent d’une part le plaisir
du spectateur, d’autre part l’ambiguïté de ses sentiments.
Reality TV…
Reality TV has become the public executions of our times. We sit on the edge of our seats waiting
eagerly for the guillotine to fall, yet don’t want the end to come too quickly. We want to savor the ling-
ering death of humiliation and rejection. And when the “execution” finally occurs, we feel conflicted
in enjoying others’ “deaths”, yet relief in our continued existences, guilty for the exhilaration we feel,
yet giddy (ivres) in knowing that we are “survivors” of our own reality show called Life. In these times
of economic and global uncertainty, thanks to the contestants’ symbolic deaths on reality TV, we can
return to our lives feeling somehow better, safer… that we are going to be okay.
The Power of Prime, Psychologytoday.com, January 31, 2011.

BUILD UP

6 Ajoutez un -s si c’est nécessaire.

1. His car is his only mean… of transport. 4. He is looking for work… .
2. He is new… here. 5. Is the lynx an endangered specie… ?
3. Turn right at the crossroad… .

61 - The cinema and television 129

 Architecture and photography
62 The Walt Disney Concert Hall
(2003) in downtown Los Angeles
was designed by Frank Gehry. His
works are cited as being among
the most important works of
contemporary architecture.

A Architecture
concrete \"kÅNkri…t\ du béton the nave la nef
a flat roof un toit en terrasse the aisles \aIlz\ les bas-côtés
the eaves le rebord du toit, l’avant-toit a pillar un pilier
a beam une poutre a capital un chapiteau
a steeple un clocher a stained glass window un vitrail
the spire la flèche a cloister un cloître
a flying buttress un arc-boutant Romanesque roman [art]

➦ “Form follows function” architect Louis Sullivan declared in 1896. In 1939, Frank Lloyd Wright
argued that “form and function are one.” He believed that every building should grow naturally
from its environment.
« La forme suit la fonction » a déclaré l’architecte Louis Sullivan en 1896. En 1939, Frank Lloyd Wright a
répondu que « forme et fonction ne font qu’un ». Il pensait que tout bâtiment devrait être la prolongation
naturelle de son environnement.

B Photography
photography \fE"tÅgrEfi\ la photographie [art] a photo editor un logiciel de retouche
a photograph, a photo, une photo to doctor/to retouch retoucher une photo
a picture a picture
a lens \lenz\ un objectif to crop rogner
the trigger le déclencheur to tamper, to fake falsifier
the shutter l’obturateur sharp net
digital art l’art numérique blurred, fuzzy flou

➦ A camera is a save button for the mind’s eye. (Roger Kingston)

Un appareil photo est une sauvegarde pour l’esprit.
➦ The camera is an instrument that teaches people to see without a camera. (Dorothea Lange)
L’appareil photo est un instrument qui apprend aux gens à voir sans lui.
➦ A lot of photographers think that if they buy a better camera they’ll be able to take better
photographs. A better camera won’t do a thing for you if you don’t have anything in your head or
in your heart. (Arnold Newman)
De nombreux photographes pensent que s’ils achètent un meilleur appareil, ils pourront prendre de meilleures
photos. Un meilleur appareil ne fera rien pour vous si vous avez la tête ou le cœur vide.

Les mots nouveaux

En anglais, comme en français, de nouveaux mots puisent leur origine dans les nouvelles pratiques. Quelques
exemples : to Photoshop (to retouch) ; to Google (faire une recherche sur Google) ; to text (envoyer un
texto) ; to bookmark a page (ajouter une page aux favoris).

130
 CHECK POINT

1 Retrouvez le sens figuré des mots en gras puis traduisez les phrases suivantes. A
1. He sat forward steepling his fingers and said: “I don’t know; you might tell me more…”
2. His argument is buttressed with solid facts.
3. I’d rather have an aisle seat on this long flight.
4. You eavesdropped from behind the kitchen door, didn’t you?

2 Traduisez ces phrases. B

1. Cette photo a manifestement été retouchée.
2. Une image floue peut-elle être belle ?
3. L’artiste américain Louis Comfort Tiffany reçut une médaille d’or à l’Exposition Universelle
de 1900 pour ses vitraux Les quatre saisons.
4. Il est photographe ou artiste numérique ?

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Voici des citations d’architectes célèbres. Faites correspondre chacune d’elles à

l’une des idées ci-dessous (il ne s’agit pas de traductions).
1. The mother art is architecture. Without an architecture of our own we have no soul of our own
civilization. (Frank Lloyd Wright)
2. Architecture is a very dangerous job. If a writer makes a bad book, eh, people don’t read it. But
if you make bad architecture, you impose ugliness on a place for a hundred years. (Renzo Piano)
3. Architecture should speak of its time and place, but yearn for timelessness. (Frank Gehry)
4. I would like my architecture to inspire people to use their own resources, to move into the future.
(Tadao Ando)
5. The long path from material through function to creative work has only one goal: to create order
out of the desperate confusion of our time. (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe)

a. Atteindre l’intemporalité est le but de l’architecture.

b. L’architecture est l’âme propre d’une civilisation.
c. L’architecture que je crée a pour but d’inciter les gens à se projeter dans l’avenir.
d. Le seul but est de créer de l’ordre dans le chaos qui nous entoure.
e. Vous encourez le risque d’imposer la laideur pour une centaine d’années.

4 Insérez ces mots dans le paragraphe suivant : ethics • language • intentionally •

purpose • genuine • photographs.
Is it real or is it Photoshop?
It’s part of human nature to make things up. It started with ...… . And inventing things is often fun!
Most of us enjoy telling stories, which doesn’t mean that we’re liars. It’s the same with art. The ……
artist doesn’t …… want to mislead anyone or misrepresent anything.
The only problem is when the artist lies about his or her intentions, when he or she tries to manipulate
us, as when he or she puts together two separate …… of two people to make it look like they are
friends. In this case, the …… of the photographer is clearly to deceive the viewer. Then it becomes
a question of …… .

62 - Architecture and photography 131

 Pleasures of the table
63 This plate is typical of pub grub:
steak and kidney pie, broccoli and
mashed potatoes.

A Eating out
catering
a diner \"daInE\
a take-away
a deli, a delicatessen
a food booth/truck/cart
a gourmet restaurant
la restauration a food court une aire de restauration
un petit restaurant all-you-can-eat à volonté
un restaurant de fusion food la cuisine multiculturelle
plats à emporter vegan \"vi…gEn\ food la nourriture végétalienne
un traiteur health food la nourriture diététique
un restaurant mobile pub grub, pub food la nourriture de pub
un restaurant cuisine \kwI"zi…n\ la cuisine [art culinaire]
gastronomique

➦ According to a 2007 study from the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), 2.5 billion people
eat street food every day.
Selon une étude de la FAO datant de 2007, deux milliards et demi de personnes mangent de la nourriture
de rue tous les jours.
➦ Good food is a global thing and I find there is always something new and amazing to learn.
I love it! (Jamie Oliver)
La bonne nourriture est un phénomène mondial et je trouve qu’il y a toujours des choses nouvelles et
étonnantes à apprendre. J’adore ça !

B Dishes and the taste of food

a set menu \"menju…\ lunch une formule déjeuner crispy croustillant
today’s special le plat du jour crunchy croquant
a side dish un accompagnement juicy juteux
a combo une assiette composée yummy super-bon
baked cuit au four greasy gras
breaded pané mushy ramolli
deep-fried frit bland fade

➦ Would you like the apple pie à la mode?

Voulez-vous de la glace avec la tarte aux pommes ?
➦ The dinner was so long that the desserts were complimentary.
Le dîner a été si long qu’on nous a offert les desserts.
➦ Are these drinks to go or to stay?
Ces boissons, c’est à emporter ou à consommer sur place ?
➦ Every year just before Thanksgiving the president of the United States pardons a turkey.
Tous les ans, juste avant Thanksgiving, le président des États-Unis gracie une dinde.

Crispy, crunchy, juicy…

Le suffixe -y est très courant pour former un adjectif à partir d’un nom.
Il exprime l’idée de « qui a la qualité de » : rain (la pluie) ➞ rainy (pluvieux).

132
 CHECK POINT

1 Retrouvez les mots correspondant aux définitions suivantes. A

1. a restaurant considered to serve the highest quality food: …… ……
2. an area within a building (such as a shopping mall) where there are many small restaurants that
share a large area of tables for their customers: …… ……
3. food prepared by using the techniques and ingredients of ethnic or regional cuisines: …… ……
4. food served in pubs: …… ……

2 Traduisez le plus vite possible. B

1. baked potatoes – 2. deep-fried chicken – 3. breaded fish – 4. crispy bacon – 5. crunchy baby
carrots – 6. a juicy burger – 7. a kid-friendly yummy recipe

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Des repas à la maison ou à l’extérieur ? Traduisez les phrases suivantes.

1. Not only will your health improve by forgoing high-calorie meals at restaurants, so will your
finances! Eating healthy meals at home can cut your food budget dramatically. (Daily Health Post)
2. Having a meal in a restaurant can be an enjoyable and celebratory event, an occasional break
from the tedium of cooking at home. (Paula Martinac, sfgate.com)
3. With hectic work and family schedules, many Americans find it hard to carve out the time to
prepare meals at home. (Paula Martinac, sfgate.com)
4. Restaurants are in business to make money and calorie counting is not at the top of the list.

4 Voici deux ardoises de restaurants.

1. À votre avis, 2. Tr a d u i s e z ce
quel mot a été texte proposé à
effacé de cette l’extérieur d’un
ardoise : oyster restaurant en
(huître), mussel Nouvelle-Zélande.
(moule) ou snail Il vous faudra peut-
(escargot) ? être recourir au dic-
tionnaire !

5 À propos de quelques abréviations…

1. Il est courant, dans les restaurants australiens, de lire sur la porte BYO. À quoi correspond cette
abréviation ? Buy your own wine. • Bring your own wine. • Bring your own food.
2. Si vous demandez a BLT, que va-t-on vous servir ? Un sandwich composé de : Bread, Lentils
and Tuna fish • Bacon, Lettuce and Tomato • Beets, Lamb and Turkey
3. À quoi correspond l’abréviation KFC ? King Food Corporation • Kentucky Food Chain • Kentucky
Fried Chicken

BUILD UP

6 Traduisez les phrases suivantes.

1. San Francisco is often foggy in the evening. 4. This curry was very tasty.
2. The flight was rather bumpy (a bump : une bosse). 5. His clothes are baggy.
3. I think she is too skinny.

63 - Pleasures of the table 133

 Sports
64 Dog mushing or sledding is
Alaska’s official state sport:
dozens of races take place each
winter; the most famous is the
Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race.

A Sports competition
an event \I"vent\ une épreuve tough \tØf\ rude, dur
a sportsman un sportif rough \rØf\ brutal
a contestant un concurrent to host accueillir
a substitute un remplaçant to score marquer
a ref(eree) un arbitre to dodge esquiver
a jersey un maillot to retire abandonner
a venue un lieu, une salle to catch* up with rattraper
a field, a pitch un terrain to rank se classer
a grandstand une tribune a crushing defeat une écrasante défaite

➦ Performance-enhancing drugs are an illusion. I wish I had never gotten involved with steroids.
It was wrong. It was stupid. (Mark McGwire)
Les drogues destinées à améliorer les performances sont une illusion. Je regrette d’avoir touché aux sté-
roïdes. C’était une erreur. C’était idiot.
➦ In sports, people reach their peak very early. You have to move on. I don’t know if I will ever
surpass what I did at the Olympics, but I’m still doing the work I always wanted to do. (Greg Louganis)
En sport, on atteint son maximum très tôt. Il faut continuer. Je ne sais pas si un jour je surpasserai ce que
j’ai fait aux jeux Olympiques, mais je fais encore le travail que j’ai toujours voulu faire.

B Indoor and outdoor sports

football [GB], soccer [US] le football love-15 zéro-quinze
a rugby player un rugbyman deuce \dju…s\ égalité
the kick-off le coup d’envoi a hurdle une haie [course]
a scrum une mêlée fencing l’escrime
a try un essai ice-skating le patinage sur glace
a three-nil victory une victoire trois à zéro hang-gliding le parapente
the umpire l’arbitre [tennis] bungee-jumping le saut à l’élastique
on clay sur terre battue

➦ Football is a gentleman’s game played by ruffians (des brutes), and rugby is a ruffian’s game
played by gentlemen. (Old British saying)
➦ The tennis ball doesn’t know how old I am. The ball doesn’t know if I’m a man or a woman or
if I come from a communist country or not. Sport has always broken down these barriers. (Martina
Navratilova)

Mots se terminant par -ough

Attention à leur prononciation dont voici quelques exemples.
\Åf\ cough \aÁ\ plough
\Øf\ tough, enough, rough \EÁ\ although, borough, though
\ru…\ through

134
 CHECK POINT

1 Retrouvez le sens figuré des mots en gras puis traduisez les phrases suivantes. A B
1. They broke the law by dodging tax.
2. I hadn’t seen my Australian friends for a whole year, I was glad to catch up with them
at the party.
3. The steak was tough.
4. The rough weather makes life difficult in those mountains.
5. This famous actress has been hosting a TV show for a year.
6. The young singer had to fight her way through the scrum of photographers.
7. Getting a driving licence will be the most difficult hurdle to overcome.
8. The ceremony marked the kick-off of a new project.

2 A rugby player est un rugbyman. Comment diriez-vous « un footballeur », B

« un basketteur », « un tennisman » ?

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Prenez connaissance des citations suivantes. Reliez-les ensuite aux idées

exprimées dans les phrases a-d.
1. Serious sport has nothing to do with fair play. It is bound up with hatred, jealousy, boastfulness,
disregard of all rules and sadistic pleasure in witnessing violence: in other words it is war minus
the shooting. (George Orwell)
2. The difference between the old ballplayer and the new ballplayer is the jersey. The old ballplayer
cared about the name on the front. The new ballplayer cares about the name on the back.
(Steve Garvey)
3. I know when I have kids, when I’m older, I’m going to encourage them to play sports because
I think it teaches you a lot. It teaches you discipline, teamwork, and that there’s really no “I” in
team. (Gregg Sulkin)
4. The sport of horse racing which, at its best, showcases the majestic beauty of this animal
and the athleticism of jockeys, has reached an alarming level of corruption and exploitation.
(Tom Udall)

a. Les joueurs d’aujourd’hui sont très attentifs aux marques qui les sponsorisent.
b. Les courses de chevaux sont corrompues.
c. La violence domine le sport.
d. On ne peut pas pratiquer un sport et être égoïste.

4 Dans les phrases suivantes, relevez les segments qui peuvent être utilisés pour
débattre de la question : Is there too much money in professional sport?
Classez-les sous les rubriques : Yes there is… ou No there is not…
1. They work hard and they train every day, so they deserve to be paid for that.
2. Yes, they’re overpaid but it’s the fault of the fans who spend so much money on plain entertain-
ment.
3. There are so many problems going on around the world. The amount of their pay has gotten out
of hand.
4. They have to pay taxes, health insurance, their trainers. They are finished with their career earlier
than other people.
5. Many star athletes today have used their large amounts of money to set up charities and foun-
dations to support humanitarian causes.
6. By getting so much money, they think they are the most valued members of society and believe
they can get away with anything.
Yes there is too much money: ……
No there is not too much money: ……

64 - Sports 135
 Travelling
65 A cruise in the Svalbard (formerly
known by its Dutch name Spitsbergen)
on board the sailing ship (a schooner)
Noorderlicht affords the opportunity of
walrus watching…

A Getting there
a journey \"dZ∏…ni\ un voyage, un trajet non-refundable non remboursable
a route \ru…t\ un itinéraire to stop over at faire escale à [en avion]
a coach trip une excursion en car to call at faire escale à [en bateau]
a round trip ticket un billet aller-retour a liner un paquebot
hiking la randonnée a berth une couchette
a seasoned traveller un voyageur chevronné a porthole un hublot
to be* headed for se diriger vers to weigh anchor lever l’ancre
to be* bound for partir à destination de \weI "œNkE\
to book ahead réserver to dock arriver à quai

➦ The origin of the adjective “posh” would be that on the ships from England to India and back,
the port cabins were mostly in the shade when travelling out (easterly) and the starboard ones
when coming home. So the best and most expensive cabins were POSH (port out starboard home).
L’origine de l’adjectif posh (chic, cher) serait que sur les bateaux qui faisaient l’aller-retour entre l’Angleterre
et les Indes, les cabines à bâbord étaient la plupart du temps à l’ombre quand on voyageait vers l’est et
les cabines à tribord quand on rentrait en Angleterre. Aussi les meilleures et les plus chères étaient POSH
(Port Out Starboard Home).

B Staying somewhere
a package holiday un voyage organisé an en-suite une salle de bain privée
a resort un lieu de villégiature bathroom
a spa une ville thermale an extra pillow un oreiller de plus
a camp site un camping a cot un lit d’enfant
an RV (recreational un camping-car to vacate a room libérer une chambre
vehicle), a motorhome to unwind* se détendre
self-catering un logement off the beaten track hors des sentiers battus
accommodation indépendant remote lointain, reculé
overpriced trop cher unspoilt intact
no vacancies complet crowded encombré de monde
full board en pension complète

➦ The Grand Tour defined by the New York Times in 2008: “Three hundred years ago, wealthy
young Englishmen began taking a post-Oxbridge trek through France and Italy in search of art,
culture and the roots of Western civilization.”
Le Grand Tour défini par le New York Times en 2008 : « Il y a trois cents ans, de jeunes Anglais riches com-
mencèrent à parcourir la France et l’Italie après leurs études à Oxford ou Cambridge en quête d’art, de
culture et des racines de la civilisation occidentale. »

Self-
Le préfixe self- exprime l’idée de réflexivité : self-confidence (la confiance en soi) ; self-satisfied
(autosatisfait) ; self-control (le contrôle de soi).
Le nom self désigne l’ego, le moi : He is back to his old self again. (Il est de nouveau lui-même.)

136
 CHECK POINT

1 Traduisez les phrases suivantes. A

1. Nous lèverons l’ancre à 6 heures du matin.
2. C’est complet. Vous auriez dû réserver.
3. Nous avons fait escale six heures à Chicago.
4. Quel est l’itinéraire le plus direct pour aller au centre-ville ?
5. Vous aurez une réduction si vous prenez un aller-retour.

2 Complétez ces phrases avec les mots : spa • off the beaten track • self-catering •
unwind • resorts. B
1. Looking for a beautiful and unique destination where you can shop until you drop but also relax
and …… ? Then, go to Bath, the ultimate …… break destination for thousands of years.
2. Hawaii ……-…… accommodation provides all the facilities you need for your home-away-from-
home.
3. Most of the 5 star hotels and …… in Goa are located in south Goa, which is great if you want
to get away from it all.
4. If you’re after a truly unique experience, a real …… …… …… …… cultural experience, to
discover places very few outsiders have travelled, then these are the tours for you.

3 Cette petite carte était posée sur la table de

nuit dans une chambre d’hôtel en Nouvelle-
Zélande. Un mot a été effacé : lequel ? B

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

4 Choisissez les termes qui conviennent pour compléter ces paragraphes sur le
tourisme. Vérifiez vos réponses sur le site.
1. I don’t look down/up on tourism. I live in Hawaii where we have 7 million visitors a year. If they
weren’t there, there would be no economy. So I understand why a tourist economy is insignificant/
necessary. (Paul Theroux)
2. The global phenomenon of poverty tourism - or “poorism” - has become less/increasingly popular
during the past few years. Tourists pay/are allowed to be guided through the favelas of Brazil and
the shantytowns of South Africa. The recently opened Los Angeles Gang Tour carries visitors through
battle-scarred territories of country/urban violence and deprivation. (Leslie Jamison)
3. Some 898 million international tourists are invading/protecting beaches, historic monuments,
great cities and even smaller/greater wilderness areas, doing irreversible damage. (Elizabeth Becker)

BUILD UP

5 Associez les noms ou adjectifs composés suivants aux définitions ci-dessous :

self-sufficient • self-centered • self-taught • self-reliance • self-evident • self-pity.
1. educated by your own efforts: ……
2. independent: ……
3. the ability to depend on yourself to meet your own needs: ……
4. true, requiring no explanation: ……
5. a negative emotion felt when you think you are a victim of unfortunate circumstances: ……
6. concerned chiefly with one’s own interest, selfish: ……

65 - Travelling 137
 Une brève histoire de l’anglais
66 In 1966, Guinness chose to advertise
their famous stout by celebrating the
anniversary of the Norman Conquest
as it is related in the Bayeux Tapestry.
Notice the pun: “battle/“bottle”.

Le tableau suivant retrace très brièvement les origines de la langue anglaise.

55 BC Roman invasion of Britain. Local people speak Celtic

languages.*
436 AD The Romans withdraw.
* Very few words in English are of Celtic origin except place names such as York or Avon.

450-1100 AD The Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes push The invading tribes speak
away the Celtic speakers to what is now Wales, Germanic languages, which
Scotland and Ireland. * produced “Old English” (5th
century to 11th century).
9th century The Vikings conquer most of the territories
north of London. **
* Approximately one third of Anglo-Saxon vocabulary survives into modern English, including many of the
most basic, everyday words: earth, house, food, sing, night…
** Words derived from Norse or Danish include anger, cake, die, egg, freckle, knife, shame, shoulder, ship,
silver, skirt, smile, take…

1066 William the Conqueror (from Normandy) conquers Norman French becomes the
England. language of the court and of the
ruling classes.*
* Thousands of French words were absorbed into the English vocabulary: crown, castle, court, parliament,
army, grief, honest, beauty, banquet, art, poet, romance, coast, duke…
Many words were borrowed from Latin too, during the Middle Ages, when that language spread all over
Europe.

1348 English replaces Latin as the language of Middle English

instruction.
1362 English replaces French as the language of law.
1388 Chaucer starts writing the Canterbury Tales
considered one of the most important literary
works in English.
1400-1500 A sudden change in pronunciation occurs with Early modern English
vowels being pronounced longer, like the letter
“i”, which changed from \I\ to \aI\.
1564 William Shakespeare is born.*
1500-1800 The British have contacts with many peoples
from around the world. **
* Shakespeare coined new words and expressions that have remained in modern English: to dwindle
(diminuer), gloomy (lugubre), fretful (agité), it’s high time… (il est grand temps que…), Good riddance (bon
débarras), an eyesore (une horreur), the game is up (tout est perdu).
** With these fresh findings come new words from across the globe, including macaroni, violin from Italian;
magazine, sherbet (un sorbet) from Arabic; coffee, yoghurt, kiosk from Turkish; tomato, potato, tobacco
from Spanish; waltz, delicatessen from German, robot from Czech.

138
 CHECK POINT

1 Complétez la suite du tableau de gauche avec les termes suivants : technology •

globalization • dictionary.

1828 Webster publishes his American English …… .

1800-1947 The Industrial Revolution and …… create a need for new words. *
20th-21st century New words appear, due to technology, fashion and …… .

* Newly coined words include biology, caffeine, cityscape, centigrade, watt, bacterium, chromosome
and claustrophobia.

2 Complétez les phrases suivantes avec un de ces mots d’origine latine : versus •
Census • millenium • Museum • climax.
1. The latest …… Bureau estimate recorded California’s official population as 37,691,912.
2. The Metropolitan …… of Art, which includes its Main Building on Fifth Avenue and The Cloisters
museum and gardens in northern Manhattan, dates back to 1866.
3. The Dome on the Greenwich peninsula is a large dome-shaped building, originally used to house
a major exhibition celebrating the beginning of the third …… .
4. Control …… freedom: what is the wise course?
5. At the age of 45, he reached the …… of his career.

3 Les paysans anglo-saxons les élevaient, les seigneurs normands les mangeaient.
Complétez le tableau suivant.

live animal ox – cow …… calf ……

meat …… mutton …… pork

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

4 Traduisez ces titres de pièces de Shakespeare ou ces phrases qui en sont

extraites et que (presque) tous les anglophones connaissent.
1. Much ado about nothing
2. “It’s all Greek to me.” (Julius Cesar)
3. “The world’s my oyster.” (The Merry Wives of Windsor)
4. “This is a sorry sight.” (Macbeth)
5. “All the world’s a stage.” (As you like it)
6. All is well that ends well
7. “Now is the winter of our discontent.” (Richard III)

5 Du français et du latin dans les devises de l’Angleterre et des États-Unis. Remettez

les devises à leur place : E pluribus unum (Out of many, one) • “Dieu et mon droit” •
“Honi soit qui mal y pense”. Puis vérifiez vos réponses sur le site.
1. …… is the motto (la devise) of the British monarch. It refers to the divine right of the monarch
to govern. It’s supposed to have been used by Richard the Lionheart, who reigned from 1189 to
1199, as a battle cry. It became the official motto of English monarchs in the 15th century.
2. One legend claims that whilst dancing the Countess of Salisbury lost her garter, which caused
some courtiers to snigger. King Edward III (1312-1377) then picked it up and tied it to his own leg,
exclaiming …… . This phrase quickly became the motto of the Order of the Garter, the world’s
oldest national order of knighthood, first instituted in 1344.
3. …… is the motto suggested by the committee Congress appointed on July 4, 1776 to design
“a seal for the United States of America”. The motto implies that there’s one nation despite the
diversity of its people.

66 - Une brève histoire de l’anglais 139

 Quelques origines
67
Wellies are drying outside Brooke
Camp’s trading post (Alaska).

A Noms dont l’origine est un nom de personne

wellingtons (wellies) [GB]
(des bottes en caoutchouc)
a sandwich
(un sandwich)
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1769-1852), was a British soldier
and statesman.
John Montagu, the 4th Earl of Sandwich (1718-1792), would spend long
hours at the gaming tables. In order to carry on with his gambling and not
waste time having lunch, he would order a bread and meat concoction.

Adjectifs dérivés de noms propres

Certains adjectifs sont dérivés du nom de personnalités historiques ou littéraires célèbres pour qualifier ce
qui est « à la manière de… » :
Machiavelli ➞ Machiavellian, Dickens ➞ Dickensian, Orwell ➞ Orwellian, Freud ➞ Freudian,
Napoleon ➞ Napoleonic, Kafka ➞ Kafkaesque.

B Noms dont l’origine est un nom de lieu

bedlam Bedlam was the name of a famous London mental hospital.
(un tohu-bohu, un chahut)
suede It was borrowed in the 17th century from the French Suède (Sweden) in
(du daim) the expression gants de Suède.
denim The word comes from the French Serge de Nîmes. This sturdy fabric was
(de la toile de jean) originally made in the French city of Nîmes.
gipsy The word is an alteration of “gypcian”, a dialectal form in Middle English
(bohémien) of “egypcien” (Egyptian), from the supposed origin of these people.
tawdry “Audrey” was a later form of “Etheldrida” (died in 679), patron saint of
(de mauvais goût, Ely, where tawdry laces (dentelles), along with other cheap finery, were
clinquant) traditionally sold at a fair.

C Faux emprunts
Le français a emprunté et emprunte de nombreux termes à l’anglais en conservant leur sens (Internet, du
chewing-gum, un best seller…). Attention cependant à un certain nombre de faux amis.

camping activité de un camping a campsite, a campground

camper
baskets des paniers des baskets trainers, tennis shoes, sneakers [US]
smoking l’action de fumer un smoking a tuxedo, a dinner jacket
lifting action de lever un lifting a facelift

un parking a car park un coca light a diet coke

un recordman a record holder un rugbyman a rugby player

140
 CHECK POINT

1 Complétez les phrases suivantes. A B C

1. The exhibition had never seen so many visitors at one time. It was total …… .
2. It’s muddy, you should slip on your …… to work in the garden.
3. His jacket was made of soft, supple …… the colour of chestnuts.
4. The sea front is now full of …… souvenir shops and lousy coffee shops.
5. The building has been given a complete …… , which gives it a more contemporary look.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

2 Assemblez les mots donnés dans la colonne de gauche avec les données de la
colonne de droite puis complétez les noms propres dont ils proviennent. Vérifiez
vos réponses sur le site.
From the name of…
1. a teddy bear a. the Hungarian inventor of ballpoint pens: Jozsef ……
2. a hoover b. the city in Italy where they were made: G……a
3. a mac(kintosh) c. the Scottish engineer who first proposed compacted crushed stone as a road
covering: John Loudon ……
4. a boycott d. the President who spared the life of a bear cub on a hunting trip: Theodore
Roosevelt, nicknamed Teddy.
5. a biro e. an English land agent in Ireland who was ostracized for refusing to reduce
rents in the 1880s: Captain Charles ……
6. jeans f. an engineer who invented a method for making waterproof garments: Charles
……
7. a derrick g. an American businessman who produced vacuum cleaners: William Henry
……
8. macadam h. a 17th century hangman; the word originally referred to a gallows (un gibet):
Goodman ……

3 Les phrases suivantes sont-elles correctes ? Corrigez-les si besoin est.

1. The parking was full so I had to drive round the block several times before I could find a free space.
2. He’s planning a safari in Kenya for the holidays.
3. He was ahead of his planning.
4. Will you wear a smoking for her wedding?
5. This famous tennisman retired when he was 30.
6. Don’t buy another dress, your dressing is full!
7. Who is the current world recordman in high jump?

4 Cette publicité photographiée à Montréal pour la

voiture “FIT” comporte un jeu de mot sur un
adjectif emprunté à l’américain. Lequel ?

BUILD UP

5 Complétez ces phrases à l’aide des adjectifs dérivés de noms propres donnés à
gauche.
1. Ultimately, we will find ourselves in an …… world where “all animals are equal but some are
more equal than others”.
2. It is a verbal or memory mistake believed to be linked to the unconscious mind. It is a …… slip.
3. This campaign marked the end of the …… domination in Italy.
4. Those inquiries have been secretive, bureaucratic, …… .
5. The working conditions of some miners can only be described as …… situations.

67 - Quelques origines 141

 Binômes
68
Buy and save!

A Binômes composés de noms, de verbes ou d’adjectifs

• Les binômes sont des expressions figées comportant deux mots de même nature, le plus souvent reliés par
and. L’ordre des mots est très rarement inversé. Les deux mots ont un sens proche ou sont souvent associés.

peace and quiet la quiétude, le repos fish and chips du poisson avec frites
law and order l’ordre public pros and cons le pour et le contre
life and times la vie et l’époque lost and found (objects) les objets trouvés
safe and sound sain et sauf men and women hommes et femmes
salt and vinegar du sel et du vinaigre wait and see on verra bien

➦ Time to get ready for school. Come on, rise and shine!
C’est l’heure de te préparer pour l’école. Allez, debout !

• Certains binômes sont fondés sur la rime ou l’allitération.

odds and ends
hustle and bustle
spick and span
trials and tribulations
rest and relaxation
des bricoles fair and square juste et loyal
un tourbillon d’activités, high and mighty arrogant
l’effervescence to leave* sb high laisser qqn en plan
impeccable and dry
les tribulations tit for tat un prêté pour un rendu
la paix et le bien-être

➦ Don’t act so high and mighty!

Ne te donne pas de grands airs.
➦ This is Europe’s strength, which we must preserve through thick and thin. (europarl.europa.eu)
C’est la force de l’Europe, que nous devons préserver contre vents et marées.
➦ Fluctuations in oil prices are part and parcel of the oil industry.
Les fluctuations du prix du pétrole font partie intégrante de l’industrie du pétrole.

B Binômes composés de mots grammaticaux

ups and downs les hauts et les bas back and forth aller-retour, de long en large
ifs and buts des objections up and about sur pied
ins and outs les tenants et les aboutissants dos and don’ts ce qu’il faut faire et ne pas faire
down and out dans la misère, indigent now and again de temps à autre

➦ Our democracies are slowly but surely infiltrated by dirty money.

Nos démocraties sont infiltrées lentement mais sûrement par de l’argent sale.
➦ I collected these articles here and there last week.
J’ai recueilli ces articles ici et là la semaine dernière.
➦ We sat around talking about this and that.
On était assis, à parler de tout et de rien.

142
 CHECK POINT

1 Complétez ces phrases à l’aide des binômes suivants : do’s and don’ts • pros and
cons • safe and sound • down and out • high and dry • tit-for-tat • R&D (Research and
Development) • life and times • ifs or buts. A B

1. In their declaration, they are saying “yes” to human rights with no …… or …… .

2. …… and …… in Paris and London, by George Orwell, is a memoir on the theme of poverty in
the two cities.
3. Did you carefully weigh the …… and …… before making this decision?
4. The United States condemns the …… - …… - …… spiral of violence.
5. This book documents Abraham Lincoln’s …… and …… .
6. Over the past five years, the government has committed $910 million to fund advanced …… &
…… projects.
7. The video provides a list of …… and …… for the consumer.
8. When the factory closed, the community was left …… and …… .
9. Both her brothers came home …… and …… after the war.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

2 Formez des binômes en utilisant un mot de la colonne de gauche avec un mot de

la colonne de droite (tous les mots de la colonne de droite ne doivent pas être
utilisés). Traduisez les binômes ainsi formés. Vérifiez vos réponses sur le site.
1. pick and • up – for all
2. sick and • butter – die
3. leaps and • choose – thick
4. rise and • miss – forth
5. back and • again – fall
6. once and • pull – bounds
7. bread and • off – jump
8. on and • then – tired

3 Au Japon, il est parfois un peu difficile de comprendre les binômes ! Expliquez en

français ce que vous comprenez de cet avis photographié dans un riokan.

4 Joignez les deux termes à l’aide de and, or ou but. Traduisez les expressions
obtenues.
1. sooner …… later 7. sink …… swim
2. first …… foremost 8. slowly …… surely
3. friend …… foe 9. black …… blue
4. strange …… true 10. wash …… wear
5. dead …… alive 11. heads …… tails
6. all …… nothing 12. hugs …… kisses

68 - Binômes 143
 Homographes/-nymes /-phones
69
On this road sign in Alaska, the slogan
is a play on two homophones: brake
(frein de voiture) and give sb a break
(laisser qqn tranquille). You might
translate: « Freinez votre élan ! »

A Quelques homographes
Les homographes sont identiques par leur graphie mais pas par leur sens ni par leur prononciation !
close \klEÁs\ proche minute \"mInIt\ une minute
close \klEÁz\ fermer minute \maI"nju…t\ infime, minime
desert \"dezEt\ un désert row \rEÁ\ une rangée/ramer
desert \dI"z∏…t\ abandonner, déserter row \raÁ\ une dispute
lead* \li…d\ mener, conduire tear* \teE\ déchirer, une déchirure
lead \led\ du plomb tear \tIE\ une larme
live \lIv\ vivre wind \wInd\ le vent
live \laIv\ vivant, en direct wind* \waInd\ serpenter/remonter [une montre]

B Quelques homophones
Les homophones sont identiques par leur prononciation mais pas par leur graphie ni par leur sens !
\aIl\ aisle nef, couloir isle île
\E"laÁd\ aloud à haute voix allowed autorisé
\beE\ bear* supporter bare nu
\breIk\ break* casser brake freiner
\"sIErIEl\ cereal céréale serial feuilleton
\daI\ die mourir dye teindre
\hO…s\ hoarse enroué horse cheval
\hEÁl\ hole trou whole entier
\saIz\ size taille sighs soupirs
\sti…l\ steal* voler steel acier
\weIt\ wait attendre weight poids
\wItS\ which que [pronom relatif] witch sorcière

C Quelques homonymes
Les homonymes sont identiques par leur graphie et leur prononciation mais pas par leur sens !
bear un ours porter, supporter
change un changement de la monnaie
date une date [dans le temps] un rendez-vous, une datte [fruit]
down en bas, vers le bas le duvet
fine beau, fin une amende
light lumière clair, léger, facile
sink un évier sombrer
sole une semelle seul
wave une vague faire un geste de la main, agiter

144
 CHECK POINT

1 Choisissez la bonne prononciation. Vérifiez vos réponses sur le site. A

1. These regulations limit the concentration of lead \li…d\ • \led\ in petrol.
2. Why did you tear \tIE\ • \teE\ up his letter?
3. Her wedding was planned in minute \maI"nju…t\ • \"mInIt\ detail.
4. She was close \klEÁz\ • \klEÁs\ to tears.
5. The Serpentine River, which winds \wIndz\ • \waIndz\ through Hyde Park, provided
a focal point for the Great Exhibition of 1851.
6. He won the Wimbledon championships three times in a row \raÁ\ • \rEÁ\.

2 Choisissez le mot qui convient. B

1. What kind of cereal/serial do you have for breakfast?
2. The Liverpool supporters shouted themselves hoarse/horse.
3. Stainless steal/steel is sometimes called inox steel/steal.
4. The Bridge of size/sighs is located in Venice but there are two Bridges of sighs/size in England:
one in Oxford, the other in Cambridge.
5. You can take a brake/break now but be back in five minutes.

3 Traduisez les phrases suivantes. C

1. A detailed itinerary for this trip will be published at a later date.
2. For this expedition we recommend very warm clothing: down jacket, hat, mittens…
3. I gave the driver a fifty-dollar bill and told him to keep the change.
4. What happens if I do not pay my foreign traffic fine?
5. Store in the original packaging in order to protect from light and moisture.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

4 Les phrases suivantes sont-elles correctes ? Corrigez-les si elles sont fausses.

1. Its high time you made up your mind.
2. He went back and fourth.
3. I wonder whether she will come.
4. I’m astounded by people who want to know the universe when it’s so hard to find your way
around Chinatown. (Woody Allen)
5. This company wants to have it’s cake and eat it.
6. There plane was three hours late and they were glad to get there at long last.
7. Jonathan, who’s usually late, was early for once.
8. Do you know Fiona, who’s father works with yours?
9. You were in Ireland. What was the whether like?

5 Cette pancarte photographiée en Inde comporte une erreur fondée sur deux mots
très proches. Lesquels ?

69 - Homographes/-nymes /-phones 145

 Onomatopées et interjections
70
A sea otter is crunching on a
starfish in Valdez harbour (Alaska).

A Quelques onomatopées
Une onomatopée est un mot dont le son évoque ce qu’il désigne.

• cr- en début de mot : évoque souvent le bruit de quelque chose qui craque
to crackle grésiller, crépiter to crush froisser, écraser
to crunch crisser, croquer to crack faire claquer, casser [un œuf]
crispy croustillant to creak grincer, craquer [parquet]

• sp- ou dr- en début de mot : décrit souvent le son de l’eau

to splash éclabousser a spring une source
to spray pulvériser to spurt gicler
to sprinkle asperger to drip tomber goutte à goutte, s’égoutter
to squirt jaillir, gicler to drizzle bruiner
to spill* renverser un liquide drenched trempé

• cl- en début de mot : évoque souvent un choc entre des objets métalliques ou en verre
a clang, a clank un cliquetis to click faire un bruit métallique
a clap une tape to clink tinter
a clatter un martèlement, un bruit de vaisselle

• wh- en début de mot : évoque souvent un souffle d’air

a whiff une bouffée to whisper murmurer
a whizz un sifflement to whirr vrombir
to whip fouetter a whimper un gémissement

Quelques bruits d’animaux

A dog barks when he is disturbed. • A sheep baas. • Bees buzz. • A young bird chirps. • A snake
hisses. • A cow moos. • A cat purrs when he or she is happy. • A duck quacks.

B Quelques interjections
Si vous désirez en apprendre davantage, lisez des bandes dessinées…

Phew, that smells awful! Oops, I made a mistake!

Eek! I saw a spider.
Tsk, tsk, tsk, what a bad decision that was!
Ugh, that drink tastes terrible.
Huh? You don’t like it, huh?
Ouch! That hurts, stop it.
Ahem… could I have your attention please?
Bingo, that’s what I was looking for!
“Achoo!” “God bless you.”
Wow, that’s a great idea!
Gee, it’s hot! [US]
“Snap, Crackle, Pop, Rice Krispies.”
“Plop, plop, fizz, fizz, oh what a relief it is.”
[slogan of Alka Seltzer, US]

146
 CHECK POINT

1 Complétez les phrases suivantes avec une onomatopée. A B

1. “Nightingale Floors” (parquets rossignols) were used in some Japanese castles to …… and sing
when walked upon. This warned of intruders.
2. A Bigger …… is a large painting by British pop artist David Hockney. It shows a swimming pool
disturbed by a large …… of water created by a figure that’s disappeared under the water. [utiliser
deux fois le même mot]
3. Don’t be so upset: it’s no use crying over …… milk.
4. I heard the tyres of his car ……ing on the gravel outside: he was back home.
5. They were washing up, I could hear the …… of dishes in the kitchen.
6. You do not need to iron this shirt: the material is ……-dry.
7. What would breakfast be without …… bacon and eggs?

2 Traduisez. A B
1. The sergeant barked orders at the new recruits.
2. Their new line of products is generating a buzz.
3. I was sitting in his gorgeous new Jaguar. Suddenly, he said: “Listen, it purrs!”
4. The orator was hissed off the platform.
5. “This is the way the world ends/Not with a bang but a whimper…” (T. S. Eliot, The Hollow Men)

3 Attribuez une des onomatopées suivantes à chacune de ces photos : Eek! • Ouch! •
Huh? • Splash • Oops! A B

1. …… 2. ……

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

4 Faites coïncider les interjections avec ce qu’elles expriment puis traduisez-les.

1. Ahem • expresses relief
2. Eek • is used to gain attention
3. Oops • expresses an unpleasant surprise
4. Ouch • signals pain
5. Phew • calls attention to an error
6. Ugh • expresses pleasure
7. Wow • is an exclamation of disgust

5 Complétez les phrases avec l’interjection qui vous paraît appropriée :

Sh… • Er \∏…\… • Yoo-hoo • Hurray • Mmm • Yum… • Hey… Puis vérifiez vos
réponses sur le site.
1. “Well, you know, yes …… the thing is…”
2. “ …… ! There’s something that might interest you!”
3. “You’ve won? …… !”
4. “Would you like some cheesecake?” “ …… yes please, it looks delicious.”
5. After tasting it: “ …… it is delicious.”
6. “ …… , keep your voice down, my cat is sleeping.”
7. “ …… , did you hear me?”

70 - Onomatopées et interjections 147

 Quelques comparaisons courantes
71
As free as a bird…

Ces expressions sont de véritables clichés. N’en abusez pas lorsque vous rédigez mais il est bon de les
connaître car elles font partie intégrante de la culture de la langue parlée. Notez les différences avec le
français.

A (As…) as
comparison meaning
as hungry as a wolf very hungry
as sick as a dog very sick
as quiet as a mouse very quiet
as happy as a lark (une alouette) very happy
as blind as a bat (une chauve-souris) who can’t see well
as stubborn as a mule obstinate
as busy as a bee (une abeille) very busy
as snug as a bug (une mite) in a rug (un tapis) warm and comfortable
as red as a beetroot (une betterave) very red
as white as snow white and beautiful
as white as a sheet (un drap) pale from horror or fear
as thin as a rake (un rateau) very thin
Le premier as peut être supprimé : I can’t go to the beach tomorrow. I’ll be busy as a bee/I’ll be as
busy as a bee. (Je ne pourrai pas aller à la plage demain. Je serai très occupé.)

B Like
comparison meaning
to sleep* like a log (une bûche) to sleep very well
to be* like a bull (un taureau) in a china shop to be very clumsy
to eat* like a bird to eat very little
to drink* like a fish to drink a lot of alcoholic beverages
to know* sth like the back of one’s hand to know sth very well
to work like a dream [speaking of a plan, a machine] to work very well
to be* like a cat on a hot tin roof to be jumpy and nervous

C Collocations
comparison meaning
a birdbrain a stupid person [péjoratif]
to have* butter fingers to be* very clumsy [péjoratif]
to have* an eagle eye to notice many things, even small details

148
 CHECK POINT

1 Complétez les phrases en employant une comparaison. A B

1. I can’t read this text: the print is too small and I am as blind as …… …… .
2. She drank like …… …… at the party and then she was as sick as …… …… on the way home.
3. She turned as white as …… …… when she learned that her son had been rushed to hospital.
4. The hotel was very tidy, the sheets were as white as …… .
5. Why do you always refuse my suggestions? You really are as stubborn as …… …… .
6. He smiled at her, she turned as red as …… …… .
7. It’s very quiet here, I slept like …… …… .
8. “Don’t wake me up please if you come home late.” “I promise, I’ll be as quiet as …… …… .”

2 Voici trois photos. Composez une légende comprenant une comparaison

appropriée. A B

1. She is …… …… …… 2. This vintage car still works 3. He is as …… …… ……

…… . like …… …… . …… …… …… …… .

3 Faites correspondre les comparaisons et leur sens. C

1. lion-hearted • somebody very dear
2. an ugly duckling • experiencing ups and downs
3. a hail (la grêle) of abuse • very brave, courageous
4. a heart of stone • somebody who is not attractive or success-
5. the apple of somebody’s eye ful but who is likely to become attractive or
6. on a rollercoaster (montagnes russes) successful
of emotions • a lot of abuse
• very cold and unfeeling

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

4 Formez des comparaisons en associant un terme de gauche à un terme de droite

puis traduisez les expressions en français.
1. ugly • toast
2. warm • silk
3. soft • sin
4. solid • an ox (un bœuf)
5. gentle • an arrow (une flèche)
6. strong • a rock
7. straight • a lamb

5 Lisez les phrases suivantes puis traduisez-les.

1. Her elder son is the apple of her eye.
2. You’ve broken another glass; you really have butter fingers!
3. Over the last few years the popularity of the pro Europeans has been on a roller coaster.
4. The ugly duckling eventually became a beautiful swan.
5. That “birdbrain” just drove right through three rows of traffic lights and into a front garden.

71 - Quelques comparaisons courantes 149

 Proverbes
72 “Birds of a feather flock together.”
(Qui se ressemble s’assemble.)
Here you can see King penguins (des
manchots royaux) in South Georgia,
a British Overseas Territory in the
Southern Atlantic ocean.
Il est important de connaître les proverbes les plus usuels car ils font partie de la langue parlée. Certains ne
sont pas toujours cités intégralement ; le début suffit souvent à l’interlocuteur pour saisir le sens du message.
A Proverbes comprenant do ou don’t
Do as I say, not as I do.
Don’t count your chickens before they’re
hatched.
Don’t judge a book by its cover.
Don’t put all your eggs in the same basket.
Don’t put the cart before the horse.
Don’t bite the hand that feeds you.
When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
B Proverbes comprenant un modal
You can’t make an omelette without breaking
eggs.
Beggars can’t be choosers.
All good things must come to an end.
Accidents will happen.
As you sow, so shall you reap.
Boys will be boys.
C Autres structures
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
A penny saved is a penny earned.
A debt paid is a friend kept.
Easy come, easy go.
Forewarned is forearmed.
First come, first served.
Out of sight, out of mind.
He who laughs last laughs best.
The early bird catches the worm.
Better late than never.
Charity begins at home.
Where there’s a will there’s a way.
150
Fais ce que je dis, non ce que je fais.
Il ne faut pas vendre la peau de l’ours avant de l’avoir
tué.
Il ne faut pas se fier aux apparences.
Il ne faut pas mettre tous ses œufs dans le même
panier.
Il ne faut pas mettre la charrue avant les bœufs.
Il ne faut pas cracher dans la soupe.
Autre pays, autres mœurs.
On ne fait pas d’omelette sans casser des œufs.
Nécessité fait loi.
Toute bonne chose a une fin.
Un malheur est vite arrivé.
On récolte ce qu’on sème.
Il faut que jeunesse se passe.
C’est dans le besoin qu’on reconnaît ses amis.
Il n’y a pas de petit profit.
Les bons comptes font les bons amis.
Ça va, ça vient… C’est la vie.
Un homme averti en vaut deux.
Premier arrivé, premier servi.
Loin des yeux, loin du cœur.
Rira bien qui rira le dernier.
L’avenir appartient à ceux qui se lèvent tôt.
Mieux vaut tard que jamais.
Charité bien ordonnée commence par soi-même.
Quand on veut, on peut.
 CHECK POINT

1 Retrouvez les proverbes anglais à partir de ces gloses. A B C

1. If someone helps you, be careful not to say bad things about them.
2. Saving money is like making money.
3. Be patient. Wait until you’ve succeeded to think about what to do next.
4. If you’re asking for a favour from someone, take whatever they give.
5. Don’t risk all your time or money in one plan.
6. Wake up early and start work early if you want to succeed.

2 Complétez les proverbes suivants. A C

1. Where there’s a …… there’s a way. 5. First …… , first served.
2. A debt paid is a …… kept. 6. Out of …… , out of mind.
3. Do as I say, not as I …… . 7. Don’t put the …… before the horse.
4. Better …… than never. 8. When in …… , do as the Romans do.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Un certain nombre de proverbes contiennent des noms d’animaux. Retrouvez de

quel animal il s’agit : leopard • camel • dogs • bird • fish • swallow (hirondelle) • cat.
1. Let sleeping …… lie.
2. One …… doesn’t make a summer.
3. It’s the last straw that breaks the …… ’s back.
4. When the …… is away the mice will play.
5. A …… in the hand is worth two in the bush.
6. A …… can’t change its spots.
7. There are plenty more …… in the sea.

Traduisez maintenant les proverbes que vous venez de reconstituer.

4 Faites correspondre les proverbes ci-dessous et leur sens. Puis vérifiez vos
réponses sur le site.

Proverbe
1. The pen is mightier than the sword.
2. No man is an island.
3. There’s no place like home.
4. God helps those who help themselves.
5. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.
6. Two heads are better than one.
7. You can lead a horse to water but you
can’t make him drink.
8. All’s well that ends well.
9. Call a spade a spade.
10. Money doesn’t grow on trees.
Sens
a. Everybody needs help from other people.
b. When two people cooperate, they have better ideas.
c. You can’t oblige someone to accept your help.
d. You have to work a lot to earn money. It doesn’t
come without effort.
e. The best place to be is your own home.
f. Trying to convince with words is more effective
than fighting.
g. Different people have different ideas about what
is beautiful.
h. Don’t wait for a miracle. Work hard if you want to
succeed.
i. Speak honestly and directly.
j. A difficult situation has ended with a positive result.

72 - Proverbes 151
 L’anglais journalistique (journalese)
73
Eye-catching headlines are
characteristic of most newspapers.

A Les titres (headlines)

Un titre se doit d’être accrocheur et assez bref. Parfois, on n’en comprendra le sens qu’en lisant le début de
l’article.

• Spécificités grammaticales les plus courantes

emploi du présent pour se référer à des
événements passés, omission des auxiliaires
emploi de l’infinitif pour faire allusion à des
événements à venir
omission des articles
omission du verbe say
Typhoon Lashes Northeast Philippines,
Landslides Feared (Reuters, 10 May 2015)
Inquiry To Be Held Into Election Poll Accuracy
(Sky News, 10 May 2015)
Dog rescued from house fire (CNN, June 2015)
EU Vote “Could Trigger New Scottish
Referendum” (Sky News, May 2015)

• Spécificités lexicales

prédilection pour les mots courts
pour cette même raison, utilisation d’archaïsmes
utilisation de jeux de mots pour attirer le lecteur
“poll” pour “election”, “blast” pour “explosion”
“foe” pour “enemy”, “agog” pour “impatient”
From Russia with… gloves. Siberian weather
to hit UK (The Daily Mirror)
[Jeu de mot sur le titre du film From Russia with Love,
deuxième film autour du personnage James Bond.]

B Quelques termes très employés dans la presse

the aftermath les suites dyed-in-the-wool bon teint
all-time sans précédent groundwork les bases
backlash des répercussions, impending imminent
une réaction violente a mainstay un pilier
a benchmark un critère overkill exagéré
a deadlock une impasse a toll un bilan, un prix négatif

to backfire avoir un effet imprévu to pool mettre en commun

to defuse désamorcer to scupper faire échouer
to endorse soutenir to shelve mettre au placard
to flare up s’embraser to skyrocket monter en flèche
to map out planifier to tackle s’attaquer à [problème]
to monitor surveiller to vet examiner avec soin

cut and dried clair et net to sit* on the fence ne pas prendre parti
to pave the way for préparer le terrain pour a knock-on effect un effet domino
to pay* lip service to reconnaître pour la a losing battle un combat perdu
forme d’avance
to ride* high in the caracoler en tête des
polls sondages

152
 CHECK POINT

1 Réécrivez ces titres en rétablissant les formes grammaticales usuelles. A

1. Picasso painting sets record for art at auction, selling for $179M (USA Today)
2. RMT (Rail, Maritime and Transport) union to announce decision on “most disruptive (perturbateur)
industrial action in living memory” (The Independent)
3. Woman CRUSHED by giant advertising billboard on London street (The Daily Express)

2 Traduisez les phrases suivantes. B

1. They have to vet any expenditure exceeding 700 euros.
2. A diplomatic initiative is necessary to try and break the deadlock.
3. The issue of pension reform is not cut and dried.
4. The new party is riding high in the polls.
5. Margaret Thatcher (1925-2013) was a dyed-in-the-wool conservative.
6. The President’s popularity is at an all-time low.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

3 Faites correspondre ces titres d’article avec leur sujet. Explicitez ensuite le jeu de
mots dont ils se servent. Puis vérifiez vos réponses sur le site.
1. “Burning questions on tunnel safety unanswered” (The Guardian)
2. “Gord help us now” (The Daily Express)
3. “On board but never bored” (The Financial Times)
4. “Material obsessions” (The Financial Times)
5. “Zing and yang” (The Financial Times)
6. “From fact to friction” (The Financial Times)
a. a new mega ship which offers endless entertainment
b. a berry which can spice up a dressing for raw fish
c. what historians and novelists can learn from each other
d. the possibility of fires in the Channel tunnel
e. Gordon Brown’s arrival at 10 Downing Street
f. fabrics in every texture ruled the runway at Milan fashion shows

4 Les noms de lieu sont souvent utilisés dans la presse pour désigner les
institutions qui y sont installées. Retrouvez ce que désigne le lieu indiqué.
1. Buckingham Palace • la presse britannique
2. Stormont • la présidence américaine
3. Fleet street • le gouvernement britannique
4. Westminster • la royauté, la famille royale
5. Broadway • l’Assemblée nord-irlandaise
6. Capitol Hill • le Parlement britannique
7. White Hall • les gens ordinaires (États-Unis)
8. Madison avenue • le monde du théâtre (New York)
9. The Oval Office • le Congrès américain
10. Main Street • le monde de la publicité aux États-Unis

73 - L’anglais journalistique (journalese) 153

Tableaux de synthèse

Verbes ou expressions suivis de V-ing : She enjoys meeting people.

1 They kept calling us. I don’t mind going with you.

Verbes qui supposent une expérience vécue

acknowledge : reconnaître
admit : admettre
appreciate : apprécier
be worth : valoir la peine
can’t bear : ne pas supporter
can’t help : ne pas pouvoir s’empêcher de
can’t stand : ne pas supporter
deny : nier/refuser
dislike : ne pas aimer
enjoy : prendre plaisir à
hate : détester
it’s no good/no use : il est inutile de
miss : s’ennuyer de
spend time : passer du temps
tolerate : tolérer

Verbes qui décrivent une action ayant déjà commencé

finish : finir
give up : cesser de, abandonner
keep : ne pas arrêter de
keep on : continuer à
stop : arrêter

Verbes qui signalent du déjà envisagé

avoid : éviter
consider : envisager
contemplate : songer à
imagine : imaginer
involve : impliquer
mind : voir une objection à
prevent : empêcher
risk : risquer
suggest : suggérer

Verbes ou expressions suivis de to + V-ing : I am used to getting up early.

2
it amounts to doing sth : cela revient à faire qqch.
be accustomed to doing sth : être habitué à faire qqch.
be addicted to doing sth : s’adonner à qqch.
be used to doing sth : être habitué à faire qqch.
get round to doing sth : arriver à faire qqch.
get used to doing sth : s’habituer à faire qqch.
look forward to doing sth : avoir hâte de faire qqch.
object to doing sth : ne pas vouloir faire qqch.
prefer doing sth to doing sth : préférer faire qqch. à faire qqch.
take to doing sth : se mettre à faire qqch.

154
 Verbes suivis de to + verbe : Do you refuse to obey?
3
agree : être d’accord
appear : sembler
choose : choisir de
consent : consentir à
decide : décider de
fail : omettre de
hope : espérer
manage : réussir à
refuse : refuser de
swear : jurer de

Verbes suivis soit de to + verbe, soit d’un complément

4 + to + verbe : I want to leave./He wants them to leave.
ask : demander
beg : demander, supplier
expect : s’attendre à
help : aider
intend/mean : avoir l’intention de/vouloir que
offer : proposer
prefer : préférer
promise : promettre
propose : proposer
wait : attendre
want : vouloir
wish : souhaiter

Verbes nécessitant un complément avant to + verbe :

5 She persuaded him to read the letter.
advise : conseiller
allow : autoriser
compel : contraindre
encourage : encourager
force : forcer
invite : inviter
oblige : obliger à
order : ordonner
persuade : persuader
recommend : recommander
remind : rappeler qqch. à qqn
teach : enseigner
tell : dire
warn : prévenir

Tableaux de synthèse 155

Tableaux de synthèse

Quelques verbes + prépositions

6
• Verbe + about + complément
care about sth/sb (s’intéresser à qqch./bien aimer qqn), talk about sth/sb (parler de qqch./qqn),
think about sth/sb (penser à qqch./qqn)
• Verbe + after + complément
look after sth/sb (s’occuper de qqch./qqn), take after sb (ressembler à, tenir de qqn)
• Verbe + at + complément
stare at sth (regarder fixement qqch.), laugh at sb (se moquer de qqn), shout at sb (crier sur qqn)
• Verbe + for + complément
ask sb for sth (demander qqch. à qqn), blame sb for sth (reprocher qqch. à qqn), thank sb for sth
(remercier qqn pour qqch.), pay for sth (payer qqch.), wait for sth/sb (attendre qqch./qqn)
• Verbe + from + complément
borrow sth from sb (emprunter qqch. à qqn), buy sth from sb (acheter qqch. à qqn),
escape from sth (s’échapper de qqch.), prevent sb from doing sth (empêcher qqn de faire qqch.),
suffer from sth (souffrir de qqch.)
• Verbe + in + complément
take part in sth (participer à qqch.), succeed in sth (réussir dans qqch.)
• Verbe + into + complément
divide into sth (diviser par qqch.), drive into sth (heurter qqch. avec sa voiture),
run into sb (rencontrer qqn par hasard), translate into English (traduire en anglais)
• Verbe + of + complément
accuse sb of sth (accuser qqn de qqch.), dream of sth/sb (rêver de qqch./qqn),
remind sb of sth (rappeler qqch. à qqn), think of sth/sb (penser à qqch. /qqn)
• Verbe + off + complément
get off [a plane] (descendre [d’un avion])
• Verbe + on + complément
depend on sth/sb (dépendre de qqch./qqn), get on(to) [a train] (monter [dans un train]),
rely on sth/sb (compter sur qqch./qqn)
• Verbe + to + complément
announce sth to sb (annoncer qqch. à qqn), belong to sb (appartenir à qqn), describe sth to sb
(décrire qqch. à qqn), suggest sth to sb (suggérer qqch. à qqn)
• Verbe + with + complément
agree with sb (être d’accord avec qqn), cover with sth (couvrir de qqch.), fill with sth (remplir
de qqch.), provide sb with sth (fournir qqch. à qqn), trust sb with sth (confier qqch. à qqn)

Verbes qui se construisent comme give :

7 Leila gave Fred the keys./Leila gave the keys to Fred.
bring (apporter), feed (nourrir), give (donner), lend (prêter), offer (offrir), pay (payer), present
(présenter), promise (promettre), read (lire), sell (vendre), send (envoyer), show (montrer),
take (apporter), teach (enseigner), tell (raconter), write (écrire)

156
 Verbes qui se construisent comme buy :
8 Randolph bought Liz a ticket. / Randolph bought a ticket for Liz.
book (réserver), build (construire), buy (acheter), choose (choisir), cook (cuisiner), do (faire),
fetch (aller chercher), find (trouver), get (obtenir), keep (garder), leave (laisser), make (faire),
order (commander), play (jouer), reserve (réserver), save (mettre de côté)

Les adverbes
9
Adverbes de lieu somewhat : quelque peu
above : plus haut too : trop
behind : derrière totally : totalement
here : ici utterly : complètement
there : là/là-bas very : très
upstairs : en haut
Adverbes de liaison
Adverbes de temps actually : en fait
afterwards : après/par la suite and then : ensuite
already : déjà anyway : de toute façon
eventually : finalement/en fin de compte besides : d’ailleurs
now : maintenant firstly, secondly : premièrement,
once : autrefois deuxièmement
soon : bientôt hence : d’où
still : encore incidentally : à propos
then : alors moreover : de plus
today : aujourd’hui so : ainsi
weekly : chaque semaine somehow : pour une raison ou pour une
autre
Adverbes de fréquence therefore : par conséquent
thus : ainsi
always : toujours
never : ne... jamais Adverbes de liaison exprimant un contraste
now and then : de temps à autre
all the same : quand même
occasionally : de temps en temps
however : cependant
often : souvent
nevertheless : néanmoins
rarely/seldom : rarement
otherwise : sinon
sometimes : parfois
still : cependant
usually : d’habitude
though (en fin de phrase) : pourtant
It’s not difficult though.
Adverbes d’ajout
Ce n’est pourtant pas difficile.
also (en début de phrase) : en outre (and) yet : (et) pourtant
also, too : aussi
as well : également Adverbes de phrase
else : d’autre [What else? Quoi d’autre ?]
admittedly : certes/il faut le reconnaître
in addition : de plus
certainly : certainement
clearly : de toute évidence
Adverbes de degré
definitely : sans aucun doute
a little/a bit/slightly : un peu (un)fortunately : (mal)heureusement
almost/nearly : presque frankly : franchement
enough : assez hopefully : je l’espère
even : même maybe : peut-être
extremely : extrêmement naturally : naturellement
fairly : relativement obviously : manifestement
hardly/scarcely : à peine of course : bien sûr
highly : grandement personally : à mon avis
pretty : assez probably, presumably : vraisemblablement
quite : tout à fait/[parfois] plutôt surely : sûrement
so : tellement surprisingly : de manière surprenante

Tableaux de synthèse 157

Tableaux de synthèse

Les principales particules : around, along…

10
PARTICULE VALEUR PRINCIPALE EXEMPLE

about dans différentes directions walk about : se promener

across à travers (espace à deux walk across : traverser
dimensions – une rue par exemple)
along idée d’avancer le long de qqch. move along : avancer
around/round idée de circularité look round : regarder autour de soi
away idée d’éloignement move away : s’éloigner
back idée de retour come back : revenir
down mouvement vers le bas / go down : descendre
idée de diminution turn the radio down : baisser
la radio
in idée d’intérieur come in : entrer
off idée de séparation/ take off : décoller
de coupure/de rejet cut off electricity : couper
l’électricité
be put off : être rebuté
on mouvement vers une surface put (clothes) on : mettre
(des vêtements)
idée de continuité/de mise work on : continuer de travailler
en marche turn sth on : allumer qqch.
out mouvement vers l’extérieur move out : déménager
over mouvement au-dessus de qqch. lean over : se pencher en avant
through à travers (espace à trois dimensions) go through : traverser
up vers le haut/ look up : lever les yeux
idée d’achèvement drink up : vider son verre

Les principaux préfixes : re- (reappear), de- (deforestation)…

11
PRÉFIXE VALEUR PRINCIPALE Fiche 60 EXEMPLE

counter- opposition counterattack : contre-attaque

de- idée de changement négatif dehumanize : déshumaniser
dis- négatif disobedient : désobéissant
disagree : ne pas être d’accord
fore- vers l’avant foreground : premier plan
foresee : prévoir
il-/im-/in-/ir- négatif illogical : illogique
impolite : impoli
incredible : incroyable
irresponsible : irresponsable
mis- de manière fausse misbehave : se conduire mal
out- à l’extérieur ou dépassement outlive sb : survivre à qqn
outpatient : malade externe

158
PRÉFIXE VALEUR PRINCIPALE EXEMPLE

over- excès ou au-dessus overstate : exagérer

overstatement : exagération
re- répétition rewrite : récrire
un- négatif unfair : injuste
unbutton : déboutonner
under- au-dessous ou insuffisance underground : en sous-sol
underestimate : sous-estimer
up- mouvement vers le haut up-market : haut de gamme
uproot : déraciner

Tableaux de synthèse 159

Corrigés
01 The universe
1 1. Newton was sitting under an apple tree, an apple fell on
his head, and he suddenly thought of the Universal Law of
gravitation: that is what the legend says.
2. A shooting star is another name for a meteoroid as it
enters the atmosphere, becoming a meteor.
3. A light year is equal to just under 10 trillion kilometres.
2 1. rust – 2. slate – 3. flint – 4. peat
3 1./b. in the twinkle of an eye: en un clin d’œil
2./f. a dazzling speed: une vitesse vertigineuse
3./e. the shadow of a doubt: l’ombre d’un doute
4./c. sparkling clean: d’une propreté étincelante
5./a. a glimmer of hope: une lueur d’espoir
6./d. a flash of inspiration: un éclair de génie
4 “agency”: quel phénomène/quel processus/quelle cause
“to shy away”: éviter
“may hold”: peuvent être pertinentes/valables
“self-contained”: autonome
5 1. This sad piece of news left her speechless.
2. “To lose one parent, Mr Worthing, may be regarded as a
misfortune. To lose both looks like carelessness.”
3. Marilyn Monroe is a screen icon whose ageless beauty
still enthrals audiences today.
4. At college she felt isolated and friendless.
5. Asthma attacks can lead to episodes of extreme breath-
lessness.
6. Without a worthy goal, life becomes aimless.
7. Is the United States still the land of endless opportunities?
02 The Earth
1 1. Il y a eu une forte augmentation du prix de l’essence
récemment.
2. Malheureusement, ce pays est à la merci des fluctua-
tions du contexte mondial.
3. La crise fait augmenter le nombre de chômeurs.
4. Les affaires sont calmes.
2 1. They find it difficult to adapt to the norms of main-
stream society.
Ils trouvent difficile de s’adapter aux normes de la société
dominante/traditionnelle.
2. These problems spring from a misunderstanding.
Un malentendu est à la source de ces problèmes.
3. Then, the enterprise became a bubble on a whirlpool of
speculation.
Ensuite l’entreprise est devenue une bulle d’air dans un tour-
billon spéculatif.
4. Those studies are absolutely wrong, shallow and short-
sighted.
Ces études sont complètement fausses, superficielles et ne
tiennent pas compte du long terme.
5. In 2014, on the occasion of its Centennial, the Panama
Canal opened its new locks to the huge cargo ships that
could not cross the isthmus.
En 2014, à l’occasion de son centenaire, le canal de Panama
a ouvert ses nouvelles écluses aux immenses navires de fret
qui ne pouvaient pas traverser l’isthme.
160
3 1. The earth has music for those who listen.
2. Flowers are the earth laughing.
3. I went to the woods because I wished to live delibe-
rately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I
could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came
to die, discover that I had not lived.
4. In a sense, each of us is an island. In another sense,
however, we are all one. For though islands appear sepa-
rate, and may even be situated at great distances from one
another, they are only extrusions of the same planet, Earth.
5. It suddenly struck me that that tiny pea, pretty and blue,
was the Earth. I put up my thumb and shut one eye, and my
thumb blotted out the planet Earth. I didn’t feel like a giant.
I felt very, very small.
4 1. He was dismissed: the boss said he was underperform-
ing.
2. Everything in this store is overpriced, I can’t afford to
shop there.
3. This child is overweight: he should stop drinking Coke.
4. Overfishing has major effects on ecosystems.
5. They declared they were overworked and underpaid.
03 The climate
1 1. sweltering/c. suffocating
2. lightning/f. flashes of light followed by thunder
3. a drought/e. a long period of time with no rain
4. drizzle/g. very light rain
5. chilly/a. cold enough to make you feel uncomfortable
6. to abate/b. to become less intense
7. a gale/d. a very strong wind
2 1. A strong earthquake near Alaska’s Aleutian Islands trig-
gered a tsunami warning Monday, but only small waves
measuring several inches hit coastal communities.
2. A monstrous tornado at least a half-mile wide roared
through the Oklahoma City suburbs Tuesday, flattening
entire neighborhoods and destroying an elementary school.
3. From May through September of 1993, the Midwest suf-
fered record flooding, resulting in the deaths of at least 50
people and damages approaching $15 billion.
4. The death toll from strong winds and monsoon rains
across Sri Lanka’s coastal belt rose to 27 while another 29
fishermen are missing.
5. Landslides are common in mountainous Nepal during
the monsoon season.
3 I shall never forget the poor gentleman who once travelled
with me on the Channel boat. Only the two of us were on
deck as a violent storm was raging. A tremendous gale
was lashing mountainous seas. We huddled there for a
while, without saying anything. Suddenly a fearful gust
blew him overboard. His head emerged just once from the
water below me. He looked at me calmly and remarked
somewhat casually: “Rather windy, isn’t it?”
4 Afghanistan Blizzard (2008)
“with regards to casualties”: pour ce qui est du nombre de
pertes humaines
“some were frozen to death”: certains sont morts de froid
“frostbite amputations”: des amputations à la suite d’engelures
5 1. an afterthought – 2. an aftertaste – 3. an aftereffect –
4. an afterword – 5. afterlife
04 The conquest of the world
1 northern – eastern – western
2 1. The Magellan-Elcano expedition circumnavigated the
world for the first time in history. They sailed from Spain in
1519 and returned in 1522.
2. The magnetic compass was invented by the Chinese
during the Han Dynasty (starting about 206 BC).
3. The trade winds have been used by captains of sailing
ships for centuries. They enabled the Europeans to create
new empires in the Americas.
4. From the early 1830s to 1869 the Oregon Trail was used
by about 400,000 settlers, farmers, miners and their famil-
ies. They made the trip in covered wagons pulled by mules
and oxen.
3 1. “the North American continent west of the Missouri
River”, “that land west of the Missouri River”
2. “the known and the unknown”, “the settled and the wild”
3. “a place where you are on your own, where the rules are
not yet made”, “a mental realm of new ideas”
4. “dry, perhaps even arid, where crops grow with a struggle”
4 1. Her Excellency Ms. Rosemary Banks presided over the
New Zealand delegates: she was chairperson/chair-
woman of the Delegation of New Zealand.
2. The president’s spokesman/spokeswoman/spokes-
person said that the speech was scheduled for Wednesday.
3. The United States is sometimes called the policeman of
the world.
4. Sir Winston Churchill is recognized as one of the greatest
statesmen of the 20th century.
5. Emma is a sportswoman at heart. She enjoys playing
rugby, skiing and surfing.
2 1. Maria Callas was an American-born Greek soprano.
2. John Maxwell Coetzee is a South African novelist who
was awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature. He
became an Australian citizen in 2006.
3. Albert Einstein was born in Germany in 1879, he died in
1955 in New Jersey.
4. James Cook discovered New Zealand in 1770. He
became the first European who encountered Aborigines.
5. Vincent Willem van Gogh (1853-1890) was a post-Impres-
sionist painter of Dutch origin.
6. Most of the workers employed in the building of the first
transcontinental railway in the USA were Chinese or Irish.
3 An old popular joke
Heaven is where the cooks are French, the police are
British, the mechanics are German or Swiss, the lovers
are Italian and everything is organized by the Germans or
Swiss.
Hell is where the cooks are British, the police are German,
the mechanics are French, the lovers are Swiss, and
everything is organized by the Italians.
4 Stereotypes
Those who say that Canadians are boring are probably
the same people who think that the Canadian capital is
Toronto, that Canadian culture is based around Celine
Dion, and that Canadians live in igloos.
The truth is, the climate is not the only thing that is cooler in
this country. Canada offers a wide range of exciting activi-
ties such as snowboarding, kayaking and many other sports
for the adventurous.
You’ll also not run out of reasons to laugh in this more-
than-maple country. After all, many comedians in Hollywood
are Canadians — Mike Myers, John Candy, Matthew Perry,
Eugene Levy and Jim Carrey among others. Their names
hardly sound boring, do they?

06 The world’s population

05 Nations and countries
1 1. In Australia, there are 23 million inhabitants, 40 million
1 kangaroos and 75 million sheep.
2. In 2013, according to the WHO (World Health
pays les… un/une… adjectif Organization), life expectancy was 84.6 years in Japan, 79.8
a Frenchman/- in the USA and 47.5 in Sierra Leone.
France the French French 3. Nine asylum seekers were found hidden under a Eurostar
woman
train yesterday.
an Irishman/-
Ireland the Irish Irish 4. Fifteen million people are stateless. No country recog-
woman
nizes them as nationals. They are some of the most invisible
Russia the Russians a Russian Russian people on the planet.
2 1. the birth rate – 2. the growth rate – 3. the replacement
Mexico the Mexicans a Mexican Mexican rate – 4. the death rate – 5. the literacy rate – 6. the unem-
ployment rate – 7. the survival rate
Japan the Japanese a Japanese Japanese
3 1. “They are Americans in their heart, in their minds, in
Korea the Koreans a Korean Korean every single way but one: on paper.”
2. “[They] have no idea that they’re undocumented until
Poland the Poles a Pole Polish they apply for [a job or] a driver’s license [or a college schol-
arship].”
Israel the Israelis an Israeli Israeli
3. “Put yourself in their shoes.”
a Welshman/- 4. “to suddenly face the threat of deportation”
Wales the Welsh Welsh
woman 5. “if your parents brought you here as a child, you’ve been
here for five years and you’re willing to go to college or
Turkey the Turks a Turk Turkish serve in our military”

Corrigés 161
4 1. membership – 2. ownership – 3. dictatorship – 4. cen-
sorship
07 International relations
1 1. an adviser/an advisor – 2. a host country – 3. an envoy
– 4. to endorse – 5. a counterpart – 6. a thaw – 7. to hold a
summit
2 1. to top the agenda: venir en tête des préoccupations –
2. to put together an agenda: mettre au point un ordre du
jour – 3. an item on the agenda: un point à l’ordre du jour
– 4. the medical corps: le service de santé – 5. the intelli-
gence corps: le service de renseignements – 6. the press
corps: le service de presse
3 These nations are using food to project power around the
world. And it’s working.
“Noodle diplomacy” and “chopstick diplomacy” may be
new phrases, but the concept that food and diplomacy go
together is as old as, well, food.
Even the ancient Romans knew the best way to make
peace with an enemy was to share a good meal. It’s just
taken us until relatively recently to come up with a word for
it: gastrodiplomacy.
But now that we’ve got one, we’re not wasting time. At least
five countries — Thailand, South Korea, Peru, Taiwan and
the United States — have “official” culinary diplomacy pro-
grams, and colleges are even teaching courses in how to
eat your way to cultural understanding.
Thailand should be credited with reviving the ancient trend
in 2002, with its “Global Thai program”. The idea was to
increase the number of Thai restaurants worldwide,
which The Economist presaged would “not only introduce
delicious spicy Thai food to thousands of new tummies and
persuade more people to visit Thailand, but it could subtly
help deepen relations with other countries.”
4 1. In the summer of 1940, Great Britain remained alone to
fight off a possible German invasion.
2. They have sacrificed their ecological potential to achieve
an economic take-off.
3. When the economy slowed down, a lot of families were
unable to pay off their loans.
4. Please switch off your mobile phones during the meeting.
5. Flooded roads cut off at least 90 villages.
08 War
1 1. This question has been avoided because it is highly sensi-
tive and could derail talks.
2. The peace process is getting bogged down and tensions
are rising again.
3. We’ll do everything we can to get out of the deadlock
we have been facing for far too long.
4. The long-standing Indian-Pakistani feud over Kashmir
remains contentious and fractious.
5. The high illiteracy rate and the low level of education
bode ill for the future.
2 1. The last American POW from the Afghanistan war has
just been released.
2. Dogfighting/Air combat first appeared during World
War I, shortly after the invention of the airplane.
162
3. The estimated number of USSR casualties during World
War II stands at 26.6 million.
4. Try to remain in control and not retaliate.
5. The war broke out in 1939 when Germany invaded
Poland.
3 1. “the plane to ’Nam set him down” – “stepping off the
plane” – “their incoming jetliner” – “the plane that had
borne him in”
2. “riotously alive”: débordant de vie – “close”: étouffant
– “missing limbs”: leurs membres amputés – “[the] counter-
vailing sense”: le sentiment contradictoire
4 1. unaware – 2. impersonal – 3. illegal – 4. uncertain –
5. immature – 6. unbeatable – 7. unexpected – 8. illegiti-
mate – 9. irregular – 10. unthinkable
09 Modern warfare
1 1. The explosive payload of those bombs could destroy
several cities.
2. A drone is an unmanned aerial vehicle or ship.
3. Asymmetric warfare is a conflict between countries or
groups with very different military capabilities and strate-
gies.
4. Their military base was an easy target for an air attack.
5. Would wars fought by remotely operated robots make
the world a safer place?
2 1. Unexploded ordnance is/are still wreaking havoc in this
country.
2. Selon l’UNESCO, de 3 à 7000 objets qui ont été pillés au
Musée national d’Irak n’ont toujours pas été retrouvés.
3. These children are shell-shocked.
4. In Europe, many refugees don’t even reach dry land.
5. 120. 000 soldats ont été mutilés ou tués.
3 1. a. Femmes et enfants, victimes des conflits modernes : § 3
b. La guerre moderne, à distance des champs de bataille : § 2
c. Les parfaits petits soldats : § 1
d. La guerre : empreintes à long terme : § 4
2. “landmines were perfect soldiers”: les mines antiperson-
nel étaient de « parfaits soldats »
“Does the use of UAVs promote a feeling of being ‘removed
from the battlefield’?” Est-ce que l’utilisation de drones
accroît le sentiment d’être loin du champ de bataille ?
“debris-strewn bodies of women”: des corps de femmes
couverts de débris
“the stiffening in your spine”: le raidissement de votre
colonne vertébrale
10 Peace
1 1. the withdrawal – 2. to prevail (over), to gain the upper
hand – 3. a setback – 4. to yield – 5. de-escalation
2 1. Ils espèrent pouvoir atteindre le but fixé dans leur récent
communiqué commun.
2. Le discours du Président/de la Présidente avait pour but
d’apaiser l’opinion internationale.
3. Au fond, le concept stratégique de dissuasion a pour but
d’éviter la guerre.
4. Le Mémorial des Anciens Combattants du Vietnam porte
les noms de plus de 58 000 soldats américains qui sont
morts dans la très controversée Guerre du Vietnam.
 5. La Trêve de Noël fut une série de cessez-le-feu officieux,
qui eurent lieu sur le Front de l’Ouest aux environs de Noël
1914, pendant la Première Guerre mondiale.
3 Le 6 août 1945 à 8h 15 du matin, la première bombe atom-
ique fut larguée sur Hiroshima. Sadako Sadaki avait deux
ans. Elle se trouvait à deux kilomètres du lieu de l’explo-
sion mais ne fut pas blessée. En 1955 on diagnostiqua qu’elle
était atteinte d’une leucémie due aux retombées radioac-
tives. Une de ses amies lui raconta une histoire qui dit que
si on fabrique 1000 grues de papier on verra son vœu le
plus cher exaucé. Elle parvint à en faire 644 mais mourut
en octobre 1955. Ses camarades de classe collectèrent des
fonds dans tout le pays et un monument dédié à Sadako fut
érigé dans le Parc du Mémorial de la Paix à Hiroshima. Des
milliers d’enfants envoient des grues de papier qui sont expo-
sées tout autour du monument. « J’écrirai Paix sur tes ailes et
tu voleras au-dessus du monde entier, » avait dit Sadako.
4 1. Some politicians say we should have loosened our ties
with the United States. Do you think our ties with the U.S.
are too strong?
2. The data gathered through this survey will deepen our
knowledge of the various aspects of energy consumption.
3. It will take some time to straighten things out.
4. A compromise was reached and they decided to
shorten the transition period.
5. The brightening economic conditions have not
translated into accelerating wage growth.
11 Religions and beliefs
1 1. The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer is the story
of a group of thirty pilgrims who travel together to visit a
shrine in Canterbury Cathedral.
2. Spammers do not abide by laws or regulations.
3. They pray in order to redeem themselves from their sins.
4. Quakers hold to a way of life rather than a dogma or a
creed.
5. Lumbini in Nepal where the Buddha was born is hal-
lowed/holy ground.
6. Some environmentalists predict an environmental
doomsday scenario.
2 1. Protestantism is a denomination of the Christian faith.
2. The Pilgrim Fathers are settlers who arrived in
Massachusetts at the beginning of the 17th century/in the
early 17th century.
3. In a game you’re expected to abide by the rules.
4. I swear (that) I didn’t see you. I didn’t have my glasses
on./I wasn’t wearing my glasses.
5. It’s a holy/hallowed place, a shrine. Some people go
there to redeem their sins.
6. You can be a secular person/You can be secular and
pray/worship all the same.
3 1. America was first colonized by Puritans. Most of our
earliest immigrants, and many since, have come here in
order to practice their religious beliefs as they please. Our
culture has always been, and will most likely always be, pro-
foundly influenced by religion.
2. Christian, Jew, Muslim, shaman, Zoroastrian, stone,
ground, mountain, river, each has a secret way of being
with the mystery, unique and not to be judged.
3. Religion enables us to ignore nothingness and get on
with the jobs of life.
4 1. During WW II, the evacuees had to leave their families
and homes behind.
2. Every trainee is assisted by an experienced professional.
3. The company has received many awards as a top
achiever in this field.
4. Some names were changed to protect the identities of
the interviewees.
5. The letter was refused by the addressee and sent back
to the addresser.
6. These Web content developers have tried to make their
pages more accessible for people with disabilities.
7. The interviewer used a computerized questionnaire and
entered the responses directly into his laptop.
12 The English landscape
1 Poppies est le mot effacé de ce poème qui serait à l’origine
de la coutume du Poppy Day.
2 1. The daffodil is one of the emblems of Wales.
2. Ivy is a vine/a creeper.
3. An oak leaf is the symbol of the National Trust.
4. Foxglove is used in the making of some medicines.
5. Lily of the valley is a highly poisonous plant.
3 1. a. “A feeling for country life is supposed to relate to a
feeling for the nation…” (§ 2)
b. “Here it is not regarded, as in other nations, as merely an
alternative to, or escape from, the town.” (§ 3)
c. “(The landscape is seen as) pretty and charming rather
than grandiose and magnificent.” (§ 3)
d. “you often hear them say that they would like to live in a
rural area, preferably in a cottage.” (§ 1)
2. “they love their back gardens, because a garden is
nature, on a small scale though”: ils aiment le jardin à l’ar-
rière de leur maison parce qu’un jardin, c’est de la nature,
même à échelle réduite.
“ideally a small-scale, intimate and unthreatening mix of
the farmed and the wild”: dans l’idéal, un mélange à petite
échelle, intime et apaisant, de terre cultivée et d’espace
sauvage.
4 1. Barbour is one of the best country wear brands.
2. The country fair takes place on June 27th.
3. They opened a country branch in 2016.
4. She is Secretary of State for town and country plan-
ning.
5. Balmoral Castle is the Queen’s Scottish country estate.
13 Urbanization
1 1. populous – 2. an inhabitant – 3. to be located/to lie –
4. sports facilities – 5. public transport system
2 1. Our capital city is located on the main island.
2. It’s the most populous city in the country.
3. It has high-quality sports facilities.
4. The airport can be reached in about forty minutes.
5. We have a very good public transport system.
Corrigés 163
3 I live in a picturesque town in New England. It has quite a
few stylish buildings. In the daytime, it’s a lively/bustling
town and its shops are often packed/crowded, especially
on Saturday afternoons. My aunt Stacey doesn’t like it,
though. She thinks it’s dangerous/unsafe, dirty/filthy
and decrepit/run-down! She even says my street has a
sinister/dreary appearance. So, she never goes down-
town/to the town centre. She claims that it is beset by
violence and vandalism!
4 1. “basic services like safe drinking water, electricity, sani-
tation or sewage system”
2. “[…] how could this city cope with even more people and
slums?” Comment cette ville pourrait-elle s’en sortir avec
encore plus de monde et de bidonvilles ?
5 1. Les prix de l’immobilier ont baissé ces derniers mois.
2. Le train pour Washington D.C. était en retard parce que
la locomotive est tombée en panne.
3. Ta radio me rend fou/folle. Baisse le son !
4. Ils m’ont proposé un emploi à Cambridge mais je l’ai
refusé parce que je veux vivre dans une grande ville.
5. Ma belle-famille me regarde de haut parce que je n’ai
pas fait d’études.
14 Urban transport
1 1. In Chicago, commuters are encouraged to use alternative
means of transport/transportation, rather than their car.
2. Getting around New Orleans by tram/streetcar is a
great way to see the city.
3. The carriage/The car was full, so I asked the ticket ins-
pector if I could sit in First Class.
4. Please click here to download the train timetable/
schedule.
5. I work in the city centre/downtown but I live in the
suburbs.
2 1. pavement : ne concerne pas le transport
2. lane : ne concerne pas un moyen de locomotion
3. bike lane : non destiné aux piétons
4. to ask for directions : n’implique pas directement l’idée
de déplacement
5. truck : transport de marchandise
3 1. a. Non : “For transport to be sustainable, city dwellers
will have to rely more and more on […] shared electric
cars.”
L’article parle de voitures électriques partagées.
b. Non : “in the not-so-distant future, people will be able
to order a small driverless electric car with an application.”
Il s’agit d’un avenir assez proche.
c. Oui : “Many cities pride themselves on having become
‘pedestrian friendly’.”
De nombreuses villes s’enorgueillissent d’être devenues
respectueuses des piétons.
2. “they will be better off with fewer cars” : elles se porte-
ront mieux avec moins de voitures
“clean public transport” : des transports publics propres/
non polluants
4 1. Shall we walk there?/Shall we go there on foot?
2. I’ll go there by boat rather than by bus.
3. Paul drives to work./Paul goes to work by car.
4. It’ll be quicker/faster by train.
5. Patricia flies to Toronto every month.
164
15 Living together or not
1 1. They come from a poor/deprived background.
2. I live in a tower block/a high rise near the river.
3. The shanty town/slum was demolished/knocked
down last year.
4. I live in a leafy neighbourhood/borough/district.
5. The system is currently being improved/upgraded.
2 Most local governments are intent on better understand-
ing the myriads of communities that live under their jurisdic-
tion. Some town halls encourage social mixing in deprived
neighbourhoods through settlement policies or in afflu-
ent neighbourhoods through council housing, also
known as public housing in the U.S.
Cities tend to encourage social interaction in public places
like cafés, bars, restaurants and youth clubs, and in com-
munity spaces like markets and shopping centres and
urban parks. Cultural pursuits may also bring people
together, through music, film, theatre and art. Town plan-
ners understood early on the importance of town squares in
community life. They provide gathering places for fami-
lies, social groups as well as for individuals of all ages and
economic status.
3 1. Oui : “you will find […] many amenities, like a swimming
pool, a tennis court, a gym and possibly a small shopping
centre and a health centre”
2. Oui : “some people […] feel ‘protected from the outside
world’ ”
3. Non, au contraire, les gens qui y habitent ont du mal à
accepter la diversité du monde : “[they] belong to a world of
[…] uneasiness in accepting the world and its diversity”.
4 1. In the majority of countries people legally reach adult-
hood at 18.
2. More often than not you lose your livelihood when you
lose your job.
3. The opposite of truth is falsehood.
4. In all likelihood, the sanctions will not work.
5. We live in a friendly neighbourhood.
16 Energy
1 1. Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons formed from the remains
of dead plants and animals.
2. In the Punjab, in 2014, miners dig coal with crude pick
axes and load it onto donkeys to be transported to the sur-
face. A team of four workers earns around $10 a day to be
split between them.
3. A power station (also referred to as a power plant) is
an industrial facility for the generation of electric power.
4. Shale gas has become an increasingly important source
of natural gas in the United States since the start of this
century.
5. An inexhaustible resource cannot be entirely
consumed or used up.
6. Crude oil, biofuels, kerosene, propane, natural gas, coal,
nuclear elements are non-renewable resources.
2 1. a windfarm – 2. geothermal energy – 3. to conserve –
4. to switch to – 5. to soar
3 1. “First of all, it aims at reducing energy and material out-
put in the world, which is required to face the existing
biophysical constraints.”
 2. “Degrowth also tries to tackle social issues. Proponents
of degrowth would like to replace our prevalent growth-
based approach with the idea of ‘frugal abundance’.”
3. “It supports the global environmental justice movement,
which has strong roots in southern countries. As environ-
mental rights activists say ‘Leave oil in the soil, coal in
the hole, South or North.’ ”
“Degrowth also campaigns for a more equitable redistribu-
tion of wealth around the world, in order to lessen the
North/South divide.”
4 1./f. dégivrer : defrost
2./c. déconstruire : deconstruct
3./a. diminuer : decrease
4./e. priver : deprive
5./d. décoloniser : decolonize
6./b. souiller, abimer : defile
17 Pollution
1 1. Two in three farm animals in the world are now factory
farmed.
2. In 2011, a massive earthquake and tsunami in Japan
triggered the meltdown of reactors at Fukushima Daiichi
nuclear plant.
3. Currently, nuclear waste created in the U.S. is stored
underwater in pools near nuclear power plants. This waste
will eventually be stored deep underground.
4. Urban sprawl is claiming farmland at the rate of 10.5
million hectares a year.
2 1. un GPS – 2. l’économie mondiale – 3. un leader mondial
– 4. un réseau aérien mondial – 5. le village planétaire
3 Crissement de pneus, grincements de freins, vacarme de
radios, vrombissements d’avions, hurlement de sirènes :
voici autant de sources de pollution sonore éprouvantes
pour les nerfs.
4 profit
the pipeline “would double imports of dirty tar sands oil
into the United States and transport it to refineries on
the Gulf Coast and ports for international export.”
plans
“building the northern section of an oil pipeline that
would trek close to 2,000 miles from Alberta, Canada,
to the Gulf Coast of Texas.”
consequences in terms of ecology
“Pollution from tar sands oil greatly eclipses that of
conventional oil.”
“Ninety-five percent of the water used to extract the
oil is so polluted that the water must be stored in large
human-made pools.”
“[The Boreal forests’] biodiversity is threatened by the
pipeline.”
“Indigenous communities have been forced off their
land, but also those living downstream from the ponds
have seen spikes in rates of rare cancers, renal failure,
etc.”
5 1. We have to change our behaviour, as painful as that may
be.
2. Emma will only talk if she has something meaningful to
say.
3. I’ll never cheat on you. I’ll always be faithful to you.
4. For many of us, clean water is so plentiful that we rarely
pause to consider what life would be like without it.
5. If you can see your e-mail on the page, your login was
successful.
18 Other environmental degradation
1 Dites non aux sacs en plastique. Les déchets de plastique
finissent dans la nature. Aidez-nous à réduire le nombre de
décharges sauvages. Brûler du plastique pollue l’atmos-
phère et endommage les nappes phréatiques.
2 High concentrations of floating plastic debris have been
reported in remote areas of the ocean, increasing con-
cern about the accumulation of plastic litter on the ocean
surface. Since the introduction of plastic materials in the
1950s, the global production of plastic has increased rap-
idly and will continue in the coming decades. However, the
abundance and the distribution of plastic debris in the open
ocean are still unknown, despite evidence of affects on
organisms ranging from small invertebrates to whales.
3 1. “sonar” – “satellite-navigation systems”
2. “to peer”: scruter – “to plot”: déterminer – “concealed”:
cachés – “a hot spot”: une zone – “to target”: prendre pour
cible – “they gather”: ils se rassemblent
4 1./d. an assistant: a person who helps someone
2./b. compliant: docile, obedient
3./e. fragrant: sweet smelling
4./c. significant: meaningful
5./a. an accountant: someone whose job is to keep the
financial records of a business
19 Biodiversity at risk
1 1. Animal species have always disappeared.
2. 65 million years ago, a plethora of plants and animals,
among which dinosaurs, became extinct.
3. Some seals lack food because of intensive fishing.
4. Poachers kill herds of elephants to trade their tusks’
ivory.
5. Gorillas and other monkeys are hunted for meat, tigers
and polar bears for their skin.
2 1. Rainforests, which are the Earth’s oldest living ecosys-
tems, cover only 6 % of the Earth’s surface and yet they
contain more than half of the world’s plant and animal spe-
cies.
2. Some rain forests, including the Amazon, began expe-
riencing drought in the 1990s, possibly due to deforesta-
tion and global warming.
3. Slash-and-burn is an agricultural technique that
involves the cutting and burning of plants in forests or
woodlands to create fields.
3 1. Trees are important to the water cycle. They absorb
rain fall and produce water vapor that is released into the
atmosphere. Trees also lessen the pollution in water.
Corrigés 165
 2. When cattle ranchers clear rain forests to raise beef to
sell to fast-food chains that make hamburgers to sell to
Americans, who have the highest rate of heart disease in
the world (and spend the most money per GNP on health
care), we can say easily that business is no longer develop-
ing the world. We have become its predators.
3. The tropical rain forests are a telling example. Once cut
down, they rarely recover. Rainfall drops, deserts spread,
the climate warms.
4. Forests are the world’s air-conditioning system - the
lungs of the planet - and we are on the verge of switching it
off.
5. [Destroying rain forest for economic gain] is like burning
a Renaissance painting to cook a meal.
4 1. Some parking spaces are reserved for the disabled.
2. When he told her he was going away, she looked at him
in complete disbelief.
3. He was dismissed because he refused to work.
4. Scientific discoveries have discredited this belief.
5. She looked so nervous. That’s when I began to distrust
her.
20 Green living
1 1. The People’s Trust for endangered species asserts
that you can protect them by taking a few minutes to count
stag beetles, assess the state of your local orchard or hunt
for dormice.
2. In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson signed a bill that
mandated the National Park Service “to conserve the
scenery and the natural and historic objects and wildlife
therein”.
3. The global trust Friends of the Earth is a part of the
world’s largest environmental network, with activists in 74
countries.
2 1./d. user-friendly : dans la description d’un logiciel
2./a. dolphin-friendly : sur une boîte de conserve de thon
(le thon a été pêché sans utiliser de filets qui piègent aussi
les dauphins)
3./c. child-friendly : sur une publicité pour un restaurant
4./b. pet-friendly : sur l’annonce de location d’une maison
de vacances
3 Moins égal plus
Le centre d’accueil Eielson en Alaska n’utilise que des
panneaux solaires, de l’hydroélectricité et de la lumière
naturelle. Il a été construit avec des matériaux recyclés
et produits localement. Son chauffage, sa ventilation et
sa tuyauterie sont très économes en énergie. Le bâtiment
requiert très peu de combustibles fossiles pour son fonc-
tionnement.
4 • “packaging increases the price of the goods you buy”
• “Packaging wastes resources at every level: production,
storage and transport.”
• “you pay a tax to the council for the disposal of your rub-
bish.”
5 1. This hospital was rebuilt in 2015.
2. When the climate warms (up), glaciers recede.
3. Can you help me refold this map, please?
4. I wish I could relive this moment.
5. She never regained consciousness.
166
21 Science and research
1 1. In 1609, the famous scientist Johannes Kepler published
his first two laws of planetary motion.
2. Anders Celsius was a Swedish astronomer, physicist
and mathematician.
3. These scientific advances have been used by a number
of companies to restructure their businesses.
4. The containers lost at sea contained dangerous chemi-
cals.
5. Quantum mechanics is the part of physics that tells us
how the things that make up atoms work.
2 1. a blueprint – 2. a field – 3. to infer – 4. random – 5. a
clue
3 1. Non : “helps severely paralyzed people to make their way
using only tongue movements” (les mouvements de leur
langue)
2. Oui : “A synthetic glue […] could be used to repair tis-
sues”
3. Oui : “[The] prosthesis allows a paralyzed person to
move their legs voluntarily.”
4. Non : “The wireless brain-computer interface […] could
allow people to control robotic arms.” wireless = sans fil
4 1. Biology is the science of life and of living organisms.
2. Genetics is the science of heredity, dealing with resem-
blances and differences of related organisms.
3. Cybernetics is the scientific study of how people, ani-
mals, and machines control and communicate information.
4. Aerodynamics is a science that studies the movement
of air and the way that objects move through air.
5. Alchemy is a “science” that was used in the Middle
Ages with the goal of changing ordinary metals into gold.
22 Space exploration
1 1. to dock sth (with) – 2. the blastoff – 3. weightlessness –
4. the splashdown – 5. space junk
2 2010, October 10
Virgin Galactic, a private company, announced the
successful first flight of a suborbital plane designed to
take private citizens on space flights.
2011, July 8
The space shuttle Atlantis became the last American
space shuttle to be launched into space.
2012, August 6
NASA’s Curiosity rover successfully landed on Mars.
2013, December 24
NASA astronauts wrapped up successful repairs at the
International Space Station after a rare Christmas
Eve spacewalk to fix an equipment cooling system.
2014, November 12
Rosetta’s Philae lander, built by the European Space
Agency (ESA), is the first spacecraft to make a soft
landing on a comet.
 2015
Space agencies around the world are using satellite
images and other technologies to aid rescue efforts
and learn more about the April 25 earthquake in
Nepal.
3 Health and Medicine
3. WARP 75 used to relieve pain in bone marrow transplant
patients, and to combat the symptoms of bone atrophy,
multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease.
Public Safety
2. A reliable anti-icing and deicing system which allows
pilots to safely fly through ice encounters.
4. Steel coatings devised to make high-rise buildings and
public structures safer.
Consumer, Home, and Recreation
1. Products based on microalgae used in enriched baby
food.
5. A material commonly known as “memory foam”; it is
incorporated into a host of widely used and recognized
products including mattresses, pillows.
8. A cordless miniature vacuum cleaner.
Environmental and Agricultural Resources
6. Silicon-based cells used in harnessing solar energy.
7. A product used to safely and permanently clean petrol-
eum-based pollutants from water.
23 Anatomy and diseases
1 1. A skull and crossbones is often used to illustrate warn-
ing labels about toxic substances.
2. Industry is the backbone of the Chinese economy.
3. This toothpaste effectively removes plaque without irri-
tating gums.
4. Achilles’ mother held him by the heel when dipping him
into the Styx, which was supposed to give powers of invul-
nerability.
5. A few years ago, she slipped on a banana skin and
twisted her ankle badly.
6. Vampires are said to feed on the blood of living crea-
tures.
2 1. Les ratons laveurs de l’Ontario n’ont plus la rage depuis
septembre 2005.
2. Le témoin dit que le meurtrier avait les cheveux gris et
boitait.
3. J’ai une ampoule à la main à force d’avoir trop joué au
tennis.
4. À la fin du XIXe siècle, les immigrants tuberculeux étaient
envoyés à l’hôpital d’Ellis Island.
5. Elizabeth Taylor est morte d’un arrêt cardiaque en 2011.
6. Au XIVe siècle une pandémie de peste venue de Chine
s’est propagée en Asie, en Europe et en Afrique.
3 1. “the smell of singed animal hair”: l’odeur de brûlé des
poils d’animaux
2. “has rekindled concerns”: a ravivé des craintes
3. “an outbreak of the deadly Ebola fever”: une épidémie de
la fièvre mortelle Ebola
4. “put the death toll at 63”: estiment le nombre de morts à
63
5. “bushmeat”: la viande de brousse
4 1. Many people with Ø asthma also have allergies.
2. She sneezes, has a runny nose: she has caught a cold.
3. There are around 54,000 new cases of Ø leukemia each
year in the U.S.
4. When he has a severe headache he needs to rest in a
dark room.
5. People who are overweight are at risk of Ø heart disease.
6. Ø Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive degenerative dis-
order.
24 Addiction
1 1. liquor – 2. to mainline, to get a fix – 3. an opiate – 4. driv-
ing under the influence – 5. to get a rush
2 1. This gambling addict has had herself banned from casi-
nos.
2. It is estimated that six percent of the American popu-
lation is affected by shopping addiction, also known as
“compulsive-buying disorder”.
3. In the UK, the Food Standards Agency requires high-
caffeine energy drinks to contain a health warning stating
that these drinks are unsuitable for children and pregnant
women.
4. Some leaders get hooked on/addicted to power and
money.
5. If you can’t go cold turkey on TV watching, you can
certainly cut back on TV time gradually.
3 Pour
1. “Prohibition does not work”
2. “concerns the individual, not the legislator”
4. “leads to the growth of a criminal underworld.”
5. “the criminals [will be] put out of business”
Contre
3. “Saying that drug use doesn’t harm anyone but the user
is completely wrong”
6. The goal of the state is to protect citizens’ health and not
to expose them to risk.
4 “too many Canadians end up with criminal records”: trop de
Canadiens se retrouvent avec un casier judiciaire
“prosecuting these offenses is expensive”: poursuivre ces
infractions coûte cher
“the proceeds from the illegal drug trade support organized
crime”: les recettes provenant du commerce des drogues
illégales aident le crime organisé
5 alcoholic [contraction de alcohol et de -holic] – shopaholic
– webaholic –- coffeeholic – movieholic – moneyholic
25 Care and cures
1 1. Can I get this drug without a prescription?
2. The cure is sometimes worse than the disease.
3. Fortunately, the skin graft she received took without
complications.
4. He is fighting for his life in an intensive care unit.
5. I’m afraid this type of injury can be healed only by time.
2 1. a stem cell – 2. a long-term effect – 3. thorny – 4. to
tamper with – 5. contentious
3 1. Non : “new computer modelling and bioengineering
techniques could make animal testing obsolete”
Corrigés 167
 2. Oui : “new computer modelling and bioengineering
techniques could make animal testing obsolete”
3. Oui : “The idea is to create chips that can simulate how
a whole body would react to a new drug. They are like
humans on a chip, in which the vital organs are integrated.”
4. Non : “These mini hearts are thought to be more effi-
cient to test new drugs, as they are closer to real human
hearts than the hearts of animals.”
5. Oui : “they could reduce the time it takes to move
towards clinical trials, with human volunteers.”
4 1. car-free/d. un centre-ville – 2. rent-free/b. un logement
– 3. pain-free/a. un examen médical – 4. tax-free/f. un
parfum – 5. smoke-free/c. une aire de jeux pour enfants –
6. gluten-free/e. une barre chocolatée
26 The digital world
1 1. She brossed browsed on the Internet boutique but
didn’t find what she was looking for.
2. Just wait for your computer to boot up.
3. UBS USB flash drives are often used for storage, data
back-down backup and transfer of computer files.
4. Please log on out before you leave.
5. ICT means Information and Computers Communications
Technology.
6. The virus was delivered in the form of an email attach-
ment.
7. They backed hacked into his computer to get sensitive
information about him and his business.
8. Did you google the cheapest flights to New York?
9. FAQ are Frequently Answered Asked Questions.
2 Facteurs économiques : § 2
Facteurs géographiques : § 3
Facteurs psychologiques : § 1
Facteurs politiques : § 2
3 1. Certaines organisations caritatives comme « Des ordina-
teurs pour l’Afrique » rénovent de vieux ordinateurs avant de
les envoyer dans des écoles et des universités pour soute-
nir des projets communautaires.
2. La société « Un portable par enfant » produit des portables
connectés peu onéreux et peu gourmands en énergie.
3. Selon Mashable, le gouvernement indien a mis sur le
marché une nouvelle tablette, Aakash, surnommée « la
moins chère du monde ».
4 cyberwarfare: la cyber-guerre, la guerre de l’information
e-business: le commerce en ligne
cyberspace: le cyberespace, l’espace virtuel
e-banking: les services bancaires en ligne, les banques
électroniques
i-pod: lecteur MP3 (diffusé par Apple)
27 Economic sectors
1 1. In the daytime I work as a farmer and woodcutter. At
weekends I sometimes work as a waiter in a local restau-
rant, but my dream is to be a fisherman.
2. There’s been a sharp decline in unemployment. The
labour force has increased by 2 percent.
3. They’re looking for construction workers, not auto
workers, unfortunately.
168
4. My neighbour is a computer specialist/IT engineer
and her husband an estate agent.
2 1. Coal and iron are raw materials.
2. Ore is rock or soil from which metal can be obtained.
3. Steel is an alloy that is used for making tools and cars.
4. Tar is a very thick, black liquid that becomes hard when
it cools and that is used especially for road surfaces.
5. Unleaded petrol produces fewer harmful substances
than most fuels when it is burned.
3 1. a. Oui : “It was a key component of the Industrial
Revolution”
b. Oui : “Coal burning produces millions of tons of solid
waste products/coal pollution costs the European Union
over 40 billion euros each year.”
c. Non : the text doesn’t say that it’s cheap, and “coal pollu-
tion costs the European Union over 40 billion euros each year.”
d. Non : it was mainly used “to fuel steam engines and
furnaces (fourneaux d’usines)”
2. “a key component”: une composante essentielle
“to fuel steam engines and furnaces”: pour alimenter des
machines à vapeur et des fourneaux
“Cutting air pollution would have beneficial long-term eco-
nomic impacts for individuals.” Réduire la pollution de l’air
aurait des retombées économiques bénéfiques sur le long
terme pour les particuliers.
4 1. The female judge was very understanding when I talked
to her.
2. The male cleaner was pleased with his work.
3. The waitress married a waiter and their children/kids all
became computer specialists.
4. The spokeswoman was accompanied by the female
director.
28 Farming
1 1. California started making wine in the 18th century when
Spanish missionaries planted the first vineyards to pro-
duce wine for Mass.
2. Angus cattle are a breed of cattle commonly used in
beef production.
3. On this farm, you can pick your fresh morning free-
range eggs at the chicken coop.
4. Florida is the largest producer of oranges in the U.S., but
its orange groves are under the attack of a disease known
as “citrus greening”.
5. There are four main ingredients in beer: barley, water,
hops and yeast.
6. In the wild West, livestock/cattle grazed freely, compet-
ing for fodder/hay and water. The barbed wire changed the
West from vast and undefined prairies to a land of farming.
2 • Many foods, including an estimated 88 percent of the corn
crop in the United States, contain ingredients that have
plants or animals that were genetically modified, typically to
increase disease resistance or extend shelf life. Opponents
argue that the process may be harmful to humans.
Supporters contend there is no evidence of that. Sixty coun-
tries, including the European Union, require labeling.
• “to increase disease resistance or extend shelf life”: pour
augmenter la résistance aux maladies ou prolonger la durée
de conservation
3 Ce poème empreint de beaucoup d’ironie a pour titre The 6. The government is worried about next year’s economic
Song of the Battery Hen. outlook/prospect, because the economy seems to be
Voici ce qu’Edwin Brock a écrit sur sa composition : “It was slowing down.
written… when I was staying on a farm in Worcestershire. 2 1. foreign trade – 2. outsourcing – 3. trade surplus –
The farmer showed me his battery house with some pride 4. a downturn – 5. the per capita income
and when I made the usual clichéd comment about the poor 3 1. Non : “Even the most capitalist nations regulate one way
bloody hens he said: ‘Do you know we had an experiment one or another.”
day, we left the flaps of all the cages up to see what the hens 2. Non : “In the U.S., where we can safely say that the vast
would do. Well, they looked around and walked right back in.’ ” majority of people are ardent supporters of capitalism”
4 1. a roadhouse : un relais – 2. a lighthouse : un phare – 3. Oui : “[The U.S. federal government] prohibits sex-based
3. a jailhouse : une prison – 4. a dollhouse : une maison de wage differentials between men and women employed in
poupées – 5. a coffeehouse : un café the same establishment who perform jobs requiring equal
effort, skill, and responsibility.”
4. Non : “contrary to common belief, the role played by
29 Industrial production governments in the economy tends to increase rather than
decrease.”
1 1. une lime à ongles – 2. un marteau-piqueur – 3. un 4 1. la fuite des capitaux – 2. des économies d’échelle
coupe-boulons – 4. un tour à bois – 5. un grutier – 6. arra- – 3. l’impôt sur le revenu – 4. la flexibilité du marché du
cher violemment travail – 5. les prix à la production – 6. le pouvoir d’achat –
2 1. a locksmith – 2. a plumber – 3. a joiner, a carpenter – 7. le déficit commercial – 8. l’impôt sur la fortune – 9. les
4. a bricklayer, a builder, a mason – 5. a craftsman/woman normes de sécurité – 10. la législation sur la concurrence
3 1. a. Oui : “The car industry automates approximately 80
percent of its assembly processes”. Pour les autres indus-
31 Working life
tries, les chiffres sont moins élevés : “only around ten
percent”.
b. Non, pas encore : “Specialized robots would know 1 to take on to hire
where things are stored” to look for a job to apply
c. Oui : “Tailor-made robots could help close this gap by
reducing setup times for automation in industries that to turn down to reject
rely on customization and whose products have short life a trainee an intern
cycles.”
d. Non : “human workers would still be in control” a luncheon voucher a meal ticket
2. “such products are highly customized”: de tels produits an applicant a candidate
sont faits le plus souvent sur commande
a CV a résumé
“how to reconfigure an assembly line”: comment reconfigu-
rer une chaîne de montage a job centre an employment service
4 1. This cheese is hand-made in the traditional manner. qualification a diploma, a degree
Ce fromage est artisanal, fabriqué de manière traditionnelle.
2. Tunisia exports a lot of ready-made clothes. a period of training apprenticeship
La Tunisie exporte beaucoup de vêtements de confection. the work force labour
3. The star was wearing a $ 5,000 custom-made tuxedo.
2 1. Analysts say the company could clinch/make/sign a
La star portait un smoking fabriqué sur mesure, d’une valeur
de 5000 dollars. deal within weeks.
4. Andrew Carnegie was a self-made steel tycoon. 2. She’s an entrepreneur. She’s famous for buying out
Andrew Carnegie était un magnat de l’acier qui avait réussi small firms.
par lui-même. 3. The company made a takeover bid for a rival firm.
5. Some disasters are natural, others are man-made. 4. My wife doesn’t run the company, but she’s a senior
Certaines catastrophes sont naturelles, d’autres sont provo- executive.
quées par les hommes. 5. I’m on the payroll of a large multinational. I have a good
salary.
6. We’re all in favour of cutting red tape but we don’t know
30 Economic policies how!
3 1. Non : “Unemployment in the UK has been very low for
1 1. In an underground economy, goods and services are some years.”
traded illegally. 2. Oui : “It’s true that record numbers of women are now in
2. Private ownership of enterprises is encouraged in a work in Britain.”
capitalist system. 3. Non : “female pensioners are forced to work because
3. A synonym of “command economy” is “planned econ- their pension is too low.”
omy”. 4. Oui : “There is a lack of high-quality, well-paid jobs,
4. My neighbour is a big fan of barter. For example, he especially for women”
wants me to mow his lawn in exchange for eggs. 5. Oui : “If you want to work as a cleaner or childminder,
5. Protectionism contrasts with free trade. you can find a job overnight.”

Corrigés 169
4 1. Mon mari est entrepreneur. Il adore créer de nouvelles
affaires/entreprises.
2. « Quelle est votre profession ? » « Je suis dentiste. »
3. C’était facile : j’ai envoyé un CV et le lendemain ils m’ont
proposé un emploi.
4. Est-ce que votre nouvelle société fournit une voiture de
fonction ?
5. Mon fils est apprenti charpentier.
32 Labour relations
1 1. In democratic countries, workers can join a trade/labor
union and they’re allowed to walk out.
2. The last-ditch talks achieved nothing. They have once
again reached a deadlock.
3. The fast food workers took to the streets. The
demonstration gathered over 2,000 people.
4. Some employees said they didn’t feel like resuming
work.
5. Her firm owes her more than $2,000 and so she may file
a wage claim.
2 1. I am a cleaner. My wife and I get the same wages.
2. I’m a judge. I can’t complain about my salary.
3. I like your job. How much money do you get/make/
earn?
4. I think I’ll get an incentive bonus this year.
5. Your entitlement to sick pay depends on your employ-
ment contract.
6. Because of the pay settlement my annual income
should not diminish.
3 1. Non : depuis 1926 et non depuis l’hiver 1978-1979.
“The ‘1926 general strike’ […] was the only general strike in
British history.”
2. Non : il y a eu une seule grève générale au Royaume-Uni.
3. Oui en partie uniquement : le mécontentement était sur-
tout dû aux grèves très fréquentes (“widespread strikes”) et
à l’état de l’économie (“the economy was in a bad shape”).
Voici la traduction des deux vers de Shakespeare :
“Now is the winter of our discontent
Made glorious summer by this sun of York.”
Voici l’hiver de notre déplaisir
Mué en glorieux été par ce soleil d’York.
4 1. The police are already here. Apparently/It seems that
they’ve been waiting for us for over ten minutes.
2. People say that this party wants/want to restrict the
right to strike.
3. The government, who are no longer supported by the
MPs, are going to resign./The government, which is no
longer supported by the MPs, is going to resign.
4. The staff is/are on strike. They intend to take to the
streets and demonstrate.
33 World trade
1 1. If you impose quotas, exports will suffer too.
2. They say that a negative balance of trade/trade balance
is detrimental to the economy.
3. In a sheltered market, customs duties can be exorbitant/
extortionate.
170
4. The United Arab Emirates has a trade surplus/a favour-
able balance of trade thanks to the oil trade.
5. The Canadians’ purchasing power has gone up 3%.
2 1. You use the word “brand” for all products, as in “This is
my favourite brand of deodorant.” It’s different for cars,
though. You say “My favourite car make is Rolls Royce.”
2. I need an invoice for this flight to get reimbursed.
3. Retailers often buy their goods from wholesalers/
wholesale suppliers.
4. We have a ten percent profit margin on sales, which
isn’t bad.
5. The goods are kept in storage until ready for delivery.
3 More expensive and not for the right reasons: § 3
The organizations are looking into it: § 4
Helping developing countries’ exports: § 1
Sustainable and environmentally friendly: § 2
What about women then? § 3
Who really gains from so-called fair trade? § 3
4 1. a wine shop – 2. a butcher’s shop – 3. a coffee shop –
4. a sweet shop – 5. a beauty shop – 6. a bookshop – 7. a
bird shop – 8. a body shop (body : carrosserie d’une voiture)
– 9. a pet shop – 10. a clothes shop – 11. a second-hand
clothes shop – 12. a shoe repair shop
En anglais américain, on préfère nettement le nom store : a
bookstore, a wine store, etc.
34 The consumer society
1 1. I changed channels during the break/commercial.
2. He’s a man who works in advertising/an adman.
He loves his job.
3. This advertisement/ad/advert is truly misleading.
4. This advertising company always thinks up new ways to
encourage the sale of/promote their products.
5. There’s been a lot of excessive promotion/hype
about her latest album.
2 1. Of course I know the strengths and weaknesses of our
company/firm.
2. If you want to stay ahead of your customers, you have to
adjust your goods/products continually/permanently.
3. We can’t afford to ignore the competition or the needs of
our customers/our customers’ needs.
4. Risk-taking is part of the job.
3 1. Non : Some people want to fight consumerism:
“Opponents of the consumer society”
≠ “Others say that we should focus on fighting the excesses
of consumerism, rather than consumerism itself.”
2. Oui : “They blame big corporations that encourage irre-
pressible desires to own as many objects as possible or to
consume as much leisure as we can.”
3. Oui : “Some people are prepared to sacrifice significant
time and money for a status symbol.”
4. Non : “eco-conscious shopping” can fight “the excesses
of consumerism” or “overconsumption”, but there is no
mention of saving the planet.
4 1. Les Romains ont envahi la Grande-Bretagne en l’an 43 de
notre ère.
2. Il y a un grand magasin de bricolage au coin de la rue.
3. Merci d’avoir une pièce d’identité à la main avant d’arri-
ver à la porte d’embarquement.
 4. Je m’appelle Miranda, alias « Big Miranda ».
5. Mes voisins ont disparu de la circulation/sont aux abon-
nés absents. Ils sont peut-être en vacances.
35 Fashion
1 1. I’m wearing a red scarf. I need to buy a matching belt.
2. You’ve got a beautiful figure. You should buy tight trou-
sers.
3. This is the place for trendy clothes. All hipsters come
here.
4. Bright colours are the latest fad/craze this summer.
5. It’s very fashionable. Everyone’s wearing it.
6. I think it’s vulgar. It’s too ostentatious/showy.
2 1. African fabrics are fashionable/are in this season.
2. Our customers buy second-hand clothes simply because
they’re cheaper.
3. People dress up more in England than in France to go to
the theatre.
4. Everyone was wearing jeans and I felt a bit overdressed
in my suit.
5. Glasses are fashion accessories.
6. Victoria Beckham (has) presented her first woollen col-
lection in a New York fashion show.
3 1. “about 90% of people with anorexia are women”
2. “many models develop fears of putting on weight and
therefore of losing their jobs”
3. “Things may be improving, though, as when fashion lead-
ers require a minimum mass index for models, or when
magazine editors decide not to feature models who appear
unhealthily thin in the publications.”
4. “Some former models speak out against (dénoncent)
the fashion industry’s encouragement of unhealthily thin
models and its influence on teenagers who may identify
with them, and who may equate beauty with skinniness and
with happiness.”
5. “Anorexic models are very likely to develop a variety of
health problems, leading to depression and even death.”
4
XOXO Bises. X = bises, O = accolade
3. You can say “cash machine”, “cash dispenser”, “ATM”,
“hole in the wall” or “cash point”!
4. A synonym for “take money out” is “withdraw money”.
5. “My new TV was dirt cheap, £50.” “£50? That’s cheap
as chips.”
6. You can say “I’ll repay you” or “I’ll reimburse you” or
“I’ll pay you back.”
2 1. I took out a $50,000 mortgage (fifty-thousand dollar
mortgage) to buy my apartment/flat.
2. I’ve got a steady income but my outgoings are very high!
3. I’ve got an overdraft in my current account. I have to
transfer money from my savings account.
4. The bank lent me 1000 (a thousand/one thousand)
euros last month. I still need to borrow 500 (five hundred).
3 1. Pros
“it would lead to a safer society”/“electronic payments
have caused the rate of burglary, assault and larceny to fall
recently. It would drop dramatically if we got rid of cash
altogether.”/“all transactions would be visible”/“It would
also mean the end of undeclared work.”
Cons
“This would imply that more and more individuals are
equipped with portable card readers to accept virtual pay-
ments, even your kids”/“it’s important for young children to
have coins, as they’re tangible and they really mean some-
thing to them.”/“buskers and wishing fountains”
2. payments made electronically – portable card readers –
virtual payments – electronic payments – digital money
4 1. Did your country ever win the World Cup?
2. I earn/make a good living but I don’t consider myself
rich.
3. All we can do is look at who stood to gain from the
crime.
4. Congratulations on your new job! How much do you
earn/make?
5. Liz Rossetti is confident she will win the next election.
6. This is a win-win situation. We’ll all benefit from the new
agreement.
7. Australian women gained the right to vote in 1902.
8. They make/earn over $150,000 a year.

J’aimerais que tu sois

WYWH Wish you were here
là.
TX Merci. Thanks 37 The world of finance
Meilleurs amis pour
BFF Best friends forever 1 1. an income tax – 2. VAT (value added tax) – 3. bankruptcy
toujours.
– 4. to bail out – 5. assets and liabilities
J/K Je rigole. Just kidding
2 1. a connection: pas le vocabulaire de la bourse
NIMBY Pas près de chez moi. Not in my backyard 2. to plummet: seul verbe qui n’indique pas une augmenta-
OMG Oh mon Dieu ! Oh my God! tion
3. to rise: seul verbe qui n’indique pas une chute
TMI Moins de détails ! Too much information! 4. important: pas le vocabulaire de la bourse
3 1. se dégrader : to deteriorate – la baisse du pouvoir
d’achat : reduced purchasing power – l’absence de toit :
36 Money matters homelessness – moins d’offres d’emploi : fewer job oppor-
tunities – la chute de la production industrielle : decreasing
1 1. I’m sorry but we don’t take credit cards, nor cheques. It’s industrial production
cash only. 2. “If the worst comes to the worst, a whole city can go
2. We’re a bit hard up at the moment. So, we’re short of bankrupt, like Detroit in the USA.” Dans le pire des cas,
cash. c’est toute une ville qui peut faire faillite, comme Détroit
aux États-Unis.

Corrigés 171
4 1. Je ne dirais pas qu’il est vieux. Il est plutôt âgé, il a proba-
blement une soixantaine d’années.
2. Sa chemise était verdâtre.
3. On pourrait se retrouver vers les 8 heures.
4. J’ai fait la connaissance d’un homme dans les cinquante
ans la semaine dernière.
5. Mon nouveau petit copain est plutôt grand, avec de
beaux yeux marron.
38 Youth
1 1. to hang out – 2. self-conscious – 3. rebellious – 4. to
come of age – 5. inquisitive, involved
2 1. Spending my gap year in Australia was a rewarding expe-
rience.
2. She has lost her job but she is resilient.
3. A year ago, he volunteered in a school in Zimbabwe.
4. Challenge yourself to reach your goals.
3 1./§ 1 : “They have known nothing… the interactions they
have.”
2./§ 1 : “they are conservative in their spending”/
§ 2 : “they are keen to look after their money”
3./§ 1 : “after witnessing their parents or friends’ parents
lose jobs in the Great Recession.”/§ 2 : “they have grown
up in a world in political and financial turmoil.”
4./§ 2 : “more mature [they] want to change the world.”
4 1. The young do not expect everything from their parents.
2. I would do anything to get back my youth.
3. The youth of today/Today’s youth admire Malala
Yousafzai.
4. This young person/young man is tech savvy.
39 Old age and death
1 1. When I retire, I’ll take to travelling.
2. I do not want to die mentally impaired.
3. This female pensioner/retiree is full of pep.
4. She doesn’t care about wrinkles and greying hair/going
grey.
5. Life expectancy is increasing fast/quickly.
2 1. to be cremated/e. ashes
2. a cemetery/c. graves
3. a will/b. an heir
4. a coffin/a. to bury
5. to mourn/d. to grieve for
3 1./§ 3 “where treatment has not got at least a 95 per cent
chance of my returning to a totally independent life, I don’t
want to live.”
2./§ 4 “Dying used to be an integral part of social life. It is
now a source of terror and people try to hide death as much
as they can.”
3./§ 2 The baby boomers want to “make the most of pal-
liative care to live better in fewer days, and then die with
dignity.”
4./§ 1 “if they are going to die, they would like to die at home.”
4 1. They were buried yesterday, two days after they died.
2. Only the forgotten are truly dead.
3. I am not afraid of death, I just don’t want to be there
when it happens.
4. The dead do not hurt you; only the living do.
172
40 Women and men
1 1. a male preserve – 2. the breadwinner – 3. household
chores – 4. patronizing – 5. to be trapped
2 1. Will he be equal to the job?
2. The pay gap is still huge.
3. She is a high-flying musician.
4. She is a supermom: she has found the perfect work-life
balance.
3 1. Oui : “companies pay men a higher salary if their wives
stay home.”
2. Non : “they are highly educated”
3. Oui : “There are no other options than to take measures
to try keeping women on the working track.”
4. Non : “This is not a feminist point of view but the objec-
tive analysis of an economist.”
4 Jeu de mot sur les deux sens de right : droite ≠ gauche et to
be right : avoir raison.
41 Family relationships
1 1. We entered into a civil union/partnership three years
ago.
2. I lived in a single-parent family until I was ten. My mother
met my stepfather, her husband, when I was twenty.
3. The number of stepfamilies/blended families has gone
up over 10% (ten percent) in the last three years.
4. People always talk about the death of the family, but it is
postponed with each new generation.
5. Divorce is no longer taboo and couples split up more
easily than in the past.
2 1. Fifties: They lived happily ever after their wedding.
Divorce was unthinkable.
c. Marriage has to last for life. Family life is stable and
conformist. Divorce carries a stigma.
2. Sixties: Decadence, dissent and freedom.
d. It’s a time of “free love”. The family as the moral mirror of
society is pretty much shattered. So is the traditional trilogy
for women “housework, motherhood, husband”.
3. Seventies: The “me” decade.
b. The single-parent family is born. The divorce rate shoots
up from 45,794 in England and Wales in 1968 to 143,667 in
1978 – divorce is overwhelmingly initiated by women, who
are no longer ready to sacrifice themselves for their family.
4. Eighties: Children first (or not); marriage second.
f. Couples no longer feel the pressure to get married when
they have children. Legislation puts the child first in family
life, rather than assuming that marriage is the only form of
protection.
5. Nineties: The family inside out, i.e. the family is
redefined.
e. New families emerge, like single-parent families, step
families and gay parents. The new trends fail to bring back
the housewife and the breadwinner father.
6. Noughties (2000s): No more confetti, because
weddings are no longer what they used to be.
Surrogacy is something people talk about more and
more.
a. Families come in all shapes and sizes and include circles
of friends. Marriage rates continue to plunge. “Wombs to
rent” cause ethical dilemmas with greater frequency.
3 1. Dans les contes de fées, les belles-mères sont représentées
comme des méchantes femmes, comme dans Cendrillon ou
Blanche Neige. Leurs victimes sont le plus souvent les belles-
filles. Parfois elles détestent aussi leurs gendres.
2. Ce n’est jamais facile d’être un beau-père ou une belle-
mère.
3. Ma belle-famille m’adore. À vrai dire, je suis une belle-
fille parfaite.
4. J’aime bien ma belle-mère mais je trouve mon beau-père
un peu ennuyeux.
42 Social inequality
1 unfair/unjust • unbiased/fair • have-nots/poor • gap/dif-
ference • uneven/unequal • lack/absence • wealth/money
2 1. It’s difficult not to feel left out in this group of ambitious
people.
2. The imbalance between the various groups tends to widen.
3. This unfair/biased system is going to impact thousands
of people.
4. It’s a divisive societal issue.
5. I felt a lot of resentment at the time, probably because of
low self-confidence.
3 1. Their future should not depend on their colour.
And yet… “Many studies point out the gulf that exists
between black students and their white classmates in U.S.
public schools.”
2. Their future should not depend on their gender.
And yet… “A 2015 survey of more than 70,000 managers
highlighted the large gender pay gap in the UK, despite
undeniable women’s gains. Male managers earn at least
20% more than their female counterparts.”
3. Their future should not depend on their economic status.
And yet… “It is obvious that the son of a successful lawyer
in the U.S. – and probably in all countries – is far more likely
to become highly successful than the son of a shop assis-
tant.”
4. Their future should not depend on their postcode.
And yet… “there are significant gaps in life expectancy
depending on your zip code.” (postcode [GB]/ zip code
[US])
4 1. Le concessionnaire a dit que ma voiture valait 500 dollars.
2. Il est bon de rappeler qu’il peut faire très froid à New York
en janvier.
3. La National Portrait Gallery mérite vraiment une visite.
4. J’ai dû faire la queue pendant quatre heures, mais ça en
valait la peine.
5. « Je prends combien d’essence ? – À peu près pour 40
livres. »
6. Je sais que tu ne veux pas que j’en parle, mais si tu veux
mon avis, tu devrais te trouver un nouveau coiffeur.
43 Social progress
1 1. Sanitation is a system that takes dirty water and other
waste products away from our homes.
2. A non-profit organisation is not interested in making
money.
3. There aren’t enough shelters for the homeless in this city.
4. I’m not sure we do enough for the elderly in our society.
5. Life expectancy is steadily increasing in the EU. It’s
close to 80 years on average.
2 1. How can we ameliorate/improve the lives of our fellow
citizens?
2. The civil rights movement supported/advocated
equality before the law in the U.S. in the 60s. It now
supports/advocates all the rights of minorities.
3. Human progress/advancement has come a long way
since the days of the cave man.
4. They are strong defenders/proponents of social pro-
gress.
5. I’ve always considered her advice important./I’ve
always valued her advice.
3 1. Oui : “Many international organisations set great store
by solidarity.”
2. Non : “[solidarity] should underlie relations between
peoples in the twenty-first century.”
3. Oui : “The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the
European Union contains a chapter titled ‘Solidarity’.”
4. Non : In the United Nations solidarity is defined in terms
of “relations between peoples”, and adresses issues such
as “poverty and growing inequality, climate change […] and
health”. In the European Union, it is in terms of “workers’
rights, […] health care, social assistance, environmental
protection and consumer protection”.
4 1. Je n’ai vu personne de toute la journée.
2. Est-ce qu’il y a quelqu’un à la maison ?
3. S’il te plaît, ne le dis à personne.
4. Toute personne qui veut passer son permis de conduire
doit d’abord s’enregistrer en ligne.
5. Est-ce que je peux faire quoi que ce soit pour vous aider ?
6. Je n’ai rien dit, promis.
7. De nos jours, on peut voyager partout dans le monde en
quelques heures.
8. Je ne veux aller nulle part.
44 Discrimination and civil rights
1 1. Tous les êtres humains naissent libres et égaux en dignité
et en droits.
2. Tout individu a droit à la vie, à la liberté et à la sécurité de
sa personne.
3. Tous sont égaux devant la loi et ont droit sans distinction
à une égale protection de la loi.
4. Face à la persécution, toute personne a le droit de cher-
cher asile et de bénéficier de l’asile en d’autres pays.
2 1. In the past, Catholics were discriminated against in the
UK.
2. If a government takes affirmative action, it gives prefe-
rence to some minorities.
3. Child abuse is severely punished in most countries.
4. The workers are holding a demonstration to protest
against nonpayment of their salaries.
5. People who are afraid of being prosecuted from their
home countries are eligible to apply for political asylum.
3 1. Non : “she was arrested and fined for it.”
2. Oui : “facilities (équipements) and services could be
separated along racial lines, if the facilities and services
provided to each group were equal.”
3. Non : “So bus segregation was ended, but other forms of
segregation and discrimination remained”
Corrigés 173
 4. Non : “[there were] two separate sections on buses: one
for coloured people and one for whites [but they took the
same buses]”
4 1. I’m doing a course in women’s studies.
2. Men’s clothing is on the second floor.
3. People had to fight for women’s suffrage.
4. I can’t see the children’s menu.
5. I found this bird’s nest in the doghouse.
6. I no longer drink cow’s milk, only goat’s milk.
45 Social welfare
1 1. The legal age when you can retire on a full pension is
called the full retirement age.
2. An occupational hazard is something that you may
experience as a result of doing your job.
3. One way of translating la Sécurité sociale française is
“the French public welfare system”.
4. A pension is a sum of money paid by a private company
or the government to a person who is retired.
5. If you make a living wage you earn enough money to
buy what is necessary in order to live.
6. My brother is on social security or on welfare as the
Americans would say because he is too ill to get a job.
2 1. une allocation chômage – 2. une allocation de maternité –
3. une allocation familiale – 4. une allocation logement – 5. une
allocation pour enfant à charge – 6. les prestations de santé
3 1. Non : “half of the developing world lack[s] even a simple
latrine.”
2. Oui : “For the same reason [lack of access to safe
drinking water and basic sanitation] millions of people are
threatened by blindness.”
3. Non : the article does not dissociate access to drinking
water and sanitation.
4. Non : “safe drinking water” is a “precondition […] to
promote primary education”
4 1. un enfant bien élevé – 2. venir d’une famille qui a des
relations – 3. J’aime mon steak bien cuit. – 4. des vacances
bien méritées – 5. une actrice connue – 6. une famille riche
46 Education
1 1. Emma and I went to the same nursery school/kinder-
garten/preschool.
2. The college I attended was for both male and female
students/co-educational.
3. This is the best high school/secondary school in the
neighbourhood.
4. Mathematics should be obligatory/compulsory for all
students after the age of 16.
5. I teach at a college of adult education/further education.
2 1. My aim is to impart theoretical knowledge about this sub-
ject.
2. Thanks to/Because of continuous assessment I won’t
fail/I’m not going to fail my exams.
3. We’re somewhat self-taught people when we attend dis-
tance learning classes.
4. I have to take an optional language test this afternoon.
5. Lack of basic literacy skills diminishes/will diminish the
development of the individual.
174
3 1. “Many parents face a difficult choice: either put money
aside for their own retirement or for their children’s
education.”
2. “Some economists claim that students’ debts are
detrimental to the economy, because they push back the
moment they can buy a home, start a family or borrow
money to start their own business.”
3. “Some politicians, especially in the Democratic Party,
find this system absurd and would like the government to
fund access to higher education, which, they claim, will
make the U.S. richer and more competitive…”
4 1. I am out of the office/not in the office/not at the
office until 30th August.
2. My girlfriend is out of this world/wonderful! I love her
so much.
3. Millions of children of primary school age are out of
school/not at school/not in school around the world.
4. Your computer looks so out of date/old-fashioned.
5. Some people prefer out-of-town shopping centres/non-
central shopping centres.
6. You’ve chosen too many classes. You must be out of
your mind/crazy.
47 The law and the courts
1 1. They violated/broke the law and were punished
accordingly.
2. According to law/By law, you’re entitled to receive a
free copy.
3. It is totally illegal/unlawful.
4. They want to make people obey/to enforce this
unfair law.
5. She’s a citizen who obeys the law/She’s a law-
abiding citizen. She never does anything wrong.
2 1. Charlotte is an excellent barrister/lawyer/defendant.
She always wins her cases.
2. He was brought to process/trial/court for acts of vio-
lence.
3. They wanted to prosecute/sue/charge my neighbour
because she was drunk driving.
4. The judge needed proof/probes/evidence.
5. I feel like the sentence/verdict/condemnation was
based on emotion.
6. It’s better to acquit five guilty people/culprits/witnesses
than to convict one innocent person.
3 § 1: Synonyms
§ 2: Types of capital crimes
§ 3: A shameful first rank
§ 4: For the death penalty
§ 5: Against the death penalty
4 1. two million unemployed: Il y a plus de deux millions de
chômeurs dans ce pays.
2. The poor: Les pauvres méritent eux aussi d’être bien
logés.
3. the dead: On comptait beaucoup d’enfants parmi les
morts.
4. the young: De nos jours, les jeunes se font entendre
davantage.
5. the blind: Je dresse des chiens pour aveugles.
48 Delinquency and criminality
1 1. breaking and entering/b. burglar
2. mugger/a. assault
3. ransack/e. loot
4. stab/d. knife
5. theft/f. steal
6. arson/c. fire
2 “abuse”: ne signifie pas « abuser » mais « maltraiter »
“assassinate”: ne s’emploie que pour des personnes
célèbres ou les personnalités politiques
“crime”: peut aller du petit délit (vol mineur) à l’assassinat
“delinquency”: désigne la délinquance juvénile
“domestic (violence)”: la violence conjugale ; “domestic”
décrit ce qui concerne la maison (“domestic chores”: les
tâches ménagères) ou un pays (“domestic flights”: les vols
intérieurs)
“offence”: c’est un délit, une infraction ; « une offense » se
dit “an insult”, “an affront”.
3 1. “the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution pro-
tects the right of the people to keep and bear arms. In
other words, the right to have a gun is an integral part of
American culture.”
“In the land of the free, you should be free to protect your-
self against any person that threatens you.”
2. “In the United Kingdom, it is very difficult to have a
licence to own a gun.”
“The UK has one of the lowest rates of gun homicides in the
world.”
4 1. Ils ne sont pas armés. Ne tirez pas !
2. On a retrouvé le corps deux semaines plus tard. On lui
avait tiré une balle dans la tête.
3. Plusieurs personnes ont été tuées par balle durant les
émeutes.
4. Le ministre s’est tiré une balle dans le pied en en disant
trop à la presse.
5. Le film a été tourné en extérieur en Alaska.
49 Political regimes and parties
1 1. Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom and Empress
of India. In Victoria’s time, the UK was already a constitu-
tional monarchy, in which the sovereign/the Queen had
relatively little political power.
2. In the 19th century, when you said “the sun never sets on
it,” you meant the British Empire.
3. The state of being a member of a country is called
citizenship. This status bestows rights and duties on that
person.
4. The army staged a coup and unseated the democrati-
cally elected President.
5. Several opposition groups are determined to have the
Prime minister removed from power.
2 1. Whereas Margaret Thatcher was the leader of the
Conservative Party, Tony Blair was a Labour Party
politician/a member of the Labour Party. Both served as
Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom.
2. The Republican Party is on the right of the U.S. political
spectrum.
3. The opposition leader claims that the government’s
policy on the conflict is indefensible.
4. The opposite of “opposition party” is “ruling party”.
5. The Democrats in the United States are supported by
trade unions and left-wing people.
3 violent: “bloody” – a murderer: “a homicide” – to murder:
“to slaughter” – a worthless stone: “a base foul stone” –
where he doesn’t belong: “where he is falsely set”
50 Democracy
1 1. Guy Fawkes is a famous conspirator who wanted to blow
up the Parliament house with gunpowder in 1604.
2. The executive power is exercised by a President or a
Prime minister, with the help of the government.
3. In the U.S. the president is elected for a four-year term.
4. The separation of powers divides authority into three
branches: legislative, executive and judiciary.
5. Opposition MPs want to amend the bill.
2 1. Our incumbent MP canvassed during the whole electoral
campaign, but I didn’t see him at the polling station.
2. There are usually few non-voters/abstainers in our
constituency. But this time, the turnout was low.
3. My sister loves elections, opinions polls and politics in
general. She even collects ballot papers/ballots.
3 1. People in prison – people who are convicted of electoral
malpractice – people who have severe intellectual disabil-
ities, like people who are detained in psychiatric hospitals.
2. Même dans un pays très démocratique comme le
Royaume-Uni, certaines personnes n’ont pas le droit de
voter : les prisonniers, les personnes condamnées pour
fraude électorale ou celles qui ont un grave handicap men-
tal, comme les personnes confinées dans des hôpitaux psy-
chiatriques.
4 1. an aristocrat – 2. plutocracy – 3. bureaucracy –
4. a technocrat – 5. meritocracy
51 The media
1 1. a press baron – 2. an op-ed – 3. a front-page story –
4. the gutter press
2 1. A daily is published every day; a weekly is published
once a week; a monthly once a month.
2. The minister was forced to resign after it hit the head-
lines that she had employed several siblings.
3. I like reading Sunday papers, but they tend to have a lot
of advertising inserts.
4. The entertainment section of a newspaper has articles
that focus on different aspects of culture.
5. Could you get me two copies of The Guardian, please?
One for me and one for my sick neighbour.
6. My girlfriend is addicted to social networks. She can’t
stop sending texts even when we’re dining.
3 1. a. Non : “the digital age we live in is still in its infancy.”
b. Oui : “[social media allow] marketers to target their ads
to a more specific group of individuals.”
c. Non : “TV has proved far more resilient than many imag-
ined not that long ago.”/ “the traditional TV industry is still
very strong and will be for many, many years to come.”
2. L’époque où les émissions télévisées attiraient plus de
100 millions de téléspectateurs aux États-Unis est peut-être
révolue en raison de la multiplicité des chaînes de télévision
et des supports médiatiques…
Corrigés 175
4 1. Leslie Craig était en tête de la liste des candidats.
2. Mon fils est premier de sa classe en langues.
3. Il se fait tard, on devrait rentrer.
4. Tu pourrais me passer un mouchoir (en papier) ? Je dois
me moucher.
5. Je ne peux pas endosser la responsabilité du comporte-
ment de mes parents.
6. On demande souvent aux politiciens de rentrer dans le
rang.
52 Remembering, imagining…
1 1. Who is the current President of the USA? I know that
Barack Obama was a former President.
2. With the advent of the GPS, printed maps have become
outdated/obsolete.
3. It’s only a matter of time until the CD becomes just a
relic of past times.
4. The Mars Science Laboratory has lately/recently com-
pleted one Martian year (687 Earth days) working on the
Red Planet.
5. These experiments are expensive to carry out but will
prove profitable in the long run.
6. In 1790, she received a three-month sentence and was
subsequently deported to Australia.
2 1. everlasting – 2. fate – 3. to outlast – 4. to postpone/to
put off – 5. remote/far – 6. impending – 7. to look back –
8. oblivion
3 The duty to remember
1. Remembering the past will prevent future crimes and
heal countries.
3. Forgetting the past is forgetting our roots and our basic
structure.
The duty to forget
2. You build on failure. You use it as a stepping stone. Close
the door on the past. You don’t try to forget the mistake, but
you don’t dwell on it.
4. My motto is: “Forget the past and move on!” It is stupid
to hold on to painful memories.
4 1. The people, objects in a picture or photograph that
seem nearest to you are in the foreground.
2. They are very pessimistic and foresee crises on the
horizon of our life as a nation.
3. John Fitzgerald Kennedy’s forefathers were Irish.
4. Don’t believe the prophets who foretell the end of the
world.
5. Was the foreword written by the author?
53 Moving and doing things
1 “Do not trod” est impossible car “trod” est le prétérit du
verbe “tread” ; or “do not” (impératif négatif) est suivi de la
base verbale : “do not tread” est la forme correcte. On peut
aussi envisager qu’il s’agit d’une erreur de saisie : “do not
trot” (ne trottez pas) serait correct.
2 1. Comment faire pour que mon bébé de deux ans mange
de façon équilibrée ?
2. Il n’avait pas l’habitude de parler en public : il butait sur
les mots.
176
3. Edimbourg est à un saut de puce en avion de Birmingham.
4. Le gouvernement de ce pays a manifestement décidé de
bafouer/piétiner les droits de l’homme.
5. Ce livre était tellement ennuyeux que j’ai sauté des tas
de pages.
3 1. There are many reasons why you might want to under-
take postgraduate studies.
2. After her breakdown she could no longer cope with her
responsibilities.
3. The debate was heated and the speaker strove to make
himself understood.
4. I had so much to do that I decided to postpone my
departure to the following day.
5. Brazilian artist Lygia Clark’s works are on display at the
Henry Moore Institute in Leeds.
6. Is the government ready to tackle/handle the real
problems?
7. Idleness is the root of all evil.
4 Éloge du choix personnel
§ 2 : “I-I took the one less traveled by.” Quant à moi, j’ai pris
la route la moins fréquentée.
Éloge de la marche
§ 1 :“By walking… minds” ou aussi “To walk… explore
it”. En parcourant un lieu à pied, nous nous y exposons de
manière idéale pour fixer ses détails dans notre esprit./
Marcher, c’est explorer le paysage.
Éloge du travail
§ 3 : “The thing is to get the work done.” L’important (Ce qui
compte), c’est d’accomplir la tâche.
5 1. What are you going to do after you graduate?
2. Her husband sometimes does the cooking on Sundays.
3. Have all the arrangements for the wedding been made?
4. I’ll make a cup of coffee while you wait.
5. You’ve really done a good job.
54 Thinking
1 1. Faux fi “quick to respond to small changes, easily
upset”: définition de “sensitive” ; “sensible”: sensé.
3. Faux fi “lack of knowledge or information”: définition
de “ignorance” ; “awareness”: la conscience.
5. Faux fi “witty”: spirituel
2., 4. et 6. Justes.
2 1. She knows a lot about computers. She is very know-
ledgeable about computers.
2. This argument has nothing to do with the issue. It is a
red herring.
3. I didn’t like the film: the plot is too complicated. The plot
is too intricate.
4. The recent events have gradually weakened people’s
confidence in the government. They have undermined
their confidence.
5. It’s easy to see that he’s wrong. He is obviously wrong.
3 § 1. Marcela Louie is a whiz kid. “She’s been ahead of
her peers since she was a toddler. […] By the time she
was two, Roxana says her daughter knew she wanted
to be a doctor. So the proud mom admits she’s not too
surprised that [15-year-old] Marcela was recently granted
early admission to the University of Alberta, where she’ll be
majoring in Biology this fall.”
 § 2. Thinking things through can be a great thing of course.
However if you’re an over-thinker, you might become
someone who stands still in life, someone who forgets the
good things that happen in life.
§ 3. Laughter yoga is fast emerging as the healing balm
for people having their life full of stress. This therapy has
attracted a lot of people from all walks of life barring age
as they find it a natural stress reliever.
§ 1. “her peers” (people of the same age): les jeunes de son
âge • “she was granted early admission”: elle a été admise
avant l’âge normal
§ 2. “someone who self-sabotages”: quelqu’un qui se
détruit lui-même
§ 3. “the healing balm”: le baume apaisant • “from all walks
of life”: de tous les horizons
4 1. friendly: amical – 2. costly: coûteux – 3. lively: animé –
4. chilly: frais – 5. disorderly: désordonné.
Ces mots sont des adjectifs ; les autres sont des adverbes.
55 Describing personality
1 1. unpredictable – 2. cowardly – 3. daring, bold – 4. shy –
5. finicky – 6. conceited – 7. deceitful, deceptive, sneaky,
devious – 8. confident
2 1. He believes anything you tell him, he is naive and easily
deceived: he is gullible.
2. She bought a house just before property prices
started to rise: this was a shrewd decision.
3. They constantly express negative opinions to
lower Dorian’s reputation: their comments are dis-
paraging.
4. He is not easily frightened or intimidated: he is
dauntless/bold.
5. This politician will lie and trick people in order to
get what he wants: he is devious/sneaky.
6. She was fond of company, very sociable and popu-
lar: she was gregarious/easy-going/sociable.
3 Graphology is not an exact science, but it can be fun! For
those who still use a pen…
According to research carried out by the National Pen
Company in the U.S., people with small handwriting tend
to be withdrawn, that is, shy, and meticulous. By contrast,
outgoing people will have larger handwriting.
Do you leave large gaps between words? That’s a sign that
you don’t enjoy being crowded. You like your freedom. If
the words are close together, that may mean that you can’t
stand being alone.
How do you write the letter “l”? With a wide loop or a nar-
row one? Wide implies that you’re relaxed, spontaneous
and open-minded.
Where do you place the dot over the letter “i”? If it’s high
over the “i”, then you tend to be imaginative. If the dot
is closer to the letter, you tend to be organised, detail-
oriented, and empathetic.
The way you sign is supposed to say a lot about your
personality too. If your signature is illegible, then you’re
likely to be private. If it is legible, you tend to be comfort-
able and self-confident.
4 1. loathsome/c. disgusting
2. troublesome/d. giving trouble or anxiety
3. tiresome/f. causing you to feel bored or impatient
4. handsome/b. attractive (usually for a man)
5. toilsome/e. characterized by physical effort to the point
of exhaustion
6. awesome/a. causing feelings of respect or fear
56 Happiness
1 1. J’adore mes petits-enfants./Je suis une grand-mère
gâteau.
2. Merci beaucoup pour ces paroles compatissantes/bien-
veillantes.
3. L’idée lui plaisait.
4. Je suis ravi(e) de te revoir.
5. Son/Sa colocataire est japonais(e).
6. Tu sais quoi ? Je crois qu’elle est en train de tomber
amoureuse de lui.
7. Courage !/Ne te laisse pas abattre. Ce n’est pas la fin du
monde.
2 1. breathtaking – 2. composure – 3. elated/thrilled –
4. to long for – 5. sensitive – 6. relief
3 1. “despite the impact of Bollywood films, which tend to
glorify romantic love.”
2. “Online matrimonial sites are big business too…”
3. “Rajini mentions the caste that you want your future
spouse to be…”
4. “The criteria used online are the same as those used by
traditional matchmakers…”
4 1. How did she get out of trouble?
2. This rotten weather is really getting me down.
3. She is slowly getting over a bad cold.
4. It’s hard to get by with such a low salary.
5. Leave me alone! Get off my back!
6. You won’t get away with cheating on your taxes.
57 Displeasure
1 1. This novel is written in a lively style, with a sense of
humour, sometimes biting but never spiteful/mean.
2. Their faces showed weariness/boredom as the
speech dragged on.
3. All the players were dejected/down-hearted after
their defeat.
4. I strongly dislike/ I loathe wind and rain.
5. Tom felt miserable/wretched thinking of what he had
done to her.
6. Does she bite her nails when she is nervous/on edge/
under stress/stressed out?
7. What makes you feel so sad and melancholy/low?
8. She was very worried about/annoyed at having no
news from her daughter.
9. He was distressed/devastated when his friend left.
10. She has been unsociable/withdrawn since her
mother died.
2 1. That’s a pathetic waste of opportunity.
2. Tell me more: I can’t bear/stand the suspense any longer.
3. Do you dread getting old?
Corrigés 177
 4. She’s been away for a month and I am longing for her
to come back.
5. That dictator was selfish, callous and indifferent to suf-
fering.
6. You can’t bear a grudge against someone who hasn’t
done anything to you.
7. The junior executive was reluctant to take on new
responsibilities since he was already overworked.
8. Bungee jumping is the last thing I would like to do; it’s
too scary for me.
3 Ce poème a été composé à la suite de la mort d’un ami.
Son titre est Funeral Blues.
La deuxième strophe citée exprime le désir qu’a le poète de
voir l’univers entier se faire l’écho de sa douleur : “The stars
are not wanted now” (Qu’à présent partent les étoiles),
“Pack up the moon” (Effacez la lune), “dismantle the
sun” (démantelez le soleil), “Pour away the ocean” (Videz
l’océan).
4 1. She was confused by his ambiguous remarks.
2. It’s very frustrating to feel like you’re not making pro-
gress.
3. She was devastated when he left her for another woman.
4. He was stunned when they told him he had won the first
prize.
5. These refugees are living in appalling conditions.
6. This abridged version is easy to read.
7. San Francisco is an amazing city.
58 Expressing oneself
1 1. a grin – 2. to giggle, to chuckle – 3. to pout, to pull a face
– 4. to sob – 5. a bland face – 6. to wink
2 1. Screaming at her/him is useless. (It’s useless to scream
est possible mais moins idiomatique.)
2. He mumbled an apology and left.
3. The supporters shouted themselves hoarse.
4. Can’t you hush them?/Can you shut them up?
5. Her voice is shrill when she gets upset.
3 1. The difference between the words people speak and our
understanding of what they are saying comes from non-ver-
bal communication, otherwise known as “body language”.
2. It’s not just what you say, it’s how you say it. When we
speak, other people “read” our voices in addition to listen-
ing to our words. Things they pay attention to include your
timing and pace, how loud you speak, your tone and inflec-
tion, and sounds that convey understanding, such as “ahh”
and “uh-huh.”
3. Contrary to what one might expect, research shows
that when people speak with a lower pitch they feel more
powerful.
4. While good eye contact is praised and expected in the
West, it is seen as a sign of disrespect and challenge in
other cultures, including Asian and African. The less eye
contact these groups have with an individual, the more
respect they show.
5. By the time most of us are adults, we’ve learned to
mask our true feelings — at least as they show up in our
face – because we have to get along at work, at home, and
in social settings. So we pretend to be interested, we pre-
tend to smile, we assume a bland expression when we’re
actually peeved, and so on.
178
4 1. She is very open-minded.
2. He was dancing with a long-haired woman.
3. Why does she love such a strong-willed boy?
4. I felt light-hearted when I heard the news.
5. How come he is so low-spirited?
6. Are frogs cold-blooded animals?
7. This is a long-sighted approach.
59 Books
1 1. Barbara Cartland often billed as the Queen of Romance
enchanted millions of readers with her dashing heroes,
beautiful heroines, and of course, her trademark happy
endings.
2. Ernest Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize in
literature in 1954.
3. Comics are a collection of multiple drawings that tell a
story.
4. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was an English poet,
playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest
writer in the English language.
5. Bookfinder.com can help you find used books, out of
print books, textbooks, rare books and new books.
2 1. the plot – 2. to embody – 3. a device – 4. engrossing –
5. to disparage
3 Pour
2. It’s like having a library in one small source.
3. Thousands of books can be downloaded for free. So it’s
much cheaper.
6. They save trees, millions of them.
7. You can read them in bed without disturbing anyone,
because you don’t need to turn a lamp on.
Contre
1. A well-designed book jacket can stop you. It may make
you smile or pause for a second, or surprise you. You might
even want to pick up the book and look inside, and possibly
buy it.
4. “I would definitely recommend The Hours. I’ve read it
twice.” “Can I borrow it?” “Sorry, it is on my e-reader.”
5. There is something unique about its feel, its smell.
8. I personally own every digital device you can imagine, but
I still love to be surrounded by printed books. I feel smarter
when I see great writers staring down at me from a shelf.
Traduction
1. Une couverture de livre bien faite peut retenir votre atten-
tion. Elle peut vous faire sourire, vous arrêter un instant ou
vous surprendre. Vous pourriez même être tenté de prendre
le livre et de le feuilleter, et peut-être de l’acheter.
5. Il y a quelque chose d’irremplaçable dans son contact,
son odeur.
8. Personnellement, je possède tous les gadgets électro-
niques imaginables, mais j’aime encore être entouré de
livres imprimés. Je me sens plus intelligent quand je vois de
grands auteurs me regarder du haut d’une étagère.
4 1. Economic development ought to/should reduce dis-
parity in opportunities.
2. I’ve just read a sad yet comical short story.
3. Electric vehicles have many/numerous advantages over
traditional vehicles.
4. She is sceptical (skeptical) about the idea.
5. They are trying to find more economical production
methods.
60 Museums and music
1 1. The Mount Rushmore National Memorial (South Dakota)
is a sculpture featuring the heads of four U.S. presidents
carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmore.
2. Mona Lisa is “the best known, the most visited, the most
written about, the most sung about, the most parodied
masterpiece in the world”.
3. A still life is a painting that depicts commonplace
objects, especially natural objects like flowers, dead ani-
mals or shells. But they can also be man-made, like books,
jewelry, etc.
4. The Museum of Art Fakes/Forgeries, in Vienna, is filled
with faked paintings. It is unique in Europe.
5. An art dealer is a person or company that buys and sells
works of art.
2 1. a conductor – 2. the lyrics – 3. a score – 4. to tune
– 5. a chord
3 Pour
1. Street art is not limited to museums or galleries. It’s diffi-
cult to collect. You can’t really buy it as a trophy.
2. Graffitists want to leave a message in a public place in
order to reach as many people as possible.
4. Street art often appears on areas that would normally be
eyesores, like a long concrete wall. And so, it brings beauty
to our surroundings.
5. “And the words of the prophets are written on the sub-
way walls…”
6. Artists who paint on the street or on walls are merely
expressing themselves. They’ve never hurt anyone and
don’t intend to.
Contre
3. To many people, places with graffiti look dirty and can
give you a feeling of insecurity. The places may look aban-
doned and therefore unsafe.
Traduction
1. L’art de la rue n’est pas réservé aux musées ou aux gale-
ries. On peut difficilement le collectionner. On ne peut pas
vraiment l’acheter pour en faire un trophée.
2. Les graffeurs veulent laisser un message dans un endroit
public pour atteindre un maximum de gens.
3. Pour beaucoup de gens les endroits graffés ont l’air sale
et peuvent donner un sentiment d’insécurité. Ces endroits
peuvent sembler abandonnés et donc peu sûrs.
4. L’art de la rue apparaît souvent dans des endroits qui
seraient des horreurs, comme un long mur de béton. Et
comme ça, il embellit notre environnement.
5. « Et les mots des prophètes sont inscrits sur les murs du
métro… »
6. Les artistes qui peignent dans la rue ou sur des murs ne
font que s’exprimer. Ils n’ont jamais fait de mal à personne
et n’ont aucune intention de le faire.
4 1. La génération MP3 : en danger de surdité ?
2. Dans son nouvel album, le pianiste relie musique de
chambre romantique et pop music actuelle.
3. L’éducation musicale pourrait contribuer à combler
l’écart en termes de réussite entre étudiants défavorisés et
étudiants riches.
4. Pourquoi votre cerveau a grand soif de musique.
5. Le concours du Metropolitan (Opera) présente les meil-
leurs talents lyriques du pays.
5 1. They hopped across to London for the weekend.
2. She was hoping for the best.
3. She loves swimming.
4. Life can be so sweet on the sunny side of the street.
5. Is it worth helping her?
61 The cinema and television
1 1. When is the next show?
2. Lots of/Many people pay little attention to the credits.
3. The fifty days of shooting will take place in Poland.
4. Sean Penn is the director of Into the Wild, isn’t he?
5. You can watch the trailers of new releases on
Comingsoon.net.
2 1. a host – 2. independent television 3. – a game show
– 4. to channel hop – 5. live – 6. a newscaster, an anchor-
man/an anchorwoman
3 Bollywood films
Masala is a famous Indian spice mix. In India, some films
are called “masala films” because they provide a mixture
of several things that the Indian moviegoers/filmgoers/
cinemagoers appreciate, like action, comedy, tragedy,
romance, dances, songs, love triangles… In most Indian
films, you get the typical hero, needless to say a man, who
manages to fight off/to defeat the villains/ the baddies
all by himself. They last about three hours with an inter-
mission/an interval/a break.
4 Not all audiences behave the same way. We are used to
the reserved British filmgoers. Things are quite different in
Indian cinemas, where viewers often shout out comments
to the screen, give advice to the characters, boo them or
cheer them. They sometimes mock the hero, for example
when he stands at the edge of a cliff and tells the woman
he loves that he will jump if she doesn’t return his love. It’s
fairly common for viewers to shout “Jump!” or even “Jump,
you chicken!” in such an emotional moment.
5 Le plaisir du spectateur
“waiting eagerly”, “to savor”, “enjoying”, “[we feel] relief/
giddy”, “feeling somehow better, safer… that we are going
to be okay”
L’ambiguïté de ses sentiments
“yet don’t want the end to come too quickly”, “we feel
conflicted/guilty”
6 1. His car is his only means of transport.
2. He is new here.
3. Turn right at the crossroads.
4. He is looking for work.
5. Is the lynx an endangered species?
62 Architecture and photography
1 1. Il se pencha en avant en joignant les mains et dit : « Je ne
sais pas mais vous, vous pourriez m’en dire davantage… »
2. Son argument est étayé par des faits concrets.
3. Je préférerais une place côté couloir pour ce vol long-courrier.
4. Tu as écouté ce qui se disait derrière la porte de la cui-
sine, non ?
Corrigés 179
2 1. This photograph/photo/picture has obviously been doc-
tored/retouched/Photoshopped.
2. Can a blurred/fuzzy picture be beautiful?
3. The American artist Louis Comfort Tiffany was awarded a
gold medal at the 1900 Universal Exhibition for his stained
(glass) windows The Four Seasons.
4. Is he a photographer or a digital artist?
3 1. The mother art is architecture. Without an architec-
ture of our own we have no soul of our own civilization./
b. L’architecture est l’âme propre d’une civilisation
2. Architecture is a very dangerous job. If a writer makes
a bad book, eh, people don’t read it. But if you make bad
architecture, you impose ugliness on a place for a hundred
years./e. Vous encourez le risque d’imposer la laideur pour
une centaine d’années.
3. Architecture should speak of its time and place, but
yearn for timelessness./a. Atteindre l’intemporalité est le
but de l’architecture
4. I would like my architecture to inspire people to use their
own resources, to move into the future./c. L’architecture
que je crée a pour but d’inciter les gens à se projeter dans
l’avenir
5. The long path from material through function to
creative work has only one goal: to create order out
of the desperate confusion of our time./d. Le seul
but est de créer de l’ordre dans le chaos qui nous
entoure.
4 It’s part of human nature to make things up. It started with
language. And inventing things is often fun! Most of us
enjoy telling stories, which doesn’t mean that we’re liars.
It’s the same with art. The genuine artist doesn’t inten-
tionally want to mislead anyone or misrepresent anything.
The only problem is when the artist lies about his or her
intentions, when he or she tries to manipulate us, as when
he or she puts together two separate photographs of two
people to make it look like they are friends. In this case,
the purpose of the photographer is clearly to deceive the
viewer. Then it becomes a question of ethics.
63 Pleasures of the table
1 1. a gourmet restaurant – 2. a food court – 3. fusion food –
4. pub grub/pub food
2 1. des pommes de terre au four – 2. du poulet frit – 3. du
poisson pané – 4. du bacon croustillant – 5. des mini-
carottes croquantes – 6. un hamburger moelleux/juteux
– 7. une recette super-bonne pour les enfants.
3 1. Non seulement votre santé s’améliorera en renonçant
aux menus caloriques des restaurants, mais votre budget
aussi ! Manger des repas sains à la maison peut réduire vos
dépenses en nourriture de manière considérable.
2. Manger au restaurant peut être un moment agréable
et festif, une façon de faire une pause de temps en temps
dans la corvée de cuisiner à la maison.
3. Entre la frénésie du travail et l’emploi du temps fami-
lial, beaucoup d’Américains trouvent difficilement du temps
pour préparer des repas à la maison.
4. Les restaurants sont une affaire d’argent ; calculer les
calories ne fait pas partie de leurs priorités.
180
4 1. Il s’agit de mussel.
2. Bienvenue à l’hôtel de la Mer du Sud. Cabillaud bleu.
Écrevisses. Moules et bien davantage… Heures d’ouverture
du restaurant : 11h30-14h/17h30-20h. Réservation indis-
pensable pour le dîner.
5 1. BYO: Bring Your Own Wine
2. BLT: Bacon, Lettuce and Tomato
3. KFC: Kentucky Fried Chicken
6 1. Il y a souvent du brouillard à San Francisco le soir.
2. Il y a eu pas mal de turbulences pendant le vol.
3. Je pense qu’elle est trop maigre (squelettique).
4. Ce curry avait beaucoup de goût.
5. Ses vêtements sont trop amples./Il flotte dans ses vête-
ments.
64 Sports
1 1. Ils ont enfreint la loi en évitant de payer les impôts.
2. Je n’avais pas vu mes amis australiens de toute l’an-
née, j’ai été heureuse de rattraper le temps perdu en les
revoyant à la fête.
3. Le steak était dur.
4. La rudesse du climat rend la vie difficile dans ces montagnes.
5. Cette actrice célèbre présente un spectacle télévisé
depuis un an.
6. La jeune chanteuse a eu beaucoup de mal à se frayer un
chemin dans la foule des photographes.
7. Obtenir le permis sera l’obstacle le plus difficile à franchir.
8. La cérémonie a marqué le coup d’envoi du nouveau projet.
2 a football player – a basketball player – a tennis player
3 1. Serious sport has nothing to do with fair play. It is bound
up with hatred, jealousy, boastfulness, disregard of all rules
and sadistic pleasure in witnessing violence: in other words
it is war minus the shooting./c. La violence domine le sport.
2. The difference between the old ballplayer and the new
ballplayer is the jersey. The old ballplayer cared about the
name on the front. The new ballplayer cares about the
name on the back./a. Les joueurs d’aujourd’hui sont très
attentifs aux marques qui les sponsorisent.
3. I know when I have kids, when I’m older, I’m going to
encourage them to play sports because I think it teaches
you a lot. It teaches you discipline, teamwork, and that
there’s really no “I” in team./d. On ne peut pas pratiquer un
sport et être égoïste.
4. The sport of horse racing which, at its best, showcases
the majestic beauty of this animal and the athleticism of
jockeys, has reached an alarming level of corruption and
exploitation./b. Les courses de chevaux sont corrompues.
4 There is too much money
2. “Yes, they’re overpaid but it’s the fault of the fans”
3. “There are so many problems going on around the world.
The amount of their pay has gotten out of hand.”
6. “they think they are the most valued members of society
and believe they can get away with anything.”
There is not too much money
1. “They work hard and they train every day, so they
deserve to be paid for that”
4. “They have to pay taxes, health insurance, their trainers.
They are finished with their career earlier than other people.”
5. “[They] set up charities and foundations to support
humanitarian causes.”
65 Travelling
1 1. We’ll weigh anchor at 6 a.m.
2. We are full. You should have booked ahead.
3. We stopped over at Chicago for six hours.
4. What is the most direct route to the town centre?
5. You’ll have a discount if you take a round trip ticket.
2 1. Looking for a beautiful and unique destination where you
can shop until you drop but also relax and unwind? Then,
go to Bath, the ultimate spa break destination for thou-
sands of years.
2. Hawaii self-catering accommodation provides all the
facilities you need for your home-away-from-home.
3. Most of the 5 star hotels and resorts in Goa are located in
south Goa, which is great if you want to get away from it all.
4. If you’re after a truly unique experience, a real off the
beaten track cultural experience, to discover places very
few outsiders have travelled, then these are the tours for you.
3 Le mot effacé est pillow.
4 1. I don’t look down on tourism. I live in Hawaii where we
have 7 million visitors a year. If they weren’t there, there
would be no economy. So I understand why a tourist
economy is necessary.
2. The global phenomenon of poverty tourism - or “poor-
ism” - has become increasingly popular during the past few
years. Tourists pay to be guided through the favelas of Brazil
and the shantytowns of South Africa. The recently opened
Los Angeles Gang Tour carries visitors through battle-scarred
territories of urban violence and deprivation.
3. Some 898 million international tourists are invading
beaches, historic monuments, great cities and even
greater wilderness areas, doing irreversible damage.
5 1. self-taught – 2. self-sufficient – 3. self-reliance – 4. self-
evident – 5. self-pity – 6. self-centered
66 Une brève histoire de l’anglais
1 d. the President who spared the life of a bear cub on a
Webster publishes his American English
1828
dictionary.
The Industrial Revolution and technology
1800-1947
create a need for new words.
20th-21st New words appear, due to technology,
century fashion and globalization.
2 1. The latest Census Bureau estimate recorded California’s
official population as 37,691,912.
2. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which includes its
Main Building on Fifth Avenue and The Cloisters museum
and gardens in northern Manhattan, dates back to 1866.
3. The Dome on the Greenwich peninsula is a large dome-
shaped building, originally used to house a major exhibition
celebrating the beginning of the third millennium.
4. Control versus freedom: what is the wise course?
5. At the age of 45, he reached the climax of his career.
3 live animal ox – cow sheep calf pig
meat beef mutton veal pork
4 1. Beaucoup de bruit pour rien
2. Pour moi, c’est du chinois.
3. Le monde est à moi.
4. Que ce spectacle est affligeant.
5. Le monde entier est un théâtre.
6. Tout est bien qui finit bien
7. Voici l’hiver de notre déplaisir/mécontentement.
5 1. “Dieu et mon droit” is the motto of the British Monarch.
It refers to the divine right of the Monarch to govern. It’s
supposed to have been used by Richard the Lionheart, who
reigned from 1189 to 1199, as a battle cry. It became the offi-
cial motto of English monarchs in the 15th century.
2. One legend claims that whilst dancing the Countess of
Salisbury lost her garter, which caused some courtiers to
snigger. King Edward III (1312-1377) then picked it up and
tied it to his own leg, exclaiming “Honi [un seul « n »] soit
qui mal y pense”. This phrase quickly became the motto
of the Order of the Garter, the world’s oldest national order
of knighthood, first instituted in 1344.
3. “E Pluribus Unum” (« De plusieurs, un ») is the motto
suggested by the committee Congress appointed on July 4,
1776 to design “a seal for the United States of America”.
The motto implies that there’s one nation despite the diver-
sity of its people.
67 Quelques origines
1 1. The exhibition had never seen so many visitors at one
time. It was total bedlam.
2. It’s muddy, you should slip on your wellies/welling-
tons to work in the garden.
3. His jacket was made of soft, supple suede the colour of
chestnuts.
4. The sea front is now full of tawdry souvenir shops and
lousy coffee shops.
5. The building has been given a complete facelift, which
gives it a more contemporary look.
2 1. a teddy bear
hunting trip: Theodore Roosevelt, nicknamed Teddy.
2. a hoover (un aspirateur)
g. an American businessman who produced vacuum
cleaners: William Henry Hoover.
3. a mac(kintosh) (un imperméable)
f. an engineer who invented a method for making water-
proof garments: Charles Mackintosh.
4. a boycott
e. an English land agent in Ireland who was ostracized
for refusing to reduce rents in the 1880s: Captain
Charles Boycott.
5. a biro (un stylo à bille)
a. the Hungarian inventor of ballpoint pens: Jozsef Biro.
6. jeans
b. the city in Italy where they were made: Genoa.
Corrigés 181
 7. a derrick
h. a 17th century hangman; the word originally referred
to a gallows (un gibet): Goodman Derrick.
8. macadam
c. the Scottish engineer who first proposed compacted
crushed stone as a road covering: John Loudon
Macadam.
3 1. The parking car park was full so I had to drive round the
block several times before I could find a free space.
2. He’s planning a safari in Kenya for the holidays. Juste
3. He was ahead of his planning schedule/program(me).
[“planning”: planification]
4. Will you wear a smoking a tuxedo/a dinner jacket for
her wedding?
5. This famous tennisman tennis player retired when he
was 30.
6. Don’t buy another dress, your dressing walk-in closet is
full!
7. Who is the current world recordman record holder in
high jump?
4 La structure « Es-tu… » appelle l’emploi d’un adjectif. En
anglais “to be fit” signifie « être en forme », et aussi « être
prêt ». En québécois, le verbe « fitter » en langage populaire
signifie « convenir » : « Ce genre de truc, ça fitte pas avec
moi » (cela ne me convient pas). Remarquez également la
cohérence entre l’idée de “fitness” et de moindre consom-
mation. On pourrait traduire le slogan « Prêt pour la FIT ? ».
On perd bien sûr le jeu de mot.
5 1. Ultimately, we will find ourselves in an Orwellian world
where “all animals are equal but some are more equal than
others”.
2. It is a verbal or memory mistake believed to be linked to
the unconscious mind. It is a Freudian slip (un lapsus).
3. This campaign marked the end of the Napoleonic domi-
nation in Italy.
4. Those inquiries have been secretive, bureaucratic,
Kafkaesque.
5. The working conditions of some miners can only be
described as Dickensian situations.
68 Binômes
1 1. In their declaration, they are saying “yes” to human rights
with no “ifs or buts”.
2. Down and Out in Paris and London, by George Orwell, is
a memoir on the theme of poverty in the two cities.
3. Did you carefully weigh the pros and cons before
making this decision?
4. The United States condemns the tit-for-tat spiral of violence.
5. This book documents Abraham Lincoln’s life and times.
6. Over the past five years, the government has committed
$910 million to fund advanced R&D projects.
7. The video provides a list of do’s and don’ts for the
consumer.
8. When the factory closed, the community was left high
and dry.
9. Both her brothers came home safe and sound after the
war.
182
2 1. pick and choose: choisir librement
2. sick and tired: en avoir par-dessus la tête
3. leaps and bounds: à pas de géant
4. rise and fall: grandeur et décadence
5. back and forth: idée d’aller et venir
6. once and for all: une fois pour toutes
7. bread and butter: pain beurre
8. on and off: par intervalles, de temps à autre
3 Cette pancarte comporte tout d’abord une erreur gramma-
ticale : “men and women” ; “might be replaced” n’a guère
de sens : on peut penser que les plages horaires attribuées
aux femmes et aux hommes peuvent être inversées.
4 1. sooner or later: tôt ou tard
2. first and foremost: tout d’abord
3. friend or foe: ami ou ennemi
4. strange but true: incroyable mais vrai
5. dead or alive: mort ou vif
6. all or nothing: tout ou rien
7. sink or swim: apprendre à se débrouiller tout seul
8. slowly but surely: lentement mais sûrement
9. black and blue: couvert de bleus
10. wash and wear: qui ne nécessite aucun repassage
11. heads or tails: pile ou face
12. hugs and kisses: bises/je t’embrasse
69 Homographes/-nymes/-phones
1 1. These regulations limit the concentration of lead \led\ in
petrol.
2. Why did you tear \teE\ up his letter?
3. Her wedding was planned in minute \maI"nju…t\ detail.
4. She was close \klEÁs\ to tears.
5. The Serpentine River, which winds \waIndz\ through
Hyde Park, provided a focal point for the Great Exhibition of
1851.
6. He won the Wimbledon championships three times in a
row \rEÁ\.
2 1. What kind of cereal do you have for breakfast?
2. The Liverpool supporters shouted themselves hoarse.
3. Stainless steel is sometimes called inox steel.
4. The Bridge of sighs is located in Venice but there are
two Bridges of sighs in England: one in Oxford, the other in
Cambridge.
5. You can take a break now but be back in five minutes.
3 1. Un itinéraire détaillé du voyage sera publié à une
date ultérieure.
2. Pour cette expédition nous recommandons des
vêtements très chauds : veste de duvet, bonnet,
moufles…
3. J’ai donné un billet de cinquante dollars au chauf-
feur et lui ai dit de garder la monnaie.
4. Qu’est-ce qui se passe si je ne paie pas la contra-
vention que j’ai eue à l’étranger ?
5. Garder dans l’emballage d’origine pour protéger le
produit de la lumière et de l’humidité.
4 1. Its It’s high time you made up your mind.
2. He went back and fourth forth. (“fourth”: le quatrième)
3. I wonder whether she will come.
4. I’m astounded by people who want to know the universe
when it’s so hard to find your way around Chinatown.
 5. This company wants to have it’s its cake and eat it.
(“its”: déterminant possessif)
6. There Their plane was three hours late and they were
glad to get there at long last. (“their”: déterminant posses-
sif)
7. Jonathan, who’s usually late, was early for once.
8. Do you know Fiona, who’s whose father works with
yours? (“whose”: pronom relatif génitif)
9. You were in Ireland. What was the whether weather like?
5 Confusion entre “of” préposition et “off” particule. Il faudrait
écrire : “Take off your shoes.” (Enlevez vos chaussures.)
70 Onomatopées et interjections
1 1. “Nightingale Floors” were used in some Japanese castles to
creak and sing when walked upon. This warned of intruders.
2. A Bigger Splash is a large painting by British pop artist
David Hockney. It shows a swimming pool disturbed by a
large splash of water created by a figure that’s disappeared
under the water.
3. Don’t be so upset: it’s no use crying over spilled/spilt milk.
4. I heard the tyres of his car crunching on the gravel out-
side: he was back home.
5. They were washing up, I could hear the clatter of dishes
in the kitchen.
6. You do not need to iron this shirt: the material is drip-dry.
7. What would breakfast be without crispy bacon and eggs?
2 1. Le sergent aboyait des ordres aux nouvelles recrues.
2. On parle beaucoup de leur nouvelle gamme de produits.
3. J’étais assis dans sa superbe Jaguar neuve. Tout à coup il
a dit : « Écoute, elle ronronne ».
4. L’orateur quitta la tribune sous les sifflets.
5. C’est ainsi que finit le monde/Pas dans un fracas mais
dans un gémissement…
3 1. Splash 2. Ouch!
4 1. “Ahem” is used to gain attention: « Euh… »
2. “Eek” expresses an unpleasant surprise: « Ah… Oh… »
3. “Oops” calls attention to an error: « Hop là… »
4. “Ouch” signals pain: « Ouille »
5. “Phew” expresses relief: « Ouf ! »
6. “Ugh” is an exclamation of disgust: « Beurk… »
7. “Wow” expresses pleasure: « Super », « Ouah ! »
5 1. “Well, you know, yes er… the thing is…”
2. “Hey! There’s something that might interest you!”
3. “You’ve won? Hurray!”
4. “Would you like some cheesecake?” “Mmm… yes
please, it looks delicious.”
5. After tasting it: “Yum… it is delicious.”
6. “Sh, keep your voice down, my cat is sleeping.”
7. “Yoo-hoo, did you hear me?”
71 Quelques comparaisons courantes
1 1. I can’t read this text: the print is too small and I am as
blind as a bat.
2. She drank like a fish at the party and then she was as
sick as a dog on the way home.
3. She turned as white as a sheet when she learned that
her son had been rushed to hospital.
4. The hotel was very tidy, the sheets were as white as snow.
5. Why do you always refuse my suggestions? You really are
as stubborn as a mule.
6. He smiled at her, she turned as red as a beetroot.
7. It’s very quiet here, I slept like a log.
8. “Don’t wake me up please if you come home late.”
“I promise, I’ll be as quiet as a mouse.”
2 1. She is happy as a lark.
2. This vintage car works like a dream.
3. He is as snug as a bug in a rug.
3 1. lion-hearted: very brave, courageous
2. an ugly duckling: somebody who is not attractive or suc-
cessful but who is likely to become attractive or successful
3. a hail of abuse: a lot of abuse
4. a heart of stone: very cold and unfeeling
5. the apple of somebody’s eye: somebody very dear
6. on a rollercoaster of emotions: experiencing ups and downs
4 1. as ugly as sin: moche comme un pou
2. as warm as toast: chaud comme la braise/bien au chaud
3. as soft as silk: doux comme de la soie
4. as solid as a rock: solide comme un roc
5. as gentle as a lamb: doux comme un agneau
6. as strong as an ox: fort comme un bœuf
7. as straight as an arrow: direct, honnête, « réglo »
5 1. Son fils aîné est la prunelle de ses yeux.
2. Tu as encore cassé un verre. Tu as vraiment deux mains
gauches.
3. Ces dernières années, la popularité des pro-Européens a
connu des hauts et des bas.
4. Finalement, le vilain petit canard s’est transformé en
superbe cygne.
5. Cette tête de linotte a brûlé trois feux rouges de suite et
terminé dans un jardin.
72 Proverbes
1 1. Don’t bite the hand that feeds you.
2. A penny saved is a penny earned.
3. Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched.
4. Beggars can’t be choosers.
5. Don’t put all your eggs in the same basket.
6. The early bird catches the worm.
2 1. Where there’s a will there’s a way.
2. A debt paid is a friend kept.
3. Do as I say, not as I do.
4. Better late than never.
5. First come, first served.
6. Out of sight, out of mind.
7. Don’t put the cart before the horse.
8. When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
3 1. Let sleeping dogs lie.
Il ne faut pas réveiller chien qui dort.
2. One swallow doesn’t make a summer.
Une hirondelle ne fait pas le printemps.
3. It’s the last straw that breaks the camel’s back.
C’est la goutte d’eau qui fait déborder le vase.
4. When the cat is away the mice will play.
Lorsque le chat n’est pas là, les souris dansent.
5. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
Un « tiens » vaut mieux que deux « tu l’auras ».
6. A leopard can’t change its spots.
Chassez le naturel, il revient au galop.
Corrigés 183
Corrigés
7. There are plenty more fish in the sea.
Un(e) de perdu(e), dix de retrouvé(e)s.
4 1. The pen is mightier than the sword./f. Trying to convince
with words is more effective than fighting.
2. No man is an island./a. Everybody needs help from
other people.
3. There’s no place like home./e. The best place to be is
your own home.
4. God helps those who help themselves./h. Don’t wait for
a miracle. Work hard if you want to succeed.
5. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder./g. Different people
have different ideas about what is beautiful.
6. Two heads are better than one./b. When two people
cooperate, they have better ideas.
7. You can lead a horse to water but you can’t make him
drink./c. You can’t oblige someone to accept your help.
8. All’s well that ends well./j. A difficult situation has ended
with a positive result.
9. Call a spade a spade./i. Speak honestly and directly.
10. Money doesn’t grow on trees./d. You have to work a lot
to earn money. It doesn’t come without effort.
3 1. Burning questions on tunnel safety unanswered/
d. the possibility of fires in the Channel tunnel • jeu sur
burning qui évoque le feu (« brûlant »).
2. Gord help us now/e. Gordon Brown’s arrival at 10
Downing Street • détournement de l’expression God help us
now.
3. On board but never bored/a. a new mega ship which
offers endless entertainment • similarité des sons dans
board et bored.
4. Material obsessions/f. Fabrics in every texture ruled the
runway at Milan fashion shows • material peut être adjectif
(« matériel ») ou nom (« du tissu »).
5. Zing and yang/b. A berry which can spice up a dressing
for raw fish • jeu sur zing (du punch : la baie apporte un goût
relevé) et yin dans l’expression yin and yang.
6. From fact to friction/c. what historians and novelists can
learn from each other • From fact to fiction désigne le pas-
sage de la réalité à la fiction. Ici fiction est devenu friction
puisqu’il s’agit de la confrontation des historiens et des
romanciers.
4

1. Buckingham Palace la royauté, la famille royale

73 L’anglais journalistique (journalese) 2. Stormont l’Assemblée nord-irlandaise

1 1. A painting by Picasso has set a record for art at auction, 3. Fleet street la presse britannique
selling for $179M. 4. Westminster le Parlement britannique
2. The RMT (Rail, Maritime and Transport) union is about
5. Broadway le monde du théâtre (New York)
to announce a decision on the “most disruptive industrial
action in living memory”. 6. Capitol Hill le Congrès américain
3. A woman has been crushed by a giant advertising bill-
7. White Hall le gouvernement britannique
board on a London street.
2 1. Ils doivent vérifier toute dépense supérieure à 700 euros. le monde de la publicité
8. Madison avenue
2. Une initiative diplomatique est nécessaire pour tenter de aux États-Unis
sortir de l’impasse. 9. The Oval Office la présidence américaine
3. La question de la réforme des retraites n’est pas bouclée. 10. Main Street les gens ordinaires (États-Unis)
4. Le nouveau parti caracole en tête des sondages.
5. Margaret Thatcher (1925-2013) était un conservateur bon
teint/pur et dur.
6. La popularité du Président n’a jamais été aussi basse.

184
Thèmes des Food for thought Les chiffres renvoient aux numéros de pages.

01 Origine de l’univers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 38 Génération Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Problèmes de société
À l’échelle du monde

02 Relation entre l’homme et la terre. . . . 11 39 Vieillir dans la société contemporaine . 85

03 Catastrophes naturelles . . . . . . . . . . . 13 40 Travail des femmes au Japon . . . . . . . . 87
04 Notion de « Frontière » . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 41 La famille des années 50 à nos jours . 89
05 Stéréotypes nationaux . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 42 Accroissement des inégalités ? . . . . . . 91
06 Naturalisation aux États-Unis . . . . . . . 19 43 Définitions de la solidarité . . . . . . . . . . 93
07 Diplomatie par la gastronomie . . . . . . 21 44 Ségrégation aux États-Unis . . . . . . . . . 95
08 Guerre du Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 45 Accès à l’eau potable . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
09 Guerre moderne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 46 Coût des études aux États-Unis . . . . . 99
10 Pour la paix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 47 Peine de mort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
11 Religions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 48 Armes à feu
feu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
49 Tyrannie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
La question environnementale

12 Paysage et identité anglaise . . . . . . . . 31 50 Droit de vote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

13 Urbanisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 51 Avenir des médias. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
14 Transports en commun de demain . . . 35
15 Quartiers enclos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 52 Devoir de mémoire ou d’oubli . . . . . . 111
La vie au quotidien

16 Décroissance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 53 Éloge de l’action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

17 Le projet Keystone XL de pipeline . . . . 41 54 Manières de penser . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
18 Surpêche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 55 Graphologie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
19 Déforestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 56 Mariages en Inde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
20 Respect de l’environnement . . . . . . . . 47 57 Douleur du deuil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
58 Manières de communiquer . . . . . . . . 123
Sciences et techniques

21 Bionique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 59 Pour ou contre les liseuses ? . . . . . . . 125

22 Applications de la recherche spatiale . 51 60 Pour ou contre l’art de la rue ? . . . . . 127
23 Virus Ebola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 61 Bollywood • Télé-réalité. . . . . . . . . . . 129
24 Légalisation des drogues . . . . . . . . . . 55 62 Buts de l’architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
25 Expérimentation animale . . . . . . . . . . 57 63 Repas dehors ou à la maison ? . . . . . 133
26 Fracture numérique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 64 Sport et morale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
65 Effets du tourisme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
27 Place du charbon dans l’économie . . . 61
Réalités économiques

À propos de la langue anglaise

28 Conditions d’élevage des animaux . . . 63 66 Devises en Angleterre

29 Robotisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 et aux États-Unis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

30 Libéralisme ou régulation . . . . . . . . . . 67 67 Noms dont l’origine

est un nom de personne . . . . . . . . . . 141
31 Chômage en Grande-Bretagne . . . . . . 69
68 Binômes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
32 Histoire sociale britannique . . . . . . . . 71
69 Homophones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
33 Commerce équitable
équitable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
70 Interjections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
34 Société de consommation . . . . . . . . . 75
71 Comparaisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
35 Mode et anorexie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
72 Proverbes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
36 Monnaie électronique . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
73 Titres de journaux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
37 Conséquences sociales d’une crise
financière . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Thèmes des Food for thought 185

Verbes irréguliers
infinitif prétérit p. passé
awake awoke awoken s’éveiller
be was, were been être
bear \eE\ bore borne porter
be born naître
beat beat beaten battre
become became become devenir
begin began begun commencer
bend bent bent courber
bet bet bet parier
bid bid bid faire une enchère
bind bound bound relier
bite bit bitten mordre
bleed bled bled saigner
blow blew blown souffler
break broke broken casser
breed bred bred élever
bring brought brought apporter
build \I\ built built construire
burn burnt, burned burnt, burned brûler
burst burst burst éclater
buy bought bought acheter
cast cast cast jeter
catch caught caught attraper
choose \u…\ chose \EÁ\ chosen \EÁ\ choisir
cling clung clung s’accrocher
come came come venir
cost cost cost coûter
creep crept crept ramper
cut cut cut couper
deal \i…\ dealt \e\ dealt \e\ distribuer
dig dug dug creuser
do did done faire
draw drew drawn dessiner\tirer
dream \i…\ dreamt \e\, dreamed dreamt \e\, dreamed rêver
drink drank drunk boire
drive drove driven conduire
dwell dwelt dwelt résider
eat ate \eI\ eaten manger
fall fell fallen tomber
feed fed fed nourrir

186
infinitif prétérit p. passé
feel felt felt ressentir
fight fought fought combattre
find found found trouver
flee fled fled fuir
fly flew flown voler [avec des ailes]
forbid forbade forbidden interdire
forget forgot forgotten oublier
freeze froze frozen geler
get got got, gotten [US] obtenir
give gave given donner
go went gone aller
grow grew grown pousser
hang hung hung pendre
have had had avoir
hear \IE\ heard \∏…\ heard \∏…\ entendre
hide \aI\ hid \I\ hidden \I\ cacher
hit hit hit frapper
hold \EÁ\ held held tenir
hurt \∏…\ hurt hurt faire mal
keep kept kept garder
kneel knelt, kneeled knelt, kneeled s’agenouiller
know \nEÁ\ knew known savoir\connaître
lay laid laid étendre\poser
lead \i…\ led led mener
lean \i…\ leant \e\, leaned leant \e\, leaned appuyer
leap \i…\ leapt \e\, leaped leapt \e\, leaped sauter
learn learnt, learned learnt, learned apprendre
leave left left quitter
lend lent lent prêter
let let let laisser\louer
lie lay lain être allongé
light lit lit allumer
lose \u…\ lost \Å\ lost \Å\ perdre
make made made faire
mean \i…\ meant \e\ meant \e\ vouloir dire
meet \i…\ met \e\ met \e\ rencontrer
pay paid paid payer
put put put poser
quit quit quit abandonner
read \i…\ read \e\ read \e\ lire

Verbes irréguliers 187

infinitif prétérit p. passé
rid rid rid débarrasser
ride rode ridden aller à cheval\à bicyclette
ring rang rung sonner
rise rose risen se lever
run ran run courir
saw sawed sawn, sawed scier
say \eI\ said \e\ said \e\ dire
see saw seen voir
seek sought sought chercher
sell sold sold vendre
send sent sent envoyer
set set set placer\fixer
sew sewed sewn, sewed coudre
shake shook shaken secouer
shine shone shone briller
shoot shot shot tirer\abattre
show showed shown montrer
shrink shrank shrunk rétrécir
shut shut shut fermer
sing sang sung chanter
sink sank sunk sombrer
sit sat sat être assis
sleep \i…\ slept \e\ slept \e\ dormir
slide slid slid glisser
slit slit slit fendre
smell smelt, smelled smelt, smelled sentir
sow sowed sowed, sown semer
speak spoke spoken parler
spell spelt, spelled spelt, spelled épeler
spend spent spent passer\dépenser
spill spilt, spilled spilt, spilled renverser
spit spat spat cracher
split split split fendre\séparer
spoil spoilt, spoiled spoilt, spoiled gâcher
spread \e\ spread spread étaler
spring sprang sprung bondir
stand stood stood être debout
steal stole stolen voler, dérober
stick stuck stuck coller, mettre
sting stung stung piquer

188
infinitif prétérit p. passé
stink stank stunk sentir mauvais
strike struck struck frapper
strive strove, strived striven, strived s’évertuer
swear swore sworn jurer
sweep swept swept balayer
swell swelled swollen, swelled pousser
swim swam swum nager
swing swung swung balancer
take took taken prendre
teach taught taught enseigner
tear tore torn déchirer
tell told told dire\raconter
think thought thought penser
tread trod, treaded trodden marcher
throw \EÁ\ threw \u…\ thrown \EÁ\ lancer
understand understood understood comprendre
undertake undertook undertaken entreprendre
upset upset upset bouleverser
wake woke woken réveiller
wear \eE\ wore worn porter [vêtement]
weave wove, weaved woven, weaved tisser
weep wept wept pleurer
win won \Ø\ won \Ø\ gagner
wind \aI\ wound \aÁ\ wound \aÁ\ enrouler
withdraw withdrew withdrawn retirer
write \raIt\ wrote \rEÁt\ written \"rItEn\ écrire

Verbes irréguliers 189

Table des illustrations
Les chiffres renvoient aux numéros de pages.

Couverture (de haut en bas)

ph © shutterstock.com, view of Tower Bridge-and the Gherkin from across the Thames
ph © Michèle Malavieille
ph © Michèle Malavieille
ph © Michèle Malavieille, Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, California (USA), engineers: Joseph Strauss,
Leon Moisseiff, Charles Ellis et Irving Morrow (1933-1937)
ph © nenetus/Fotolia

Intérieur de l’ouvrage
Sauf mention contraire toutes les photographies sont de Michèle Malavieille.
16 © www.explore-books.com
18 Statue of Annie Moore (Cobh, Ireland) by Jeanne Rynhart of Bantry (1993, Cobh Heritage Trust Ltd)
26 Product Exhibition Hall building: architect Jan Letzel • Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park: architect
Kenzō Tange at Tange Lab
32  Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, California (USA), engineers: Joseph Strauss, Leon Moisseiff,
Charles Ellis et Irving Morrow (1933-1937)
36 Cloud Gate by Anish Kapoor (2004), Millennium Park, Chicago, Illinois (USA) – © Adagp, Paris 2016
47 Eielson Visitor Center, Denali National Park, Alaska (USA), architects: RIM
50 ph © Nasa
56 ph © Andrew Brookes/Corbis
64 A Hammering Man by Jonathan Borofsky (1985), Nasher Sculpture Center, Dallas, Texas (USA)
100 ph © Homer Sykes/Corbis
114 He wishes for the cloths of Heaven by Jackie McKenna (2002), Drumcliffe Cemetery, Sligo County
(Ireland)
118 The Kiss by Rowan Fergus Meredith Gillespie (1989), Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin (Ireland)
126 Quadracci Pavilion, Milwaukee Art Museum, Wisconsin (USA), architect : Santiago Calatrava (2001) –
© Adagp, Paris 2016
128 Forever Marilyn by Seward Johnson, Palm Springs, California (2012)
130 Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles, California (USA), architect: Frank Gehry (2003)

Crédits textes
Les chiffres renvoient aux numéros de pages.

9 Origin of the Universe’ by S.W. Hawking Copyright 1988 Stephen W. Hawking. All rights reserved. D.R.
15  The idea of a “frontier”. North west of the west /www.lib.washington.edu/ © 2016 University of
Washington, Seattle, WA
17 Even today when the international community promotes diversity © 2016 nationalstereotype.com. D.R.
21  These nations are using food to project power around the world. And it’s working, by Emily Lodish on
March 25, 2014 © 2009 by Global News Enterprises, LLC . D.R.
23 The plane to ’Nam ©  Newsweek, February 18, 1983, D.R.
41 Keystone XL pipeline, adapted from Friends of the earth, foe.org © Keystone XL pipeline.
43  J. Madeleine Nash © The fish crisis : the oceans that once seemed a bottomless source of high-
protein…Times, August 11, 1997; D.R.
51  Data given by http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/space-exploration-timeline/.
National Geographic
53 © www.reuters.com
63 Edwin Brock, The song of the battery hen, © Martin Secker & Warburg Ltd, 1977
87  Japan Values Women Less – As It Needs Them More, Inter press service, www. ipsnews.net, Daan
Bauvens, January 31, 2013
113 Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken, 1920, D.R.
121 W.H. Auden, Song IX © 1976 by W.H. Auden. Reprinted by permission of Curtis Brown, Ltd.
129 Popular Culture: Reality TV Is NOT Reality, by Jim Taylor Ph.D. on Jan 31, 2011 in The Power of Prime,
Psychologytoday.com © Sussex Publisher. D.R.

D. R. Malgré nos efforts, il nous a été impossible de joindre les auteurs, éditeurs ou ayants droit de certains textes
pour solliciter l’autorisation de reproduction, mais nous avons réservé en notre comptabilité tous les droits usuels.
 Maîtriser
le vocabulaire
anglais
Lycée, classes préparatoires et université
Niveaux B2-C1 du CECRL

Pour maîtriser les mots clés de l’anglais contemporain

et mieux s’exprimer à l’écrit et à l’oral

w Un vocabulaire sur mesure, en 65 fiches thématiques

Sur la page de gauche
• la sélection des mots utiles sur le thème ;
• des exemples pour les mémoriser en contexte ;
• un point clé sur la formation des mots anglais.
Sur la page de droite, une série d’exercices
• pour réemployer les mots (Check point) ;
• pour formuler ses idées sur une question de société (Food for thought) ;
• pour construire et étendre son vocabulaire (Build up).

w Tous les corrigés à la fin de l’ouvrage.

Couverture : Marc & Yvette

Pour travailler chaque thème à l’oral, rendez-vous sur le site :

www.editions-hatier.fr/maitriser-le-vocabulaire/anglais.
Vous y trouverez tous les fichiers audio associés à l’ouvrage.

Ce flash code vous permet d’y accéder

directement à partir de votre smartphone
ou de votre tablette.
www.editions-hatier.fr