ROYAUME DU MAROC

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‫المملكة المغربية‬
MINISTERE DE L’AGRICULTURE, DE LA --------------------
PECHE MARITIME, DU DEVELOPPEMENT ‫وزارة الفالحة والصيد البحري والتنمية‬
RURAL ET DES EAUX ET FORETS ‫القروية والمياه والغــابــــــــات‬
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ECOLE NATIONALE D’AGRICULTURE ‫المدرســـــــــــة الوطنية‬
DE MEKNES ‫للفالحة بمكنـــــــاس‬

SEMINAIRE SOUS LE THEME:

Lutte biologique contre la tavelure du pommier

(Venturia inaequalis) aux moyens des extraits
des plantes et des huiles essentielles

Filière : Protection des Plantes et de l’Environnement

Séminaire réalisé par: Sous l’encadrement de :

SBAAI Achraf Pr. LAHLALI Rachid

ENA-Meknès, le 22 Février 2024

 Résumé
Les pommiers sont des arbres du genre botanique Malus et de la famille des Rosacées.
Comme la plupart des arbres fruitiers, le pommier est sujet à des maladies qui affectent sa
productivité, telles que les champignons, les bactéries, les virus, les mycoplasmes et les
nématodes (Boulif et Lahlali, 2021).

Dans un premier lieu, on trouve la tavelure du pommier causée par Venturia inaequalis, du
genre Venturia subdivision des Ascomycota. Ce champignon est très répandu dans les
régions à temps frais et humide au printemps. Les feuilles attaquées présentent l'apparition
de petites taches brunes à vert olive, qui sont de texture veloutée et dont les contours sont
flous. Les symptômes sur les fruits peuvent se présenter sous forme de lésions d'entrepôt ou
de lésions sur le fruit, des taches noires circulaires. Le champignon Venturia inequalis hiverne
sous forme de pseudothèces (fructifications sexuées) dans les feuilles mortes infectées.
L'inoculum primaire est constitué d'ascospores. Il infecte la plante par pénétration entre la
cuticule et l'épiderme. Sur les lésions se forment des conidiophores. Les conidies asexuées
sont libérées par la suite et répètent le cycle d'infection.

La maladie de la tavelure peut provoquer des pertes économiques importantes. L'utilisation

excessive de fongicides entraîne l'apparition d'isolats résistants aux différentes matières
actives les plus communément utilisées. De ce fait, la lutte biologique offre une alternative
durable pour le contrôle de la tavelure. Différents extraits de plantes (l'extrait de Menta
Piperita, Yucca filamentosa, Saponaria officinalis, Berberis vulgaris, Oliva europea, Inula
helenium, Azadiracta indica) et huiles essentielles (huile de cannelle, Thymus vulgaris, savons à
base d'huile de tournesol) sont utilisés in vitro et in vivo à des concentrations variées afin
d'étudier l'efficacité et de déterminer la dose la plus active contre cet agent pathogène et
également pour comparer l'effet avec celui de fongicides synthétiques tels que Score, Dithane,
Fosetyl Al...
 Abstract

The apple trees belong to the botanical genus Malus and the Rosaceae family. Like most
fruit trees, apple trees are susceptible to diseases that affect productivity, such as fungi,
bacteria, viruses, mycoplasmas, and nematodes (Boulif and Lahlali, 2021).

Firstly, there is apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis, a fungus belonging to the
Venturia genus within the Ascomycota subdivision. This fungus is widespread in regions
with cool and humid spring weather. Affected leaves develop small brown to olive-green
spots with a velvety texture and blurred edges. Symptoms on fruit may include storage
lesions or fruit lesions, characterized by circular black spots. The fungus Venturia
inaequalis overwinters in the form of pseudothecia (sexual fruiting bodies) in infected dead
leaves. The primary inoculum consists of ascospores, which penetrate the plant between
the cuticle and the epidermis. Conidiophores form on the lesions, releasing asexual
conidia, thus perpetuating the infection cycle.

Apple scab disease can cause significant economic losses. Excessive use of fungicides leads
to the emergence of isolates resistant to commonly used active ingredients. Therefore,
biological control offers a sustainable alternative for scab management. Various plant
extracts (such as Mentha piperita, Yucca filamentosa, Saponaria officinalis, Berberis
vulgaris, Olea europea, Inula helenium, Azadirachta indica) and essential oils (cinnamon oil,
Thymus vulgaris, sunflower oil-based soaps) are used in vitro and in vivo at various
concentrations to study their effectiveness and determine the most active dose against this
pathogen. Additionally, their effects are compared with synthetic fungicides such as Score,
Dithane, and Fosetyl Al.
 ‫ملخص‬
‫تنتمي أشجار التفاح إىل جنس النباتات المعروف باالسم العلمي ‪ Malus‬وتنتمي إىل عائلة ‪ .Rosaceae‬مثل معظم‬
‫أشجار الفاكهة‪ ،‬تتعرض أشجار التفاح لألمراض التي تؤثر عىل اإلنتاجية‪ ،‬مثل الفطريات والبكتيريا والفيروسات‬
‫والميكوبالزما والنيماتودا( ‪.)Boulif and Lahlali, 2021‬‬

‫أوًال‪ ،‬هناك داء الصدأ الناجم عن ‪ ،Venturia inaequalis‬وهو فطر ينتمي إىل جنس ‪ Venturia‬في فرع ‪.Ascomycota‬‬
‫ينتشر هذا الفطر بشكل واسع في المناطق ذات الطقس البارد والرطب في الربيع‪ .‬تظهر األوراق المصابة ببقع صغيرة‬
‫بنية إىل زيتونية اللون ذات ملمس مخملي وحواف غير واضحة‪ .‬قد تشمل األعراض عىل الفاكهة تشوهات تخزين أو‬
‫تشوهات عىل الفاكهة‪ ،‬والتي تتميز ببقع دائرية سوداء‪ .‬يتواجد الفطر ‪ Venturia inaequalis‬خالل فصل الشتاء في شكل‬
‫البثور الزائفة (هياكل التكاثر الجنسي) في األوراق الميتة المصابة‪ .‬يتألف العدو األولي من ‪ ،ascospores‬التي تخترق‬
‫النبات بين الطبقة الخارجية والجلد‪.‬‬
‫تتكون أعقاب المبغضات عىل البقع‪ ،‬مما يؤدي إىل إطالق المبغضات غير الجنسية‪ ،‬وبالتالي تكرار دورة العدو‪.‬‬

‫يمكن أن يؤدي داء الصدأ إىل خسائر اقتصادية كبيرة‪ .‬يؤدي االستخدام المفرط للمبيدات الفطرية إىل ظهور سالالت‬
‫مقاومة للمواد الفعالة المستخدمة بشكل شائع‪ .‬لذا‪ ،‬توفر مكافحة الحشرات البيولوجية بديًال مستداًم ا‪ .‬تستخدم‬
‫مستخلصات نباتية مختلفة (‪Menta Piperita, Yucca filamentosa, Saponaria officinalis, Berberis vulgaris,‬‬
‫‪ )Oliva europea, Inula helenium, Azadiracta indica‬وزيوت أساسية (زيت القرفة‪ ،Thymus vulgaris ،‬صابون عىل‬
‫أساس زيت نوار الشمس) في االختبارات داخل المختبر وفي الحقول بتراكيز مختلفة لدراسة فعاليتها وتحديد الجرعة‬
‫األكثر فعالية ضد هذا العامل الممرض ولمقارنة تأثيرها مع تلك المبيدات الفطرية االصطناعية مثل ‪Score, Dithane,‬‬
‫‪.and Fosetyl Al‬‬
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