HWM - 4

Late-Baroque Instrumental music

Developments in musical instruments lead to changing practices (and vice versa)
• Organ (predominantly Germany)
• Harpsichord and clavichord (predominantly France)
• Violin family (Italy)

Organ music

• Chorale-based compositions (Chorale prelude; Chorale variation; Chorale fantasia)

Dieterich Buxtehude (c1637-1707). Durch Adams Fall ist ganz verderbt (BuxWV 183)
• Toccata (Präludium)
Dieterich Buxtehude. Toccata in d-moll (BuxWV 155).
• Fuga (Englisch/French: Fugue; German: Fuge): Polyphonic, imitative procedure, in which a motive
(subject) is exposed in an initial tonic/dominant relationship, then developed by contrapuntal
means
Johann Sebastian Bach. Das Wohltemperirte Clavier, Buch I, Fuga I in C (BWV 846, 1722)

Harpsichord music

• Theme and variations

• Suites
François Couperin (1668-1733): L’Art de toucher le Clavecin
Élisabeth-Claude Jacquet de La Guerre (1665-1729)
François Couperin. Vingt-cinquième ordre: Les ombres errantes (1730)

Music for small ensemble

Sonata
• Various movements (parts)
• Contrasting tempi
• Two or more solo instruments and continuo
• Main types:
• Sonata da chiesa
• Sonata da camera (a suite, a.k.a.: trattenimento; divertimento; concerto; concertino; ballo; balletto)
• Trio sonata (e.g. for violins, flutes or voices + continuo)
• Solo sonata (violin or flute or viola da gamba + continuo)

Music for large ensemble

1. Orchestral suite

• Ouverture and dances, modelled after Jean-Baptiste Lully’s operas

• Mainly at German courts: e.g. Georg Philipp Telemann (1681-1767); Georg Muffat (1653-1740)
• For example: Johann Sebastian Bach. Four Orchestral Suites (BWV 1066-1069)

2. Concerto

• Concerto for orchestra (multi-part); aka concerto sinfonia; concerto ripieno

• Solo concerto (mostly violin)
• Concerto grosso
• Stile concertato (contrasting groups)
• Ripieno or tutti (full orchestra) with concertino (two violins + continuo)
• Important composers:
• Archangelo Corelli (1653-1713)
• Giuseppe Torelli (1658-1709)
• Tomaso Albinoni (1671-1750)
Arcangelo Corelli. Sonata da chiesa, Op. 3, No. 2: I. Grave; II. Vivace; III. Largo; IV. Allegro (trio sonata
for 2 violins and continuo, 1689)
Arcangelo Corelli. Concerto grosso, Op. 6, No. 4 (concertino of 2 violins with continuo and string
ripieno with continuo, 1714)