Tap Rilap Salami

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REVUE INTERNATIONALE DE LANGAGE ET DE

PEDAGOGIE (RIL@P)
RIL@P
Vol 1, N°01, Avril 2022, ISSN 1659-5378, e-ISSN 1659 - 5440
Revue semestrielle du Centre Béninois des Langues Etrangères (CEBELAE),

Université d’Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Bénin
Sous la direction du :
Dr Rissikatou MOUSTAPHA BABALOLA
Maître de Conférences des Universités (CAMES)
Editions Africatex Média (EAM)

01 BP 3950, Porto-Novo, République du Bénin
Tél : (+229) 97 29 65 11 / 65 68 00 98 / 97 98 78 10
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REVUE INTERNATIONALE DE LANGAGE ET DE

PEDAGOGIE (RIL@P)
RIL@P
Vol 1, N°01– Avril 2022, ISSN 1659-5378 , e-ISSN 1659 - 5440
Revue semestrielle du Centre Béninois des Langues Etrangères (CEBELAE),
Sous la direction du :
Dr Rissikatou MOUSTAPHA BABALOLA
Maître de Conférences des Universités (CAMES)
Editions Africatex Média (EAM)

01 BP 3950, Porto-Novo, République du Bénin
Tél : (+229) 97 29 65 11 / 65 68 00 98 / 97 98 78 10
Copyright: CEBELAE / UAC & EAM
Tous droits de reproduction, de traduction et d’adaptation réservés pour tous les pays.
No part of this journal may be reproduced in any form, by print, photo-print, microfilm or any
other means, without written permission from the publisher.
Dépôt légal, N°13959 du 21/04/22 ; 2ème Trimestre,

Bibliothèque Nationale, Porto-Novo, République du Bénin.
ISSN 1659-5378
e-ISSN 1659 - 5440
Editions Africatex Média
01 BP 3950, Oganla,
Porto-Novo, Rép. du Bénin
Tél : (+229) 97 29 65 11 / 65 68 00 98 / 97 98 78 10
Juin 2022
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COMITE DE REDACTION
Directrice de publication :
Rissikatou MOUSTAPHA BABALOLA,

Maître de Conférences des Universités (CAMES), Directrice du CEBELAE, Cotonou, Université
d’Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Bénin
Rédacteur en chef :
Germain S. SAGBO,
Maître de Conférences des Universités (CAMES), Département d’Etudes Germaniques, FLLAC,
Rédacteur en chef-Adjoint :
Casimir Comlan SOEDE,
Maître-Assistant des Universités (CAMES), CEBELAE, Cotonou, Université d’Abomey-Calavi
(UAC), Bénin
Secrétariat :
Théophile G. KODJO SONOU,
Maître-Assistant des Universités (CAMES), Institut Universitaire Panafricain, Bénin
Dr Bienvenu AZEHOUNGBO,
CEBELAE, Cotonou, Université d’Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Bénin
Dr Cécile HOUNNONTIN,
CEBELAE, Cotonou, Université d’Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Bénin
CONTACTS
Madame la Directrice de publication,
Revue Internationale de Langage et de Pédagogie (RIL@P), Centre Béninois des
Langues Etrangères (CEBELAE),
Quartier : Gbégamey, C/N° 632-633, Cotonou

02 BP 8120, Cotonou, Rép. du Bénin
Tél. (+229) 57 07 20 86 / 58 07 79 08
Courriel : rilap2022@gmail.com Site web: www.cebelae.bj
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COMITE SCIENTIFIQUE ET DE LECTURE
Président :
Pr Médard Dominique BADA,
Professeur Titulaire des Universités (CAMES), Université d’Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Bénin
Membres :
Pr Patrick Yelindo HOUESSOU,
Pr Komlan E. ESSIZEWA,
Professeur Titulaire des Universités (CAMES), Université de Lomé, Togo
Pr Atafeï PEWISSI,
Professeur Titulaire des Universités (CAMES), Université de Lomé, Togo
Pr Coffi SAMBIENI,
Pr Vamara KONE,
Professeur Titulaire des Universités (CAMES), Université Alassane OUATTARA, Côte
d’Ivoire
Pr Akoété AMOUZOUN,
Professeur Titulaire des Universités (CAMES), Université de Kara, Togo
Pr Adolphe KPATCHAVI,
Pr Kossivi ATTIKLEME,
Pr Pascal OKRI TOSSOU,
Pr Julien Koffi GBAGUIDI,
Dr Florentine AGBOTON,
Maître de Conférences des Universités (CAMES), Université d’Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Bénin
Dr Raphaël YEBOU,
Maître de Conférences des Universités (CAMES), Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Bénin
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Dr Pierre KRAMOKO,
Maître de Conférences des Universités (CAMES), Université Alassane OUATTARA, Côte
d’Ivoire
Dr Vincent ATABAVIKPO,
Dr Innocent Sourou KOUTCHADE,
Dr Célestin AMOUSSOU,
Dr Célestin GBAGUIDI,
Dr Moufoutaou ADJERAN,
Dr Ibrahim YEKINI,
Dr Mahougbé Abraham OLOU
Dr Ferdinand KPOHOUE,
Dr Juvénale PATINVOH-AGBAYAHOUN,
Dr Clarisse NAPPORN,
Dr Servais AKPACA,
Dr Yélian Constant AGUESSY,
Maître de Conférences des Universités (CAMES), Université de Parakou, Bénin
Dr Dossou Flavien LANMANTCHION,
Maître de Conférences des Universités (CAMES), Université Nationale des Sciences,
Technologies, Ingénieries et Mathématiques, Abomey, Bénin
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Dr Paméssou WALLA,
Maître de Conférences des Universités (CAMES), Université de Lomé, Togo
Dr Jean-Euloge GBAGUIDI,
Dr Samuel DJENGUE,
Dr Damlègue LARE,
Dr Ibrahima SARR,
Maître de Conférences des Universités (CAMES), Université Gaston Berger, Saint Louis
(Sénégal)
Dr Ousmane NGOM,
Maître de Conférences des Universités (CAMES), Université Gaston Berger, Saint Louis
(Sénégal)
Dr Issaga NDIAYE,
Maître de Conférences des Universités (CAMES), Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar
(Sénégal)
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LIGNE EDITORIALE ET DOMAINES

DE RECHERCHE
LIGNE EDITORIALE
La Revue Internationale de Langage et de Pédagogie (RIL@P) est une revue scientifique
spécialisée qui couvre les domaines de recherche tels que les lettres, la linguistique, la
sociolinguistique, la didactique, les sciences de l’éducation et les sciences sociales. Les articles
que nous y publions peuvent être écrits en français, en anglais, en espagnol ou en allemand. Ces
articles sont reçus au secrétariat du comité de rédaction de la revue et envoyés en évaluation.
Ceux qui ont reçu un avis favorable à leur soumission sont sélectionnés pour une réévaluation
par les membres du comité scientifique en raison de leur originalité, des intérêts qu’ils
présentent aux plans africain et international et de leur rigueur scientifique. Après les travaux
préliminaires du secrétariat, le spécimen du numéro à publier est envoyé au comité scientifique
et de lecture pour des corrections éventuelles et la vérification de la conformité des articles aux
normes de publication de la revue.
Notons que les articles que notre revue publie doivent respecter les normes éditoriales
suivantes :
La taille des articles

Volume : 12 à 15 pages ; interligne : 1,5 ; pas d’écriture (taille) : 12 ; police : Times New
Roman.
Ordre logique du texte

Un TITRE en caractère d’imprimerie et en gras. Le titre ne doit pas être trop long (au plus 2
lignes);
Un Résumé est fait en français et en anglais ou en allemand (pour les articles rédigés en
allemand). Le résumé doit comporter 50 à 200 mots maximum avec pour interligne 1. ;
Les mots clés au nombre de 05 font partie du résumé ;
Le second résumé ou abstract est juste la traduction du résumé original. Il est aussi fait de mots
clés exactement comme dans le premier cas et suit les mêmes restrictions par rapport au nombre
de mots ;
Une Introduction ;
Un Développement ;
Les articulations du développement du texte doivent être titrées et / ou sous titrées en trois
niveaux au plus ainsi qu’il suit :
Pour le Titre de la première section et sous-section
1. Pour le titre de la première section
1.1. Pour le titre de la première sous-section
1.2. Pour le titre de la deuxième sous-section de la première section etc.
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Pour le Titre de la deuxième section

2. Pour le titre de la deuxième section
2.1. Pour le titre de la première sous-section de la deuxième section
2.2. Pour le titre de la deuxième sous-section de la deuxième section etc.
Pour le Titre de la troisième section
3. Pour le titre de la troisième section
3.1. Pour le titre de la première sous-section de la troisième section
3.2. Pour le titre de la deuxième sous-section de la troisième section etc.
Conclusion
Elle doit être brève et insister sur l’originalité des résultats de la recherche
Bibliographie
Les sources effectivement consultées et citées dans le texte doivent figurer dans une rubrique,
en fin de texte, intitulé :
Références Bibliographiques
Les divers éléments d’une référence bibliographique sont présentés comme suit : NOM et
Prénom (s) de l’auteur, Année de publication, Zone titre, Lieu de publication, Zone Editeur,
pages (p.) occupées par l’article dans la revue ou l’ouvrage collectif.
Dans la zone titre, le titre d’un article est présenté en romain et entre guillemets, celui d’un
ouvrage, d’un mémoire ou d’une thèse, d’un rapport, d’une revue ou d’un journal est présenté
en italique. Dans la zone Editeur, on indique la Maison d’édition (pour un ouvrage), le Nom et
le numéro/volume de la revue (pour un article) suivi du Lieu de publication, de la Zone Editeur
de la revue. Au cas où un ouvrage est une traduction et/ou une réédition, il faut préciser après
le titre le nom du traducteur et/ou l’édition (ex : 2nde éd.).
La présentation des notes
La rédaction n’admet que des notes en bas de page. Les notes en fin de texte ne sont pas
tolérées. Les citations dans le corps du texte doivent être indiquées par un retrait avec tabulation
1 cm à gauche avec le texte mis en taille 11 et interligne 1.
Les références de citations sont intégrées au texte citant, selon les cas, de la façon suivante :
(Initiale (s) du Prénom ou des Prénoms de l’auteur. Nom de l’Auteur, année de publication,
pages citées). Ou
Initiale (s) du Prénom ou des Prénoms de l’auteur. Nom de l’Auteur (année de publication,
pages citées).
Les citations et les termes étrangers sont en italique et entre guillemets « ».
RIL@P s’interdit le soulignement.
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Le comité scientifique et de lecture est le seul organe capable de porter des jugements
sur la scientificité des textes publiés. Le comité de rédaction de la revue s’occupe de la
publication des textes retenus par le comité scientifique et de lecture.
Les avis et opinions scientifiques émis dans les articles n’engagent que leurs propres auteurs.
Les textes non publiés ne sont pas retournés.
La présentation des figures, cartes, graphiques…doit respecter le format (format : 15/21)
de la mise en page de RIL@P.
Tous les articles doivent être envoyés à l’adresse suivante : rilap2022@gmail.com et
copie faite aux adresses (courriels) suivantes : rissikatouba@gmail.com / csohede@gmail.com
.
NB : Un auteur dont l’article est retenu pour publication dans RIL@P participe aux frais
d’édition par article et par numéro. Il reçoit, à titre gratuit, un tiré-à-part et une copie de la revue
publiée à raison de quarante mille (40.000) francs CFA.
DOMAINE DE RECHERCHE
La Revue Internationale du Langage et de Pédagogie (RIL@P) est un instrument au service
des chercheurs qui s’intéressent à la publication d’articles et de comptes rendus de recherches
approfondies dans les domaines ci-après :
Lettres : littératures, cultures et civilisations ;
Langues : linguistique, didactique des langues, traduction, interprétation des langues et
communication ;
Sciences de l’éducation ;
Sciences sociales ;
Les sujets généraux d’intérêts vitaux pour le développement des études en pédagogie, langues
et sciences de l’éducation et sociales.
Au total, la Revue Internationale de Langage et de Pédagogie (RIL@P) se veut le lieu de

rencontre et de dissémination de nouvelles idées et d’opinions savantes dans les domaines ci-
dessus cités.
LE COMITE DE REDACTION
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EDITORIAL
La Revue Internationale de Langage et de Pédagogie (RIL@P), publiée par le Centre

Béninois des Langues étrangères (CEBELAE), est ouverte aux chercheurs des institutions
universitaires de recherche et enseignants-chercheurs des universités, instituts universitaires,
centres universitaires et grandes écoles.
L’objectif de cette revue est de permettre aux collègues chercheurs et enseignants-chercheurs

d’avoir une tribune pour faire connaître leurs travaux de recherche.
Le comité scientifique et de lecture de RIL@P est présidé par le Professeur Médard Dominique
BADA. Ce comité une trentaine de membres dont onze (11) Professeurs Titulaires et vingt-trois
(23) Maîtres de Conférences.
Aussi, voudrions-nous informer les lecteurs de RIL@P, qu’elle est multilingue avec des articles
rédigés aussi bien en français, en anglais, en espagnol, qu’en allemand.
Dr Rissikatou MOUSTAPHA BABALOLA,

Maître de Conférences des Universités (CAMES),
Directrice de publication de RIL@P,
Directrice du CEBELAE, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Bénin
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SOMMAIRE
LANGUAGES : LITTERATURE, CIVILISATION, SCIENCE SOCIALE
LITTERATURE
1. Understanding African and Christian Religious Practices as Assets for Social

Cohesion: A Study in Selected Novels by Chinua Achebe and Chimamanda Ngozi
Adichie
Tchilabalo ADI………..............................................................................................................14
2. A Postcolonial Reading of Religious Inculturation in Leslie Marmon Silko’s “The Man

to Send Rain Clouds”
Kpalambo Ebony AGBOH……………………. …………………………………….….……26
3. The Impact of The Supernatural on Human Lifestyle in George Eliot’s Silas Marner
Comlan Casimir SOEDE

&
Ablanvi Judith Augustine AIDEHOU
&
Chantale YEHOUENOU...........................................................................................................36
4. Postcolonial Reading of Natives’ Existence in City Under West Domination in Alan

Paton’s Cry, The Beloved Country
Fougnigué Madou YEO…………………………….……………………………….………...47
5. Ethics of Hypocrisy and The Rise of A Twelfth Commandment: An Analytical

Approach to The Tears Of Lucifer (2014) by Daniel Appiah-Adjei and The Strange Man
(1967) by Amu Djoleto
Constant Yélian AGUESSY

&
Fatoumata KEITA
&
Bachirou Ayédon AYEDON…………………………………………………………...…..…60
6. The Land in Native American Literature: Case Study of Silko’s Ceremony and
Momaday’s House Made of Dawn
Jean-Baptiste OUAKPELEFOLO YEO …………..…………………………...…………..…74
7. Aesthetics of Corruption and the Misuse of Power in Ngugi Wa Thiong’o’s Devil on the
Cross and Ndikaru Wa Teresa’s Cry of the Oppressed
Panaewazibiou DADJA-TIOU
&
Biniyome YADJANAME……………..……………………………………………………...88
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8. Epistemology of The Anti-Black Contempt in Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s

Cabin and Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man
N’goran Clément KONAN………………………………………………………………......104
9. Socio-Ecological Peril in Toni Morrison’s A Mercy
Mamadou DIAMOUTENE………………………………………………………………….119
10. Au secours de la jeunesse africaine : une lecture sociocritique de Festin de la détresse

d’Aminata Sow Fall
Musa HARUNA…………..…………………………………………………………………132
11. Le personnage-enfant et la narration dans le récit postcolonial
Dekao Fabrice TIEMOU…………..………………………………………………………...145
CIVILISATION
12. African Americans’ Contribution to American History
Modeste Paul AKAKPO

&
Sènakpon Adelphe Fortuné AZON………………………………………………….…….…154
SCIENCES SOCIALES
13. Les jésuites et l’enseignement supérieur en République Démocratique du Congo

(1931-1954)
Willy NKURME OMPUM……………..……………………………………………………165
14. Problemas y conflictos internos en la España del siglo xxi
Zanon Yacouba TRAORE…………………..……………………………………………….182
PEDAGOGIE : SCIENCES DU LANGUAGE, SCIENCES DE L’EDUCATION
SCIENCES DU LANGUAGE
15. Scrutinizing Features of Texture in President Patrice Talon’s Inaugural Speech for
his Second Term (2021): A Systemic Functional Perspective
Rissikatou MOUSTAPHA-BABALOLA
&
Amadou SALAMI…………………………………………………………………………...197
16. Opportunities and Challenges of Discourse Analysis for A Beninese EFL Class
Paul-Marie A. HOUESSOU…………………………………………………………………217
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SCIENCES DE L’EDUCATION
17. Globalization, The World English and The Teaching of English for Specific Purposes
to Universities Learners
Mathias Azoua HOUNNOU

&
Dossou Flavien LANMANTCHION
&
Juvenal AGBAYAHOUN KPATINVO …………………………………………………….230
18. Rapport au savoir livresque des usagers des bibliothèques des universités du Togo à
l’ère des TIC
Kokou KOFFI
&
Sena Yawo AKAKPO-NUMADO………..…………………………………………………242
19. L’impact de l’environnement de travail sur la performance des établissements

secondaires de Tahoua, Niger
Moustapha MOUSSA
&
Idrissa KARIDIO…….…..……………………………………………………………….…262
20. Effective Translation Teaching Techniques

Théophile G. KODJO SONOU…..………………………………………………………….279
21. Analyse grammaticale des déictiques en anglais : le cas des adjectifs démonstratifs
‘This’ et ‘That’
Jean Christophe FAYE………………………………………………………………………294

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PEDAGOGIE : SCIENCES DU LANGUAGE, SCIENCES DE L’EDUCATION
SCIENCES DU LANGUAGE
SCRUTINIZING FEATURES OF TEXTURE IN PRESIDENT PATRICE TALON’S

INAUGURAL SPEECH FOR HIS SECOND TERM (2021): A SYSTEMIC
FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Rissikatou MOUSTAPHA-BABALOLA
Centre Béninois des Langues Étrangères
Université d’Abomey-Calavi – Bénin
Email: rissikatouba@gmail.com
&
Amadou SALAMI
Faculté des Lettres, Langues, Arts et Communication
Université d’Abomey-Calavi - Bénin
Email: akannisalami6@gmail.com
Abstract
Decoding the deep structure of a text requires not only the cultural and situational contexts
but also and importantly the texture of the text. The main concern of this study is thus, to apply
some cohesive aspects developed by systemic linguists to the language of President Patrice
Talon’s inaugural speech for his second term. The main objective is then to investigate how
lexically cohesive and coherent this speech is. To conduct this research, the linguistic approach
of cohesion drawn from Systemic Functional Linguistics has been adopted. The study focuses
more specifically on discourse patterns of cohesion and coherence on the speech, using mixed
research method. The aspects of texture studied in the speech are: reference, conjunction and
lexical cohesion. The findings reveal that the texture-forming resources through which the
clauses of the speech have a semantic unity, cannot be well deciphered without referring to the
context of culture and that of situation in which they are used.
Keywords: texture, cohesion, coherence, Systemic Functional Linguistics
Résumé
Décoder la structure profonde d’un texte nécessite non seulement les contextes culturels
et situationnels, mais aussi et surtout la texture du texte. La préoccupation principale de cette
étude est donc d’appliquer certains aspects cohésifs développés par des linguistes systémiques
au langage du discours d’investiture du Président Patrice Talon pour son second mandat.
L’objectif principal est alors d’étudier à quel point le discours en question est cohésif et
cohérent. Pour mener cette recherche, l’approche linguistique de la cohésion tirée de la
Linguistique Fonctionnelle Systémique a été adoptée. De façon spécifique, l’étude porte sur des
traits de cohésion et de la cohérence dans le discours, en utilisant la méthode de recherche mixte.
Les aspects de la texture étudiés dans le discours sont : la référence, la conjonction et la relation
lexicale. Les résultats révèlent que les ressources de formation de texture à travers lesquelles
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les propositions du discours ont une unité sémantique, ne peuvent pas être bien déchiffrées
qu’en se référant aux contextes culturel et situationnel dans lesquels elles sont utilisées.
Mots clés: texture, cohésion, cohérence, Linguistique Fonctionnelle Systémique
Introduction
Whenever human beings exist, they use language to maintain social and cultural
relationships among themselves. In fact, language is a system or arbitrary vocal symbols which
permit all people in a given culture or other people who learned the system of that culture to
communicate or to interact. It is also a systematic means for communicating ideas or feelings
by the use of conventionalized signs, sounds, gestures or marks having meanings. Language
stands at the centre of human affairs from the most prosaic to the most profound. It is used for
haggling with store clerks, telling off empires and gossiping with friends as well as for
negotiating contacts, discussing ethnic and explaining religious beliefs. It is this medium
through which the manners, morals and mythology of a society are passed on to the next
generation. The thread that runs through all these activities is communication, people trying to
put their ideas over to others.
Language is a systematic resource for expressing meaning in context. It is a human means

of communicating or expressing ideas, emotions and viewpoints. In a community, people make
use of it to achieve communicative purposes. Thus, language stands as a great part of our lives
and deserves to be broadly studied. Furthermore, people from a given community use language
to express their culture, history, social life and, this is what gives systematically birth to
literature. Literature is thus one of the domains of linguistics, since it implies the study of
language. The organization of discourse is one of the central issues of discourse analysis.
It is worth clarifying the terms organization and discourse. The term organization refers
“to the sum of relations which hold between the units of text… and between each unit and the
whole” (Gang and Qiao 2014:37). The term discourse refers to verbal communication in its
situational and social context. The three levels of discourse organization (cohesion, coherence
and genre), cohesion and coherence are analyzed in the individual texts.
Cohesion is thus one of the text properties that contribute to the organization of discourse.
The term refers to the connectedness of the surface elements in the text. The three main
categories of cohesion are referential cohesion (anaphoric chains), relational cohesion
(connectives and ellipsis) and lexical cohesion. Lexical cohesion, which is the focus of this
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dissertation project, contributes to the ideational (semantic) structuring of discourse (Kafes

2012, p. 89). It refers to the semantic relations between the lexical items in the text; thus it
provides information about the way lexemes are organized in the discourse (lexical patterning).
The contribution of lexical and grammatical cohesion to discourse organization can be captured
better if we look at its interaction with other discourse-organizing properties with the aim to
learn more about the systematic structuring of discourse.
This research focuses on the descriptive analysis of some cohesive features on President
Patrice Talon’s inaugural speech for his second term, a speech made in French and translated
into English by the researchers. The main concern of this work is thus, to apply lexical cohesion
aspects (techniques) developed by systemic linguists to three excerpts from that novel. The
objective is then to investigate how lexically cohesive the speech under study is. Therefore,
conclusion will be drawn from the description and interpretation of the speech. Then, one can
decide whether President Talon’s speech does form a unified whole to achieve its
communicative purpose. From this perspective, the main objectives of this study are the
investigations of:
- How language is cohesively and coherently structured by President Patrice Talon to

convey his message.
- The types of cohesive proprieties found in the speech and their contribution of its
unity (the speech).
To achieve these objectives, the current study has been streamlined into the following research
questions:
- How does language function in President Patrice Talon’s speech?
- What contributions have the cohesive ties made to the understanding of the speech?
- What message is President Patrice Talon conveying through his speech?
These questions have been answered through the analysis of the speech on the one hand, and
the discussion of the findings on the other.
In this paper, only aspects of reference, conjunctions and lexical cohesion are studied.
So, this study is limited in the application of some cohesive features in President Patrice Talon’s
speech. But the study may also be extended to the pragmatic analysis of the same speech.
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1. Theoretical Framework, Literature Review and Research Methodology

This section deals with the conceptual framework related to the topic and the literature
review on the one hand and to the methodology adopted on the other.
1.1. Theoretical Framework

One of the central issues in discourse analysis is cohesion, which refers to the formal links
that give a text a sense of unity beyond the sentence. The issue of cohesion in text is dealt with
by the outstanding linguists Halliday and Hassan (1976, p.4) who consider that “cohesive
relationships within a text are set up where the interpretation of some element in the discourse
is dependent on that of another. The one presupposes the others in the sense that it cannot be
effectively decoded except by recourse to it”. Cohesion has to do with the internal property of
the text. In Eggins’ (2004) terms, it is concerned with the way we relate or tie together bits of
our discourse. Halliday and Hasan (1976) classify cohesion into grammatical cohesion and
lexical cohesion. The grammatical cohesion includes reference, substitution, ellipsis, and
conjunction. Meanwhile, lexical cohesion includes repetition and collocation.
1.1.1. Reference
Halliday and Webster (2009), quoted in Koutchadé (2017, p. 22) defines reference as
“resources for referring to a participant or circumstantial element whose identity is recoverable.
Still in defining what reference is, Bloor & Bloor (2004, p. 93) contend that “a characteristic of
reference is that, on the second and subsequent mention, instead of being named, the person or
thing referred to may be indicated by means of a pronoun, demonstrative […] or a comparative”.
Reference falls broadly within three categories which are: exophoric, homophoric and
endophoric. However, there are some other types such as demonstrative reference, comparative
reference, esphoric reference etc.
a) Endophoric reference includes anaphoric reference (when the referent has appeared at an
early point in the text), cataphoric reference (when the referent has not yet appeared, but will
be provided subsequently) and esphoric reference (when the referent occurs in the phrase
immediately following the presuming referent item). Eggins (2004) observes that this type of
reference creates cohesion since it creates the internal texture of the text.
b) Exophoric reference: this is the one retrieved from shared immediate context of situation.
Halliday (1985) contends that it is used as a means of linking outwards to some person or object
in the environment.
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c) Homophoric reference: it is the reference that can be retrieved from the shared context of
culture.
Other forms of reference include: personal reference (dependent on the use of personal
pronouns), demonstrative reference (dependent on the use of determiners) and comparative
reference (which uses adjectives or their adverbial counterparts) (Bloor & Bloor, 2004) quoted
in Koutchadé (2017).
1.1.2. Conjunctions
Eggins (2004) asserts that the cohesive patterns of conjunctions or conjunctive relations
refer to how the writer create and expresses logical relationships between the parts of a text.
According to Bloor & Bloor (2004, p. 97) quoted in Koutchadé (2017, p. 23), “conjunction is
the term used to describe the cohesive ties between clauses or sections of text in such a way as
to demonstrate a meaningful relationship between them. It is also possible to perceive this
process as the linking of ideas, events or other phenomena”. Following Bloor & Bloor (2004),
there are four classes of conjunctions identified by Halliday & Hasan (1976). These are:
a) Additive conjunctions which show that a point is being reinforced or a new one is added to
the same effect.
b) Adversative conjunctions, used to contrast one idea to another.
c) Causal conjunctions, used to express result, reason or purpose.
d) Temporal conjunctions which introduce the time sequence of specific events referred to.
1.1.3. Lexical Cohesion
Lexical cohesion has the cohesive effect of the use of lexical items in discourse where the
choice of an item relates to the choices that have gone before (Bloor & Bloor, 2004) quoted in
Koutchadé (2017, p. 24). Halliday (1985) observes that it comes about through the selection of
items that are related in some way to those that have gone before. The two main categories of
lexical cohesion are reiteration and collocation.
a) Reiteration: This is a form of lexical cohesion which may be a repetition, a synonym or near-
synonym, antonymy, hyponymy and meronymy (Halliday and Hasan, 1976, p. 278).
-Repetition: It involves the occurrence of the same lexical item.
-Synonymy or near synonymy: Synonymy is the relationship between two words which have
the same or almost the same meaning.
-Antonymy: the relationship of contrast between two lexical items.
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- Hyponymy: It is a relation that holds between a general class and its sub-classes (Halliday and
Hasan, 1976, p. 84)
- Meronymy: when two lexical items are related as whole to part (or vice-versa)
b) Collocation: This is the co-occurrence of the same lexical item. It covers two or more words
which can be said to ‘go together’ in the sense of frequency of occurrence (Bloor & Bloor,
2004).
1.2. Literature Review
This part introduces some previous works that illustrate how cohesion patterns can help
to understand a literary text. Koussouhon (2013) has discussed the ways in which the members
of the best-known linguistic circles (that are of Moscow and Prague School) approached the
study of literary language between the beginning of last century and the eighties. He has also
attempted to explore the analysis of literature in Africa and draws the attention on the fact that
a lot applications of linguistic theories to literary discourse have been published, and that the
Hallidayan framework has been often drawn on. He concludes that text centred appreciation of
literary discourse has fared very well since its beginning. It is also hypothesized that linguistic
appreciation of fiction, drama, and poetry still has a long way to go and is around to stay.
Koussouhon, Akogbeto and Allagbé (2014) have also reviewed Halliday and Hasan’s
relational view of cohesion, register and text through an empirical textual exploration. The
results of the study state that the three sample texts are internally organized in that they display
cohesive ties such as reference, lexical cohesion and conjunction. In addition, Koussouhon and
Koutchade (2013) have carried out a scientific study on Wole Soyinka’s Death in the Dawn
and In the Memory of Segun Awolowo to analyze cohesive patterns realized in these literary
works. They have used the systemic functional approach to study the texture and register
variables in the poems. In their analysis they have shown that the texture of two texts is the
result of a combination of various linguistic properties mainly reference, conjunction, and
collocative items which are used in a particular context to produce a coherent and cohesive unit
of language use.
Likewise, Koussouhon and Allagbé (2014) have studied texture in three texts they have
selected from Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s fiction to enhance their reading, understanding
and interpretation of her creative works. From the analysis of the different findings on cohesive
ties, it is noted that the three texts are endophorically and homophorically retrieved. And a
critical analysis of endophoric reference in the three texts shows a high use of anaphoric
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reference. From the analysis of lexical cohesion, one can note a huge number of cohesion ties
denoting a lexical density shared by two categories: taxonomy and expentancy.
Similarly, Koussouhon and Amoussou (2013) have worked out some bizarre uses of
pronominal reference to animals, objects and people in Achebe’s Anthills of the Savannah
(1978). They have drawn a conclusion that these strange uses are interfered by traditional
grammar, on one hand, and by the context of culture and the idiosyncratic environment of the
main characters in the novel, on the other.
Salami (2013) has explored cohesive ties in Buchi Emecheta’s fiction. He would like to
know how cohesive and coherent The Second Class Citizen is. Thus, he has chosen two extracts
from Emecheta’s creative work on which he has analyzed some cohesive features namely
reference and lexical cohesion. From his analysis of the findings concerning reference patterns,
it is revealed that that two extracts have a great number of anaphoric reference than any other
types of reference. This means that the two extracts are cohesively achieved. As for lexical
cohesion, a great number of expectancy and taxonomy relations had been noted.
1.3. Research Methodology
In this study, mixed method (quantitative and qualitative approaches) has been used. The
linguistic features have been identified according to the keys below:
a) References in bold; END= Endophoric Reference; ANA= Anaphoric Reference; CAT=

Cataphoric Reference; EXO= Exophoric Reference; HOM= Homophoric Reference; ESP=
Esphoric Reference; COM= Comparative Reference; BRI= Bridging Reference b)
Conjunctions in bold and italics; ADD= Additive Conjunction ADV= Adversative
Conjunction; CAU= Causal Conjunction; TEM= Temporal Conjunction
c) Lexical cohesion in italics; REI=Reiteration; Col= Collocation; Rep= Repetition; Syn=
Synonymy; Ant= Antonymy; Hyp= Hyponym
2. Identification, Analysis of the Cohesive Features in the Speech and Discussion of

the Findings
This section deals with a practical analysis of cohesive features in the speech on the one
hand and on the other hand, is concerned with the discussion and interpretation of findings in
the field of this study, mainly about the speech under study.
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2.1. Identification of the Cohesive Elements in the selected Speech

1-At this (ESP) solemn and (ADD) emotional moment (Hyp), I (CAT) feel (Col) a sense (Col) of deep
gratitude (Rep) towards the (ESP) sovereign people (Rep/Hyp) of Benin (Rep).
2-This (ESP) People (Rep) who (ESP), by their (ANA) massive (Rep) vote of April 11, 2021, renewed
their (ANA) confidence in me (CAT) for a second term (Rep) as President (Rep/Hyp) of Benin (Rep)
Republic.
3-To all of you (ANA) who (ESP) honor (Rep) me (ANA) with your (ANA) presence at this (ESP)
ceremony, I (ANA) would like to express (Syn/Col) my (ANA) gratitude (Rep/Col).
4-To all of my (ANA) fellow citizens (Rep/Syn/Hyp), I (ANA) would like to say (Rep/Syn) that I
(ANA) am aware of the (ESP) honor (Rep) that (ESP) is bestowed on me (ANA) to serve Benin
(Rep) as a team leader (Rep).
5-This (ESP) ultimate term (Rep), I (ANA) can appreciate the (ESP) full scope as well as (ADD) the
(ESP) legitimate expectations (Rep) that it (EXO) evokes in the (ESP) minds (Rep) of every Beninese
(Rep/Hyp).
6-I (ANA) have no doubts (Rep/Ant), no!
7-I (ANA) even have the (ESP) certainty (Rep/Ant) that together (Rep) we (ANA) are able (Rep) to
meet (Rep) these (ESP) expectations (Rep).
8-Indeed, during the (ESP) past (Rep/Ant) five years (Rep/Hyp), we (CAT) have been able (Rep/Syn)
to collectively (Rep) change (Syn) our (ANA) state of mind (Rep).
9-We (ANA) have shown (Syn) our (ANA) firm determination (Rep) to meet (Rep) all the (ESP)
challenges (Rep) facing us (ANA).
10-Whether (TEM) it (EXO) is about strengthening (Rep/Syn) national unity, ensuring (Rep) our
(ANA) security, improving (Rep) our (ANA) environment (Rep) and (ADD) our (ANA) living
conditions; to put in place the (ESP) basic infrastructure essential (Rep) for socio-economic
development (Rep) or (ADD) to rebuild the (ESP) Beninese (Rep) school (Rep) and (ADD) our
(ANA) health system (Rep).
11-It (EXO) is also a question (Rep) of ensuring (Rep) the (ESP) good management of public (Rep)
finances (Rep), of turning back on the (ESP) facility (Ant), of putting an end (Rep) to impunity (Rep),
in particular of the (ESP) elites (Ant).
12-Finally, it (EXO) is a question (Rep) of carrying out reforms to improve (Rep) our (ANA) practices,
consolidate (Ant) the (ESP) rule of law, strengthen (Rep/Syn) our (ANA) democratic (Rep) process
and (ADD) give (Rep) shape to a modern (Rep/Syn) state.
13-Now (Hyp) it (EXO) is time (Rep) for us (ANA), over the (ESP) next (Ant) five years (Rep), to
transform (Rep/Syn) the (ESP) test (Rep) of the breakthroughs (Syn), if not – I (ANA) dare say (Rep)
it (CAT) – the (ESP) feats (Syn) that (ESP) together (Rep/Syn) we (ANA) have achieved (Rep).
14-To transform (Rep) the (ESP) test (Rep) is to go as far as possible on the (ESP) path (Syn) of
development (Rep).
15-It (EXO) is never giving up in the (ESP) face of difficulties (Rep/Ant) that (ESP) may arise.
16-It (EXO) is being aware that these (ANA) characterize structural transformations well and (ADD)
demonstrate (Syn) how much we (ANA) are on the (ESP) right track (Syn).
17-Therefore, (CAU) we (ANA) must all believe in our (ANA) community (Rep) of destiny and (ADD)
work (Rep) there in a much more (COM) harmonious way.
18-Because (CAU), in view of what we (ANA) manage to do despite (ADV) our (ANA) differences
(Syn), we (ANA) must be convinced (Rep) that by being more (COM) united (Rep/Syn), we (ANA)
will be able (Rep) to do much more (COM).
19-Henceforth, our (ANA) challenge (Rep), our (ANA) leitmotif (Syn), must be to silence (Col) our
(ANA) quarrels (Rep/Col) in order to devote ourselves (ANA) to the (ESP) essentials (Rep):
consolidating (Syn) our (ANA) march towards progress by remaining mobilized (Syn) and (ADD)
united (Rep) in our (ANA) fight against poverty, our (ANA) real and (ADD) only enemy.
20-My (ANA) dear compatriots (Rep/Hyp), Yes, this is what will allow us (ANA) to meet (Rep/Syn)
the (ESP) challenge (Rep) of making (Rep) drinking water available everywhere in Benin (Rep) by the
(ESP) end of 2023 (Rep/Hyp).
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21-If (TEM) we (ANA) have been able (Rep) to increase (Syn) the (ESP) overall service rate from 45
to 70% over the (ESP) past (Rep/Hyp) five years (Rep), there (ESP) is no doubt (Rep) that together
(Rep) we (ANA) will be able (Rep) to achieve (Rep) this (ESP) objective (Syn).
22-It (EXO) is this (ESP) same state of mind (Rep) that (ESP) will lead us (ANA), within 30 months
(Hyp), to energy self-sufficiency, after having raised our (ANA) level of production from almost zero
to 60% of our (ANA) needs (Rep) in five years (Rep); which (BRI) will promote (Syn) the (ESP)
supply of electric power to everyone in all our (ANA) communities (Rep).
23-This (ESP) determination (Rep) will lead (Rep) us (ANA) to densify our (ANA) road (Rep)
network so that (CAU) at the (ESP) end (Rep) of the (ESP) term (Rep), all our (ANA) municipalities
(Rep) will be linked (Syn) together (Rep) by paved roads (Rep).
24-We (ANA) will continue the (ESP) momentum in favor of sanitation and (ADD) modernization of
our (ANA) living environment (Rep).
25-In this (ESP) way, our (ANA) municipalities (Rep) will be cleaner (COM) and (ADD) more
(COM) attractive (Rep).
26-We (ANA) will put in place a more (COM) efficient health system (Rep) thanks to (Rep) the (ESP)
sector (Rep) recovery (Rep) plan.
27-Massive (Rep) investments (Rep) will be made to improve (Rep) the (ESP) technical (Rep) platform
everywhere and (ADD) strengthen (Rep) the (ESP) workforce.
28-Our (ANA) action (Rep) will also consist in giving (Rep) a new (Syn) impetus to the (ESP)
Beninese (Rep) school (Rep) to make (Rep) it (ANA) more (COM) compatible with our (ANA) needs
(Rep).
29-The (ESP) diagnosis has already been made (Rep) and (ADD) therapy has started.
30-It (ANA) consists of giving (Rep) priority to technical (Rep) education and (ADD) vocational
training.
31-To this (ESP) end (Rep), around a hundred technical (Rep) high schools (Rep) and (ADD)
benchmark trade schools (Rep/Col) will be built (Col), more (COM) than half of which by the (ESP)
end of 2023 (Rep).
32-In terms of tourism, the (ESP) unprecedented investments (Rep) underway will be accelerated (Syn)
to make (Rep) the (ESP) sector (Rep) an essential (Rep) lever of our (ANA) economy (Rep) and
(ADD) propel (Syn) Benin (Rep) to the (ESP) rank of dream destinations.
33-Investments (Rep) to modernize our (ANA) agriculture will also be stepped up (Syn).
34-It (ANA) will therefore (CAU), thanks to (Rep) intelligent mechanization, be more (COM) efficient
and (ADD) create more (COM) wealth (Rep) both for its (ANA) actors and (ADD) for the (ESP)
national economy (Rep).
35-The (ESP) innovative (Syn) field crops program (Rep) as well as (ADD) the (ESP) adapted
financing (Rep) that (ESP) we (ANA) are putting in place will help greatly (Syn).
36-In addition (ADD), the (ESP) current development (Rep) dynamic will be further (COM) driven
by the (ESP) consolidation (Syn) of public (Ant) finances (Rep), the (ESP) dematerialization of
procedures, specific programs (Rep) for financing (Rep) economic activity.
37-It (ANA) will also be through the (ESP) return of the (ESP) state (Rep) in relevant industrial (Rep)
investment (Rep).
38-The (ESP) aim (Syn) is to launch industrial (Rep) dynamics to make (Rep) our (ANA) environment
(Rep) more (COM) attractive (Rep) to private (Ant) investment (Rep).
39-We (ANA) are therefore (CAU) continuing our (ANA) efforts (Rep) to continuous improvement
(Rep) of the (ESP) business climate and (ADD) for the (ESP) fight (Rep) against corruption and
(ADD) impunity (Rep) in all areas.
40-Ladies (Ant/Hyp) and (ADD) gentlemen (Ant/Hyp), my (ANA) dear compatriots (Rep), all these
(ESP) measures at the (ESP) heart of the 2021-2026 five-year (Rep) period (Hyp) will be a source of
wealth (Rep) and (ADD) jobs.
41-Admittedly, they (ANA) seem numerous but (ADV) I (ANA) can reassure (Rep) you (ANA) that
their (ANA) realization is within our (ANA) reach and (ADD) will be easy.
42-The (ESP) combined (Syn) efforts of the (ESP) government team (Rep), collaborators at various
levels, and (ADD) all Beninese (Rep) people (Rep), is the (ESP) key to achieving (Rep) this (BRI).
43-Together (Rep), we (ANA) will be more (COM) than ever the (ESP) masters of our (ANA) destiny
and (ADD) capable (Syn) of meeting (Rep) all these (ESP) challenges (Rep).
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44-I (ANA) am all the more (COM) convinced (Rep) of this (BRI), since (CAU) the most (COM)
fundamental thing (Rep) I (ANA) have learned over the (ESP) past (Rep) five years (Rep) is our
(ANA) collective (Rep) ability to do so many great (Rep/Ant) things (Rep) in a short (Ant) period
(Rep) of time (Rep).
45-It (EXO) is why I (ANA) admire (Rep) this (ESP) country (Syn) of ours (ANA), Benin (Rep).
46-Just as I (ANA) am admiring (Rep) and (ADD) proud (Rep) of the (ESP) People (Rep) to which
(ANA) I (ANA) belong, admiring (Rep) and (ADD) proud (Rep) of each of you (ANA), my (ANA)
fellow citizens, women (Ant/Hyp) and (ADD) men (Ant/Hyp), young (Ant) people (Rep) and (ADD)
adults (Ant).
47-This (BRI) is precisely what founds my (ANA) faith, better (Syn) my (ANA) certainty (Rep), that
what we (ANA) are doing together (Rep) and (ADD) which everyone observes with curiosity and
(ADD) admiration, will make (Rep) Benin (Rep) reveal itself (ANA) more (COM) to itself (ANA) and
(ADD) to the (ESP) rest of the (ESP) world in the upcoming years.
48-This (ESP) rebirth of our (ANA) nation (Rep/Syn) will not only be to satisfy (Syn) the (ESP) glory
of an instant.
49-It (ANA) will support a tremendous drive for lasting (Rep) collective (Rep/Ant) and (ADD)
individual (Ant) well-being (Rep) that (ESP) we (ANA) and (ADD) future (Ant) generations can
enjoy.
50-To do this (BRI), our (ANA) common (Rep) commitment will be to work (Rep) to consolidate
(Syn) democracy (Rep) and (ADD) freedoms (Rep), then (CAU) to establish lasting (Rep) good
governance (Rep), a pledge of achievement (Rep) of all our (ANA) ambitions.
51-So (CAU), shouldn't our (ANA) other motto (Syn) now be Freedom (Rep), Democracy (Rep) and
(ADD) good Governance (Rep)?
52- It (ANA) defines the (ESP) creed that (ESP) will be mine (ANA) throughout the (ESP) term
(Rep); that is (ADD), the (ESP) well-being (Rep) of everyone, especially that (ANA) of the most
(COM) vulnerable (Ant) among us (ANA).
53-This (ESP) term (Rep) will therefore (CAU) be highly social.
54-My (ANA) wish for me (ANA) personally is that it (ANA) be established (Rep) at the (ESP) end
(Rep) of the (ESP) term (Rep), that I (ANA) gave (Rep) the best (COM) of myself (ANA) for our
(ANA) common (Rep) satisfaction (Rep) and (ADD) that truly, I (ANA) deserve to be called "AGBON-
NON ".
55-May God (HOM), the (ESP) spirits (Rep) of our (ANA) ancestors (Rep), our (ANA) common
(Rep) soul (Rep), the (ESP) soul (Rep) of Benin (Rep), grant me (ANA) the (ESP) light and (ADD)
the (ESP) genius necessary to achieve (Rep) this (ESP) goal (Syn).
56-On this (ESP) very spiritually special day (Hyp), I (ANA) can be sure that I (ANA) will be heard.
57-Likewise (TEM), I (ANA) am convinced (Rep) that together (Rep), when it (EXO) comes time
(Rep) to take stock, we (ANA) will have real reasons for pride (Rep) and (ADD) satisfaction (Rep).
58-In this (ESP) perspective (Rep), I (ANA) want to reassure (Rep) you (ANA) that I (ANA) will be
the (ESP) President (Rep) of all Beninese (Rep).
59-Elections and (ADD) the (ESP) misunderstandings (Syn) or (ADD) quarrels (Rep/Syn) they
(ANA) generate are things (Rep) of the (ESP) past (Rep).
60-In cohesion, all together (Rep), let us (ANA) set to work (Rep) to definitively consecrate the (ESP)
recovery (Rep) of the (ESP) great (Rep) nation (Rep) that (ESP) we (ANA) are, the (ESP) pride of
the (ESP) great People (Rep) that (ESP) we (ANA) have always been.
2.2. Analysis of the Cohesive Features in the Speech

2.2.1. Analysis of Reference in the selected Speech
The analysis of the selected speech displays seven (07) types of reference which are
anaphoric, cataphoric, exophoric, esphoric, homophoric reference, bridging reference and
comparative references. Thus, the speech contains many instances of anaphoric reference. In
S2, “their” is used to refer back to “people”. In S3, “you” refers back to “people” while “me”,
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“I” and “my” refer back to “President”. Similarly, “I”, “we” and/or “our” in S4-5-6-7-8-9-10-
12-13-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23-24-25-26-28-32-33-35-38-39-40-41-43-44-45-46-47-48-49-
50-51-52-53-54-55-56-58-60 refer back to Republic President or Beninese citizens including
the President himself.
There is also the use of cataphoric reference in the speech under study. For instance, “I”
and “me” used respectively in S2 and S3 refer forward to the Republic President. Another case
of cataphoric reference used in the speech is “we”. It is used in S8 to cataphorically refer to
Beninese citizens including the President himself. Instances of exophoric reference are noticed
in the speech. Thus, the exophoric reference “it” used in S5 implicitly refers to President
Talon’s second and ultimate term. “it” used in S11 and S12 refers to the President’s
determination to meet all the challenges facing us in Benin.
Apart from anaphoric, cataphoric and exophoric references, there are also instances of
esphoric reference in the speech under consideration. “Who” in S2-3 and “that” in S60 refer to
Beninese citizens in general. In addition, comparative reference types are identified in the
speech. There are for instance “more” in S17-18-26-28-31-34-38-41-47, “cleaner” in S25,
“further” in S36, “the most” in S52, “the best” in S54.
Finally, there is an example of homophoric reference and cases of bridging one in the
speech. “God” used in S55 is unique in his genre as there is only one God. “This” used in S42
refers to the President’s efforts to continuous improvement of the business climate and for the
fight against corruption and impunity in all areas.
2.2.2. Analysis of Conjunction in the selected Speech
Conjunction types have also been identified in President Patrice Talon’s speech. Thus,
additive conjunctions used in S1-5-10-12-16-17-24-25-27-29-30-31-32-34-35-36-39-40-41-
42-43-46-47-49-50-51-52-54-55-57-59 link some ideas to others. As far as causative
conjunctions are concerned, they are used in S17-18-19-21-23-34-39-44-50-51-53 to express
the purpose, the reasons for some courageous reforms undertaken by the President and their
effects or results in the country. As for adversative conjunctions used in S18-41, they point out
a contrastive relationship between two propositions within one sentence (Bloor & Bloor
2004:98) quoted in Koutchadé (2007:26). Furthermore, there is an instance of temporal
conjunction used in S10 to introduce the tie sequence of the President’s firm determination to
meet all the challenges facing us in the country.
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2.2.3 Analysis of Lexical Cohesion in the selected Speech
Lexical cohesion patterns (repetition, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy and collocation)

have also been identified in the speech. The following items are examples of repeated items:
“people” in S1-2-42-60, “gratitude” in S1-3, “Benin” in S1-2-4-20-32-54, “President” in S2-
58, “expectations” in S5-7,“Beninese” in S5-10-42, “together” in S7-13-57-60,“able” in S7-8,
“five years” in S8-13-21-22, “determination” in S9-23, “challenges” in S9-19, “strengthen” in
S10-12-27, “ensure” in S10-11, “improve” in S10-12-27, “essential” in S10-19, “development”
in S10-14-24-36, “school” in S10-28-31, “health system” in S10-26, “democratic” in S12-50,
“good governance” in S50-51, “municipalities” in S23-25 etc.
Similarly, synonymous items have been identified in the speech. There are for instance:
“express” and “say” in S3-4, “able” and “capable” in S8-43, “change” and “transform” in S8-
13, “show” and “demonstrate” in S9-16, “strengthening”, “consolidating” and “consolidation”
in S9-19-36, “modern” and “new” in S12-28, “path” and “track” in S14-16, “leitmotiv” and
“motto” in S19-51, “mobilized” and “combined” in S19-42, “meet” and “satisfy” in S20-48,
“increase”, “promote”, “accelerate”, “propel” and “step up” in S21-22-23-32-33, “objective”,
“aim” and “goal” in S21-38-55, “linked” and “united” in S18-23, “country” and “nation” in
S45-48, “differences”, “misunderstandings” and “quarrels” in S18-59.
Likewise, cases of antonymy have been noticed in the speech. Some examples are:
“doubt” and “certainty” in S6-7, “past” and “future” in S8-49, “facility” and “difficulty” in S11-
15, “elites” and “vulnerable” in S11-52, “public” and “private” in S36-38, “short” and “great”
in S44, “young people” and “adults” in S46, “collective” and “individual” in S49.
Features of hyponymy identified are the following: “moment” and “years”, “now”, “end
of 2023”, “past five years”, “day” in S1-7-13-20-21-56, “period” and “30 months”, “five years”
in S21-22-40, “people” and “President”, “citizens”, “Beninese”, “ladies”, “gentlemen”, “men”,
“women” in S1-2-4-5-40-46.
Finally, the speech under consideration displays items. These are: “to express” and “gratitude”
in S3, “to silence” and “quarrels” in S19, “to build” and “schools” in S31.
2.3 Discussion and Interpretation of the Findings

The following table recapitulates the different findings about the cohesive features
identified in the selected speech.
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Cohesive
Features
Reference ANA CAT EXO HOM ESP COM BRI
Frequency 125 04 10 01 106 18 05
Percentage 46.47% 01.49% 03.72% 00.36% 39.41% 06.69% 01.86%
Total 269 (100%)
Conjunctions ADD ADV CAU TEM
Frequency 45 02 09 03
Percentage 76.27% 03.38% 15.25% 05.10%
Total 59 (100%)
Lexical REP SYN ANT HYP COL

Relations
Frequency 232 21 08 03 03
Percentage 86.89% 07.87% 03.00% 01.12% 01.12%
Total 267 (100%)
Table 1: Cohesion Types in the Selected Speech
From table 1, it is noticed that the speech contains 269 reference items distributed as follows:
125 cases of anaphoric reference (46.47%), 04 cataphoric reference (01.49%), 10 exophoric
reference (03.72%), 01 homophoric reference (00.36%), 106 esphoric reference (39.41%), 18
comparative reference (06.69%) and 05 bridging reference (01.86%). It is also noticed that
anaphoric reference is the most dominant one in the speech under study. However, the chains
are mostly constructed around two (02) main participants: the Republic President (His
Excellency Patrice Talon) and the citizens (Beninese). Esphoric reference ranks second,
followed by comparative reference, exophoric reference, bridging reference, cataphoric
reference and homophoric reference.
210
As far as conjunctive features are concerned, table 1 displays an overall number of four (04)
conjunctive types distributed as follows: 45 additive conjunctions (76.27%), 02 adversative
conjunctions (03.38%), 09 causative conjunctions (15.25%) and 03
Temporal conjunctions occupy (03.38%) in the speech. This clearly shows the abundant use of
additive conjunctions. Thus, a great number of ideas are linked to others in the speech.
Causative, temporal and adversative conjunctions have also their share in the speech.
Lexical relation is the third category of cohesive features. According to Table 1, the
speech under study contains 267 lexical cohesion items distributed as follows: 232 repeated
items (86.89%), 21 synonyms (07.87%), 08 antonyms (03.00%), 03 cases of hyponymy
(01.12%) and 03 cases of collocation (01.12%). It is noticed the predominance of repeated items
are “Benin”, “development”, “unity” and “municipalities”.
In fact, as it is customary in the Republic of Benin, any president who takes office delivers
on the spot, a first speech which sets out his priorities for the term he is starting. Patrice Talon
therefore did not shy away from this rule when he was inaugurated on May 23, 2021. In his
inaugural speech, President Patrice Talon who has become in the opinion of his fellow citizens,
the president of reforms, has only once uttered the word "reform" (S12) and this only in the part
concerning the results of his last term. But in the rest of his speech, the word "reform" did not
come up. But besides that, he used the verb “consolidate” 3 times.
Likewise, an important number of items anaphorically refer back to Republic President

or Beninese citizens including the President himself. In clear terms, President Patrice Talon by
announcing enough reforms during the first term and now speaking of consolidation for the
second term, simply shows that at the current stage, the necessary foundations for the take-off
of Benin have already been laid (S8-10-11-12-13-23-24-26).
Conclusion
The purpose of this study has been to investigate how lexis (vocabulary) contributes to
the cohesion of a text, that is, of the whole speech under study. After applying the lexical
cohesion theories to the speech, and analyzing them, it is generally realized that the whole
text (speech) has texture. Cohesion being a meaning relation, a cohesive text has to convey
meaning to the readers. But sometimes, they have to go beyond the surface meaning to well
understand the deep meaning of a discourse.
211
In providing this meaning, President Patrice Talon has organized the speech in such a
way to make his listeners fully know the courageous reforms he has operated during his five-
years first term and particularly what he plans for his second and ultimate term. He reaffirms
his great ambitions for the continuous improvement of the business climate and for the fight
against corruption and impunity in all areas.
As conclusion, the analysis of the speech has revealed the main grammatical and lexical
cohesion features. Nevertheless, the systematic relations are not only sufficient to provide
texture. The text derives its texture from the fact that it functions as a unit with respect to its
environment.
Bibliographical References
BLOOR Thomas & BLOOR Meriel, 2004, The Functional Analysis of English (2nd Ed.),
London: Hodder Education.
EGGINS Suzanne, 1994, An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics, London: Printer
Publisher.
EGGINS Suzanne, 2004, An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics, London:

Continuum.
GANG Wu & QIAO Lu, 2014), «On the Theoretical Framework of the Study of Discourse
Cohesion and Coherence», Studies in Literature and Language, Vol.8, N°2, p.32-47,
Canada, Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture (CAOOC).
HALLIDAY Michael Alexander Kirkwood, 1985, An Introduction to Functional Grammar,
London: Edward Arnold.
HALLIDAY Michael Alexander Kirkwood & HASAN Ruqaiya, 1976, Cohesion in English.
London: Longman.
HALLIDAY Michael Alexander Kirkwood & HASAN Ruqaiya,1985/1989, Language,

Context and Text: Aspects of Language in a Social- Semiotic Perspective, Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
HALLIDAY Michael Alexander Kirkwood & WEBSTER James Jefferson, 2009, Continuum
Companion to Systemic Functional Linguistics, London: Continuum International
Publishing Group.
KOUSSOUHON Assogba Léonard, 2013, «Linguistics-Oriented Literary Appreciation: How

Has It Fared Thus Far ?», Particip’Action, Vol.5, N°1, p.159-177, Lomé,Togo, FLLA
Littérature.
KOUSSOUHON Assogba Léonard, 2013, «Linguistics-Oriented Literary Appreciation: How
Has It Fared Thus Far ?», Particip’Action, Vol.5, N°1, pp.159-177, Lomé, Togo, FLLA
212
KOUSSOUHON Assogba Léonard, AKOGBETO Patrice and ALLAGBE Ayodélé Adébayo,

2014, «Gender Relations and Mood Choices: A Systemic Functional Analysis of Amma
Darko’s The Housemaid», a paper presented at the 16th Colloquium held at University of
Lome, from 20 to 25 October, 2014, Lomé-Togo, Université de Lomé.
KOUSSOUHON Assogba Léonard & ALLAGBE Ayodélé Adébayo, 2014, «Cohesion in

Texts: A Systemic Functional Analysis of Chimamada Ngozi Adichie’s Fiction», a paper
presented at the Scientific Colloquium held at University of Kara from 12 to 16 May,
2014, Kara-Togo, Université de Kara.
KOUSSOUHON Assogba Léonard & AMOUSSOU Yemalin Célestin, 2013, «Functions and
Contexts of Reference Deviation in Anthills of the Savannah», Revue du CAMES, Vol.1,
N°12, p.31-52, Benin, Littérature, Langues et Linguistiques.
KOUTCHADE Sourou Innocent, 2017, «An Exploratory Study of Cohesive Features in
Selected Excerpts from Sefi Atta’s News from Home», International Journal of
Linguistics, Literature and Culture (IJLLC), Vol.3, N°6, p.22-32, USA, Scientific and
Literature Open Access Publishing.
SALAMI Amadou, 2013, Analysing Cohesion in African Literary Texts: A case study of Second
Class Citizen by Buchi Emecheta, Unpublished Maîtrise Dissertation, Université
d’Abomey-Calavi, Benin, FLASH
SIMPSON Paul, 2004, Stylistics: A Resource Book for Students, London: Routledge.
TALON Patrice, 2021, Discours d’Investiture du Président de la République,

http//news.acotonou.com, Retrieved on May 23rd 2021
Appendices
Appendix 1: Inaugural Speech (French Version: Original Speech)
Monsieur le Président de l’Assemblée nationale,

Monsieur le Président de la Courconstitutionnelle,
Mesdames et Messieurs les Présidents et membres des Institutions de la
République,
Mesdames et Messieurs les Autoritésetresponsables à divers niveaux,
Mesdames et Messieurs les membres du CorpsDiplomatique et personnalités étrangères,
Chers invités,
Mes chers compatriotes,
En cet instant si solennel et chargé d’émotion, j’éprouve un sentiment de profonde reconnaissance
envers le Peuple béninois souverain. Ce Peuple qui, par son vote massif du 11 avril 2021,m’a renouvelé
sa confiance pour un second mandat. À vous tous qui m’honorez de votre présence à cettecérémonie,
je voudrais exprimer ma gratitude. À l’ensemble de mes concitoyens, je voudrais dire que j’ai
conscience de l’honneur qui m’est fait de servir le Bénin en position de chef d’équipe.
Mesdames et Messieurs,
Ce mandat ultime, j’en mesure toute la portée ainsi que les attentes légitimes qu’il évoque dans l’esprit
de chaque Béninoise et de chaque Béninois.
Je n’ai aucun doute, non !
J’ai même la certitude, qu’ensemble, nous sommes capables de combler ces attentes. En effet, au cours
du quinquennat passé, nous avonssu changer collectivement notre état d’esprit.Nous avons affiché
notre ferme volonté de relever tous les défis qui se posent à nous :
Qu’il s’agisse de renforcer l’unité nationale, d’assurer notre sécurité, d’améliorer notre cadre et nos
213
conditions de vie ; de mettre en place les infrastructures de base indispensables au développement

socioéconomique ou encore dereconstruire l’école béninoise et notre système de santé. Qu’il s’agisse
aussi de garantir la bonne gestion desfinances publiques, de tourner le dos à la facilité, demettre fin à
l’impunité, notamment des élites. Qu’il s’agisse enfin d’opérer les réformes pour améliorer nos
pratiques, consolider l’Etat de droit, renforcer notre processus démocratique et donner corps à un Etat
moderne. À présent, il s’agit pour nous, au cours des cinq années à venir, de transformer l’essai que
constituent les avancées, voire - j’ose le dire - les prouesses qu’ensemble nous avons réalisées.
Transformer l’essai, c’est aller le plus loin possible sur le chemin du développement. C’est ne jamais
renoncer face aux difficultés deparcours qui peuvent survenir.
C’est avoir conscience que celles-ci caractérisentbien les transformations structurelles et démontrent
combien nous sommes sur la bonne voie. Pour ce faire, nous devons tous croire en notre communauté
de destin et y travailler de manièrebeaucoup plus harmonieuse. Car, au regard de ce que nous parvenons
à faire malgré nos divergences, nous devons nousconvaincre qu’en étant plus unis, nous parviendrons
à faire beaucoup plus. Désormais donc, notre défi, notre leitmotiv, doiventêtre de taire nos querelles
pour nous consacrer à l’essentiel : consolider notre marche vers le progrès en restant mobilisés et soudés
dans notre lutte contrela pauvreté, notre réel et seul ennemi.
Mes chers compatriotes,
Oui, c’est cela qui nous permettra de relever le défi de rendre l’eau potable disponible partout au Bénin
d’ici à la fin de l’année 2023. Si nous avons su porter le taux global de desserte de45 à 70% au cours
du quinquennat passé, nul doute que nous saurons, ensemble, atteindre cet objectif. C’est ce même état
d’esprit qui nous conduira, d’ici 30 mois, à l’autonomie énergétique, après avoir en cinq ans, porté notre
niveau de production de presquezéro à 60% de nos besoins ; ce qui favorisera la fourniture de l’énergie
électrique à tous dans toutes nos localités.
Cette détermination nous amènera à densifier notre réseau routier de sorte qu’au terme du mandat, toutes
nos communes seront reliées entre elles par des voies bitumées. Nous poursuivrons la dynamique en
faveur de l’assainissement et de la modernisation de notre cadre de vie. Ainsi, nos communes seront
de plus en plus propreset attrayantes. Nous mettrons en place un système de santé plus efficace grâce
au plan de redressement du secteur. Des investissements massifs seront faits pour améliorer partout le
plateau technique et renforcer les effectifs.
Notre action consistera aussi à donner une nouvelle impulsion à l’école béninoise pour la rendre plus
compatible avec nos besoins. Le diagnostic est déjà posé et la thérapie acommencé. Elle consiste à
privilégier l’enseignement technique et la formation professionnelle. À cet effet, il sera construit une
centaine de lycées techniques et d’écoles de métiers de référence, dont plus de la moitié d’ici à la fin
de l’année 2023. En matière de tourisme, les investissements inédits en cours seront accélérés pour
faire du secteur un levier essentiel de notre économie et propulser le Bénin au rang des destinations de
rêve. Seront également intensifiés, les investissements destinés à moderniser notre agriculture. Nous
poursuivons alors nos efforts pour l’amélioration continu du climat des affaires et pourla lutte contre
la corruption et l’impunité dans tous les domaines.
Mesdames et Messieurs,Mes chers compatriotes,
Toutes ces mesures au cœur du quinquennat 2021- 2026 seront source de richesse et d’emplois. Certes,
elles paraissent nombreuses mais je puis vousrassurer que leur réalisation est à notre portée et seraaisée.
La conjugaison des efforts de l’équipe gouvernementale, des collaborateurs à divers niveaux, de
l’ensemble des Béninoises et Béninois, est la clé pour y parvenir. Ensemble, nous serons plus que jamais
les maîtres denotre destin et capables de relever tous ces défis. J’en suis d’autant plus convaincu, que
ce que j’ai appris de fondamental ces cinq dernières années, c’est notre capacité collective à faire autant
de grandes choses en peu de temps. C’est pourquoi je suis admiratif de ce pays qui est lenôtre, le Bénin.
De même que je suis admiratif et fier du Peuple auquel j’appartiens, admiratif et fier de chacun de vous
mes concitoyens, femmes et hommes, jeunes etadultes. C’est précisément ce qui fonde ma foi, mieux
ma certitude, que ce que nous réalisons ensemble et que tout le monde observe avec curiosité et
admiration, fera que le Bénin va davantage se révéler à lui-mêmeet au reste du monde dans les années à
venir.
Cette renaissance de notre nation ne sera pas seulement pour satisfaire la gloire d’un instant. Elle
soutiendra un formidable élan de bien-être collectif et individuel durable dont nous pouvons jouir, ainsi
que les générations à venir. Pour ce faire, notre engagement commun sera d’œuvrer à consolider la
démocratie et les libertés, puis instaurer durablement la bonne gouvernance, gage de réalisation de
214
toutes nos ambitions. Ainsi, notre autre devise ne devrait-elle pas êtredésormais Liberté, démocratie et
bonnegouvernance ? Elle définit le crédo qui sera le mien tout au cours dumandat ; c’est-à-dire le bien-
être de chacun, en particulier celui des plus vulnérables d’entre nous. Ce mandat sera donc hautement
social. Mon souhait en ce qui me concerne personnellement,c’est qu’il soit établi à la fin du mandat, que
j’ai donné le meilleur de moi-même pour notre satisfaction commune et que véritablement, je mérite
d’être appelé « AGBONNON ». Puissent Dieu, les mânes de nos ancêtres, notre âmecommune, l’âme
du Bénin, m’accorder la lumière etle génie nécessaires pour réaliser cet objectif.
En ce jour si spirituellement particulier, j’ai la certitude d’être exaucé. De même, j’ai la conviction
qu’ensemble, à l’heure du bilan, nous aurons de réels motifs de fierté et de satisfaction. Dans cette
perspective, je veux vous rassurer que je serai le Président de toutes les Béninoises et de tous les
Béninois. Les élections ainsi que les incompréhensions ou les querelles qu’elles génèrent, c’est
désormais du passé. Dans la cohésion, tous ensemble, mettons-nous au travail pour consacrer
définitivement leredressement de la grande nation que nous sommes,la fierté du grand Peuple que nous
avons toujours été.
Vive le Bénin,
Je vous remercie.
Appendix 2: Inaugural Speech (English Version: Translated Speech by the researchers)

Mr. President of the National Assembly,
Mr. President of the Constitutional Court,
Ladies and Gentlemen, Presidents and members of the Institutions of the Republic,
Ladies and Gentlemen, Authorities and responsible at various levels,
Ladies and Gentlemen, members of the Diplomatic Corps and foreign personalities,
Dear guests,
My dear compatriots,
At this solemn and emotional moment, I feel a sense of deep gratitude towards the sovereign people of
Benin. These People who, by their massive vote of April 11, 2021, renewed their confidence in me for
a second term. To all of you who honor me with your presence at this ceremony, I would like to express
my gratitude. To all of my fellow citizens, I would like to say that I am aware of the honor that is
bestowed on me to serve Benin as a team leader.
Ladies and gentlemen,
This ultimate mandate, I can appreciate the full scope as well as the legitimate expectations that it evokes
in the minds of every Beninese. I have no doubts, no!
I even have the certainty that together we are able to meet these expectations. Indeed, during the past
five years, we have been able to collectively change our state of mind. We have shown our firm
determination to meet all the challenges facing us:
Whether it is about strengthening national unity, ensuring our security, improving our environment and
our living conditions; to put in place the basic infrastructure essential for socio-economic development
or to rebuild the Beninese school and our health system. It is also a question of ensuring the good
management of public finances, of turning back on the facility, of putting an end to impunity, in
particular of the elites.
Finally, it is a question of carrying out reforms to improve our practices, consolidate the rule of law,
strengthen our democratic process and give shape to a modern state.
Now it is time for us, over the next five years, to transform the test of the breakthroughs, if not – I dare
say it - the feats that together we have achieved. To transform the test is to go as far as possible on the
path of development. It is never giving up in the face of difficulties that may arise.
It is being aware that these characterize structural transformations well and demonstrate how much we
are on the right track. Therefore, we must all believe in our community of destiny and work there in a
much more harmonious way. Because, in view of what we manage to do despite our differences, we
must be convinced that by being more united, we will be able to do much more.
Henceforth, our challenge, our leitmotif, must be to silence our quarrels in order to devote ourselves to
the essentials: consolidating our march towards progress by remaining mobilized and united in our fight
against poverty, our real and only enemy.
215
Yes, this is what will allow us to meet the challenge of making drinking water available everywhere in
Benin by the end of 2023. If we have been able to increase the overall service rate from 45 to 70% over
the past five years, there is no doubt that together we will be able to achieve this objective.
It is this same state of mind that will lead us, within 30 months, to energy self-sufficiency, after having
raised our level of production from almost zero to 60% of our needs in five years; which will promote
the supply of electric power to everyone in all our communities.
This determination will lead us to densify our road network so that at the end of the mandate, all our
municipalities will be linked together by paved roads. We will continue the momentum in favor of
sanitation and modernization of our living environment. In this way, our municipalities will be cleaner
and more attractive. We will put in place a more efficient health system thanks to the sector recovery
plan. Massive investments will be made to improve the technical platform everywhere and strengthen
the workforce. Our action will also consist in giving a new impetus to the Beninese school to make it
more compatible with our needs. The diagnosis has already been made and therapy has started.
It consists of giving priority to technical education and vocational training.
To this end, around a hundred technical high schools and benchmark trade schools will be built, more
than half of which by the end of 2023. In terms of tourism, the unprecedented investments underway
will be accelerated to make the sector an essential lever of our economy and propel Benin to the rank of
dream destinations.
Investments to modernize our agriculture will also be stepped up.
It will therefore, thanks to intelligent mechanization, be more efficient and create more wealth both for
its actors and for the national economy. The innovative field crops program as well as the adapted
financing that we are putting in place will help greatly. In addition, the current development dynamic
will be further driven by the consolidation of public finances, the dematerialization of procedures,
specific programs for financing economic activity. It will also be through the return of the state in
relevant industrial investment. The aim is to launch industrial dynamics to make our environment more
attractive to private investment.
We are therefore continuing our efforts to continuous improvement of the business climate and for the
fight against corruption and impunity in all areas.
Ladies and gentlemen,
All these measures at the heart of the 2021-2026 five-year period will be a source of wealth and jobs.
Admittedly, they seem numerous but I can reassure you that their realization is within our reach and will
be easy. The combined efforts of the government team, collaborators at various levels, and all Beninese
people, is the key to achieving this. Together, we will be more than ever the masters of our destiny and
capable of meeting all these challenges. I am all the more convinced of this, since the most fundamental
thing I have learned over the past five years is our collective ability to do so many great things in a short
period of time.
This is why I admire this country of ours, Benin.
Just as I am admiring and proud of the People to which I belong, admiring and proud of each of you,
my fellow citizens, women and men, young people and adults.
This is precisely what founds my faith, better my certainty, that what we are doing together and which
everyone observes with curiosity and admiration, will make Benin reveal itself more to itself and to the
rest of the world in the years to come.
This rebirth of our nation will not only be to satisfy the glory of an instant.
It will support a tremendous drive for lasting collective and individual well-being that we and future
generations can enjoy. To do this, our common commitment will be to work to consolidate democracy
and freedoms, then to establish lasting good governance, a pledge of achievement of all our ambitions.
So, shouldn't our other motto now be Freedom, Democracy and Good Governance?
It defines the creed that will be mine throughout the mandate; that is, the well-being of everyone,
especially that of the most vulnerable among us. This mandate will therefore be highly social. My wish
for me personally is that it be established at the end of the mandate, that I gave the best of myself for
our common satisfaction and that truly, I deserve to be called "AGBON NON ".
216
May God, the spirits of our ancestors, our common soul, the soul of Benin, grant me the light and the
genius necessary to achieve this goal. On this very spiritually special day, I can be sure that I will be
heard. Likewise, I am convinced that together, when it comes time to take stock, we will have real
reasons for pride and satisfaction. In this perspective, I want to reassure you that I will be the President
of all Beninese. Elections and the misunderstandings or quarrels they generate are things of the past.
In cohesion, all together, let us set to work to definitively consecrate the recovery of the great nation
that we are, the pride of the great People that we have always been.
Long live Benin,
Thank you.

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1

REVUE INTERNATIONALE DE LANGAGE ET DE

Revue semestrielle du Centre Béninois des Langues Etrangères (CEBELAE),

Editions Africatex Média (EAM)

REVUE INTERNATIONALE DE LANGAGE ET DE

Editions Africatex Média (EAM)

Copyright: CEBELAE / UAC & EAM

Dépôt légal, N°13959 du 21/04/22 ; 2ème Trimestre,

Rissikatou MOUSTAPHA BABALOLA,

Quartier : Gbégamey, C/N° 632-633, Cotonou

COMITE SCIENTIFIQUE ET DE LECTURE

LIGNE EDITORIALE ET DOMAINES

La taille des articles

Ordre logique du texte

Pour le Titre de la deuxième section

Au total, la Revue Internationale de Langage et de Pédagogie (RIL@P) se veut le lieu de

La Revue Internationale de Langage et de Pédagogie (RIL@P), publiée par le Centre

L’objectif de cette revue est de permettre aux collègues chercheurs et enseignants-chercheurs

Dr Rissikatou MOUSTAPHA BABALOLA,

LANGUAGES : LITTERATURE, CIVILISATION, SCIENCE SOCIALE

1. Understanding African and Christian Religious Practices as Assets for Social

2. A Postcolonial Reading of Religious Inculturation in Leslie Marmon Silko’s “The Man

Kpalambo Ebony AGBOH……………………. …………………………………….….……26

Comlan Casimir SOEDE

4. Postcolonial Reading of Natives’ Existence in City Under West Domination in Alan

Fougnigué Madou YEO…………………………….……………………………….………...47

5. Ethics of Hypocrisy and The Rise of A Twelfth Commandment: An Analytical

Constant Yélian AGUESSY

Jean-Baptiste OUAKPELEFOLO YEO …………..…………………………...…………..…74

8. Epistemology of The Anti-Black Contempt in Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s

N’goran Clément KONAN………………………………………………………………......104

9. Socio-Ecological Peril in Toni Morrison’s A Mercy

10. Au secours de la jeunesse africaine : une lecture sociocritique de Festin de la détresse

11. Le personnage-enfant et la narration dans le récit postcolonial

Dekao Fabrice TIEMOU…………..………………………………………………………...145

12. African Americans’ Contribution to American History

Modeste Paul AKAKPO

13. Les jésuites et l’enseignement supérieur en République Démocratique du Congo

Willy NKURME OMPUM……………..……………………………………………………165

14. Problemas y conflictos internos en la España del siglo xxi

Zanon Yacouba TRAORE…………………..……………………………………………….182

PEDAGOGIE : SCIENCES DU LANGUAGE, SCIENCES DE L’EDUCATION

Mathias Azoua HOUNNOU

19. L’impact de l’environnement de travail sur la performance des établissements

20. Effective Translation Teaching Techniques

Jean Christophe FAYE………………………………………………………………………294

PEDAGOGIE : SCIENCES DU LANGUAGE, SCIENCES DE L’EDUCATION

SCRUTINIZING FEATURES OF TEXTURE IN PRESIDENT PATRICE TALON’S

Keywords: texture, cohesion, coherence, Systemic Functional Linguistics

Mots clés: texture, cohésion, cohérence, Linguistique Fonctionnelle Systémique

Language is a systematic resource for expressing meaning in context. It is a human means

dissertation project, contributes to the ideational (semantic) structuring of discourse (Kafes

- How language is cohesively and coherently structured by President Patrice Talon to

1. Theoretical Framework, Literature Review and Research Methodology

1.1. Theoretical Framework

1.1.3. Lexical Cohesion

1.2. Literature Review

1.3. Research Methodology

a) References in bold; END= Endophoric Reference; ANA= Anaphoric Reference; CAT=

2. Identification, Analysis of the Cohesive Features in the Speech and Discussion of

2.1. Identification of the Cohesive Elements in the selected Speech

2.2. Analysis of the Cohesive Features in the Speech

2.2.2. Analysis of Conjunction in the selected Speech