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2 H om ot opie 9
7 C at égor ies 31
pt I
[0, 1] X γ:I
X n 1 Rn
Sn− 1 = u Rn u 2 = 1 S0
Dn = u Rn u 2 1
◦
Dn= u Rn u 2 < 1
Ex em ple 1.2.
◦
Dn Rn
x Sn− 1 Sn− 1 x Rn− 1
E R
N N�
r N
r N�
E R n K
K
Dn ∂K Sn− 1
◦ ◦
K Dn
1.2 Espaces t opologiques quot ient s
x y x, y A2 x= y.
X/A A
Ex em ple 1.11 . (X α , x α ) α ∈A
�
xα Xα � α ∈E Xα
α ∈E Xα xα α E
Ex em ple 1.12 . X CX := X
n− 1 n
[0, 1]/ X 0 S D
B . A ct ions de gr oup es
X G X
X/ G X x y
g G gx = y
Ex em ple 1.13.
(Z n , + ) Rn
T n := Rn / Z n n Tn
(S1 ) × n
k= R C k 0
k n+ 1 0 k n+ 1 0 /k 0
n k kPn Pn (k)
CPn S2n+ 1
Cn+ 1 S1 C
a1 � a2 ... ak− 1 ak �
fi � ��f 1− i fi�� ���
fj f 1− j� ��f j
�� �� �� ��
�� ��� �� ��
x x1 x k− 1 y
j :X X A X� j �: X � X A X�
x X X�
Φ: X A X� Z Φ j = φ Φ j �= φ�
f
A X�
��
f � �� j
��
j� �φ
X ����� X A X� ���
� �
���� ��
���� � � ∃!Φ�
������ ��
φ� ����
Z
Ex em ple 1.18.
Sn pt f Dn f
n n n
S D f D f = ι
RPn RP n− 1
f Dn f
Sn− 1 RP n− 1
CPn CPn− 1 f D 2n
2. Homot opie
◦
X f Dn j (X ) j �( D n )
j (X ) X j
X j (X ) X
X f Dn
◦ ◦
j �: D n X f Dn Dn j �( D n )
X X f Dn
2 H omot opie
(X , Y ) X Y
L em m e 2.2.
C(X , Y )
L em m e 2.3.
f g f � g� f f � g g�
T heor èm e 2.12. A � X A
X X/A
Ex er cice 2.13. A � X f ,g : A Y
f
X g
X
A� X
2.2 Cofibrat ions
(X , A)
A� X
L em m e 2.14. X A X A � X
A X
A X
1
X = I A = 0 n ,n N∗ f = Id
π0
D éfi nit ion 3.1. X π0(X )
X π0 (X ) = X /
X x y γ:I X
γ(0) = x γ(1) = y
Quest ion 3.2. π0(X )
R2
R∗+ R x sin( x1 )
Ex er cice 3.3. X
x X
X X
P r op osit ion 3.4.
π0 (X Y) π0(X ) π0(Y )
f :X Y
π0(f ) : π0 (X ) π0(Y )
[x] [f (x)]
π0(Id) = Id π0(g f ) = π0 (g) π0 (f )
f ,g : X Y π0 (f ) = π0 (g)
X Y π0 (X )
π0 (Y )
π0
x ∈X B
x x B
4. Groupe fondament al d’un espace
X Ca,b(X ) γ :I X
γ(0) = a γ(1) = b
L em m e 4.2.
Ca,b(X )
L em m e 4.4.
L em m e 4.5.
(γ1γ2 )γ3 γ1 (γ2 γ3)
�a γ γ γ�b γ
γ(γ − 1) �a (γ − 1 )γ �b
γ Ca,b(X ) [γ]
a X a
4.2 Groupe fondament al
π1 (X , x) = Cx ,x (X )/ ,
π1 (X , x) [γ]− 1 := [γ − 1]
[�x ]
π0
X
x X
Φγ : π1(X , x) π1 (X , y) .
[µ] [(γ − 1)µγ]
π1 (f )
π1 (X , x) 1 π (Y, f (x)) .
���
���π1 (g)
��� Φγ
���
��
π1(Y, g(x))
4.3 Revêt ement s
T heor èm e 4.11. f :X Y
x X π1(f ) : π1 (X , x) π1(Y, f (x))
Exp : R S1 .
t e2i πt
Φ
F�b � p− 1( )
�� �
�� ��
� ��
proj ��� �
�p
��
.
E B
Fb p− 1(b) b
Φ( x ) p− 1( )
p− 1 ( )
Ex em ple 4.16.
F B F B B
p:E B B� B
p : p− 1(B �) B�
4.3 Revêt ement s
Exp : C C 0 z e2i πz
Exp : R S1
n 1 C 0 C 0 z zn
k k p
p:E B f :X B
f f :X E
p f = f
E
�
f
� p
�
�f
X B
f
X 0
�E
∃H �
� p
�
�
X I H
B
L em m e 4.21 . X ( α ) α ∈A
X �> 0
B (x, �) X
4.4 Le groupe fondament al du cercle
T heor èm e 4.24.
deg : π1 (S1 , x) Z .
[γ] deg(γ)
� (A α ) α ∈J
� α ∈J Aα
α ∈J Aα �
Aα ι α : Aα α ∈J Aα
ι α (a) = (. . . , 0, a, 0, . . . )
B �
f α : Aα B f : α ∈J Aα B
f ια = f α
A (aα ) α ∈J
A
�aα
α ∈J Zα A
Gα ����� .
�� ���� f
�� ���
α
����
ια � �� ��
∃!f ���
G � � � � ��
����H
ι β ��� ��� �
� ���
��� ������f β
�� �
Gβ
ια
Gα
(Gα ) α ∈J
�
α ∈J Gα 1
5.1 Un peu de t héorie des groupes
1G α
Gα 1G α
α ∈J Gα .
m
1G α
n
Gα
ρ: α ∈J Gα .
α ∈J Gα m1 m2 =
ρ(m 1 m 2) m 1 m2 m1 m2
ι α : Gα α ∈J Gα g Gα 1G α
g 1G α 1
T heor èm e 5.2. α ∈J Gα ια
( Gα , ι α ) Gα
X G
X G X
X X
X
G X
X
X
G
gα α ∈J G rβ β∈K
< gα , α J >
rα < gα , α J > G
5.1 Un peu de t héorie des groupes
B . A b élianisat ion
G [G, G]
G ghg− 1h− 1
L em m e 5.5. [G, G] N G G/ N
f
G A
�
q �
�
� ∃!f
Gab
C or ollair e 5.9.
C . Som m e am algam m ée
D éfi nit ion 5.10. φ1 : K G1 φ2 : K G2
G 1 K G2 G 1 G2
φ1 (k)φ2(k) − 1 k K
� = 1, 2 ι� G� � G1 G2 G1 K G2
�= 1, 2
φ1
K G1 �
��
φ2 �� ι1
��
��
ι2 ��
f1
G2 ����� G1 K G� 2 ��
����
���� � � ∃!f���
���� � ��
���� � �
f2 ��
����
��
L
X , X x0
π1 ( , x 0) π1( , x 0 ) .
π1 ( , x 0) π1 (X , x 0 )
T heor èm e 5.12 . X = , ,
φ
A . Sphèr es
P r op osit ion 5.13. n 2 Sn
B . B ouquet s d’espaces
P r op osit ion 5.14. (X , x) (Y, y)
x y x y
x y X � X Y Y � X Y
�
π1(X ) π1(Y ) π1 (X Y) .
5.3 Applicat ions
Ex em ple 5.15. n
n
γi i = 1 . . . n i γi i
R em ar que 5.16.
A
A
n = 2 X � Y π1 (X , x 0 )
π1 (Y, x 0) [f ]
π1(RPn ) = Z/ 2Z n 2 CPn
k 0 g 1
� 0, 1 t [0, 1]
Ex er cice 5.19. Sg
g
5.3 Applicat ions
q φ
S1 Cg (S1) ∨2g .
C or ollair e 5.21. Sg 2g
a1, . . . , ag , b1 . . . , bg
E. C lassifi cat ion des var iét és, conj ect ur e de Poincar é
g
RP2
S2
C lassifi cat ion des var iét és de dim ension 3.
3
3
5.3 Applicat ions
3
3
S
En dim ension sup ér ieur e ou égale à 4.
4
S4 S2 S2
f �π1(X , x 0) p�π1 (E , e0 ) .
R em ar que 6.2.
C 0
log :
C
C .
log ���
�
�� exp
���
�ι
C 0
2ki π
p:E B b B γ Cb,b(X )
b x Fb = p− 1(b) γ�x γ
γ�x (0) = x
6.3 Classificat ion des morphismes de revêt ement s
E
Fb
p�π1(E , x) π1 (B , b) π1(B , b)
St ab(x) x Fb
π1(B , b)
C or ollair e 6.7. E B E B
p
V
�
p:V V
V �
V
�
V V
p p�
p
L em m e 6.9. p:E B p� : E � B� E
p: E B p� : E � B�
h p p� b B
π1 (B , b)
p− 1(b) p�− 1(b)
L em m e 6.10. hb π1 (B , b)
x p− 1 (b) [γ] π1(B , b)
hb(x[γ]) = hb(x)[γ] .
N ot at ion 6.11.
T heor èm e 6.12 . p: E B p� : E � B�
� �
≈
Hom(p, p�) Homπ1 (B ,b) p− 1 (b), p�− 1 (b)
h hb
C or ollair e 6.13. p : E B p� : E � B�
b B x p− 1(b) x� p�− 1(b)
f p p� f (x) = x � p�π1 (E , x) p� � �
�π1 (E , x )
π1 (B , b)
6.4 Revêt ement s galoisiens
e E p�π1(E , e)
π1 (B , p(e))
e E p�π1(E , e) π1 (B , p(e))
Aut (p) p
Ex er cice 6.17. G
E
G
x E x
G E
G E G
T heor èm e 6.18 .
G
G× E →E
6.5 Classificat ion des revêt ement s
p : E B Aut (p)
E p : E / Aut (p) B
b B x p− 1 (b)
B
D éfi nit ion 6.24. B
b B
π1( , b) π1(B , b)
6.5 Classificat ion des revêt ement s
T heor èm e 6.25. B B
B
T heor èm e 6.26 . B
b B
� �
� � � �
�
� � π1 (B , b)
� p
�B .
E B [p�π1(E , x)]
( x p− 1(b))
t héor èm e
de N ielsen-Schr eier :
Γ A Γ
Γ
Γ/ A
p:E B B E
G A H
G B A
G
p:E B π1(E , x) p�π1(E , x) = H E
Tr oisième par t ie
H omologie
7 Cat égor ies
(X , Y, Z )
h (g f ) = (h g) f
X IdX HomC(X , X )
f HomC(X , Y ) f IdX = f
IdX
X f :X Y
g:Y X f g = IdY
g f = IdX
Ex em ple 7.2.
ns
ps b
R R
op
op ∗
(X , x) X x X
f : (X , x) (Y, y)
f :X Y f (x) = y
7. Cat égories
op 2
(X , A) X A
X f : (X , A) (Y, B )
f : X Y f (A) B
X Ob( ) F (X )
f HomC(X , Y ) F (f ) : F (X ) F (Y )
F F (f g) = F (f ) F (g)
F F (IdX ) = IdF (X )
F :
Ex em ple 7.4. op ns
R b b ps ps
Ens
ns op X
X
ps b
π0 π1
π0 : op ns ,
π1 : op ∗ ps .
8. Complexes et homologie
8 Complexes et homologie
R R
R
D éfi nit ion 8.1. C∗ R R
di + 2 di + 1 di di − 1 d2 d1 d0
... Ci + 1 Ci Ci − 1 ... C1 C0 ... ,
R di di di + 1 = 0 i
di Ci R
i
D éfi nit ion 8.2. C∗ D∗ R
dC dD f ∗ : C∗ D∗
R f i : Ci Di i Z
fi dC D
i + 1 = di + 1 f i + 1 i
D éfi nit ion 8.3. Ch(R) Ch≥ 0(R)
R Ci = 0 i < 0
R
f g := (f i gi ) i ∈Z
D éfi nit ion 8.4. C R i Z
R
R Zi i Z i := K erdi Ci
R Bi i B i := Imdi + 1 Zi
R H i (C) i H i (C) = Z i / B i
L em m e 8.5. f ∗ : C∗ D∗
i
H i (f ) : H i (C) H i (D )
.
[z] [f i (z)]
H i : Ch(R) R .
fi gi = dD C
i + 1 h i + h i − 1 di .
8.2 L’exemple des chaînes singulières d’un espace
L em m e 8.7.
HomCh(R) (C∗, D ∗)
f ∗, g∗ : C∗ D∗ H i (f ) = H i (g) i
n < 0 Cn (X , R) = 0
n 0 Cn (X , R) R
σ:∆n X σ
X
n 1 dn : Cn (X , R) Cn− 1(X , R)
σ:∆n X
�n
dn (σ) := ( 1) i (σ di ) .
i= 0
dn dn+ 1 = 0
8.2 L’exemple des chaînes singulières d’un espace
C∗( , R) R
∆n pt
dn n 0 n
�
C∗(X , R) = α C(X α , R) Xα
X
C∗(X , R)
X
X C∗(X , R)
L em m e 8.12. f : X Y
f = (f i ) : C∗(X , R) C∗(Y, R)
f i : C�i (X , R) � Ci (Y, R) .
λ k σk λ k (f σk )
op Ch≥ 0 (R) .
H i (X , R) := H i (C∗(X , R)) .
Ex em ple 8.14. H i ( ; R) = 0 i 0
Hi( ; R) R i = 0 0
�
H i (X ; R) = α H i (X α ; R) Xα
X H 0(X ) R
π0 (X )
X R Ci (X , R)
H i (X ; R)
C∗(X , R)
H i (X ; R)
L em m e 8.15. i
op R
L L
Cα Cα
α α (Cα ) n
n dn dn (x α ) = dCn α (x α ) x α ∈ Cα
8.3 Suit es exact es court es et suit es exact es longues
T heor èm e 8.16. f ,g : X Y
f ∗, g∗ : C∗(X , R) C∗(Y, R)
H i (f ) = H i (g) i
f ∗ : C∗ D∗ R
f n : Cn Dn n
H n (f ) : H n (C) H n (D )
0
C∗ 0 0 R 0
f∗ := 0 Id ( )
Id
D∗ 0 R R 0
Im f n+ 1 = K er f n i
R
f g
0 M� M M �� 0.
f∗ g∗
0 C∗� C∗ C∗�� 0,
n R
R
fn gn
0 Cn� Cn Cn�� 0.
f∗ g∗
T heor èm e 8.18. 0 C∗� C∗ C∗�� 0
R
R
δn + 1 H n (f ) H n (g) δn H n (f )
... H n (C �) H n (C) H n (C ��) H n− 1(C) ... .
8.3 Suit es exact es court es et suit es exact es longues
C∗ R D∗
n Cn Dn dC
n
C∗ D∗
Cn Cn− 1 D∗ C∗ (D / C) ∗
n R (D / C) n Dn
Cn
dn : (D / C) n (D / C) n− 1 [x]
x Dn [dD
n (x)]
0 C∗ D∗ (D / C) ∗ 0.
D∗
C∗ (D / C) ∗
H n+ 1 (D / C) H n (C) H n (D ) H n (D / C) H n− 1(C) .
Ex er cice 8.21. C∗ D∗
ι ∗ : C∗ D∗ H n (ι )
n
q∗ : D ∗ (D / C) ∗ H n (q)
n
ι ∗ : C∗ D∗ H n (ι )
n H n (D / C) = 0 n
f g
0 C∗� C∗ C∗�� 0,
α�
∗ α∗ α�
∗
�
h k
0 D ∗� D∗ D ∗�� 0
8.3 Suit es exact es court es et suit es exact es longues
δn + 1 H n (f ) H n (g) δn H n − 1 (f )
H n (C �) H n (C) H n (C ��) H n− 1(C �) .
H n (α �) H n (α ) H n (α ��) H n − 1 (α �)
δn + 1 H n (h) H n (k) δn H n − 1 (h)
H n (D �) H i (D ) H n (D ��) H n− 1(C �)
L em m e 8.23 .
R
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 .
f1 f2 f3 f4 f5
N1 N2 N3 N4 N5
f 1 , f 2, f 4 f5 f3
Ex er cice 8.24. f ∗ : D∗ D ∗� R
C∗ C∗ � D∗ D ∗�
f n (Cn ) Cn� n f∗
f ∗ : (D / C) ∗ (D �/ C �) ∗
(X , A) X
A X
(X , )
ι ∗ : C∗(A, R) C∗(X , R) .
C∗(A, R) C∗(X , R)
D éfi nit ion 9.1. C∗(X , A, R)
C∗(X , R) C∗(A, R)
C∗(X , A, R) (X , A)
H n (X , A, R)
C∗(X , A) H n (X , A)
R
P r op osit ion 9.2 . f :
(X , A) (Y, B )
f ∗ : C�
∗(X , A) �C∗(Y, B ) ,
[ λ i σi ] [ λ i f σi ]
H n (f ) : H n (X , A) H n (Y, B )
Hn : op2 R .
C∗(X ) = C∗(X , )
H n (X ) = H n (X , )
�
R n= 0
H n ( pt ) = (P 1)
0 n> 0
9.1 Homologie singulière des paires d’espaces
Xα X
�
H n (X ) H n (X α ) . (P 2)
α
H 0 (X ) R π0 (X )
Quest ion 9.3. f :X Y H 0 (f ) :
H 0(X ) H 0(Y ) π0(f )
B . H om ot opies
D éfi nit ion 9.4. f , g : (X , A) (Y, B )
H : (X I , A I ) (Y, B )
H (x, 0) = f (x) H (x, 1) = g(x) f g
f g
Ex em ple 9.5. S1 C
u: (C∗, S1 ) (C∗, Sn− 1) u(x) =
x/ x Id : (C∗, S1) (C∗, S1 )
R r :C C
C r, Id : (C, S1 )
(C, S1 )
L em m e 9.6.
HomT op2 ((X , A), (Y, B ))
P r op osit ion 9.7 .
f , g : (X , A) (Y, B )
δn + 1 δn
... H n (A) H n (X ) H n (X , A) H n− 1(A) ...
H 0(A) H 0 (X ) H 0 (X , A) 0.
f : (X , A) (Y, B )
δn + 1 δn
... H n (A) H n (X ) H n (X , A) H n− 1(A) ... .
H n (f ) H n (f ) H n (f ) H n − 1 (f )
δn + 1 δn
... H n (B ) H n (Y ) H n (Y, B ) H n− 1(B ) ...
H : X × I → Y f g
|B |B
A× I f |A g| A
9.1 Homologie singulière des paires d’espaces
T heor èm e 9.10 . X A, B X
◦ ◦
A B= X
δn + 1 (H n (ι A B
A ∩ B ),H n (ι A ∩ B ))
H n+ 1 (X ) H n (A B ) H n (A) H n (B )
H n (ι X Y
A )− H n (ι B ) δn
H n (X ) H n− 1(A B) ...
A �, B � X�
f :X X� f (A) A� f (B ) B�
δn + 1 δn
... H n (A B) H n (A) H n (B ) H n (X ) H n− 1 (A B) ... .
H n (f ) H n (f ) H n (f ) H n − 1 (f )
δn + 1 � δn
... H n (A � B �) H n (A �) H n (B �) H n (X ) H n− 1(A � B �) ...
E. H om ologie r éduit e
X
X pt H n (X )
H n (X ) H n ( pt )
H n (X ) = H n (X ) n> 0
H 0 (X ) = H 0 (X ) R
(X , A)
δn + 1 δn
... H n (A) H n (X ) H n (X , A) H n− 1 (A) ...
H 0 (A) H 0 (X ) H 0 (X , A) 0.
9.2 Premiers calculs et applicat ions
2 R3
(1/ n, 0, 0) 1/ n n> 0
Z
Hn (Sn , Z)
x λx λ Z
D éfi nit ion 9.13. f : Sn Sn f
deg(f ) H n (f ) deg(f )
P r op osit ion 9.14 .
r Rn+ 1 r |S n
deg(r |S n ) = 1
Sn ( 1) n+ 1
B . H om ologie locale
X x X R
H n (X , X x )
T heor èm e 9.15. X x X
◦
Dd
�
0 n= d
H n (X , X x )
R n= d
9.3 Le t héorème de Jordan généralisé
X Y n m n= m
Ex em ple 9.18. X (I X )/ ( 1 X)
ΣX X CX / ( 0 X)
n 0 H n (X ) H n+ 1(Σ X )
ck H n (X ) H n (j k )(ck ) = 0
�> k H n (j k,�)(ck ) = 0
X Xk
j k,� : X k � X �
H n (X ) R
�� ��
H
k≥ 0 n (X k ) N ,
N
ck H n (j k,�)(ck ) k< � ck H n (X k )
f :Y Sn k N
H k (Sn f (Y )) = 0 .
Y I
n R
∆n X
H ∗(X )
X
X
d+ 1 x 0, . . . , x d Rn
d
d Rn S Rn
d+ 1 x 0, . . . , x d
S = < x 0, . . . , x d > xi
S S
x S [a, b] S x
x = a x = b d 1 ∂ i S := < x 0, . . . , x�i , . . . , x d >
0 i d S S
< xi 0 , . . . , xi k > k d S
S
D éfi nit ion 10.1.
K Rn
S K S K
S, T K S T T
S
Rn
K
K K
�
K := S∈K S.
X K
≈
h: K X
R em ar que 10.2. X X
X
K
10.1 Triangulat ions et homologie simpliciale
Ex em ple 10.3. Rn
n 5
≈
X h: K X
X R C∗simpl (K , R)
0 K
x < y x
y Rn K
< x 0, . . . , x d >
x0 < x1 < < xd
Cnsimpl (K , R) R n
K
dn : Cnsimpl (K , R) simpl
Cn− 1 (K , R)
�n
dn < x 0, . . . , x n > = ( 1) i < x 0 , . . . , x�i , . . . , x n > .
i= 0
T heor èm e 10.6. X
X
10.2 CW-complexes et homologie cellulaire
C∗simpl (K , R) (K , h)
R
X R
Ex er cice 10.7. X n
(K , h) K
n K H i (X , R) = 0 i > n
� (X k ) k≥ 0 X0
X = k≥ 0 X k X
Xn Xn n
k 1 fα : (D αk , Sαk− 1)
(X k , X k− 1 ) α A k D αk Sαk− 1 Dk
Sk− 1
F
� f ∂α
α ∈A k Sαk− 1 X k− 1 ( )
F
� fα
α ∈A k D αk Xk
Xk X k− 1
k
Xk k
Xn = X X n
� ◦ �
ekα := f α D αk Xk
◦
ekα X ekα D αk
fα k
X Xk
f α : D αk X
ekα f ∂ α : Sαk− 1 X k− 1
ekα
10.2 CW-complexes et homologie cellulaire
Ex em ple 10.9. x0 Sn Sn n 1
0 x0 n
x0 f : Sn− 1 x0 k
Xk x0 k< n Sn k n
Sn− 1
n− 1 n
n 1 S S
Sn X n− 1 = Sn− 1
Sn− 1 X n = Sn Sn
n
Sn− 1 Sn− 1
k
espace pr oj ect if r éel X = RPn
X 0 = pt k 1 X k = RPk
RPk Sk
k+ 1 k
k q : Sk Xk
n
espace pr oj ect if com plex e X = CP
X 0 = X 1 = pt k 1 X 2k = X 2k+ 1 = CPk
CP k S2k+ 1 Ck+ 1
2k + 2
2k
2k q : S2k+ 1 X 2k
t or e à g-t r ous Sg
2 1 2g
2 1
2 S1 (S1 ) ∨2g
a1b1a−1 1 b−1 1 . . . ag bg a−g 1 b−g 1
10.2 CW-complexes et homologie cellulaire
p olyèdr e de Rn
k Xk k k+ 1
k
S k+ 1 ∂S � X k
L em m e 10.12. X
L em m e 10.13. A X
X
A X n A Xn
C losur e fi nit eness ekα
L em m e 10.14. X k � X k+ 1
�
X k / X k− 1 D αk / Sαk− 1 (Sk ) ∨card(A k ) .
α ∈A k
H q(X k ) = 0 q> k
Xk � X H k (X k ) H k (X )
�
H q(X k ) H q(X ) q< k
∂ H n − 1 (incl)
H n (X n , X n− 1, R) H n− 1(X n− 1, R) H n− 1(X n− 1, X n− 2 , R) .
T heor èm e 10.17.
C∗cell (X , R) X
d1(e1α ) = f ∂ α (1) f ∂ α ( 1) ,
f ∂α : 1 = S0 X0 e1α
n 2 dn : Cn Cn− 1
�
dn (enα ) = [α : β]en−
β
1
,
β∈A n − 1
[α : β] Z
f ∂α pβ
Sαn− 1 X n− 1 Sβn− 1 ,
10.2 CW-complexes et homologie cellulaire
pβ X n− 1
en−
β
1
fβ
D βn− 1 X n− 1 .
pβ
γn − 1
D βn− 1/ Sβn− 2 Sβn− 1
�
R i = 2k 0 k n
H i (CPn , R) = .
0
RPn 1 k n
d : Cn Cn− 1
1 + ( 1) n H 0(RPn , R) =
R 2R 2 R 0< i < n
�
R/ 2R i
H i (RPn , R) =
2R i
H i (RPn , R) = 0 i > n
�
R n
H n (RPn , R) =
2R n
g Sg 1
0 2 2g 1
�
�
�R i = 0, 2
H i (Sg , R) = R 2g i = 1 .
�
�
0
Ex er cice 10.20. X
11. Complément s sur l’homologie singulière
M R N := L M × N / S ,
LM × N R m n (m, n)
M N S
m, m �, r, n, n � M 2 R N2
(m + m �) n= m n + m� n
m (n + n �) = m n+ m n�
m (r n) = (mr ) n
m (r n) = r (m n)
R N :R R , M R :R R .
M R N R
M ⊗R N
LM × N / S LM × N M ×N S
R
11.1 Torsion des modules sur les anneaux principaux
k kW
0 V� V V �� 0
W
0 V� k W V k W V �� k W 0.
R
R L R L
f : M M�
R N
R = Z f : Z Z n 2n
f IdZ/ 2Z : Z Z Z/ 2Z Z Z Z/ 2Z
M� R N M R N M �� R N 0.
Ex em ple 11.5. A T
K n m
Z/ nZ Z A A/ nA
K Z T= 0
Z/ mZ Z Z/ nZ Z/ pgcd(m, n)Z
B . P r oduit de t or sion
R R M
fM gM
0 KM LM M 0,
LM R R
KM
Tor R (M , N ) := K er (f M R N : KM R N LM R N) .
L em m e 11.7. ( )
R
Tor (M , N )
M R fN :M R KN M R LN .
� �
Tor R (M , j ∈J Nj ) j ∈J Tor R (M , N j )
Tor R (M , N ) Tor R (N , M )
K Tor Z (A, K ) = 0
A
R A R M R
A M R A M RA
(a, m b) m ab
A M R A A
R A R A .
C∗ R
A C∗ R A
A
φ : H i (C) R A H i (C R A)
.
[c] a [c a]
T heor èm e 11.11 . R
C∗ R A R
i A
φ
0 H i (C) R A H i (C R A) Tor R (H i − 1 (C), A) 0,
φ A
X C∗(X , Z) Z A = C∗(X , A)
�
�
� H 0(X , A) H 0 (X , Z) Z A
H 1(X , A) H 1 (X , Z) Z A
�
�
H i (X , A) H i (X , Z) Z A Tor Z (H i − 1(X , Z), A) i 2
A 0
φ
H i (X , A) H i (X , Z) Z A
∆p ∆q
(v0, . . . , vp ) ∆p (w0 , . . . , wq) ∆q
∆p ∆q (vi , wj ) 0 i p
0 j q
ν
(0, 0) (p, q)
p+ q p+ q+ 1
11.3 Deux aut res t héorèmes import ant s (et hors programme pour
l’examen)
0
(0, 0) (v0, w0) ∆ p ∆q p+ q
(p, q) (vp , wq) ν
�ν : ∆ p+ q ∆p ∆q
ei ∆ p+ q i ν ν
ν
Ex er cice 11.12.
(p, q) 1, . . . , p +
q p q
(p, q)
( 1) |ν|
T heor èm e 11.13. R
R
R
� �
0 H i (X ) R H j (Y ) H n (X Y) Tor R (H i (X ), H j (Y )) 0.
i+ j = n i+ j = n− 1
H n (X Y)
R
� �
H i (X ) R H j (Y ) Tor R (H i (X ), H j (Y )) .
i+ j = n i + j = n− 1
B . L e t héor èm e de D e R ham
V σ : ∆n V
V
∆p ∆p
C∗lisse(V ; R)
R Ψ
H Dn R (V )
T heor èm e 11.15 . Ψ
R
H Dn R (V, R) V
R
V
V
�
0 n> 0
H Dn R (RP2d )
R n= 0
2
�
0 n > 2d
H n (RP2d , Z/ 2Z)
Z/ 2Z n 2d
Quat r ième par t ie
Groupes d’homot opie supérieurs
12 D éfi nit ion et pr emièr es pr opr iét és
Sn q
≈
(I n , ∂I n ) (I n / ∂I n , ∂I n / ∂I n ) (Sn , ) .
A B
n 1 + πn (X , x) [f ] + [g] = [f + g]
�
f (2t 1, t 2, . . . , t n ) 0 t 1 1/ 2
(f + g)(t 1 , . . . , t n ) =
f (2t 1 1, t 2 , . . . , t n ) 1/ 2 t 1 1
πn (X , x)
�x
n = 0 π0 (X , x)
X
n= 1 X x
R em ar que 12.2. πn (X , x) =
[(I n , ∂I n ), (X , x)] πn (X , x) [(Sn , ), (X , x)]
[f ] + [g]
pin f ∨g
Sn Sn Sn X
pin
Sn
12.2 Changement de point base
Ex er cice 12.3. X Y X X Y Y
n 2 πn (X , x)
+i
(f + i g) + j (h + i k) = (f + j h) + i (g + j k) .
+i
f :X Y
πn (f ) πn (X , x) πn (Y, f (x))
.
[α] [f α]
n 2 n
πn : op∗ b.
c = ( 12 , . . . , 12 ) In
In X Cx ,y (X )
X x Y f : (I n , ∂I n ) (X , x) γ Cx,y (X )
φγ (f ) : (I n , ∂I n ) �(X , y)
f (2(s c) + c) s c ∞ 1/ 4
s
γ(4 s c ∞ 1) s c ∞ 1/ 4
Φγ γ
Φ�x = Id Φγ µ = Φµ Φγ
Φγ
C or ollair e 12.6 . X γ
X x y n 1 Φγ :
πn (X , x) πn (X , y) Φγ − 1
πn (f )
πn (X , x) n π (Y, f (x)) .
���
���πn (g)
��� Φγ
���
��
πn (Y, g(x))
C or ollair e 12.8. f :X Y
x X n 1 πn (f ) : πn (X , x) πn (Y, f (x))
n
D éfi nit ion 12.9. X n
x 1 k n πk (X , x)
1
n n
n
C or ollair e 12.11. X x X X
k N πk (X , x) = 1
n 1 γn H n (Sn , Z)
(X , x)
Hur n : πn (X , x) H n (X , Z)
[f ] H n (f )(γn )
L em m e 12.12.
πn (Sn , )
n X = Sn
Id : Sn Sn n
πn (Sn , ) H n (Sn , Z) Z.
H1
T heor èm e 12.13. X
�
π1(X , x) ab H 1(X , Z)
t héor èm e de H u-
r ew icz X n n 1
πn+ 1 (X , x) H n+ 1 (X , Z)
πn (S2 , ) n
X
n ΣX n+ 1
πi (X ) πi + 1 (Σ X )
n i 2n
13. Calcul des groupes d’homot opie
Q
πn (X , x) Z Q
Q
πn (Sd ) Q
n = d πd (Sd ) Q = Q d
n = 2d 1 π2d− 1 (Sd ) Q= Q
Q πn (X , x) Z Q