Quantitative Research most "challenging phase"

We wonder numerous things on this world and tend Dissemination phase

to ask questions such as HOW, WHY, WHO, WHERE,
Communicating / Utilizing most "valuable"
and the like.
Basic Terminologies in Research
Vital to the conduct of a quantitative research
project is a deep understanding of its Method
characteristics.
− What data will be gathered?
Qualities of a Good Researcher − Historical (PAST)
− Descriptive (PRESENT)
− TECHNICAL COMPETENCY
− Experimental (FUTURE)
− UTILITY COMPETENCY
− PATIENCE Technique
− SERVICE
− EFFORT − How data will be gathered?
− GUTS AND RISK − e.g. SURVEY, INTERVIEW, DOODLING
− CARE
Approach
Philosophical Worldviews in Research
− How data will be processed?
Postpositivist − QUALITATIVE, QUANTITATIVE, MIXED-METHOD

“We cannot be positive in our claims of knowledge Research anuscript

when studying behaviors and actions of humans."
• It is the product of the research process in
Constructivist written/soft copy file form.
• The outline of the written research
"Individuals develops subjective meanings of their manuscript does not follow the chronology
experiences." of the research process.
• The content and format of the research
Transformative
manuscript should follow specific research
"Research inquiry should be intertwined with politics content guidelines.
and political change agenda." • Traditionally, research manuscripts are
written in by-chapter.
Pragmatic
• Others adopt the internationally accepted
"We need to look to many possibilities for collecting IMRAD format.
and analyzing data." • OLFU RDIC or the (Research Development
and Innovation Center) follows the APA
Research Process format.
• It promotes the use of 6,000 - 9,000 word-
Conceptualization phase
range for the whole manuscript.
Topic/Problem Identification • The following are the sections/outline of the
research manuscript:
Review of Related Literature
o INTRODUCTION 1.0
(Objective Formulation) o LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0
o METHODS 3.0
Design phase o RESULTS 4.0
o DISCUSSION 5.0
also known as "planning phase" Research Plan
o RECOMMENDATION 6.0
Formulation
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Empirical phase Data Gathering / Collection
Quantitative research uses scientifically collected
Analytical phase
and statistically analyzed data to investigate
Data Analysis / Interpretation observable phenomena.
It is scientific for the fact that it uses a scientific
method in designing and collecting numerical
data.
Numerical data are generally easier to collect than
descriptions or phrases used in qualitative research.
Information like student’s grades in different
subjects, number of hours of engagement in social
media platforms of teens, percentage of
consumers who prefer the color blue for soap
packaging, and average of daily Covid-19 patient
recovery per region are just few examples of
research data expressed in numbers.
Some data, on the other hand, are not directly
countable and thus require conversion from
nonnumerical information into numerical
information.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
Large Sample Size
To obtain more meaningful statistical result, the
data must come from a large sample size.
Objectivity Data
gathering and analysis of results are done
accurately, objectively, and are unaffected by the
researcher’s intuition and personal guesses
Concise Visual Presentation Data
is numerical which makes presentation through
graphs, charts, and tables possible and with better
conveyance and interpretation.
Faster Data Analysis
The use of a statistical tools gives way for a less
time-consuming data analysis.
Generalized Data
Data taken from a sample can be applied to the
population if sampling is done accordingly, i.e.,
sufficient size and random samples were taken.
Fast and Easy Data
Collection Depending on the type of data needed,
collection can be quick and easy.
Reliable Data
Data is taken and analyzed objectively from a
sample as a representative of the population,
making it more credible and reliable for
policymaking and decision making.
High Replicability
the Quantitative method can be repeated to verify
findings enhancing its validity, free from false or
immature conclusions.
Advantages
1. Very objective
2. Numerical and quantifiable data can be
used to predict outcomes
3. Findings are generalizable to the population
4. There is conclusive establishment of cause
and effect
5. Fast and easy data analysis using statistical
software
6. Fast and easy data gathering
7. Quantitative research can be replicated or
repeated
8. Validity and reliability can be established
Disadvantages
1. It lacks the necessary data to explore a
problem or concept in depth
2. It does not provide comprehensive
explanation of human experiences
3. Some information cannot be described by
numerical data such as feelings, and beliefs
4. The research design is rigid and not very
flexible
5. The participants are limited to choose only
from the given responses
6. The respondents may tend to provide
inaccurate responses.
7. A large sample size makes data collection
more costly
Classification of quantitative research
EXPERIMENTAL
quantitative research design that is used to
determine the outcome of a specific intervention.
1. TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
researcher has control over the experiment
who, where, when and how the experiment going
to be conducted
Example: "a comparison of the effects of various
blended learning to the reading comprehension of
elementary pupils."
2. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
used to establish the cause-andeffect relationship
of variables.
quasi-experimental has lesser validity due to the
absence of random selection and assignment of
subjects
Example: "the effects of unemployment on attitude
towards following safety protocol in ECQ declared
areas.
NON - EXPERIMENTAL - quantitative research design
that lacks manipulation of independent variable
1. SURVEY RESEARCH - provides numeric
description of trends, attitude or behavior
from a sample drawn in a specific
population
- most used type of non-experimental
research especially in the field of social
science.
2 types
- CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY- collects data
from a population or subset population
through observation, survey or interview at a
specific point in time.
- LONGITUDAL STUDY- collects data through
observation, survey or interview of the same
subjects over a period of time and can last
up to several years
2. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH - identifies the
relationship between variables among a
single group of people
- does not attempt to manipulate the
variables.
Example : "the relationship between the amount of
physical activity done and student academic
achievement"
3. COMPARATIVE RESEARCH - identifies the
difference between variables
- comparisons are based on descriptive data,
showing that a difference exists but does
not imply causations
Example : "Is there a difference in the level of
knowledge of Grade 11 students when grouped
into age?"
4. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH - used to describe a
particular phenomenon by observing it as it
occurs in nature.
- There is no experimental manipulation, and
the researcher does not start with a
hypothesis.
Example: “the determination of the different kinds
of physical activities and how often high school
students do it during the quarantine period.”
5. EX POST FACTO RESEARCH - used to
investigate a possible relationship between
previous events and present conditions.
- term “Ex post facto” which means after the
fact, looks at the possible causes of an
already occurring phenomenon.
Example: An example of this is “How does the
parent’s academic achievement affect the
children obesity?”
VARIABLES - Variables are anything that varies. They
are anything that takes on different values, typically
numerical values.
Two major type of variables that is essential in
research are:
(1) Independent Variable
- variable that is being manipulated by the
researcher. it is stable and unaffected by another
variable you are trying to measure. It is commonly
known as the 'X' variable.
(2) Dependent Variable.
- this variable assumes the change brought about
by the other variable. this is the variable that is
being measured by the researcher. It is commonly
known as the 'Y' variable.
Extraneous variable they are also called
'confounding' variables because their presence
influences the outcome of the experiment in an
undesirable way, they add error to an experiment.
Classification of variables
- Quantitative (numerical)
- Discreet
- Continuous
- Qualitative (categorical)
- Nominal
- Ordinal
- Dichotomous
How to make a research title
- Has the main idea
- Can stand alone
- Concise
How to make a research title? title is the most read
part than any other part of the manuscript.
Spinger 2014 USE OF NOVEL METHOD

Readers browse a manuscript this manner: "Attitudes of elderly Korean patients towards death
and dying: an application of Q-Methodology"
1. Title
2. Abstract RESULT OF THE PAPER
3. Results
"Preventive health behaviors influenced by self-
4. Full paper
perceptions of aging"
This trend said to be average, the number of
A research problem is simple as a problem you
readers from one section to another decreases by
would like to research. Quantitative Research
a factor 10.
Problem deals more with the precision and
1. Contains a few words as possible. Limit specificity of the problem. Furthermore, the
titles to 12 words. quantitative research problem describes trends and
2. Easy to understand patterns of a phenomenon.
3. Describe the contents of the paper
Importance of research problem
accurately and specifically
4. Avoid abbreviation, formulas and - Gives the overview on the relevance of the
jargons topic being studied.
5. Do not include any VERB. - Places the topic into a specific context that
6. Do not contain low-impact words such discussed the variables
as "Some notes on...", "Observations and characteristics being studied.
on...", "Investigation on...", "Study of...", - Indicates a possible framework for reporting
and "Effects on..." of findings and how these
7. Not be flashy as in newspapers (e.g., will be presented and interpreted
avoid statements like (Agroforestry can
stop deforestation) GUIDELINES IN MAKING A RESEARCH TOPIC
8. Report the subject of the research
- SMART
rather than the results.

Sources of research topic

- Own experience and interest

- Colleagues
- Critical friends
- Literature

3T’s

- Timely
- Trending
- Trailblazing

INTERROGATIVE FORM

"What is the motivation in using Facebook?"

COMBINATORIAL: QUESTION AND TITLE

"Who uses Facebook? An investigation into the

relationship between the Big Five. Shyness,
Narcissism, loneliness, and Facebook usage"

COMBINATORIAL: POWERFUL PHRASE AND

TITLE

"Too much face and not enough books: The

relationship between multiple indices of
Facebook use and academic performance"